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Lee, Yong-Shik. „재산권에 대한 제한 : 선의가 초래한 혼란 - 전세 개혁의 난제“. Review of Institution and Economics 15, Nr. 1 (28.02.2021): 11–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30885/rie.2021.15.1.011.
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Kim, Jin Woo, und Seung Hee Kim. „A Study on the Mutual Influence of Housing Sales Price and Chonse Price - focusing on the differences between seoul and the whole country -“. Korea Real Estate Society 60 (30.06.2021): 29–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37407/kres.2021.39.2.29.
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Janvrin, Diane J., Robert E. Pinsker und Maureen Francis Mascha. „XBRL-Enabled, Spreadsheet, or PDF? Factors Influencing Exclusive User Choice of Reporting Technology“. Journal of Information Systems 27, Nr. 2 (01.07.2013): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/isys-50569.
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ABSTRACT U.S. adoption of eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL)-enabled technology has been slow. Prior experimental evidence suggests that even when XBRL-enabled technology is available, almost 50 percent of participants do not use it. This study informs AIS researchers on the state of XBRL-enabled technology by using an exclusive choice experimental design to examine (1) which reporting technology nonprofessional investors will choose to complete a financial analysis task (XBRL-enabled, portable document file, or spreadsheet), and (2) why they choose the specific technology. Findings indicate that 66 percent of nonprofessional investors chose XBRL-enabled technology, while 34 percent chose spreadsheets. Participants who chose the former perceived that it reduces the time to complete the task (i.e., increases task efficiency), while participants who chose the latter indicated their choice was driven by prior technology experience. Study results have implications for the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), researchers examining nonprofessional investor behavior, user choice literature, and XBRL-enabled technology adoption.
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Seeyoung Oh. „Researching preservative measures and right to obtain preferential satisfaction of person of hypothec of chonse rights on the topic of compulsory expropriation - focusing on matters of effect of presumption’s registration -“. 법학논총 41, Nr. ll (Mai 2018): 145–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35867/ssulri.2018.41..006.
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Roberts, M. Susan, und George B. Semb. „Student Selection of Deadline Conditions in a Personalized Psychology Course“. Teaching of Psychology 16, Nr. 3 (Oktober 1989): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top1603_6.
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Given a choice between five instructor- and five self-set deadlines, more students in a self-paced developmental psychology course chose the former. Students in the two conditions did not differ on a measure of academic performance or the number of testing days used to complete the course. Students who chose to set their own deadlines missed fewer deadlines, showed accelerated pacing, and rated the opportunity to choose more favorably than did those in the instructor-set deadline condition. Most students indicated that, if given the choice again, they would make the same decision, but a higher percentage of students who chose instructor-set deadlines would reverse their choice.
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Pires Filho, Fernando Molinos, Isaura Bueno und Suzana Gomes Moreira. „Perspectiva de localização profissional entre alunos da faculdade de odontologia da UFRGS“. Revista da Faculdade de Odontologia de Porto Alegre 26, Nr. 1 (14.09.2021): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2177-0018.118267.
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The authors presents an analysis of prospect. of profissional localization in Dentistry UFRGS School students, in 1977. Results shows: 1) Before the last half yearly, 42% of students had choose their future professional localization; 2) 72% of them, chose metropoles and that choice grows between the 6º e 8º halÍ yearly students; 3) About 60% of them chose Porto Alegre as their future localization; 4) Nearly 43% that chose Porto Alegre, come from another cities.
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Reamer, Elyse, Felix Yang, Margaret Holmes-Rovner, Joe Liu und Jinping Xu. „Influence of Men’s Personality and Social Support on Treatment Decision-Making for Localized Prostate Cancer“. BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1467056.
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Background. Optimal treatment for localized prostate cancer (LPC) is controversial. We assessed the effects of personality, specialists seen, and involvement of spouse, family, or friends on treatment decision/decision-making qualities. Methods. We surveyed a population-based sample of men ≤ 75 years with newly diagnosed LPC about treatment choice, reasons for the choice, decision-making difficulty, satisfaction, and regret. Results. Of 160 men (71 black, 89 white), with a mean age of 61 (±7.3) years, 59% chose surgery, 31% chose radiation, and 10% chose active surveillance (AS)/watchful waiting (WW). Adjusting for age, race, comorbidity, tumor risk level, and treatment status, men who consulted friends during decision-making were more likely to choose curative treatment (radiation or surgery) than WW/AS (OR = 11.1, p<0.01; 8.7, p<0.01). Men who saw a radiation oncologist in addition to a urologist were more likely to choose radiation than surgery (OR = 6.0, p=0.04). Men who consulted family or friends (OR = 2.6, p<0.01; 3.7, p<0.01) experienced greater decision-making difficulty. No personality traits (pessimism, optimism, or faith) were associated with treatment choice/decision-making quality measures. Conclusions. In addition to specialist seen, consulting friends increased men’s likelihood of choosing curative treatment. Consulting family or friends increased decision-making difficulty.
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Wheeler, Patrick R., und Donald R. Jones. „The Effects of Exclusive User Choice of Decision Aid Features on Decision Making“. Journal of Information Systems 17, Nr. 1 (01.03.2003): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jis.2003.17.1.63.
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Decision Support Systems (DSS) frequently have multiple decision aid (DA) features, causing users to engage in exclusive choice behavior; i.e., choice between alternative DA features that results in one feature being used to the exclusion of all others. We hypothesize that: (1) users choose the least effective (least accurate) DA feature in certain predictability environments; (2) users choose the DA feature that they believe they are most competent with; and (3) choice between DA features improves performance compared to those assigned the same DA feature. We test these hypotheses in an experiment in which 164 participants act as loan officers who chose between two decision aids (a database aid and a regression aid). The results support our hypotheses. Users employed a choice heuristic that caused them to choose the least effective DA feature for the task more than or as often as the most effective DA feature. Results also indicate a positive relationship between perceived competence and DA feature choice, and the positive effect of DA choice. We conclude by describing the insights provided by the results into the heuristics of information technology choice.
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Fujiwara, Juri, Nobuo Usui, Soyoung Q. Park, Tony Williams, Toshio Iijima, Masato Taira, Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui und Philippe N. Tobler. „Value of freedom to choose encoded by the human brain“. Journal of Neurophysiology 110, Nr. 8 (15.10.2013): 1915–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01057.2012.
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Humans and animals value the opportunity to choose by preferring alternatives that offer more rather than fewer choices. This preference for choice may arise not only from an increased probability of obtaining preferred outcomes but also from the freedom it provides. We used human neuroimaging to investigate the neural basis of the preference for choice as well as for the items that could be chosen. In each trial, participants chose between two options, a monetary amount option and a “choice option.” The latter consisted of a number that corresponded to the number of everyday items participants would subsequently be able to choose from. We found that the opportunity to choose from a larger number of items was equivalent to greater amounts of money, indicating that participants valued having more choice; moreover, participants varied in the degree to which they valued having the opportunity to choose, with some valuing it more than the increased probability of obtaining preferred items. Neural activations in the mid striatum increased with the value of the opportunity to choose. The same region also coded the value of the items. Conversely, activation in the dorsolateral striatum was not related to the value of the items but was elevated when participants were offered more choices, particularly in those participants who overvalued the opportunity to choose. These data suggest a functional dissociation of value representations within the striatum, with general representations in mid striatum and specific representations of the value of freedom provided by the opportunity to choose in dorsolateral striatum.
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Bundorf, M. Kate, und Helena Szrek. „Choice Set Size and Decision Making: The Case of Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Plans“. Medical Decision Making 30, Nr. 5 (12.03.2010): 582–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x09357793.
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Background. The impact of choice on consumer decision making is controversial in US health policy. Objective. The authors’ objective was to determine how choice set size influences decision making among Medicare beneficiaries choosing prescription drug plans. Methods. The authors randomly assigned members of an Internet-enabled panel age 65 and older to sets of prescription drug plans of varying sizes (2, 5, 10, and 16) and asked them to choose a plan. Respondents answered questions about the plan they chose, the choice set, and the decision process. The authors used ordered probit models to estimate the effect of choice set size on the study outcomes. Results. Both the benefits of choice, measured by whether the chosen plan is close to the ideal plan, and the costs, measured by whether the respondent found decision making difficult, increased with choice set size. Choice set size was not associated with the probability of enrolling in any plan. Conclusions. Medicare beneficiaries face a tension between not wanting to choose from too many options and feeling happier with an outcome when they have more alternatives. Interventions that reduce cognitive costs when choice sets are large may make this program more attractive to beneficiaries.
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Zahoor, T., R. Dawson, M. Sen und Z. Makura. „Transoral laser resection or radiotherapy? Patient choice in the treatment of early laryngeal cancer: a prospective observational cohort study“. Journal of Laryngology & Otology 131, Nr. 6 (03.04.2017): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215116010057.
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AbstractObjectives:The choices made by patients offered treatment for early laryngeal cancer with radiotherapy or transoral laser resection were reviewed.Methods:A prospective review was conducted of all patients diagnosed and treated for early laryngeal carcinoma from December 2002 to September 2009 at the Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust. A total of 209 patients with tumour stage T1 or T2 laryngeal cancer were treated; each new patient suitable for radiotherapy or transoral laser resection was seen jointly by the clinical (radiation) oncologist and head and neck surgeon, and offered the choice of treatment.Results:Of the patients, 47.4 per cent were given a choice between radiotherapy and transoral laser resection; 51.2 per cent were advised to have radiotherapy, and there were no records for the remaining 1.4 per cent. From those given the choice, 59.6 per cent chose transoral laser resection (p < 0.02 (t-test)) and 35.4 per cent chose radiotherapy.Conclusion:When given the choice, a statistically significant majority of patients choose transoral laser resection rather than radiotherapy.
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Emiliussen, Jakob, Kjeld Andersen, Anette Søgaard Nielsen, Barbara Braun und Randi Bilberg. „What do elderly problem drinkers aim for? Choice of goal for treatment among elderly treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent patients“. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 36, Nr. 6 (04.07.2019): 511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072519852852.
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Objective: The patient’s free choice of treatment goals for alcohol use disorder (AUD) is predictive for treatment outcome. Presently there is limited knowledge of whether the age at onset of AUD influences the choice of goal for treatment. The present study investigates whether there are differences in choice of treatment goal between patients with very late onset alcohol use disorder (VLO AUD ≥ 60 years) and those having early or mid-age onset of AUD (EMO AUD < 60 years). Method: Participants were 341 persons, voluntarily enrolled in the Elderly Study, who were seeking treatment for AUD in outpatient centres for alcohol treatment in Denmark. Data regarding thoughts about abstinence, alcohol use in the last 90 days, motivation for treatment and psychiatric diagnosis were collected via questionnaires. A logistics regression was used to analyse the data. Results: 32.1% of the participants with VLO AUD chose temporary abstinence goals, compared to 18.2% of the patients with earlier-onset AUD ( p = 0.024). Further, 10.7% of participants with VLO AUD chose total abstinence goals compared to 31.3% of participants with early or mid-age onset AUD ( p = 0.002). Conclusion: There are significant differences in choice of goal between participants with very late onset AUD and early or mid-age onset AUD. Individuals with very late onset alcohol use disorder tend to choose temporary abstinence over any other treatment goal whereas, in general, individuals with early onset alcohol use disorder choose permanent abstinence over other treatment goals.
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Kalivas, Peter W. „Choose to Study Choice in Addiction“. American Journal of Psychiatry 161, Nr. 2 (Februar 2004): 193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.2.193.
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Çagatay, Hasan. „Knowing your choice before you choose“. Filosofia Unisinos 22, Nr. 1 (15.03.2021): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4013/fsu.2021.221.01.
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In 1980s, neuroscientists joined philosophers and psychologists in the investigation of volitional actions and freedom of will. In a series of experiments pioneered by Benjamin Libet (1985), it was observed that some neural activities correlated with volitional action regularly precedes the conscious will to perform it, which suggests that what appears to be a free action may actually be predetermined by some neural activities, even before the conscious intention to act arises. Shortly after publication of that study, Libet’s findings and interpretations were started to be criticized on philosophical and methodological grounds. In this study, the legitimacy of the criticisms directed to Libet’s and his successors’ experiments is discussed by taking recent neuroscience studies on volition into account and it is argued that these criticisms are not sufficient to eliminate the doubt that these experiments casted on the freedom of the will.Keywords: Free will, Benjamin Libet, neuroscience, unconscious intentions.
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Szczygieł, Dorota, und Wiesław Baryła. „Choosing between emotion regulation strategies to appear cool, calm, and collected: Does emotional stimulus intensity matter?“ Roczniki Psychologiczne 22, Nr. 1 (19.11.2019): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rpsych.2019.22.1-4.
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The present study examined the effect of negative emotional stimulus intensity (low versus high) on the choice of emotion regulation (ER) strategy when a person wants to control their emotional expression, and the impact of this choice on how the information accompanying emotional stimuli is remembered. The effects of emotional stimulus intensity on the choice of ER strategy were examined in two studies. In both studies, the participants (unaware of the differences in the intensity of stimuli) were asked to view images inducing negative emotions of high and low intensity and to choose which strategy (cognitive reappraisal or expressive suppression) they would use in order to control their emotional expression. In addition, in Study 2, the authors tested the memory of the verbal content accompanying the emotional stimuli that appeared during the ER period. As expected, the participants chose reappraisal over suppression when confronted with low-intensity stimuli. In contrast, when confronted with high-intensity stimuli, they chose suppression over reappraisal. The results of Study 2 revealed that memory accuracy was higher for those images that the participants chose to use reappraisal rather than suppression.
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Hislop-Esterhuizen, N., J. G. Maree, M. J. Van der Linde und A. Swanepoel. „Factors influencing the choice of profession of first-year teaching students“. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 27, Nr. 1 (16.09.2008): 30–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v27i1.80.
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The lack of appropriately qualified teachers in South Africa is growing rapidly and debates about the decline in teacher numbers in South Africa are increasing. In this study, the results of an investigation into possible factors that impact on the career choice of teaching students are reported. The reasons why first-year teaching students at the University of Pretoria chose teachings a career were studied by using a non-experimental design (survey design; administering anon-standardised questionnaire). The results revealed, inter alia, that a number of factors influence the career choice of first-year teaching students. Trends that emerged from the current study include the following: many more women than men enter the teaching profession; relatively few African language speaking students choose education as a field of study and the role of parents in helping their children to choose a career cannot be underestimated.
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Manssuer, Luis, Valerie Voon, Chen Cheng Zhang und Linbin Wang. „7 Converging evidence from local field potentials and acute stimulation for subthalamic nucleus theta involvement in internally generated decisions to initiate or withhold actions“. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 91, Nr. 8 (20.07.2020): e10.3-e11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-bnpa.25.
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Objectives/AimsTo examine the causal role of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in externally cued or internally generated decisions to execute or withhold an action by recording and stimulating neural activity in this region using deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes implanted for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD).Methods20 PD patients completed an intentional inhibition task in which they were instructed by visual cues to go, stop or choose to go or stop. Each cue was on the screen until the patient pressed a button with their left thumb or for a maximum of 1500 ms and was preceded by a fixation cross for 1000–1500 ms. Local field potentials (LFP) were simultaneously recorded from the left STN and stimulated in the right STN at the clinical frequency of 130Hz or theta frequency 7Hz for 500 ms prior to the onset of the cue on half of the choice trials.ResultsOn non-stimulation choice trials, analysis of the LFP’s showed a significant decrease in theta activity when patients chose to stop compared to go. This difference began prior to the onset of the response. Behaviourally, patients chose to respond less when the STN was stimulated at a frequency of 7 hz for 500 ms prior to the onset of the cue but not at 130 Hz.On non-stimulation choice trials, analysis of the LFP’s also showed that there was a significant decrease in theta activity when patients chose to stop compared to go. This difference began prior to the onset of the response.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that pre-existing theta activity in the STN may bias one’s pre-disposition to choose to initiate an action and that stimulation of this activity may interfere with this process.
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Parrott, Marissa L., Simon J. Ward und Peter D. Temple-Smith. „Genetic similarity, not male size, influences female mate choice in the agile antechinus (Antechinus agilis)“. Australian Journal of Zoology 54, Nr. 5 (2006): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo06030.
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Our research investigates the effects of genetic relatedness between mates and male size on female mate choice in the agile antechinus (Antechinus agilis). Females were provided with a simultaneous choice between one large and one small male, with a minimum 5 g (~20% of male weight) difference between males, in specially designed mate-choice enclosures. Genetic relatedness between males and females was determined using highly polymorphic, species-specific, microsatellite markers. Male size did not influence mate choice, with approximately equal numbers of large and small males chosen. Females chose males that were more genetically dissimilar to themselves significantly more times and showed significantly more sexual and non-exploratory behaviours near the genetically dissimilar males. The results show that, when free female mate choice is possible, female agile antechinus choose males on the basis of genetic relatedness, rather than male size.
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Yu, Xue, Edmund Sonuga-Barke und Xiangping Liu. „Preference for Smaller Sooner Over Larger Later Rewards in ADHD: Contribution of Delay Duration and Paradigm Type“. Journal of Attention Disorders 22, Nr. 10 (11.02.2015): 984–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054715570390.
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Objective: Individuals with ADHD preferentially choose smaller sooner (SS) over larger later (LL) rewards, termed impulsive choice. This has been observed to different degrees on single-choice and more complex discounting tasks using various types of rewards and durations of delays. There has been no direct comparison of performance of ADHD children using these two paradigms. Method: Two experimental paradigms, single-choice and temporal discounting, each including two delay conditions (13 and 25 s), were administered to 7- to 9-year-old children with ADHD ( n = 17) and matched controls ( n = 24). Results: Individuals with ADHD chose more SS rewards than controls on both tasks, but in the long delay condition only. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that delay durations rather than paradigm types determine laboratory-based measures of choice impulsivity in ADHD.
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KRISTJANPOLLER, WERNER D., und JOSEPHINE E. OLSON. „The effect of financial knowledge and demographic variables on passive and active investment in Chile's pension plan“. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 14, Nr. 3 (23.06.2014): 293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747214000213.
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AbstractThis paper contributes to research on defined contribution (DC) retirement plans by examining how financial knowledge and demographic factors influenced Chile's pension holders' choice between a default life-cycle retirement plan and active management. About one third of Chileans held default funds in 2009; younger people, men, people with lower incomes, and people with low financial knowledge were more likely to choose the default. For active investors, we examined what variables influenced their choice. Nearly three quarters of active investors chose more risky funds that the defaults for their age group. However, risk taking tended to decrease with age and to increase with income, financial knowledge and risk tolerance.
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Sanders, Tracy, Alexandra Kaplan, Ryan Koch, Michael Schwartz und P. A. Hancock. „The Relationship Between Trust and Use Choice in Human-Robot Interaction“. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 61, Nr. 4 (02.01.2019): 614–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720818816838.
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Objective: To understand the influence of trust on use choice in human-robot interaction via experimental investigation. Background: The general assumption that trusting a robot leads to using that robot has been previously identified, often by asking participants to choose between manually completing a task or using an automated aid. Our work further evaluates the relationship between trust and use choice and examines factors impacting choice. Method: An experiment was conducted wherein participants rated a robot on a trust scale, then made decisions about whether to use that robotic agent or a human agent to complete a task. Participants provided explicit reasoning for their choices. Results: While we found statistical support for the “trust leads to use” relationship, qualitative results indicate other factors are important as well. Conclusion: Results indicated that while trust leads to use, use is also heavily influenced by the specific task at hand. Users more often chose a robot for a dangerous task where loss of life is likely, citing safety as their primary concern. Conversely, users chose humans for the mundane warehouse task, mainly citing financial reasons, specifically fear of job and income loss for the human worker. Application: Understanding the factors driving use choice is key to appropriate interaction in the field of human-robot teaming.
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Mischoulon, David, Andrew A. Nierenberg, Leena Kizilbash, Jerrold F. Rosenbaum und Maurizio Fava. „Strategies for Managing Depression Refractory to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Treatment: A Survey of Clinicians“. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 45, Nr. 5 (Juni 2000): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370004500509.
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Objective: To examine treatment practices in cases where selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are ineffective. Methods: We surveyed 801 clinicians (including 630 psychiatrists) attending the Massachusetts General Hospital's annual psychopharmacology review course. Clinicians were presented with a vignette about a patient with depression who had responded partially to an SSRI and were asked to choose among various strategies available to manage this patient. Results: Of those surveyed, 466 clinicians had been in practice a mean of 16.6 years (SD 10.7). Not all clinicians chose to answer every question. Among 455 respondents, 84% (n = 382) chose to increase the dose of the SSRI, 10% (n = 47) chose augmentation or combination, and 7%(n = 31) opted for switching agents. When asked to switch to another agent, 448 responded, of whom 52% (n = 235) chose a newer antidepressant, 34% (n = 152) chose another SSRI, 10%(n = 44) chose a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), 2%(n = 8) chose a serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), 1% (n = 5) chose a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), and 1% (n = 4) chose an undefined “other” agent. Among 445 respondents, bupropion was the most widely chosen augmenting agent (30%, n = 134), followed by lithium (22%, n = 98). West coast and Canadian clinicians preferred to switch to another SSRI rather than to a newer antidepressant. Canadian clinicians preferred lithium to bupropion as their first-choice augmenting agent, as did clinicians from academic settings. Clinicians from community, individual practice, or group settings favoured bupropion. More experienced clinicians preferred bupropion as a first-choice augmenter, whereas less experienced ones showed a slight preference for lithium. Canadian clinicians were more likely to use MAOIs as second-line agents. Conclusions: Clinicians in this sample often followed strategies different from those recommended in the literature. Bupropion may have an important role in augmentating treatment with SSRIs.
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Hamlin, Daniel, und Albert Cheng. „Parental Empowerment, Involvement, and Satisfaction: A Comparison of Choosers of Charter, Catholic, Christian, and District-Run Public Schools“. Educational Administration Quarterly 56, Nr. 4 (16.11.2019): 641–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013161x19888013.
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Purpose: This study investigates parental empowerment, involvement, and satisfaction in charter, Catholic, Christian, and district-run public schools. The analyses of these indicators across school types also differentiate parents who chose district-run public schools through residential selection from those who did not. Research Design: A survey of 1,699 parents residing in Indiana was linked to school-level administrative data for the analyses. Parents in schools of choice were first compared with parents in district-run public schools using controls for demographic, school, and geographic characteristics. Parents in schools of choice were then compared with parents who chose district-run public schools through residential selection. Findings: Patterns were largely consistent with charter, Christian, and Catholic schools exhibiting greater parental empowerment, involvement, and satisfaction relative to district-run public schools. However, when parents in these schools of choice were compared with parents who chose district-run public schools through residential selection, these differences decreased. Strong negative relationships with parental empowerment, involvement, and satisfaction were observed for parents who did not choose district-run public schools through residential selection. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of parental selection into district-run public schools through choice of residence—a typically unobserved form of school selection in the literature. In district-run public schools, results suggest that deliberate strategies may be needed to support nonchoosers. Findings also indicate a need for future research on possible approaches that leaders use in different school types that contribute to greater parental empowerment, involvement, and satisfaction.
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Rogers, Elizabeth, und Johnathan Kershaw. „A Comparison of the Sensory Experience, Health Values, and Environmental Values of Plant-Based Meal Choosers vs Meat-Based Meal Choosers“. Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (Juni 2021): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab043_018.
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Abstract Objectives Our research question is: is there a difference in food choice values of those who choose plant-based dining options vs those who choose meat-based dining options? Our hypothesis is; sustainability/health involvement and self-reported sustainability/health behavior positively effects plant-based food choice. Methods Consumer panels were recruited from BGSU's campus and were incentivized for their participation. Sample preparation and pick up was conducted at the Oaks Dining Hall at Bowling Green State University. Consumers were served two sample tacos, one vegan and one meat-based. Panelists were provided a QR code containing the survey. Each survey included a prompt indicating what sample to consume, followed by four sensory questions about the sample, presented in a 9-point likert scale. The survey then directed participants to a page with a 30 second timer count down before prompting them to evaluate the other sample, followed by the same four sensory questions. After the samples are evaluated, the panelists are directed to an additional survey about food-choice motives, regarding sustainability/health involvement or sustainability/health self-reported behavior. This survey consisted of eight self-reported health behavior statement, seven sustainability self-reported behavior statements, four health involvement statements, and four sustainability involvement statements. Each statement was presented in a 5-point hedonic scale. Results We did not find differences in the characteristics of sustainability/health involvement or sustainability/health self-reported behaviors between those that chose vegan and those that chose meat. Among both groups, vegan choosers and meat choosers, involvement in healthy eating was higher than involvement in sustainable eating, but there was no difference in self-reported healthy eating and sustainable eating. Conclusions The student demographic we chose is more homogenous than the general population so we didn't see a significant difference in the food choice values of vegan choosers and meat choosers. Among both groups, involvement in healthy eating was significantly higher than involvement in sustainable eating. This provides a beneficial starting point for discussion and further research. Funding Sources Bowling Green State University Center for Undergraduate Research and Scholarship.
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van Tol-Geerdink, Julia J., Peep F. M. Stalmeier, Emile N. J. T. van Lin, Eric C. Schimmel, Henk Huizenga, Wim A. J. van Daal und Jan-Willem Leer. „Do Patients With Localized Prostate Cancer Treatment Really Want More Aggressive Treatment?“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, Nr. 28 (01.10.2006): 4581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.05.9592.
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Purpose Examine whether patients with prostate cancer choose the more aggressive of two radiotherapeutic options, whether this choice is reasoned, and what the determinants of the choice are. Patients and Methods One hundred fifty patients with primary prostate cancer (T1-3N0M0) were informed by means of a decision aid of two treatment options: radiotherapy with 70 Gy versus 74 Gy. The latter treatment is associated with more cure and more toxicity. The patients were asked whether they wanted to choose, and if so which treatment they preferred. They also assigned importance weights to the probability of various outcomes, such as survival, cure and adverse effects. Patients who wanted to choose their own treatment (n = 119) are described here. Results The majority of these patients (75%) chose the lower radiation dose. Their choice was highly consistent (P ≤ .001), with the importance weights assigned to the probability of survival, cure (odds ratio [OR] = 6.7 and 6.9) and late GI and genitourinary adverse effects (OR = 0.1 and 0.2). The lower dose was chosen more often by the older patients, low-risk patients, patients without hormone treatment, and patients with a low anxiety or depression score. Conclusion Most patients with localized prostate cancer prefer the lower radiation dose. Our findings indicate that many patients attach more weight to specific quality-of-life aspects (eg, GI toxicity) than to improving survival. Treatment preferences of patients with localized prostate cancer can and should be involved in radiotherapy decision making.
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Coumans, Juul M. J., Catherine A. W. Bolman, Anke Oenema und Lilian Lechner. „Predictors of Self-Determined Module Choice in a Web-Based Computer-Tailored Diet and Physical Activity Intervention: Secondary Analysis of Data From a Randomized Controlled Trial“. Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, Nr. 7 (23.07.2020): e15024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/15024.
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Background Tailoring an online intervention to participant preferences (eg, by giving participants a choice which modules to follow) may increase engagement in the intervention, motivation for behavioral change, and possibly intervention effects. So far, little is known about what characteristics predict these module choices. Filling this knowledge gap is useful for optimizing program engagement. Objective We investigated participant choice for a dietary and/or physical activity (PA) promotion module in our web-based computer-tailored intervention based on self-determination theory (SDT) and motivational interviewing (MI). Furthermore, we investigated which demographic characteristics, current behavior, psychosocial constructs and constructs from SDT and MI, and program-related variables such as advice on which module to follow were associated with these choices. Methods Observational data were used from the randomized controlled trial MyLifestyleCoach of participants who were randomized into the intervention condition, completed the baseline questionnaire, and made a module choice in the opening session of the intervention. Here, they received advice on their own dietary and PA behavior. At the session’s end, they chose which lifestyle modules they would like to follow (both, diet, PA, or no module). Measurements included demographic information; self-reported diet and PA; and several psychosocial, SDT, and MI constructs. In total, data from 619 Dutch adults (59.6% women; mean age was 51.9 [SD 13.5] years) were analyzed. A stepwise multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate which characteristics are related to module choice; the diet module served as reference category as almost everyone was advised to follow this module. Results Of this sample, 54.8% (339/619) chose to do both the diet and PA module, 25.4% (157/619) chose to follow the diet module, 17.8% (110/619) preferred to follow no module, and 2.1% (13/619) chose to do the PA module only. Furthermore, it was found that older people, those who consumed more fruit, and those who scored lower on importance to change their current diet were more likely to choose no module compared to the diet module. People who had more motivation to change their current PA and those who received strong advice compared with slight advice to follow the diet module were more likely to choose both modules compared with the diet module only. Conclusions The results show that more than half of the sample was interested in following both the diet and PA module in this online lifestyle intervention. Several characteristics were found to be related to module choice. A future challenge is to examine how this knowledge can be used to improve future interventions, such as tailoring (messages or content) on specific groups or examining where and how MI could be used to motivate people to make a certain module choice. Trial Registration Netherlands Trial Register NL7333; https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/7333
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Lauen, Douglas Lee. „To Choose or not to Choose: High School Choice and Graduation in Chicago“. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 31, Nr. 3 (September 2009): 179–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0162373709339058.
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Volante, W. G., T. Sanders, D. Dodge, V. A. Yerdon und P. A. Hancock. „Specifying Influences that Mediate Trust in Human-Robot Interaction“. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, Nr. 1 (September 2016): 1755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601402.
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In this work we investigate the effects of robot appearance and reliability on a user’s trust levels through an experiment where participants reacted to three different robot forms that either behaved reliably or unreliably during a series of experimental trials. A final trial was implemented to evaluate use choice by allowing participants to choose their preferred robot and complete an additional trial with that robot. Results from this pilot experimentation indicated differences based on the reliability of the robot, as well as whether the participant chose to interact with the robot.
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Rhondali, Wadih, Pedro Emilio Perez-Cruz, David Hui, Gary B. Chisholm, Shalini Dalal, Walter F. Baile, Eva Chittenden, Marilène Filbet und Eduardo Bruera. „Patient-physician communication about code status preferences: A randomized controlled trial.“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, Nr. 15_suppl (20.05.2012): 9049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.9049.
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9049 Background: Code status discussions are important in cancer care. The best modality for such discussions has not been established. Our objective was to determine the impact of a physician ending a code status discussion with a question (autonomy approach) versus a recommendation (beneficence approach) on patients’ do-not-resuscitate (DNR) preference. Methods: Patients in a supportive care clinic watched two videos showing a physician-patient discussion regarding code status. Both videos were identical except for the ending: one ended with the physician asking for the patient’s code status preference and the other with the physician recommending DNR. Patients were randomly assigned to watch the videos in different sequences. The main outcome was the proportion of patients choosing DNR for the video patient. Results: 78 patients completed the study. 74% chose DNR after the question video, 73% after the recommendation video (p=NS). Median physician compassion score was very high and not different for both videos (p=0.73). 30/30 patients who had chosen DNR for themselves and 30/48 patients who had not chosen DNR for themselves chose DNR for the video patient (100% v/s 62%, p<0.001). Age (OR=1.1/year, p=0.01) and white ethnicity (OR=9.43, p=0.004) predicted DNR choice for the video patient. Conclusions: Ending DNR discussions with a question or a recommendation did not impact DNR choice or perception of physician compassion. Therefore, both approaches are clinically appropriate. All patients who chose DNR for themselves and most patients who did not choose DNR for themselves chose DNR for the video patient. Age and race predicted DNR choice.
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Neumark, David, Peter S. Barth und Richard A. Victor. „The Impact of Provider Choice on Workers' Compensation Costs and Outcomes“. ILR Review 61, Nr. 1 (Oktober 2007): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390706100107.
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Using survey data collected in 2002 and 2003 in California, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Texas on workers injured 3 to 3.5 years earlier, coupled with information on the associated workers' compensation claims from the Workers Compensation Research Institute, the authors examine how provider choice in workers' compensation is related to costs and to workers' outcomes. They find that employee choice of the provider, by comparison with employer choice, was associated with higher costs and worse return-to-work outcomes. Although the same rate of physical recovery was found for both groups, workers who chose their providers reported higher satisfaction with medical care. The higher costs and worse return-to-work outcomes associated with employee choice arose largely when employees selected a new provider, rather than a provider with whom they had a pre-existing relationship. The findings lend some support to recent policy changes limiting workers' ability to choose a provider with whom they do not have a prior relationship.
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Kaufmann, Elena, und Oliver Otti. „Males increase their fitness by choosing large females in the common bedbug Cimex lectularius“. Animal Biology 69, Nr. 1 (2019): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-20181033.
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Abstract Mate choice is often a role assigned to females. Already Darwin realised that males are eager to copulate, and females are choosy. However, male mate choice is not as rare as assumed. Males should choose females if females vary in quality, i.e., fecundity. Indeed, males often choose larger mates and through this preference increase fitness benefits. In addition, if mating costs reduce the number of copulations a male can potentially perform, he should be choosy. Bedbug females vary in their fecundity and female size is positively related to fecundity. Male bedbugs are limited in seminal fluid availability and, hence, the number of consecutive matings they can perform. Traumatic insemination gives males full control over mating, therefore low female mating resistance could further allow males to be choosy. Here, using mate choice arenas, we investigated if male bedbugs prefer to mate with large females. We observed mating behaviour and measured female fecundity to investigate potential male fitness benefits. Males chose to mate with large females 1.8 times more often than small females and large females laid significantly more eggs than small females. Our study provides first evidence for male mate choice based on female body size in bedbugs and males can increase their fitness by mating large females. It has to be further established if male mate choice is driven by mating costs in terms of ejaculate investment and if such male mate choice based on female size could be a driver of sexual size dimorphism in bedbugs.
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Wilkens, Suzanne C., Mariano E. Menendez, David Ring und Neal Chen. „QuickDASH Score Is Associated With Treatment Choice in Patients With Trapeziometacarpal Arthrosis“. HAND 12, Nr. 5 (09.11.2016): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558944716677937.
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Background: Trapeziometacarpal (TMC) arthrosis has a variety of treatment options, including nonoperative (eg, education, splint, injection) and operative management. Symptoms and limitations vary greatly among patients. The purpose of this study was to determine an association of symptoms and limitations, quantified using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) score, with treatment choice in patients newly diagnosed with TMC arthrosis. We also addressed the association of the QuickDASH score with radiographic severity and sought factors associated with higher QuickDASH scores. Methods: As part of the routine new patient intake paperwork, all new patients completed a QuickDASH form. We included 81 new patients with newly diagnosed TMC arthrosis visiting the office of 1 of 5 orthopedic hand surgeons between March 1, 2015, and November 30, 2015. Eight patients were excluded because of incomplete QuickDASH forms. Results: Based on QuickDASH tertiles, patients with a low QuickDASH score were more likely to choose education alone than patients with intermediate and high QuickDASH scores; no patients in the lowest QuickDASH tertile chose injection or surgery. Patients who chose education alone also had a lower mean QuickDASH score than patients who chose splint or surgery. Radiographic severity and other patient-related factors were not associated with greater symptoms and limitations. Conclusions: More adaptive patients (lower QuickDASH) are less likely to choose injection or surgery, irrespective of disease severity. The psychosocial factors known to correlate with greater symptoms and limitations might lead patients to feel they have fewer options or to choose more interventional options than they would if they were more at ease. In other words, inadequate attention to psychosocial factors may increase the risk of misdiagnosis of patient preferences.
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Thomas, Rhys, Helen Devine, Ann Donnelly, Alexander Foulkes, Clare Galtrey, Zhaleh Khaleeli, Joanne Lawrence, Marianne Novak, Jessica Redgrave und Emma Tallantyre. „WHY NEUROLOGY? THE CAREER CHOICES OF CURRENT UK NEUROLOGY TRAINEES“. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 86, Nr. 11 (14.10.2015): e4.132-e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2015-312379.42.
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IntroductionIt is important that we attract high-calibre medics to neurology. There are few studies of what motivated neurologists to choose their speciality, when they chose, or what else they might have become.MethodsAll UK neurology trainees were invited to complete an online survey.Results160 trainees responded (53% female; 17% less-than-fulltime). 54% decided on neurology before graduating (6% before medical school), whilst 29% decided after foundation training. Common reasons to choose neurology included: academically interesting (72%); clinical exposure as a student or junior (67%); personality fit (53%); influential role-model (37%). Less common motivations included lifestyle, family friendliness, prestige, and family members with neurological conditions. Two trainees chose neurology because they personally have a neurological condition. When asked what their second choice of medical career would have been the answers were diverse and 31 different specialties were named, but only one might have been a neurosurgeon.ConclusionsCareers advice should begin early in medical school and continue through medical training with direct exposure to clinical neurology. Traditional neurology values such as the intellectual challenge should be emphasised. Neurologists have a broad interest in medical and psychiatric specialties underlining the importance of core medical training to developing neurologists of the future.
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Antonides, Gerrit, und Michelle Welvaarts. „Effects of Default Option and Lateral Presentation on Consumer Choice of the Sustainable Option in an Online Choice Task“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 13 (07.07.2020): 5484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135484.
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In order to reduce the environmental impact of products, sustainability must be improved in many industries. One way to accomplish this aim is to influence consumers by means of nudging in order to choose more sustainable products in online choices. We investigated whether the lateral presentation of products from left to right or from right to left, along with using a status quo default option, influence sustainable choices of make-up products. A pilot study has been conducted in order to obtain background information on make-up choices. Next, an online, quantitative experiment has been conducted in which 330 women together made 1094 hypothetical make-up product choices. Making the sustainable option the default resulted in more sustainable choices than making unsustainable products the default. The left–right versus right–left presentation of products did not significantly influence consumer choices. Furthermore, higher educated people and those finding sustainability important relatively often chose a sustainable make-up product. People frequently wearing make-up and those finding a low price important relatively often chose an unsustainable make-up product. Our experiment suggests that making sustainable products the default choice makes a sustainable choice about 8% more likely than making unsustainable products the default choice.
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Carvalho, Brendan, Caitlin Dooley Sutton, John J. Kowalczyk und Pamela Dru Flood. „Impact of patient choice for different postcesarean delivery analgesic protocols on opioid consumption: a randomized prospective clinical trial“. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 44, Nr. 5 (13.03.2019): 578–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2018-100206.
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BackgroundChoice of postcesarean delivery analgesic protocol may improve pain experience and reduce analgesic requirements.MethodsCesarean delivery patients were randomly assigned either to choose their postcesarean delivery analgesia protocol or to have no choice and receive routine care. Choices were low (50 μg intrathecal morphine), medium (identical to routine care: 150 μg intrathecal morphine), or high (300 μg intrathecal morphine with 600 mg oral gabapentin). All groups received scheduled acetaminophen and ibuprofen. The primary outcome was oxycodone requirements 0–48 hours postdelivery in those offered versus not offered a choice.ResultsOf 160 women enrolled, 120 were offered a choice and 40 were not offered a choice. There was no difference in oxycodone requirements or pain associated with choice, but those who had a choice expressed more satisfaction than those who did not have a choice (mean (95% CI) difference 5% (0% to 10 %), p=0.005). In the choice group, the high dose group required more oxycodone (5 (0 to 15) mg 0–24 hours after delivery and 15 (10 to 25) mg at 24–48 hours; p=0.05 and p=0.001) versus the low and medium groups. The low dose group had less pruritus (p=0.001), while the high dose group had more vomiting (p=0.01) requiring antiemetic treatment (p=0.04).ConclusionHaving a choice compared with no choice routine care did not reduce oxycodone requirements or pain scores. However, women have insight into their analgesic needs; women offered a choice and who chose the higher dose analgesic protocol required more oxycodone, and women who chose the lower dose protocol required less oxycodone. Despite providing additional analgesic (six times more intrathecal morphine plus gabapentin in high dose vs low dose protocols), we still did not equalize postcesarean oxycodone requirement differences between groups.Trial registration numberNCT02605187.
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Manzini, Paola, und Marco Mariotti. „CATEGORIZE THEN CHOOSE: BOUNDEDLY RATIONAL CHOICE AND WELFARE“. Journal of the European Economic Association 10, Nr. 5 (13.06.2012): 1141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2012.01078.x.
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de Kare-Silver, Nigel. „Choose and book—whose choice is it anyway?“ BMJ 330, Nr. 7499 (05.05.2005): 1093.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.330.7499.1093.
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Pailhès, Alice, und Gustav Kuhn. „Influencing choices with conversational primes: How a magic trick unconsciously influences card choices“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, Nr. 30 (13.07.2020): 17675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000682117.
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Past research demonstrates that unconscious primes can affect people’s decisions. However, these free choice priming paradigms present participants with very few alternatives. Magicians’ forcing techniques provide a powerful tool to investigate how natural implicit primes can unconsciously influence decisions with multiple alternatives. We used video and live performances of the mental priming force. This technique uses subtle nonverbal and verbal conversational primes to influence spectators to choose the three of diamonds. Our results show that a large number of participants chose the target card while reporting feeling free and in control of their choice. Even when they were influenced by the primes, participants typically failed to give the reason for their choice. These results show that naturally embedding primes within a person’s speech and gestures effectively influenced people’s decision making. This raises the possibility that this form of mind control could be used to effectively manipulate other mental processes.
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Selterman, Dylan. „Altruistic Punishment in the Classroom: An Update on the Tragedy of the Commons Extra Credit Question“. Teaching of Psychology 46, Nr. 2 (01.03.2019): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098628319834208.
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A world-famous classroom exercise gives students the choice between 2 points (the communal option) or 6 points (the overconsumption option) of extra credit toward an assignment in their course, but if more than 10% choose 6 points, no one receives any points. In the current variation, students ( N = 795) were also given a third option—to sacrifice their own potential points to take away points from another randomly selected student who chose 6 points. Across seven course sections, 19 students chose this option based on the concept of “altruistic punishment,” with many expressing concern about the entire class losing points. Most students had a positive attitude toward the exercise, viewing that it helped them understand new material and increased their interest in psychology, believing that psychology can help solve social problems. This exercise effectively demonstrates group cooperation dilemmas.
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Hsu, Mei Hua Kerry, und Man Ho Ling. „Nursing students’ attitudes towards older people and future career choices in Macao-A pilot study“. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice 9, Nr. 2 (25.09.2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v9n2p10.
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Background: As global ageing, Macao also faces challenges with regards to an aging population. Not many nursing students are willing to choose gerontological nursing (GN) as a career choice. This pilot study was conducted on a small sample of Macao nursing students to assess nursing students’ attitudes towards older people and their future career choices. Moreover, this pilot study is aimed to validate the survey questionnaire for the further study.Methods: A cross-sectional survey to explore 30 Macao nursing students’ attitudes towards older people and future career choices. Kogan’s attitudes towards older people scale (KAOP) was adopted in this study.Results: About 33.3% nursing students agreed to work in GN after graduation. Only 6.7% participants chose “aged care institute” as their first choice for future career. Participants have higher mean scores of KAOP that indicate more positive attitudes towards older people. “GN practice experience” and “personal preference” are confirmed as contributors for nursing students towards GN in this study.Conclusions: Macao nursing students have positive attitudes towards older people but not many of them would choose GN as future career. This pilot study provided knowledge to current nursing educators and government for the situation among nursing students in Macao.
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Sievert, Martin, Igor Zwir, Kevin M. Cloninger, Nigel Lester, Sandor Rozsa und C. Robert Cloninger. „The influence of temperament and character profiles on specialty choice and well-being in medical residents“. PeerJ 4 (06.09.2016): e2319. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2319.
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BackgroundMultiple factors influence the decision to enter a career in medicine and choose a specialty. Previous studies have looked at personality differences in medicine but often were unable to describe the heterogeneity that exists within each specialty. Our study used a person-centered approach to characterize the complex relations between the personality profiles of resident physicians and their choice of specialty.Methods169 resident physicians at a large Midwestern US training hospital completed the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Clusters of personality profiles were identified without regard to medical specialty, and then the personality clusters were tested for association with their choice of specialty by co-clustering analysis. Life satisfaction was tested for association with personality traits and medical specialty by linear regression and analysis of variance.ResultsWe identified five clusters of people with distinct personality profiles, and found that these were associated with particular medical specialties Physicians with an “investigative” personality profile often chose pathology or internal medicine, those with a “commanding” personality often chose general surgery, “rescuers” often chose emergency medicine, the “dependable” often chose pediatrics, and the “compassionate” often chose psychiatry. Life satisfaction scores were not enhanced by personality-specialty congruence, but were related strongly to self-directedness regardless of specialty.ConclusionsThe personality profiles of physicians were strongly associated with their medical specialty choices. Nevertheless, the relationships were complex: physicians with each personality profile went into a variety of medical specialties, and physicians in each medical specialty had variable personality profiles. The plasticity and resilience of physicians were more important for their life satisfaction than was matching personality to the prototype of a particular specialty.
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Sheppes, Gal, Susanne Scheibe, Gaurav Suri und James J. Gross. „Emotion-Regulation Choice“. Psychological Science 22, Nr. 11 (29.09.2011): 1391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797611418350.
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Despite centuries of speculation about how to manage negative emotions, little is actually known about which emotion-regulation strategies people choose to use when confronted with negative situations of varying intensity. On the basis of a new process conception of emotion regulation, we hypothesized that in low-intensity negative situations, people would show a relative preference to choose to regulate emotions by engagement reappraisal, which allows emotional processing. However, we expected people in high-intensity negative situations to show a relative preference to choose to regulate emotions by disengagement distraction, which blocks emotional processing at an early stage before it gathers force. In three experiments, we created emotional contexts that varied in intensity, using either emotional pictures (Experiments 1 and 2) or unpredictable electric stimulation (Experiment 3). In response to these emotional contexts, participants chose between using either reappraisal or distraction as an emotion-regulation strategy. Results in all experiments supported our hypothesis. This pattern in the choice of emotion-regulation strategies has important implications for the understanding of healthy adaptation.
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Robinson, Eric, und Suzanne Higgs. „Food choices in the presence of ‘healthy’ and ‘unhealthy’ eating partners“. British Journal of Nutrition 109, Nr. 4 (30.05.2012): 765–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512002000.
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Eating with others has been shown to influence the amount of food eaten in a meal or snack. We examined whether choosing food in the presence of another person who is choosing either predominantly low-energy-dense or high-energy-dense foods affects food choices. A between-subjects laboratory-based study was used. A group of 100 young females selected a lunch-time meal from a buffet consisting of a range of high-energy-dense and low-energy-dense foods, in the presence of an ‘unhealthy’ eating partner (who chose predominantly high-energy-dense foods) or a ‘healthy’ eating partner (who chose predominantly low-energy-dense foods) or when alone. Participants in the ‘unhealthy’ eating partner condition were significantly less likely to choose and consume a low-energy-dense food item (carrots), than when choosing alone or in the presence of a ‘healthy’ eater. Choice of high-energy-dense food did not differ across the conditions, nor did the total energy consumed. These data suggest that social influences on food choice are limited in this context but the presence of an ‘unhealthy’ eating partner may undermine intentions to consume low-energy-dense foods.
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Meyerhoff, Jürgen, und Klaus Glenk. „Learning how to choose—effects of instructional choice sets in discrete choice experiments“. Resource and Energy Economics 41 (August 2015): 122–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2015.04.006.
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Bosco, Jaclyn Lee Fong, Barbara Halpenny und Donna Lynn Berry. „Personal preferences and treatment choice in an intervention trial of men newly diagnosed with localized prostate cancer.“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, Nr. 5_suppl (10.02.2012): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.5_suppl.170.
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170 Background: Men diagnosed with localized prostate cancer (LPC) can choose from multiple treatment regimens and are faced with a decision in which medical factors and personal preferences are important. The Personal Patient Profile-Prostate (P3P) is a computerized decision aid for men with LPC that focuses on personal preferences. We determined the proportion of men with LPC who chose a concordant treatment approach by 6-months with self-reported, influential side effects by intervention or control group, and evaluated whether the intervention (versus control) group was more likely to choose a concordant treatment. Methods: English or Spanish-speaking men diagnosed with LPC (2007–2009) from four US cities were enrolled into a randomized trial and followed at 1- and 6-months via mailed or online questionnaire. Men were randomized to receive the P3P intervention or standard education plus links to reputable websites (control group). We classified concordance as men who were (a) concerned with urinary incontinence and/or erectile dysfunction and chose radiotherapy, (b) concerned with bowel dysfunction and chose prostatectomy, (c) concerned with all three side effects and chose watchful waiting, or (d) not concerned with any side effect and chose any treatment. We calculated the proportion of concordance by group. Using logistic regression, we calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between the P3P intervention and concordance. Results: Of 448 men, most were <65 years, non-Hispanic white, and had multiple physician consultations prior to study enrollment. Only 43% of the sample chose a concordant treatment given concerns about potential side effects. There was no significant difference in concordance between the intervention (43%) and control (42%) group (OR=1.1; 95%CI=0.73, 1.7). Conclusions: The P3P intervention was not associated with concordance between potential side effects and treatment choice. Information and/or physician consultation immediately after diagnosis was likely to influence decisions despite concerns about side effects. The intervention may be more effective before the first treatment options consultation.
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Miljkovic, Milos, Dennis Omoding Emuron, Lori Rhodes, Joseph Abraham und Kenneth David Miller. „“Allow natural death” versus “Do not resuscitate”: What do patients with advanced cancer choose?“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, Nr. 31_suppl (01.11.2014): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.31_suppl.89.
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89 Background: Many patients with advanced cancer at our hospital request full resuscitative efforts at the end of life. In the first in a series of quality improvement projects to improve end-of-life (EOL) care, we assessed the knowledge and attitudes of patients towards it to determine if “Allow Natural Death” (AND) orders were more acceptable than “Do Not Resuscitate” (DNR) orders. Methods: Adult patients with advanced cancer being treated at a single community hospital were invited to participate. The first 100 consenting patients were surveyed regarding their diagnosis, prognosis, and attitudes about critical care and resuscitation. They were then presented with hypothetical scenarios in which a decision on their code status had to be made if they had 1 year, 6 months or 1 month left to live. Fifty patients were given a choice between being “full code“ and “DNR”, and 50 could choose between ”full code" and “AND”. Results: Participants were equally likely to choose either of the “no code” options in all hypothetical scenarios (p > 0.54). The choice was not affected by age, sex, race, type of cancer, education, or income level. Patients who said they would want life-prolonging measures such as CPR, tracheostomies, and feeding tube placement in case of a permanent vegetative state were significantly less likely to choose “AND” than “full code” (p=0.001–0.002). A similar proportion of patients who had a living will chose “AND” and “DNR” orders instead of “full code” in all the scenarios (47–74% and 63–71%). In contrast, among patients who did not have a living will 52% chose “DNR”, while 19% opted for “AND”. More than a third (39 of 93) patients were not aware their illness was terminal. Conclusions: We hypothesized that “AND” orders may be more acceptable to patients with advanced cancer, but the wording of the “no code” order does not seem to be related to the patients’ code status decisions. The “Do not resuscitate” phrasing may be more acceptable to patients who view life-prolonging measures favorably.
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Peters, F., A. M. Vranceanu, M. Elbon und D. Ring. „Ganglions of the hand and wrist: determinants of treatment choice“. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 38, Nr. 2 (16.04.2012): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193412442468.
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The aim of this study was to determine whether psychological factors (depression, catastrophic thinking, and pain anxiety) and pain intensity are associated with choice of operative treatment. Ninety new patients with a ganglion cyst on their hand or wrist completed psychological questionnaires (Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale, and Center for the Epidemiological Study of Depression instrument) and an ordinal measure of pain intensity. After a minimum of 4 months, patients were contacted to determine if they chose operative treatment, to rate their pain intensity, and to complete the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire. Younger patients were more likely to choose operative treatment. Psychological factors were associated with pain intensity at enrolment, but not with treatment choice. Operative treatment did not result in less pain intensity or disability, or higher satisfaction compared with non-operative treatment.
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Lambert, Trevor W., Fay Smith und Michael J. Goldacre. „Early career choices for emergency medicine and later career destinations: national surveys of UK medical graduates“. JRSM Open 11, Nr. 8 (August 2020): 205427042096159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2054270420961595.
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Objective To report doctors’ early career preferences for emergency medicine, their eventual career destinations and factors influencing their career pathways. Design Self-administered questionnaire surveys. Setting United Kingdom. Participants All graduates from all UK medical schools in selected graduation years between 1993 and 2015. Main outcome measures Choices for preferred eventual specialty; eventual career destinations; certainty about choice of specialty; correspondence between early specialty choice for emergency medicine and eventually working in emergency medicine. Results Emergency medicine was chosen by 5.6% of graduates of 2015 when surveyed in 2016, and 7.1% of graduates of 2012 surveyed in 2015. These figures represent a modest increase compared with other recent cohorts, but there is no evidence of a sustained long-term trend of an increase. More men than women specified emergency medicine – in 2016 6.6% vs. 5.0%, and in 2015 7.9% vs. 6.5%. Doctors choosing emergency medicine were less certain about their choice than doctors choosing other specialties. Of graduates of 2005 who chose emergency medicine in year 1, only 18% were working in emergency medicine in year 10. Looking backwards, from destinations to early choices, 46% of 2005 graduates working in emergency medicine in 2015 had specified emergency medicine as their choice of eventual specialty in year 1. Conclusions There was no substantial increase across the cohorts in choices for emergency medicine. Policy should address how to encourage more doctors to choose the specialty, and to create a future UK health service environment in which those who choose emergency medicine early on do not later change their minds in large numbers.
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Misuraca, Raffaella, Francesco Ceresia, Ashley E. Nixon und Costanza Scaffidi Abbate. „When is more really more? The effect of brands on choice overload in adolescents“. Journal of Consumer Marketing 38, Nr. 2 (09.01.2021): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-08-2020-4021.
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Purpose Research on choice overload with adult participants has shown that the presence of a brand significantly mitigates the phenomenon. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether these findings can be expanded to a population of adolescents, where it has already been shown that choice overload occurs in a similar way as adults. Design/methodology/approach Studies 1 and 2 aim to test whether the presence of a brand name mitigates the adverse consequences of choice overload in adolescents. In line with prior research on choice overload, in both studies, the authors compared between-subjects differences in the levels of reported dissatisfaction, difficulty and regret in a choice condition where adolescents chose among either 6 or 24 options associated with brand names and in another choice condition where adolescents chose among the same 6 or 24 options but not associated with brand names. Findings This paper presents evidence from two studies that when facing either a large or a small amount of choice options that are associated with brand names, choice overload disappears among adolescents. Conversely, when no brands are associated to the choice options, adolescents report choice overload, that is a greater dissatisfaction, difficulties and regret with larger (versus smaller) assortments. Practical implications Prior research on choice overload has led to recommendations that marketers and other choice architects should simply reduce choice options or assortments to improve consumers’ satisfaction. However, our finding suggests that this recommendation may be invalidated when brands are present, at least for certain age groups. Adolescents cope indeed very well with large assortments of branded products. Originality/value The research adds to the existing understanding of choice overload, demonstrating that the brand is a moderator of the phenomenon for adolescents, who currently represent a large portion of the market. A second important contribution of this work is that it extends prior research on choice overload to real-world consumer scenarios, where consumers choose among products with a brand, rather than among products described only by technical characteristics or nutritional values, as in classical studies on choice overload.
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Fujiwara, Juri, Nobuo Usui, Satoshi Eifuku, Toshio Iijima, Masato Taira, Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui und Philippe N. Tobler. „Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Updates Chosen Value According to Choice Set Size“. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, Nr. 3 (März 2018): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01207.
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Having chosen an item typically increases the subjective value of the chosen item, and people generally enjoy making choices from larger choice sets. However, having too many items to choose from can reduce the value of chosen items—for example, because of conflict or choice difficulty. In this study, we investigated the effects of choice set size on behavioral and neural value updating (revaluation) of the chosen item. In the scanner, participants selected items from choice sets of various sizes (one, two, four, or eight items). After they chose an item, participants rerated the chosen item, and we quantified revaluation by taking the difference of postchoice minus prechoice ratings. Revaluation of chosen items increased up to choice sets of four alternatives but then decreased again for items chosen from choice sets of eight alternatives, revealing both a linear and a quadratic effect of choice set size. At the time of postchoice rating, activation of the ventrolateral pFC (VLPFC) reflected the influence of choice set size on parametric revaluation, without significant relation to either prechoice or postchoice ratings tested separately. Additional analyses revealed relations of choice set size to anterior cingulate and insula activity during actual choice and increased coupling of both regions to revaluation-related VLPFC during postchoice rating. These data suggest that the VLPFC plays a central role in a network that relates choice set size to updating the value of chosen items and integrates choice overload with value-enhancing effects of larger choice sets.