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1
Novendra, Alan, Refdinal Refdinal und Sai Kham Le. „Hardness Analysis of Stone Breaker Chisel Made of Medium Carbon Steel as a Result of Hardening Using Water Cooling Media“. Teknomekanik 3, Nr. 1 (25.05.2020): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/tm.v3i1.5172.
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Stone chisels produced by blacksmiths which are made using leaf spring steel are often too brittle or fragile so that when they are used, they often occur in the form of cracks and breaks. This study aims to determine the appropriate hardness level for stone chisels. The process is carried out by comparing the hardness level of stone chisels that have been used but still in good condition and those that have been damaged. Broken stone chisels have a high adequate hardness compared to good stone chisels so that damaged stone chisels can be reconditioned to get the right rock chisel hardness. Heat treatment is given to damaged stone chisels to improve the hardness level by normalizing the process to restore the initial mechanical properties of the steel and increasing the hardness of the chisel by heating the steel and then quenching it using water cooling media. Based on the experimental process carried out that the hardness level of a good stone chisel is between 228 HB to 320 HB by heating the duan spring steel to a temperature of 780ºC with a hold time of 10 minutes then cooling it quickly using water and stone chisels can break when it is used because it has a very high hardness.
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Niece, S. La. „Depletion gilding from Third Millennium BC Ur“. Iraq 57 (1995): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900002977.
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Three chisels (Fig. 1), excavated by Woolley (1934) in the 1920s from an Early Dynastic III grave at Ur, and now in the British Museum, were believed to be made of solid gold. Recently, however, it was noticed that the gold surface was blistering in places, revealing coppery coloured metal beneath, suggesting that they were gilded.The chisels were from a very rich grave (PG 800), known as “the Queen's Grave”. It is attributed to Queen Pu-abi (in the original excavation report her name was mistakenly transcribed as Shub-ad) and dated to c. 2600 BC. Five chisels U. 10429–33 were found with a gold saw behind a large steatite bowl which contained various copper tools. Part of the material from this grave is now in the British Museum. Other items are in the University Museum, Philadelphia, including two of the gold chisels and the gold saw, and in the Iraq Museum, Baghdad. The purpose of these gold tools has never been fully explained; presumably they were symbolic rather than functional. The two small chisels in the British Museum appear to have had handles and the excavation report lists rings of gold binding (U. 10443) as “probably belonging to their [the gold tools] handles” (Woolley 1934, p. 81). Bitumen and wood handles were found on copper chisels from Ur. The larger chisel is burnished all over and appears not to have been hafted. A small chisel (U.9130) and spearhead (U.9122) from another grave (PG 580) were also examined (Figs. 2 and 4). The tools are here referred to by their Ur excavation numbers, as in Woolley's report. The British Museum Department of Western Asiatic Antiquities registration numbers are given in the concordance below.
3
Cove, P. „Couplands' chisels“. British Dental Journal 206, Nr. 2 (Januar 2009): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2009.16.
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Sahni, V. „No chisels“. British Dental Journal 229, Nr. 1 (Juli 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41415-020-1904-0.
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Mustafayev, O., und S. Turdiev. „DYNAMIC IMPACT OF INCISORS WITH CUTTING AND CHIPPING TOOLS“. National Association of Scientists 3, Nr. 32(59) (12.10.2020): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/nas.2413-5291.2020.3.59.293.
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The paper studies the influence of the parameters of the dynamic impact of incisors. In the process of cutting (cutting-chipping) rocks with PDC-type chisels, the methods of setting the angle of the cutters on the chisel are considered and the optimal variant of the angle of the teeth on the bit blade is established.
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Radek, Pražan, Hůla Josef, Kovaříček Pavel, Čedík Jakub, Gerndtová Ilona und Vlášková Marcela. „Functional properties of blade tiller working tools“. Research in Agricultural Engineering 64, No. 2 (28.06.2018): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/106/2017-rae.
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After the harvest of winter wheat, the tensile force, cross section of loosened soil and specific resistance of soil were measured on a loamy soil plot. During the comparative measurements, 3 blades were used with chisel width of 20 mm, 40 mm and 75 mm. In case of all blades, the measurements were carried out at the depth of 100, 200 and 300 mm. In the course of measurements, the standards of blades were attached in a measuring frame on six-component hinge with connected tensometric sensor. The selected blades were developed for a new type of tiller destined for primary cultivation of soil. Moreover, in case of a blade equipped by chisel there were used side wings of a width of 110, 150 and 200 mm for tillage into a depth of 100 mm. It was found that the width of blade chisels did not have a statistically significant effect on the values of specific resistance of soil during the soil tillage. At all widths of blade chisels, a trend of an increase in specific resistance of soil was recorded at growing recess into the soil.
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Reynolds Chávez, M. A., A. Capetillo Burela, M. Cadena Zapata, J. A. López López und R. Zetina Lezama. „Vertical Tillage Technology for Primary Soil Preparation“. Global Journal of Agricultural Innovation, Research & Development 9 (11.03.2022): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15377/2409-9813.2022.09.2.
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In the last decade in Mexico and other developing countries, soil preparation is the agricultural activity that represents the highest costs per unit of production, due to factors such as lack of appropriate equipment, excessive tillage, high consumption of fossil fuel, lack of knowledge and training for the adequate soil management, among others. The purpose of this research was to develop a vertical tillage technology that allows primary soil preparation without investment and reduces fuel consumption and effective operating time, improves labor quality and conserves soil and water resources. For this, a chisel plow prototype was developed based on four vertical tillage parameters: (1. Working depth 2. Number of bodies 3. Spacing between chisels 4. Use of wings or sweepers). These parameters determined the criteria and dimensions of the prototype for its development in design parameters such as spacing, position, angle of attack and depth of work. The performance evaluation of the prototype was compared with the disc plow; an implement that served as a witness as it was the most widely used technology. The standardized test method was used by the National Center for Standardization of Agricultural Machinery "CENEMA". The results obtained show a prototype plow with five chisels mounted on a double platform frame. The front platform is used for the coupling of three shallow chisels and the rear one, for the coupling of two deep chisels with wings. The implement adjusts for two working depths 0.30 and 0.40 meters and two working widths 1.80 m and 2.40 m respectively. The performance evaluation showed that vertical tillage with the chisel plow prototype in its two treatments showed an average saving of more than 45% in the fuel consumption variable and 53% in the effective working time compared to conventional tillage used with a disc plow. In terms of quality of work, vertical tillage shows high performance in soil disturbance, exceeding up to 65% of the work done by conventional tillage. Finally, it is concluded that the proposed technology should be used as technological innovation and replace the conventional disk plow technology, given its technological, economic and environmental advantages.
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Peldschus, Friedel, und Jens-Thorsten Wild. „INFLUENCE OF CHISEL SHARE FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF CONCRETE“. JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 9, Nr. 4 (31.12.2003): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2003.10531337.
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The energy shares occurring in the chiselling process were investigated in order to increase the productivity of the manual destruction of concrete. Apart from the influences of notch energy and cleaving energy, the energy loss due to friction forces was considered. As a result two new chisel forms were developed as a combination of sharp cutting edge and steep wedge. The effectiveness of these chisels was tested under experimental conditions as well as under reality conditions. It was found that the application of lateral tips at the chisel leads to an improved processing performance.
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Hansen, Ole Thirup Kastholm, und Erik Sandquist. „Med mejsel eller pikhammer – Hvorledes blev runer ristet?“ Kuml 53, Nr. 53 (24.10.2004): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v53i53.97498.
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With Chisel or Pick HammerHow were Runes carved? In 1980, Vitus Nielsen and Erik Moltke published the essay “Pikhammeren – kan man også skrive med den?« (The Pick Hammer – can it be used for writing as well?). Nielsen summed up the historical background of the pick hammer, while Moltke postulated that in the Viking Age this tool was used for carving runes and ornaments on rune stones (Fig. 1). This essay postulates the opposite: that runes were carved with a chisel and a hammer/mallet. Moltke’s hypothesis has been briefly questioned before, but has not been thoroughly discussed. This essay is primarily based on the professional experience gathered by Erik Sandquist, the stonemason, from the carving of modern rune stones.Moltke’s most important argument is the existence of small conical marks made by a pointed tool in a number of rune grooves. This phenomenon can be observed on e.g. rune stone no. 5 from Århus (c.1000 AD) and the Swedish rune stones from Himmelstadlund in Östergötland (400-550 AD) (Fig. 2).Erik Sandquist has been carving rune stones since 1995. His stone no. 44 was erected in the summer of 2004 next to the museum in Jelling (Figs. 3-4). From this work, Sandquist has gained exhaustive experience using a broad chisel and a pick chisel in combination with a hammer or mallet, whereas most modern stonemasons prefer to use pneumatic tools and sandblasting. It is important to note that Sandquist does not consider his work to be experimental archaeology; his results are not systematically documented. Nevertheless, this craftsman’s experience might provide the basis for a few conclusions that would contribute to the archaeological discussion. Sandquist uses the following method for carving a rune stone: when an appropriate stone has been selected and transported to its future location, he sketches a design of runes and ornaments directly onto the stone surface, first using a soaked cloth (so that possible mistakes will easily disappear), then coal (which can be erased easily), and finally, for the ultimate design, chalk. Then he carves the lines using a chisel and a hammer or mallet. The grooves are often painted with a mixture of buttermilk, pigment (e.g. iron oxide), and powdered ammonia. Ideally, the stone should be carved and painted while resting in a horizontal position and not erected until completed. To prevent future confusion among archaeologists and philologists, Sandquist’s rune stones are recorded by the National Museum.Erik Moltke postulated that a pick hammer was more convenient than a chisel for carving runes and ornaments. He argued that if the rune carver was using a chisel and a hammer, his hand would be covering the area he was working on, whereas a pick hammer would allow him to see the work in progress at any time. However, the fact is that a pick hammer is far less precise when it comes to carving lines than the chisel and hammer: by holding the chisel near the stone surface, the rune carver can easily work precisely and furthermore adjust the power of the strokes. The pick hammer, on the other hand, is chisel and hammer all in one, and the direct percussion technique that it requires forces the stone mason to keep a distance from the stone surface, which causes imprecision as to percussion power and direction. The pick hammer is far more suitable for work on large surfaces, e.g. on ashlars, where the power of the hammer stroke is more important than precision.Just one pick hammer is known from Viking Age Scandinavia. It was found in the ring fortress of Trelleborg (Fig. 5). In addition, a pick hammer of uncertain date is known from Lund in Sweden (Fig. 6). In a European perspective, the Romans used this tool around the beginning of the Christian era. Several pick hammers are known, for instance, from the quarries in Felzberg near Odenwald, south of Mainz. In medieval art, pick hammers are often depicted as a tool for cutting ashlars (Figs. 7-8), and they were used until the Second World War.A number of chisels are known from Viking Age Scandinavia (Fig. 9), but the shape of the individual chisels does not reveal whether it was made for iron or stone working. However, the chisels may have a different degree of hardness, since ideally a chisel for stone carving would be less hard than one designed for iron working. The reason is that if the steel in the stonemason’s chisel is too hard, the chisel will crack easily, and if on the other hand the steel is too soft, the chisel will need sharpening too often. This is why modern standard chisels are very poor for rune carving. Oxidation and recycling has probably been the fate of many prehistoric chisels. Wooden mallets, which may have been used for stone carving, are known from Viking Age Sigtuna. In pictures from the Middle Ages, chisels and mallets are depicted as tools for carving inscriptions (Fig. 10).The weathering of the rune stones has made it very difficult to find traces from the rune carvers’ tools. Still, faint chisel marks can be observed on a few Swedish rune stones and on the large Jelling stone (Fig. 11). Erik Moltke interpreted small conical depressions which he observed in a number of rune grooves as marks from a pick hammer. The same phenomenon can be observed on the Vester Tørslev stone (Fig. 12). However, these marks only prove that a pointed tool was used – and that may well have been a pointed chisel.Ole Thirup Kastholm HansenInstitut for Arkæologi og EtnologiKøbenhavns UniversitetErik SandquistFøvling
10
Mensink, Gertjan, und J. P. Richard van Merkesteyn. „No chisels in BSSO?“ Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 41, Nr. 3 (April 2013): 188–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2012.11.018.
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Hanzelka, Tomáš, und René Foltán. „Role of chisels in BSSO?“ Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 41, Nr. 2 (März 2013): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2012.05.018.
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Kostencki, Piotr, Tomasz Stawicki und Aleksandra Królicka. „The Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Reinforcement by Cemented-Carbide Plates in Two Design Variants of the Chisels Intended for Cultivation–Sowing Aggregates“. Materials 14, Nr. 4 (21.02.2021): 1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14041020.
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Field tribological tests of two design variants of chisels used in the teeth of a cultivation-sowing unit were carried out in this research. A characteristic feature of the first variant of chisels was the reinforcement of their contact surface and almost the entire rake surface by plates made of cemented carbides. On the other hand, the second variant of chisels was reinforced only in the area of the blade by two plates made of cemented carbides, soldered on the rake face of the elements. The use of the first variant of chisels contributed to a significant reduction in the wear rate of elements, especially in terms of thickness and width loss. Effective reinforcement of the rake face, with relatively lower resistance to length reduction in the elements, raises doubts as to the validity of the use of cemented-carbide plates on almost the entire length of their rake face, because the applied variant of chisels contributed to a significantly higher price. However, the second variant of chisels effectively limited the intensity of the loss of the length of the elements, and the cause of the loss of their usefulness as part of the base material wear. It was found that the main wear mechanism of the cemented-carbide plates consisted of matrix removal under the influence of the finest fraction of the soil, which weakened the embedding of carbides, and then crushing or chipping of carbide grains from the matrix, whereas the dominant wear mechanisms of martensitic steel were grooving and micro-cutting.
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Widiyawati, Sri, Oyong Novareza, Dwi Hadi Sulistyarini und Wisnu Wijayanto Putro. „Pengaruh Penggunaan Cairan Pendingin (Coolant) terhadap Keausan Pahat Bubut HSS“. Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin 11, Nr. 3 (15.12.2020): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jrm.2020.011.03.19.
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Lathe Machine can use for several kinds of the process such as turning, drilling, boring, tapering, and threading. The lathe machine process requires some interaction between processing material with the chisel. Time processing that reaches the worn-out limit is likely called chisel life. One of the factors that affected chisel worn-out is the use of coolant. Therefore researched the effect of one of the variable process that is coolant to HSS Carbide worn-out chisel to predict the lifetime of it. This research was conducted three times without using a coolant, using a coolant ratio of 1:30, and using a coolant ratio of 1:40. The spindle speed of the lathe used is 400 rpm. The tool wear was analyzed through measurement with callipers and the help of CorelDraw X7 software. Based on the measurements made, the results showed that the highest tool wear was found in HSS chisels with 1:40 coolant application, which was a reduction of 1.4 mm.
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Dunca, Mihai, und Sanda Băcueț Crișan. „Ground stone industry from Pericei-Keller tag. A secondary production centre?“ Documenta Praehistorica 45 (03.01.2019): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.45-5.
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This article analyses ground stone discoveries from the late neolithic site of Pericei located in north-west of Romania, in Șimleu Depression. Combined characteristics of chisels and adzes in working process are discussed along with their context, especially those connected to stone working: the layer, dwellings and pebble agglomerations. We conclude that Pericei was a production center for stone chisels, appeared to supply the demand that until then was satisfied by Suplac/Porț site that continued to produce ground stone tools for a longer period.
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Dunca, Mihai, und Sanda Băcueț Crișan. „The ground stone industry from Pericei-Keller tag. A secondary production centre?“ Documenta Praehistorica 45 (29.12.2018): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.45.5.
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This article analyses ground stone discoveries from the late neolithic site of Pericei located in north-west of Romania, in Șimleu Depression. Combined characteristics of chisels and adzes in working process are discussed along with their context, especially those connected to stone working: the layer, dwellings and pebble agglomerations. We conclude that Pericei was a production center for stone chisels, appeared to supply the demand that until then was satisfied by Suplac/Porț site that continued to produce ground stone tools for a longer period.
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Boscolo‐Berto, Rafael, Aron Emmi, Veronica Macchi, Carla Stecco, Marios Loukas, R. Shane Tubbs, Andrea Porzionato und Raffaele De Caro. „Brunetti's chisels in anterior and posterior rachiotomy“. Clinical Anatomy 33, Nr. 3 (14.10.2019): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.23480.
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Lisovoi, V. A. „Thermal hardening of chisels for pneumatic hammers“. Metal Science and Heat Treatment 32, Nr. 12 (Dezember 1990): 906–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00700079.
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ROMEK, Dawid, Jarosław SELECH und Rafał MACIASZEK. „A COMPARISON OF WEAR OF PLOUGH CHISELS MADE OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS AND AFTER PAD WELDING“. Tribologia 282, Nr. 6 (31.12.2018): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8433.
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The paper presents quantitative results of mass wear of plough chisels working in soil made of various steel types and subjected to pad welding. The research was carried out in real field conditions on soils with similar physical and chemical parameters during routine field work in autumn. The scope of the research included the quantitative determination of wear values depending on the type of steel used and the surface treatment carried out. The photographs also show the surface profiles of plough chisels exposed directly to the impact of abrasives.
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Galindo-Castillo, Ronaldo, Santos Gabriel Campos-Magaña, Martín Cadena-Zapata, Alejandro Zermeño-González, Juan Antonio López-López und Gilbert Fresh López-López. „Evaluación de un transductor integral para determinar la magnitud del error de medición.“ REVISTA TERRA LATINOAMERICANA 37, Nr. 4 (07.10.2019): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.28940/terra.v37i4.466.
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The use of soil reaction force transducers coupled between the tractor and integral tillage implements are in their experimental phase in different parts of the world; however, these developments present measurement errors. The objective of this research was to corroborate the magnitude of error between an Integral Force Sensor (SIF) connected to the tractor three-point hitch and two individual sensors coupled to the work tools to monitor soil reaction forces at the integral implements. SIF was tested under laboratory conditions with calibrated equipment to register force measurements at different lever distances and at different weights, using a data acquisition system DaqBook 2000 (Measurement Computing) and a signal conditioner DBK43A (Iotech Inc.). Obtained results indicated that SIF is sensitive to the load position, equivalent to the tillage depth, in a 2 to 10% range of error. Field evaluations were performed with a chisel plow at different depths for validation, finding errors between 13.07 and 41.72%, where chisel arrangement of 0.30 m depth for front chisels and 0.30 m for the rear chisel, showed the smallest error. Applying the 10% calibration correction obtained in the laboratory for a chisel length of 0.70 to 0.90 m, the obtained error was 3.1%. Comparison of the methods spectral analysis and area under the curve, equivalent to the energy used to obtain the error, showed that there is no significant difference between the two methods.
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Viljoen, Louise. „Of Chisels and Jackhammers: Afrikaans Poetry, 2000–2009“. Current Writing 23, Nr. 1 (Mai 2011): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1013929x.2011.572341.
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Baltrėnaitė, Edita, Donatas Butkus und Colin A. Booth. „COMPARISON OF THREE TREE‐RING SAMPLING METHODS FOR TRACE METAL ANALYSIS“. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 18, Nr. 3 (30.09.2010): 170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2010.20.
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Tree‐ring growth analysis can provide information about tree development for forest inventory, environmental assessment, atmospheric and soil monitoring. Metal concentrations in wood increment correlate with metal concentrations in the environment and can indicate local environmental contamination sources. One of the most important steps of tree analysis is tree‐ring sampling. To determine trace metal (TM) concentrations precisely in a separate ring, the possibility of random errors during wood sampling must be eliminated. This guides to choose a precise tree‐ring sampling method. This paper examines three tree‐ring sampling tools (common chisels, arched chisels and a plane) and compares TM concentrations (Mn, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cu, Pb,) in wood samples collected by each of the methods employed. Average values of metals in tree rings sampled with common chisels, arched chisels and plane were 17.0±0.16 mg/kg for Mn, 4.7±0.21 mg/kg for Zn, 0.49±0.20 mg/kg for Pb, 0.29±0.02 mg/kg for Cu, 0.21±0.02 mg/kg for Ni and 0.12±0.01 mg/kg for Cr and were in the range of typical concentrations in investigated region as well as for Pinus sylvestris L. The average values were calculated for the three methods used. Statistical analysis (Anderson–Darlin test, Kruskal–Wallis tests, median and percentage coefficient of variation) revealed no significant differences between metal concentrations determined in tree rings which were sampled using common chisels, arched chisels and planing. Various techniques – common chisels, arched chisels and plane – can be successfully used for tree‐ring sampling, however, an increment borer provides possibility of sampling a non‐felled tree. Santrauka Medienos metiniu rieviu analize suteikia informacijos apie medžio vystymasi, svarbios inventorizuojant miškus, vertinant aplinkos poveiki, atliekant aplinkos oro ir dirvožemio monitoringa. Sunkiuju metalu koncentracijos metinese rievese susijusios su metalu koncentracijomis aplinkoje ir gali nusakyti vietines aplinkos taršos lygi. Vienas iš svarbiu medienos analizes etapu yra metiniu rieviu eminiu emimas. Siekiant tiksliai nustatyti sunkiuju metalu koncentracija metineje rieveje svarbu išvengti atsitiktiniu paklaidu. Šiame darbe aptariami trys metiniu rieviu eminiu emimo metodai (iprastiniai kaltai, lenktieji kaltai ir obliavimas) ir lyginamos pagrindiniu sunkiuju metalu (Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb) koncentracijos eminiuose, paimtuose kiekvienu iš minetuju metodu. Vidutines sunkiuju metalu koncentracijos, nustatytos šiais metodais, sieke 17,0±0,16 mg/kg Mn, 4,7±0,21 mg/kg Zn, 0,49±0,20 mg/kg Pb, 0,29±0,02 mg/kg Cu, 0,21±0,02 mg/kg Ni ir 0,12±0,01 mg/kg Cr ir buvo panašios i koncentracijas, aptiktas Pinus sylvestris L. medienoje nagrinejamoje teritorijoje. Apskaičiuotos vidutines vertes. Atlikus statistine analize (Anderson ir Darlin testas, Kruskal ir Wallis testas, variacijos koeficientas) tebuvo tik nereikšmingas sunkiuju metalu koncentraciju metinese rievese skirtumas, eminius emus aptartais metodais. Ivairūs metodai – iprastiniai kaltai, lenktieji kaltai ir obliavimas – gali būti sekmingai taikomi metiniu rieviu eminiams imti, tačiau “amžiaus” gražtu eminius galima imti nenukertant medžio. Резюме Анализ годичных колец древесины предоставляет информацию о развитии дерева, что важно для инвентaризации леса, оценки воздействия на окружающую среду и мониторинга воздуха и почвы. Концентрации тяжелых металлов в годичных кольцах древесины зависят от их концентрации в окружающей среде и могут свидетельствовать об уровне загрязнения местности. Одним из важных этапов анализа древесины является взятие проб годичных колец. Для точного определения концентрации тяжелых металлов в годичных кольцах древесины важно избежать случайных погрешностей. В статье анализируются три метода взятия проб годичных колец древесины (дробление обычным долотом, круглым долотом и строгание) и сравниваются концентрации основных тяжелых металлов (Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb) в пробах, взятых каждым из названных методов. Средние концентрации тяжелых металлов при их измерении указанными методами достигали 1,695±0,161 мг/кг для Mn, 0,471±0,206 мг/кг для Zn, 0,487±0,202 мг/кг для Pb, 0,290±0,021 мг/кг для Cu, 0,210±0,023 мг/кг для Ni и 0,117±0,010 мг/кг для Cr. Эти концентрации тяжелых металлов аналогичны концентрациям в древесине сосны (Pinus sylvestris L) на данной исследуемой территории. При помощи статистического анализа [тест Андерсона–Дарлина (Anderson–Darlin), тест Крускаля–Валиса (Kruskal–Wallis), коэффициент вариации] выявлена лишь незначительная разница между концентрациями тяжелых металлов в годичных кольцах древесины, взятых уже названными методами. Методы дробления обычным долотом, круглым долотом и строгания могут успешно применяться для взятия проб годичных колец древесины, однако сверло „века“ предоставляет возможность взятия пробы без спиливания дерева.
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Mudry, A. „History of instruments used for mastoidectomy“. Journal of Laryngology & Otology 123, Nr. 6 (Juni 2009): 583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215109004484.
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AbstractAim:To present the historical development of specific instruments used for mastoidectomy and their resulting implications for this surgery.Method:Compilation of original written documents, trade catalogues and collections of instruments used in mastoid surgery, with a review of the secondary literature on the subject.Results:The first surgical opening of the mastoid was performed by Petit in 1736 with a trepanation system. More than one and a half centuries later, in 1873, Schwartze codified the operation using chisels and gouges. At the end of the nineteenth century, Macewen introduced the electrical dental burr for mastoid surgery, but it remained largely unrecognised. At the beginning of the 1950s, the systematic use of the microscope in ear surgery allowed generalised use of the drill and improvement of the suction-irrigation system.Conclusion:Three instrumental periods are recognisable in the history of mastoidectomy: the trepan period, the chisel and gouge period, and the electrical drill period.
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Bisht, Dhananjay Singh, und Mohammed Rajik Khan. „Handle Design of Woodworking Tools: Preferences and Recommendations of Craftsmen and Design Students“. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING 5, Nr. 2 (05.04.2020): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35121/ijapie202004245.
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23 popular woodworking tool handle designs were collected to develop a reference visual catalog. Survey data was collected from 19 male craftsmen (11 carvers, 8 carpenters) regarding their most frequently used tools along with recommendations on handle designs suitable for these tools. Opinions were also collected regarding the most “liked” and “disliked” handle designs on the catalog. Subjective preferences and recommendations of handle designs for the most frequently used tools were also collected from a group of 58 undergraduate students of Design (41 male, 17 female). Participant responses revealed that woodcarvers most "liked” an ivory-colored, Japanese style, circular cross-section, regular-sized handle with a hooped top. Carpenters most "liked" a wenge-colored, rectangular-sectioned bulky handle with a hooped top. Male Design students most "liked" a golden-honey-colored, London pattern handle with an octagonal central section and domed wooden top. Female Design students most "liked" a beech-colored, bulky pear-shaped round handle with a hooped top. Overall, 12 different tools which included different sizes of u-gouges, v-parting tools, fishtail-chisels, firmer-chisels, mortise-chisels, and an in-denting tool were found to be the most frequently used implements by the craftsmen. On an aggregate for these 12 tools, an espresso-colored, bulky pear-shaped round handle with a hooped top was found to be the most recommended handle and a Bubinga-colored elongated pattern maker type handle was the least recommended handle. Results from this paper should help researchers and manufacturers gain qualitative insights into subjective preferences and biases that may exist for and against certain handle design features in the context of woodworking tool research and development
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Sohl, Norman F. „Mechanical extraction of fossils extraction by hammers, chisels, and picks“. Paleontological Society Special Publications 4 (1989): 204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s247526220000513x.
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The extraction of fossils by the use of chisels, hammers, and picks is probably the oldest of the methods dealt with in this volume. One must also admit that it may be the most tedious and time consuming method considering the more recent applications of power tools. Yet, exacting as it is, one has only to visualize the exquisite craftsmanship displayed in the sculptures of antiquity to realize the potential of these hand tools.
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Lychagina, Evgeniya Leonidovna, und Aleksey Nikolaevich Sarapulov. „Fisheries on Chashkino micro-region archaeological sites“. Samara Journal of Science 7, Nr. 4 (30.11.2018): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201874204.
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Chashkinskoye Lake is the Kama river palaeochannel. More than 20 archaeological sites are known on its eastern shore. They refer to the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Middle Ages. We divided all the tools that could be used for fishing in the Stone Age, into the tools directly and indirectly indicative of the development of fishing. We refer to the direct signs - the finds of sinkers and ice-splitting tools. We believe that the indirect signs include finds of axes, adzes and chisels that could be used to make boats. To this group we also include liners of composite throwing tools that could be used as harpoon blades. Mesolithic sites with tools associated with fishing were not found. On Neolithic and Chalcolithic sites large sinkers, chisels, adzes were found. This indicates that during the Neolithic-Chalcolithic period, fishing began to play an increasingly important role in the economic structure of the Chashkino micro-region population. In Middle Age settlements fishhooks, leisters, sinkers were found. The main forms of fishing were the spicy fishing, the setting up of nets and individual fishing with fishing rods.
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Mikhalchenkov, A. M., I. V. Kozarez und M. A. Mikhalchenkova. „Wear of all-metal and compound ploughshares“. Traktory i sel hozmashiny 81, Nr. 7 (15.07.2014): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-65604.
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It is found that service life of Russian-manufactured ploughshares is determined by ray-shaped wear and abrasion of a deepening part of plough-point, but service life of imported components is determined by wear of cutting-blade parts of the frame. Some kinds of one-sided chisels wear can be repaired and do not cause their rejection.
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Hoshko, T. Y. „FLAT AXES-CHISELS OF THE TRYPILLIA CULTURE FROM THE DNIEPER REGION“. Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 39, Nr. 2 (30.09.2021): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2021.02.12.
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Copper flat axes of the Szбkalhбt type are a fairly common type of tools in the contemporary withstages Trypillia BI—II, CI cultures of Central Europe. These tools are characterized by asymmetry of the profile — one curved side and a flat other. The collection of Trypillia metal of the National Museum of History of Ukraine contains five Szбkalhбt-type products from the excavations of V. Khvoyka. Due to the attribution, it was established that they originated from the settlements of Trypillia and Veremya (the last quarter of 5th millennium BC), Khalepya and Chernyakhiv (first half of 4st millennium BC). Flat axes from Trypillia, Veremia and Chernyakhiv belongs to the Szбkalhбt type, Vбroslőd variant. The axe-chisel from Halepya has no analogies.
Remains of seams on the side surfaces are often shifted to a flat surface. indicating casting in a two-sided form, one of the sash of which had a deeper negative than the other. Regarding the type of mold for casting flat axes from Trypillia, some questions arose. The presence of dents on its curved surface, which have been cast from a mold, may indicate the use of a model made of either wax or fired clay. Only in such a way could similar marks appear on the surface of the casting. It is concluded that the flat axel from Trypillia may have been cast according to the wax model. This technology has been known since the time of Varna Culture (5th millennium BC). But we do not know yet whether it was known to Trypillia population.
The tools are cast from copper, which contains minor impurities of other metals (from tenths to thousandths parts of a percent). This corresponds to the results of spectral analysis of the similar products from Central Europe.
The blade part was formed using forging: it has expanded sideways, the blade was given a more rounded shape. Sometimes the blade part was formed by the sediment of the cutting edge (Trypillia). The technology of casting flat axes blanks from the Middle Dniprо, followed by blacksmithing, does not differ from the Central European ones and is typical for the period of existence of these tools throughout their distribution. Smaller sizes and new original shapes, inherent only in the Dniprо products, indicate their local production.
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Chaney, Dan S. „Hand-held mechanical preparation tools“. Paleontological Society Special Publications 4 (1989): 186–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200005128.
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Hand-held mechanical tools used in paleontology range from Jackhammers to high speed grinders. They operate by impact or rotary motion and are powered by air, gasoline, or electricity. These labor-saving devices are used in addition to, not as replacements for, hand tools such as awls, pin vices, chisels, and picks for the collection of and the removal of matrix from fossils.
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Nemyrovskyi, Ya B., V. V. Krivosheya, S. E. Sardak, I. V. Shepelenko und Yu A. Tsekhanov. „The use of deforming broaching for enhancing the efficiency of cutter chisels“. Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, Nr. 2 (2020): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2020-2/061.
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Motorin, Vadim A., Ludmila V. Kostyleva und Dmitry S. Gapich. „Increasing Wear Resistance of Chizel Tools Working Bodies Based on Improving the Metallographic Structure of Grey Cast Iron“. Solid State Phenomena 299 (Januar 2020): 652–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.652.
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The article concerns developing and implementing the technological principles for manufacturing the working bodies of chisel tools by casting grey cast iron with partial chilling of its working edges and surfaces interacting with the soil layer. High wear resistance of the working body is achieved by chilling its working part by means of a chill inserted into the mold, or by absence of coating in the corresponding zone of the mold. Severe overcooling of liquid cast iron contacting the chill or the metal surface of the mold causes crystallization of the meta-stable eutectics, and in the chilled part it acquires a ledeburite structure, the hardness being not lower than 64 HRC. At the same time, the bulk of the cast iron crystallizes in the stable system, forming austenitic-graphite eutectics and after complete cooling, it should have a pearlitic metal base, ensuring good machine ability of casting by cutting. Working surfaces and cutting edges of chisels are exposed to abrasive and chemical impacts of the soil, causing intense wear, the latter being the main reason for their failure. The utilization of the given technology will allow increasing service-life of the working bodies and improve the manufacturability, according to the criteria for labor intensity and casting mold making.
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Filho, Luiz Carlos Magno, Fernando Hayashi, Alexandre Conte, Hsu Shao Feng, Márcio Zaffalon Casati und Fabiano Ribeiro Cirano. „Two-Stage Bone Expansion Technique Using Spear-Shaped Implants Associated With Overlapped Flap: A Case Report“. Journal of Oral Implantology 39, Nr. 5 (01.10.2013): 615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-11-00038.
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The conventional method of ridge expansion uses a mucoperiosteal flap elevation to allow bone corticotomy, which is followed by bone expansion performed with chisels and bone expanders. To facilitate corticotomy and avoid flap elevation, bone expansion can be performed in 2 stages. This case report presents a modified 2-stage bone expansion technique to achieve better implant stabilization and wound closure. This modified approach may be an efficient procedure for minimizing complications.
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Ofrim, Alexandru. „Attitudes towards prehistoric objects in Romanian folk culture (19th-20th century)“. Swedish Journal of Romanian Studies 2, Nr. 1 (16.05.2019): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.35824/sjrs.v2i1.18751.
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In the present study we intend to reconstruct the attitudes of Romanian peasants towards the vestiges of prehistoric material culture. They have been in contact with a diversity of prehistoric artefacts: polished and perforated stone axes, silex arrow tips, chisels, scrapers, spindle whorls, jewellery, etc. We try to find answers to the following questions: What people thought about the origin of prehistoric artefacts? What meanings were associated with such artefacts? What was their place in the collective imaginary? Which were the uses of these objects?
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Hangody, L., G. Kish, Z. Kárpáti, I. Szerb und R. Eberhardt. „Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Talus: Use of the Mosaicplasty Technique—A Preliminary Report“. Foot & Ankle International 18, Nr. 10 (Oktober 1997): 628–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079701801005.
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A one-stage autogenous osteochondral grafting technique for the treatment of talar dome osteochondritis dissecans is described. Eleven patients with osteochondritis dissecans lesions, 10 mm or greater in diameter, were operated on using the mosaicplasty autogenous osteochondral transplantation technique. Osteochondral cylindrical grafts from the ipsilateral knee were delivered into the talar defect using specially designed tube chisels. These procedures were done by arthrotomy. With follow-up of 12 to 28 months (mean, 16 months), the patients returned to full activities and the results, using the Hannover scoring system, have been excellent.
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Youngs, Amy M. „The Fine Art of Creating Life“. Leonardo 33, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2000): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002409400552865.
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The longstanding artistic tradition of creating lifelike artworks evolves as technology grows from paint and chisels to computers and DNA manipulation. Artists are now able to create digital works that engage in the processes of life and biological works that exist as art and actual life. The author examines the differing ways in which artificial life and biological artworks smear the boundaries between what is considered natural and unnatural, human and nature, and explores the role biological art might play in relocating humanity within the complex ecological systems of life, rather than above or below it.
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Santos, Bielinski M., José Manuel López-Aranda, James P. Gilreath, Luis Miranda, Carmen Soria und Juan J. Medina. „PERFORMANCE OF METHYL BROMIDE ALTERNATIVES FOR STRAWBERRY IN FLORIDA AND SPAIN“. HortScience 41, Nr. 3 (Juni 2006): 506B—506. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.506b.
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Tunnel and open field trials were conducted in two locations in Huelva, Spain, and one in Florida to determine the effect of selected methyl bromide (MBr) alternatives on strawberry yield. In Spain, the tunnel treatments were: a) nontreated control, b) MBr + chloropicrin (Pic) 50:50 at a rate of 400 kg·ha–1; c) dazomet at 400 kg·ha–1, d) 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) + Pic 65:35 at 300 kg·ha–1; e) Pic at 300 kg/ha; f) dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) + Pic 50:50 at 250 + 250 kg·ha–1; and f) propylene oxide at 550 kg·ha–1. All treatments were covered with virtually impermeable film (VIF), except the nontreated control, which was covered with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) mulch. Dazomet was rototilled 10 cm deep, whereas the other fumigants were injected with four chisels per bed. In Florida, the open-field treatments were a) nontreated control, b) MBr + Pic 67:33 at a rate of 400 kg/ha with LDPE; c) MBr + Pic 67:33 at 310 kg·ha–1 with VIF; d) 1,3-D + Pic 65:35 at 300 kg·ha–1 with VIF; e) methyl iodide (MI) + Pic 50:50 at 230 kg·ha–1 with VIF; f) Pic at 300 kg·ha–1 with VIF; g) DMDS + Pic 50:50 at 250 + 250 kg·ha–1 with VIF; and g) propylene oxide at 500 kg·ha–1 with VIF. The fumigants were applied with three chisels per bed. In Spain, the results showed that 1,3-D + Pic, DMDS + Pic, and Pic consistently had similar marketable yields as MBr + Pic. Similar results were found in Florida, with the exception of propylene oxide, which also had equal marketable fruit weight as MBr + Pic.
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Miyamoto, Seiichi, und Monte Nesbitt. „Effectiveness of Soil Salinity Management Practices in Basin-irrigated Pecan Orchards“. HortTechnology 21, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2011): 569–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.21.5.569.
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Soil salinity management is a factor for successful production of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) in arid southwestern United States. An exploratory study was performed to evaluate the effect of various soil management practices on salt leaching in basin-irrigated orchards developed on alluvial soils (Torrifluvents, Entisols) of the middle Rio Grande Basin. The practices evaluated were ripping, minimum-till chiseling, and soil profile modification. For ripping, parabolic shanks were passed through the center section (4 to 8 ft wide) between each tree row to a depth ranging from 18 to 36 inches. Minimum-till chisels included 7- and 30-inch shanks, equipped with coulters to reduce break up of the ground surface. Soil profile modification consisted of trenching with a backhoe and profile mixing with a large excavator. The effectiveness of these methods was evaluated by measuring soil salinity and moisture in treated and untreated zones at 17 test sites. Both ripping and minimum-till deep chiseling helped improve salt leaching, and the effectiveness of salt leaching increased as working depths approach the thickness of the clayey layer. However, annual ripping of the center section of each tree row space may not provide wide enough zones to alleviate salt stress to the trees. Straight shanks prune but do not lift tree roots, thus appearing to be better suited for chiseling closer to tree rows. Soil profile modification was highly effective in leaching salts. From the view of minimizing soil aggregate destruction and of maintaining a leveled floor, minimum-till deep chiseling, followed by the use of sand-topdressing and minimum-till shallow chisels for maintenance may prove to be more desirable than conventional ripping, especially in soil types consisting of silty clay loam.
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Chkhatarashvili, Guram, und Valery Manko. „Kobuleti site“. Documenta Praehistorica 47 (01.12.2020): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.47.2.
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In the 1970–1980s the fieldwork in the Kobuleti Village revealed more than 30.000 artefacts associated with the Early Neolithic period. However, recent fieldwork in Kobuleti, carried out by the authors, demonstrated that the cultural layers of the site belong to the Early Holocene period. The stone industry of the site has indicated the use of blank removal. The conic and bullet shaped cores were used in order to get bladelets and microblades. The complex of flint and obsidian tools consists of numerous retouched blades, bladelets and microblades, burins, and chisels. There are series of bladelets and microblades with abrupt retouch. Generally speaking, the typology of the complex indicates that the site was used as a temporary hunting camp.
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Rutledge, John W., und Robert B. Gordon. „The Work of Metallurgical Artificers at Machu Picchu, Peru“. American Antiquity 52, Nr. 3 (Juli 1987): 578–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281600.
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The 168 metal artifacts collected at Machu Picchu in 1912 by Hiram Bingham have been examined for evidence that metallurgical artificers worked at this site in pre-Columbian times. Fifteen artifacts have been identified as metal stock, work in progress, or waste materials from metallurgical processes. Bronze was made by alloying metallic tin and copper and was cast into both finished objects and stock for subsequent forging. Hammering was done with stone tools, but bronze chisels were also in use. Silver-copper alloys were worked, but this material was not held to compositional limits as close as those for bronze. No alloys containing arsenic and relatively little evidence of the use of sheet metal were found.
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Shireli, I. Y., R. S. Ibrahimov und A. S. Mammadov. „The analysis of the mechanism of destruction of rocks at offshore drilling rig of chinks by hydromonitor chisels“. SOCAR Proceedings, Nr. 1 (30.03.2021): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp20210100477.
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At drilling of offshore drilling rig chinks by hydromonitor chisels as a result of dynamic interaction of a stream of a liquid with rock in the conditions of a chink face there is its hydromonitor destruction. At the moment of blow the liquid is compressed in the beginning and only then starts to spread. It is known that, in mining, the occurrence of hydromechanical pressure under the influence of high jet pressure, flowing from the bits of the bit, is inherently pulsating during drilling with the offshore drilling rig. Consequently, in the array where the mountain pressure acts, there is a sign-alternating stress, as a result of which the fatigue of the people.
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Thanh Binh, Le, V. I. Bolobov und Nguyen Khac Linh. „INFLUENCE OF CRYOGENIC TREATMENT ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND WEAR RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS OF HYDRAULIC BREAKERS CHISELS“. MINING INFORMATIONAL AND ANALYTICAL BULLETIN S25 (20.10.2017): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.25018/0236-1493-2017-12-25-3-11.
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Bolobov, V. I., und Thanh BinhLe. „Influence of deep cryogenic treatment on structure and wear resistance of materials of hydraulic breaker chisels“. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 327 (März 2018): 042016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/327/4/042016.
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Oyawale, F. A., und M. A. Ogunmolati. „Quality Characteristics of Basic Hand Tools Sold in Nigeria“. Advanced Materials Research 62-64 (Februar 2009): 708–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.62-64.708.
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Hand tools sold in Nigeria have become increasingly unreliable due to critical failures during use. The objective of this study is to test samples of these tools vis-à-vis manufacturer’s claims. A total of fifteen (15) hand tools from six (6) different countries available on the Nigerian market were tested for their quality characteristics. The tested tools included spanners, hammers, screwdrivers, pliers and chisels. Three samples of each of the groups of hand tools were ranked in accordance to their impact energy which is a major property of percussion tools. The results showed that built-in mechanical properties of these hand tools were largely controlled by their alloying elements, manufacturing processes and heat-treatment. Five (5) of the fifteen (15) selected hand tools conformed to BS 876, 1981 and were adjudged safe and reliable.
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Papathanasiou, Ioannis, Georgios Vasilakos, Sotirios Baltiras und Lampros Zouloumis. „Ridge Splitting Technique for Horizontal Augmentation and Immediate Implant Placement“. Balkan Journal of Dental Medicine 18, Nr. 1 (01.03.2014): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjdm-2015-0007.
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Abstract Insufficient width of the alveolar ridge often prevents ideal implant placement. Guided bone regeneration, bone grafting, alveolar ridge splitting and combinations of these techniques are used for the lateral augmentation of the alveolar ridge. Ridge splitting is a minimally invasive technique indicated for alveolar ridges with adequate height, which enables immediate implant placement and eliminates morbidity and overall treatment time. The classical approach of the technique involves splitting the alveolar ridge into 2 parts with use of ostetomes and chisels. Modifications of this technique include the use of rotating instrument, screw spreaders, horizontal spreaders and ultrasonic device. The purpose of this article is to thoroughly describe all the different approaches in ridge splitting technique. 2 interesting clinical cases of narrow alveolar ridges treated with ridge splitting and immediate implant placement are also presented.
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Ropiak, L. Ya, V. S. Vytvytskyi, Т. О. Pryhorovska und О. V. Pryhorovskyi. „Influence of spatial welding on the accuracy of working dimensions of drilling chisels of cutting-erasing type“. Scientific Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Nr. 1(50) (27.06.2021): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9965-2021-1(50)-42-52.
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The article considers the problem of PDC drill bit quality provided during manufacturing. Schemes of welded joint making are theoretically substantiated based on theoretical research, computer modelling and experimental tests for L-shaped details like PDC drill bit blades. The recommendations to provide welded joints for L-shaped details are developed. Based on the elastic-plastic analysis, means to reduce thermal longitudinal and transverse internal deformations caused by a heat source moving along the weld are theoretically substantiated. Simulation models have been developed to assess the influence of welding thermal action and residual deformations on accuracy of drill bit external diameter for different schemes of welding. Based on the developed models, it is shown that the thermal welding deformations of spatial curved welds are significant, and relate mainly to the blades rather than the body (i.e. less massive parts); there are bends, turns and skews of the blades. Finite-element simulation of the bit body – welded blades stress-strain state was performed sequentially in the environment ANSYS (academic license) – Transient Thermal (determination of heat load) and Static Structural (determination of deformations and stresses). It is established that the smallest deformations of the blade are observed for the welding scheme, which envisages making the weld from the point of cylindrical and ellipse surface pairing. The results obtained by simulations were confirmed by experimental data and this made possible substitution for a rational scheme of drill bit body – blade based on the method of reverse deformation, to ensure the accuracy of the product as a whole. Recommendations for weld joint making for spatial curved welds of complex products with requirements to their accuracy allow increasing the accuracy of the technology by minimizing the thermal load and residual thermal deformation of the joints.
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Degtyareva, A. D., N. B. Vinogradov, S. V. Kuzminykh und M. A. Rassomakhin. „METAL PRODUCTS OF THE ALEKSEYEVKA-SARGARY CULTURE FROM THE MIDDLE AND UPPER TOBOL AREAS“. VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, Nr. 4(47) (30.12.2019): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2019-47-4-3.
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The article describes morphological and typological characteristics of non-ferrous metal, determines the for-mulae of alloys, as well as identifies techniques used for the production of tools by the Alekseyevka-Sargary cul-ture from the South Trans-Urals (15th/14th and 12th/11th BC). We carried out the morphological and typological study of the non-ferrous metal along with the X-ray fluorescence (Institute of Archaeology RAS, Institute of Mine-ralogy UB RAS; X-MET3000TX analysers from Oxford Instruments Analytical, M1 Mistral from Bruker Nano GmbH) and metallographic (Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS; Zeiss Axio Observer D1m microscope) analyses. A total of 19 tools exhibiting morphology inherent to the tool collections of the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture were selected for the study. These tools comprised random finds and items from the settlements of the Chelyabinsk and Kurgan regions of Russia, as well as from the Kostanay Region of Kazakhstan: daggers, а spearhead, sick-les, socketed chisels, a spear end cap and single-blade knives. A group of tools and weapons characteristic of all Eurasian cordoned-ware cultures was distinguished — daggers with handguards and socketed grooved chisels. In addition, weapons characteristic of the sites attributed to the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture (Saryarka, Altai, and Semirechye) were identified within the weapon complex of the South Trans-Urals. These weapons included bush hooks of the Sosnovaya Maza type, knives having marked handles, spearheads with holes and socketed straight-blade chisels. The metal of the South Trans-Urals is distinguished by the marked heterogeneity of its chemical composition with the predominance of low-alloyed bronzes Cu–Sn, Cu–Sn–As and Cu–As (66.7 %). There are 4 pure copper items, as well as products from the complex alloy Cu–Sn–As–Ni–Co and products with elevated iron concentrations (up to 2.68 %). These data indicate that the population experimented in the course of metal-lurgical processing of raw materials; they transitioned to smelting metal from sulphide ores or to the smelting of copper with sulphide or silicate nickel ores of the Ufaley Massif (deposits in the Chelyabinsk Region). South Ural craftsmen produced bronze and copper primarily using technologies for casting tools in one-sided (with flat cov-ers) and two-sided moulds. The casting was followed by refining operations using the cold forming technology with the intervals of low-temperature forging modes. This choice of temperature is justified in the procession of low-alloyed bronze. Clearly, the centre for metal production of the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture in the South Trans-Urals was a metallurgical one, with the development of both oxidised and sulphide deposits in the South Urals. Innovative technologies of smelting copper with chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, and nickel-containing ores were introduced. The complex of tools attributed to the Alekseyevka-Sargary tribes from the Tobol area is generally identical to the bronze inventory from Saryarka, Altai and Kyrgyzstan. Local craftsmen employed the traditional technologies of processing copper and bronze commonly used in the centres for metal production throughout the area of the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture, working primarily with bronzes low-alloyed by tin. As in previous eras, tin ingots and products were delivered from Central Kazakhstan and Ore Altai, but in much smaller quantities. The small number of products and the data of an analytical study indicate the relocation of the main centres for metal production of the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture from the Urals region (as compared to the big centres of Petrovka and Alakul cultures) to Central and Eastern Kazakhstan, up to Xinjiang in China.
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Minelli, A., A. Mucciarelli, D. Massari, M. Bellazzini, D. Romano und F. R. Ferraro. „A New Set of Chisels for Galactic Archeology: Sc, V, and Zn as Taggers of Accreted Globular Clusters*“. Astrophysical Journal Letters 918, Nr. 2 (01.09.2021): L32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac2156.
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Mironov, D. A., S. A. Sidorov und I. V. Liskin. „Strength and Durability Characteristics of Soil-Cutting Working Tools“. Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 13, Nr. 3 (22.07.2019): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2019-13-3-39-43.
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The most important task in designing competitive agricultural machinery is the production of parts with long service life. The development of new technologies and materials determines the technical level of agricultural engineering. The plowshare blade is the most loaded and important part, as its parameters determine the quality, energy and economic indicators of the technological operation of plowing. (Research purpose) To determine and confi rm theoretically material and technological parameters of low quality level of domestic plowshares manufactured without the use of modern technologies. Then they analyze construction materials of plowshares and other parts of tillage implements produced by leading foreign companies, and come to a conclusion that lowand medium-carbon boron-containing alloyed and high-alloyed steels are used in their production. Leading global manufacturers of machine parts also often apply surface hardfacing with carbide coatings. (Results and discussion) The authors have theoretically and experimentally determined the directions of increasing the strength and durability of plowshare working tools. They have chosen basic materials for plowshares basing mainly on the strength parameters. They have conducted comparative laboratory tests of various materials and witness samples (including double-layer ones) for abrasive wear resistance on two bench installations; identifi ed materials for carbide coatings, clarifi ed the relative wear resistance coeffi cients of steel carbide layers recommended for use in the design of plowshares; and considered a technological method of hardening machine working tools. (Conclusions) The authors propose a simplifi ed computational procedure for selecting design and material parameters (thickness and width of hardening coatings) of plowshare blades and over-chisels, depending on the wear characteristics of the materials used and the plowshare thickness. They have stated mathematical relationships that determine the linear wear of plowshare blades and chisels depending on the characteristics of the materials used, design parameters, soil conditions and total operation time and carried out comparative operational and duration testing of newly developed plowshares. It has been shown that the marginal operating time of new products exceeds the duration indicators of serial counterparts in diff erent soil and climatic conditions in 3.5-5.5 times.
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Graham, Ian. „Homeless hieroglyphs“. Antiquity 62, Nr. 234 (März 1988): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00073609.
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Recently, more than ever, Mesoamericanists have had reason to share in the regret felt by Egyptologists at one aspect of the history of antiquities-looting in Egypt - one clearly tinged with tragic irony. For, as Brian Fagan (1975: 11, 261) and others have pointed out, attempts to remove sculpture from ancient Egyptian sites on a large scale began only in the 1820s, and that was just the period when Champollion was achieving his basic decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing. Since the coveted basrelief sculptures usually had to be prised from their settings by using chisels and crowbars, any associated hieroglyphic inscriptions tended to end up in smithereens. Champollion himself, as he travelled through Egypt seeking and transcribing texts, became appalled at the destruction, yet more than half a century would pass before collectors and museums came to recognize the damage they were causing through their purchases.
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Stajnko, Denis. „Mogućnost povećanja učinkovitosti pripreme tla i sjetve ozimih žita pomoću tehnologije precizne poljoprivrede“. Glasnik zaštite bilja 41, Nr. 5 (24.10.2018): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31727/gzb.41.5.3.
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The concept of precision farming is wide, and it is represented with the efficiency achieved with the help of precise RTK (Real Time Kinematic) navigation, digital maps and appropriate software. Different studies around the world reported considerable fuel and time saving during soil tillage and seeding which based on omitting the overlapping and the frequency of turning round at the end of fields. For smaller farms, which commonly use 3 m working machines (cultivator, chisels, disc harrow) up to 15.7% of the time and 8.66 % of the fuel can be saved, while on 6 m machines up to 12.6 % of the time and 8.28% of fuel is saved. The main reason lies in the reduction of overlapping width which in manual driving conditions usually represent about 10 % of nominal working width. The use of precision agriculture technologies allows us to better plan and analyze the working procedures.
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Mekawy Ouda, Ahmed M. „A Group of Unpublished Objects from a Foundation Deposit for King Thutmose III from the Temple of Amun, Djeserakhet, at Deir el-Bahari“. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 106, Nr. 1-2 (Juni 2020): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307513320978244.
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This paper explores 32 inscribed objects from foundation deposits of the Temple of Thutmose III, Djeserakhet, at Deir el-Bahari. They contain ointment jars, chisels, saws, axes, surveyor’s stakes, ‘Opening of the Mouth’ adzes, a grinder, and a model of a rocker. They are kept at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo and the museum database records that they were found at Sheikh Abd el-Qurna; however, the method of acquisition is unknown. This paper evaluates these pieces of information in light of the inscriptions on these objects and other objects from foundation deposits for the same king from the same site, Djeserakhet (which are scattered in different museums around the world), to reconstruct their archaeological context. This paper also notes the current museum inventory numbers of these objects to create a network of the entire group. It closely scrutinizes these objects, their inscriptions, the techniques used for engraving them, and the addressed deity.