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1
Carrington, Greg, Balasundram Maniam und Geetha Subramaniam. „Is China Playing Fair with Its Economic and Trade Policy?“ International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance 6, Nr. 1 (Februar 2015): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijtef.2015.v6.446.
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Sun, Han, Hyoung-Goo Kang und Zihan Qiao. „Economic Policy Uncertainty, Political Connections, and Total Factor Productivity in China“. Korea International Trade Research Institute 20, Nr. 1 (28.02.2024): 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.20.1.202402.53.
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Purpose – This paper aims to elucidate the complex relationship between Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) and Total Factor Productivity (TFP) in the context of Chinese A-share listed companies, exploring how various factors influenced this relationship from 2008 to 2020. Design/Methodology/Approach – Our research design utilizes a comprehensive dataset from Chinese A-share listed companies across various sectors to explore the impact of Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) on Total Factor Productivity (TFP). We analyze a range of factors, including pollution intensity, manufacturing status, market indices, institutional attention, analyst coverage, internal control mechanisms, and bank shareholding. Findings – The findings provide a nuanced understanding of how Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) impacts Total Factor Productivity (TFP) across Chinese A-share listed companies. Our analysis reveals that the influence of EPU on TFP is not uniform but varies significantly across different contexts, underscored by a variety of moderating factors. Among these, institutional attention and analyst coverage emerge as critical elements that shape the dynamics between EPU and TFP. Institutional attention, indicating the extent to which firms are monitored by regulatory bodies and investment institutions, plays a pivotal role in mitigating the negative effects of EPU. Research Implications – The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders, emphasizing the importance of strategic alignment in managing economic uncertainties. The study contributes to understanding the dynamics of economic policy uncertainties in a complex market like China, helping inform more effective policy and management strategies.
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Narayanan, Raviprasad. „Foreign Economic Policy-Making in China“. Strategic Analysis 29, Nr. 3 (Juli 2005): 448–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2005.12049818.
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4
Huang, Yun, und Paul Luk. „Measuring economic policy uncertainty in China“. China Economic Review 59 (Februar 2020): 101367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2019.101367.
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조정원. „Turkmenistan: Economic Development Policy and Economic Cooperation with China“. Journal of Foreign Studies ll, Nr. 44 (Juni 2018): 515–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15755/jfs.2018..44.515.
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RenKeyao, Riaz Ahmad und Azeem Gul. „China-Laos Economic Corridor: Challenges for Regional and Policy Countermeasures“. Global Economics Review III, Nr. II (30.12.2018): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(iii-ii).07.
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This corridor is an important link between Chinas "the Belt and Road Initiative" and the strategy of Laos to turn "land-locked country" into "land-linked country". Continued to strengthen the construction of software and hardware facilities along the China-Laos economic corridor and promote the connectivity of the areas along the corridor, this research explores the channels of cooperation between China, Laos and third parties, starting with scientific and technological cooperation, carry out scientific diplomacy, and dissolve a series of remarks smearing Chinas "The Belt and Road Initiative" such as "Environmental Destruction Theory" and "Debt Trap Theory". Finally, through the establishment of a monitoring and evaluation system in order to construct this economic corridor, the overall situation of the facilities of the economic corridor construction project can be controlled. The research also finds whether Laos has benefited from the construction of the China-Laos economic corridor and to what extent.
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Rui, Li, Lina Sineviciene, Leonid Melnyk, Oleksandr Kubatko, Oleksandra Karintseva und Oleksii Lyulyov. „Economic and environmental convergence of transformation economy: the case of China“. Problems and Perspectives in Management 17, Nr. 3 (22.08.2019): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.17(3).2019.19.
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Rapid economic reforms and proper GDP growth in China has affected the regional development of Chinese provinces. This study aims to estimate the degree of economic and environmental disparities within Chinese provinces for developing policy recommendations of regional transformation. The reduced log-linear specification of endogenous growth model is used for the estimation of convergence rates within Chinese provinces. The empirical results prove that an increase of 1% in GDP per capita basic year reduces the economic growth rate by 0.1% in the reference year. Thus, the ratio of the average per capita income in the wealthiest group to poorest provinces accounted for the factor 9.6 in 1995 and factor 4.1 in the year 2015, which means a reduction of disproportionate development. Environmental convergence trends were also found and less polluted provinces eventually increase emissions at higher rates than the initially polluted ones. With the pass of time, all provinces do move to the same steady state in environmental parameters. The speed of the economic and environmental convergence in China provinces is rather slow, and the economic growth was achieved by great sacrifices of an environment, since all provinces are striving to the same steady state in terms of pollution increase. The industrialized regions due to the presence of significant financial resources should pay more attention to the protection of the environment using all the available economic potential. At the same time, both initially poor provinces and rich have to develop more profoundly agriculture, tourism, recreation, and other environmentally friendly industries to improve economic performance.
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Ho, Szu‐Yin, und Tse‐Kang Leng *. „Accounting for Taiwan's economic policy toward China“. Journal of Contemporary China 13, Nr. 41 (November 2004): 733–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1067056042000281468.
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Knight, John, Yang Yao und Linda Yueh. „Economic Growth in China: Productivity and Policy“. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 73, Nr. 6 (21.11.2011): 719–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2011.00679.x.
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Adelman, Irma, und David Sunding. „Economic policy and income distribution in China“. Journal of Comparative Economics 11, Nr. 3 (September 1987): 444–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-5967(87)90066-7.
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Shang, Cheng, Jie Chen, Yiheng Song, Jiashun Chen und Juhua Zhang. „Sharing Economic Policy Orientation and Policy Implementation Resistance in China“. Science Innovation 8, Nr. 1 (2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.si.20200801.18.
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Wang, Sen, Yanni Zeng, Jiaying Yao und Hao Zhang. „Economic policy uncertainty, monetary policy, and housing price in China“. Journal of Applied Economics 23, Nr. 1 (01.01.2020): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2020.1740874.
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Yuan, Jiahai. „Sustainable Energy Policy in China: Economic Issues and Policy Challenges“. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade 52, Nr. 6 (24.05.2016): 1279–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1540496x.2016.1152828.
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Yingying Fu. „China’s Foreign Policy towards Eurasia Economic Integration“. Comillas Journal of International Relations, Nr. 21 (16.07.2021): 053–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14422/cir.i21.y2021.003.
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During the period from 2005 to 2015 under the rule of Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping, China has achieved enormous success not only in the field of economy but also in the political and diplomatic areas. With the Silk Road Economic Belt’s initiative launched by the government of Xi in 2013, China was seeking to find alternatives for different affairs such as the South China Sea, the nuclear issue of North Korea, and Taiwan issues. The emergency of the “Strategic Breakthrough” whose aim is to stabilize the surrounding atmosphere makes it a pressing task for the Chinese diplomacy focused on Eurasia to overhaul the international order.
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Belova, Irina N., und Elena A. Egorycheva. „Belt and Road Initiative: prerequisites for China’s modern foreign economic policy“. RUDN Journal of Economics 28, Nr. 3 (15.12.2020): 620–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2020-28-3-620-632.
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The article deals with internal and external factors, which have an impact on Chinas foreign economic policy at the period of the new normal, highlights new priorities and directions for the modern foreign economic policy in China. The article attempts to summarize all the economic, political, environmental, and social challenges that the Chinese leadership currently faces at the domestic, regional, and global levels. Special attention is paid to the One Belt, One Road Initiative, which reflects and summarizes new directions of Chinas foreign economic policy in the context of slowing down the national economy development, excessive production capacity, the growing disparity in the development of Western and Eastern regions of China, the escalation of economic confrontation with the United States and further deepening cooperation with countries in the Asian region.
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Ali, Tariq, Jikun Huang und Wei Xie. „Bilateral Economic Impacts of China–Pakistan Economic Corridor“. Agriculture 12, Nr. 2 (21.01.2022): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020143.
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China is making large investments in Pakistan’s transport infrastructure under the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor. This study aims to quantitatively analyze the bilateral impacts of these investments through several policy scenarios in 2025 using a global economic model. Our results show that due to transport infrastructure development, the GDP and welfare of both Pakistan and China will improve, with a maximum of 0.3% and 0.01% increase in GDP, and USD 2.6 billion USD 1.8 billion gains in welfare for Pakistan and China, respectively. Regarding mutual trade, Pakistan’s total and agricultural exports to China will increase in the range of USD 9.6–13.7 billion and USD 4.7–6.6 billion, respectively. The percentage increase in Pakistan’s net exports of agricultural commodities to China will be higher than that of non-agricultural products. Pakistan will tap into China’s import demand for fresh fruits and vegetables and other perishable food products. Due to changing trade relations, Pakistan’s production structure will undergo slight structural adjustments. For Pakistan’s agriculture sector, the rice and fruit sectors will be top gainers, with 2.1–2.6% and 1.2–1.7% output expansion, respectively. Pakistan will also experience some leveling of income due to a relatively higher increase in wages of unskilled labor than skilled labor. The output of China’s rice sector will drop the most (−1–−1.3%). Overall, the effects on China’s economy are minimal. We suggest several critical policy recommendations in light of our results, especially for Pakistan.
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Novoselova, L. „Modern China: Changing Economic Paradigm“. World Economy and International Relations 66, Nr. 10 (2022): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-10-24-33.
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The article presents the key directions of China’s socio-economic policy since the XVIII Congress of the CPC (2012), which introduced the fifth generation of Chinese leaders led by Xi Jinping. The emphasis is placed on the consideration of the main components of China’s transition to a new model of economic development. Assessing institutional changes with regard to this task, the author argues that alongside with strengthening market principles in the economy, they provide for enhancing the supervisory and regulatory functions of the government based on a number of newly adopted laws and regulations. The authorities’ efforts to improve people’s wellbeing and expand domestic demand extended to the creation of a comprehensive social security system, state support for the poor, tax relief, ensuring good conditions for small businesses, developing education and medical services. As a result in early 2020s the PRC declared overcoming absolute poverty and building a moderately prosperous society. Favorable framework was provided for the science and technology development, e.g. growing R&D spending, tax benefits, the creation of numerous innovation centers, as well as expanding international cooperation in science and technology. This allowed the PRC to become one of the world leaders in a number of aspects of innovative development. China’s green and carbon transition policy meets the terms of the Paris Agreement on climate and provides for establishing stringent eco-environmental protection systems as well as changing energy mix through closure of carbon-intensive industries, stimulating eco-friendly technologies, creation of a national carbon market, etc. All this gives hope for a gradual improvement of the country’s eco-environment. Currently, China’s economy bears visible traces of its transition to a new development model. Despite all its problems and global challenges, the macro- and microeconomic results of the policy, pursued by the Chinese leadership, cause reasonable optimism about the country’s further development.
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Lei Fan, Daozhai Zhu und Yuanfeng Wang. „Economic Incentive Policy of Green Building in China“. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON Advances in Information Sciences and Service Sciences 5, Nr. 10 (31.05.2013): 847–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/aiss.vol5.issue10.99.
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Kiminami, Lily, und Akira Kiminami. „Economic growth and food policy in urban China“. Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 2, Nr. 1 (06.02.2009): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17544400910934324.
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Wu, Yiyun, und Xiwei Zhu. „Industrial policy and economic geography: evidence from China“. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 22, Nr. 1 (06.12.2016): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2016.1261485.
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Démurger, Sylvie, Jeffrey D. Sachs, Wing Thye Woo, Shuming Bao, Gene Chang und Andrew Mellinger. „Geography, Economic Policy, and Regional Development in China“. Asian Economic Papers 1, Nr. 1 (Januar 2002): 146–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/153535102320264512.
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Many studies of regional disparity in China have focused on the preferential policies received by the coastal provinces. We decomposed the location dummies in provincial growth regressions to obtain estimates of the effects of geography and policy on provincial growth rates in 1996–99. Their respective contributions in percentage points were 2.5 and 3.5 for the province-level metropolises, 0.6 and 2.3 for the northeastern provinces, 2.8 and 2.8 for the coastal provinces, 2.0 and 1.6 for the central provinces, 0 and 1.6 for the northwestern provinces, and 0.1 and 1.8 for the southwestern provinces. Because the so-called preferential policies are largely deregulation policies that have allowed coastal Chinese provinces to integrate into the international economy, it is far superior to reduce regional disparity by extending these deregulation policies to the interior provinces than by re-regulating the coastal provinces. Two additional inhibitions to income convergence are the household registration system, which makes the movement of the rural poor to prosperous areas illegal, and the monopoly state bank system that, because of its bureaucratic nature, disburses most of its funds to its large traditional customers, few of whom are located in the western provinces. Improving infrastructure to overcome geographic barriers is fundamental to increasing western growth, but increasing human capital formation (education and medical care) is also crucial because only it can come up with new better ideas to solve centuries-old problems like unbalanced growth.
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Zha, Yanyu. „Change of regional economic development policy in china“. Chinese Geographical Science 2, Nr. 1 (März 1992): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02664541.
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Goodman, David S. G. „Political Change in China – Power, Policy and Process“. British Journal of Political Science 19, Nr. 3 (Juli 1989): 425–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000712340000555x.
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China's politics have changed dramatically during the last decade. Schram, in one of the works which have stimulated this review article, has characterized the period since 1978 as one of ‘Economics in Command’ by way of contrast to the exhortation to put ‘Politics in Command’ – the slogan that dominated the last decade of Mao's life and the era of the Cultural Revolution. The drive to economic modernization has replaced ‘class struggle’ as the main goal of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Political reform has been an essential part of that drive, for in its analysis of the failings of the previous three decades the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has argued that economic growth and development could not occur without political stability and institutionalization.
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Tao, Jiayao, Lingjin Zeng, Ziling Zeng und Ziqi Zhong. „Research on the Chinese economic development and government policy under Covid-19—Based on the economic policy implemented by Shanghai“. BCP Business & Management 37 (01.02.2023): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v37i.3557.
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COVID-19, a novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has caused a grievous disturbance to society and global economies since the end of 2019 it was first found in China. For example, this research mainly focuses on the impacts COVID-19 has taken on the Chinese economy and the development of the Chinese economy as a developing country. Based on the financial loss from the resurgence of the Shanghai epidemic and the government’s actions to get rid of it (fiscal, monetary, and physical) after they first stopped the spread of the virus. This study also compares the epidemic prevention policy and citizens’ altitude toward COVID-19 between China and other countries to figure out why China can quickly recover from the COVID attack. This work is essential for those policymakers and investors in the world because of the growing influence of China. It is timely because most countries are still suffering from both physical and financial threats of COVID-19.
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Wang, Zhaohui. „The Economic Rise of China“. Asian Survey 57, Nr. 4 (Juli 2017): 595–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2017.57.4.595.
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This paper examines the symbiotic but asymmetric relationship between the United States as the core and China as the semi-periphery. It argues that China’s policy response in both domestic and international domains after the global financial crisis reveals that China as a rising power is no longer a rule-taker, but between a rule-maker and a rule-breaker that adds incremental reforms to current international institutions.
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Bakulina, Polina V., und Ksenia A. Kuzmina. „China’s Policy of Economic Sanctions: Legislation and Enforcement“. Financial Journal 13, Nr. 4 (2021): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31107/2075-1990-2021-4-24-38.
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This article aims at analyzing the People’s Republic of China’s sanctions policy. The authors put special emphasis on the review of the current Chinese legislation on countering foreign unilateral measures targeting China. The emergence of a legal anti-sanctions framework in China is a development of 2020–2021, driven by the growing number of sanctions against China imposed by the U.S. and its allies against the background of trade war and global strategic competition. At the official level, Beijing remains vocal in condemning unilateral and extraterritorial sanctions by certain countries as violations of international law. Despite that, even before the current large-scale confrontation with the U.S, Chinese policymakers have used restrictive measures against third countries, though they have been traditionally adopted in an informal and opaque manner. Those measures have mostly been used as retaliation for certain acts of other states viewed by China as threats to its sovereignty and territorial integrity, and they have been specifically refined to maximize the impact on the target country while minimizing the damage to the domestic economy. The growing number of anti-China sanctions by the U.S. and its allies based on special legal instruments prompted the PRC to follow suit and create its own framework for introducing countermeasures and blocking mechanisms, although their implementation procedures still largely remain intransparent. China’s first steps were to officially introduce individual restrictions, but the persisting confrontational trends in PRC’s relations with the West might bring about formal or informal broadening of Chinese restrictions to transnational corporations and sectors of economy and promote further formalization of sanctions regimes.
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Huang, Philip C. C. „Whither Economic Studies in China?“ Rural China 20, Nr. 2 (20.09.2023): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22136746-12341299.
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Abstract In socialist China today, neoliberal economics has actually come to wield institutionalized hegemonic power in academic evaluations of economic studies, while in neoliberal America, there is actually considerably more pluralism in the practice of academic evaluations of economic studies. The origins of this state of affairs lie not in just a simple matter of ideology or policy choices, but rather in different tendencies in the actual practices of two different systems of governance. While China leans strongly toward centralized bureaucratism, along with scientism and numericalism, the U.S. leans more toward multi-centered pluralistic practices. What scholarship needs is pluralistic contentions for sustained long-term development.
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Bo, Čen. „The foreign policy of China“. Napredak 1, Nr. 2 (2020): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/napredak2001009b.
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This paper presents a brief outline of the foreign policy aims of the People's Republic of China. Brought into focus is the principle of multilateralism, the basic guiding principle of China, which is aware of the effects of globalization. The principle needs to be applied to the response to the COVID-19 epidemic. Stressed in the paper are the principles that China follows in its relations with the USA, the EU and Serbia, and the importance of the Belt and Road initiative and Cooperation 17+1. The paper states that the question of Kosovo and Metohija should be resolved within the framework of Resolution 1244 passed by the UN Security Council. Hongkong is an integral part of China and the questions regarding this matter are to be resolved by China. Hongkong is a territory with a large degree of autonomy and the recent legislation aims to protect the security of China and Hongkong and do not contradict the policy "One Country - Two Systems", but rather confirm it. The paper also presents new data on the economic development of China and progress made in its economic relations with the EU and the countries participating in the Cooperation 17+1 program.
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Ning, Weining, und Sylvia Xihui Liu. „Policy-making for creative industries in China: A case study of design policy“. Journal of Contemporary Chinese Art 11, Nr. 1 (01.04.2024): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jcca_00099_7.
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Design is recognized as a critical driving force of economic growth in China, shaped by its distinct political, economic and cultural history. However, documentation on Chinese design policies remains scarce. In this conversation, Dr Sylvia Xihui Liu, a distinguished researcher in design policy and design management from China, shares her invaluable experiences in influencing the development of China’s national design innovation policies. She also discusses the tangible impact these policies have on design practitioners within the country and offers her perspectives on the differences between the United Kingdom and China in crafting creative policies.
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Wu, Cui Rong, und Quan Cai Li. „The Study Building Energy Efficiency Economic Policy“. Advanced Materials Research 573-574 (Oktober 2012): 665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.573-574.665.
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In China, with a rapid development of urban and rural construction, the amount of building energy consumptions increases dramatically. Building energy consumptions nearly account for 20% of social total energy consumptions. If this situation is not improved timely, with a continuous increase of people's living standard as well as an extension of population, the contradiction between enormous energy demand and economic development must be strengthened in the future. Compared with other cities in China, work of energy efficiency of Beijing has been implemented more early. At present time, comparatively complete working system has been formed which includes: special administrations, well-developed regulations and rules, wide-spread energy efficiency technologies and sufficient funds. These factors provide good basis and guarantee for the implementing of building energy efficiency work.
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Kagazbaeva, E. M., und М. К. Axakalova. „Қытайдың монетарлық саясаты: Қазақстан үшін тәжірибе“. BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 138, Nr. 1 (2022): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2022-138-1-68-78.
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This article analyzes the monetary policy of the Central Bank of China and the impact of its individual instruments on economic growth. The economic and political problems affecting the monetary policy of Kazakhstan are considered. The purpose of the scientific article is to identify the features of the monetary mechanism for the development of the Chinese economy, to study innovative tools of China’s monetary policy, and to develop practical recommendations for improving the monetary policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. China does not seek to copy global trends in monetary policy, but makes decisions related to current needs, assessing the situation in the country. Currently, the Central Bank of China conducts an independent monetary policy and uses a number of classic and modern tools to implement it. Along with general scientific methods, both comparative and statistical methods were used in this study. To analyze the studied characteristics, statistics of the main monetary policy instruments, analytical reports of the International Monetary Fund and the Central Bank of the People’s Republic of China, as well as scientific articles on the development of China’s monetary policy were used. According to the author, the combination of traditional and innovative instruments in China’s monetary policy, as well as the generally positive experience of developing China, is necessary to improve the mechanisms of monetary policy in Kazakhstan. The experience of reforms in China shows that the state has become successful due to the fact that in its policy the state relies on the best practices of developed countries, taking into account the patterns of historical formation and development. A less developed society cannot function and develop according to the laws of a more developed society. Kazakhstan is invited to study and adopt China’s best practices in conducting monetary policy: developing the real sector of the economy and stimulating economic growth; maintaining the stability of the national currency; maintaining inflation at the level necessary for the sustainable functioning of the economic system.
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Abdullah, Zaharul, Rosyidah Muhamad und Noor Ashikin Said. „U.S. Economic Policy Towards China under the Biden Administration“. Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategic Studies 51, Nr. 1 (01.03.2024): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jebat.2024.5101.03.
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Since the inception of the open-door policy in 1978, China has progressively become more integrated into the global economy through trade, foreign direct investment, and, more recently, outward direct investment. This economic integration has gained momentum with initiatives like the ‘Go Global’ strategy, China’s entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, and the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative in 2013. China’s economic ascent, coupled with its increasing political influence and military power, prompted the United States (US) to initiate a strategy of rebalancing in the Asia Pacific region, starting with the Bush administration and continuing through the Obama, Trump, and Biden administrations. During the Trump administration, this rebalancing strategy was supported by decoupling strategy, ultimately leading to a trade war with China. Despite its intention to avoid the initiation of a new Cold War and to adopt a more moderate stance towards China, the US-China trade war has evolved further into a tech war under the Biden administration. Given this context, this article aims to outline the primary characteristics of the US economic policy towards China during the Biden administration, comparing it to the Trump administration and assessing its impact on both nations. The central argument of this article is that the primary characteristics of the US economic policy towards China under Biden administration are rebalancing and decoupling, carried over from the policies of the preceding Trump administration, and there are clear signs that these characteristics are deepening. Furthermore, the article demonstrates that the extensive decoupling measures enacted by the US have proven effective in diminishing China’s role in global industrial and supply chains, particularly in industries related to semiconductors and chipmaking equipment.
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Timakova, Olga A. „China’s Relations with the Mediterranean States: Military and Political Aspects“. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 21, Nr. 4 (27.12.2021): 700–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2021-21-4-700-711.
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China is one of the most influential non-regional actors in the Mediterranean. As of 2021, it is ranked among the top three trading partners of almost all Mediterranean states. Chinese foreign policy in the Mediterranean reflects the growing importance of geoeconomics and, in particular, economic instruments of foreign policy in Chinas foreign policy strategy. The intersection of the routes of the Maritime Silk Road of the 21st Century and the Silk Road Economic Belt in the Mediterranean basin indicates the regions high potential for the development of new logistics routes, economic corridors and supply chains. Despite significant impact of the coronavirus restrictions on the global economy and the deepest economic crisis seen in recent years, China has not reduced its global activity. Actually, it is the pandemic that can become an incentive for the development of new formats of cooperation within the Belt and Road in the Mediterranean. Chinas traditional foreign policy paradigm presupposes emphasis exclusively on economic interaction and non-involvement in political issues. De facto Chinas economic relations with the countries of the region are increasingly complicated by military and political issues. The article categorizes the main political and security issues that arise between China and partner countries in the Mediterranean region. While the discourse of human rights and sustainable development prevails in relations with Europe, the issues of ensuring security and managing regional instability come to the fore when dealing with the states of North Africa and the Middle East. Given Chinas growing economic needs, it is likely that in the medium term there will be a doctrinal formalization of Chinas role in the political process in the Mediterranean region.
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Barman, Subhomoy. „Changing Dynamics of Bhutan’s Foreign Policy: Implications for India“. Praxis International Journal of Social Science and Literature 6, Nr. 6 (25.06.2023): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.51879/pijssl/060604.
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Bhutan has historically maintained a neutral relationship with China, to its north,and a more special relationship with India, whose states border it’s West,East and South.From many years various factors are forcing Bhutan to settle its longstanding territorial and border dispute with China and diversify it’s own changing economy and transition from an absolute monarchy to a Republic, a generational shift and their exposure to the Internet, and geopolitical events similar as China’s economic and military rise and India’s economic liberalisation policy. This paper analyzes these changes and ponders their effect on bhutan’s foreign policy, overall, and specifically its relations with China and India.
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Xu, Suiheng. „Research on the Impact of the Adjustment of Fertility Policy on China's National Economy and Society“. Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 60, Nr. 1 (05.01.2024): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/60/20231237.
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Since the family planning policy was put into effect, the aging of the Chinas population has become more and more serious, which has hindered Chinas economic and social development. In order to alleviate or even change this trend, China has decided to encourage childbirth and has successively issued the universal two-child policy and Three-child policy. This article adopts literature research and case analysis methods to study the effect of the adjustment of fertility policies on Chinas national economy and society from six aspects. At the same time, the influence of Japans fertility policy on Chinas fertility policy in response to its Sub-replacement fertility problem, which has similar population issues to China, was analyzed. Finally, based on the analysis of the changes brought about by the adjustment of the fertility policy in China, several suggestions were put forward for the adjustment of Chinas fertility policy based on future population trends, providing a reference for the formulation of Chinas fertility policy.
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Keum, Hieyeon, und Joel R. Campbell. „China Joins the Game: Beijing’s Foreign-Economic Policy Strategies in the Globalization Era“. International Studies Review 13, Nr. 2 (15.10.2012): 27–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-01302002.
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Post-Maoist China has experienced a major reorientation of both economic and foreign policy. Foreign policy has been largely determined by the needs of China’s economic reforms, and is intimately linked to the political economy and concomitant efforts to use globalization as a tool to attain high growth, trade, and investment. Economics determines China’s foreign policy, along with its approach to the world. China has made major efforts to join international organizations and economic and political forums, and employs its new resources to remold its military forces. In this article, we examine patterns of Chinese foreign policy, the state’s responses to globalization, and the potential future directions for China’s emerging political economy.
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Liu, Hongmei, Guoxiang Li und Keqiang Wang. „Homestead reduction, economic agglomeration and rural economic development: evidence from Shanghai, China“. China Agricultural Economic Review 14, Nr. 2 (13.12.2021): 274–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-02-2021-0035.
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PurposeThe contradiction of construction land in economically developed regions is becoming more prominent, and the scale of construction land in some large cities is close to the ceiling. Therefore, China implemented the policy of construction land reduction in 2014. The main objective is to optimize the stock of homesteads and then help to realize rural revitalization by transferring land indexes across regions. Shanghai took the lead in implementing the reduction policy in 2014, for which reduction acceptance data are available. Thus, this paper evaluates the impact of homestead reduction on rural economic development based on data from towns in Shanghai.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses the difference-in-difference (DID) model to analyze the policy effects of homestead reduction on rural residents' income and industrial integration development. Using economic agglomeration (EA) as a mediating variable, the authors explore how homestead reduction (HR) promotes EA to drive rural economic development and analyze the impact of geographic location and government investment.FindingsHR significantly promotes rural economic development and shows a significant cumulative effect. In the long run, HR can improve rural residents' income and promote industrial integration by promoting EA. The positive effect of HR and EA in suburban regions on industrial integration development is gradually increasing. However, the incentive effect on rural residents' income is weakening. The positive mediating effect of EA is significantly higher in regions with low government investment than in regions with high government investment.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to testing the impact of HR policy on rural economic development and can provide a reference for other regions aiming to implement reduction policy.
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Zhang, Sihan. „Environmental Regulatory Policy and Economic Development in China: Purpose and Consequence“. Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 31, Nr. 1 (10.11.2023): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/31/20231488.
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Based on the development history of environmental regulation in China and the corresponding economic situation, this paper discusses whether environmental regulation policies in northeast, southwest and central China are conducive to local economic development. The purpose of this paper is to derive appropriate environmental regulatory policies for regions with different economic conditions. The restoration of ecology and the goal of green production in Northeast China have prompted strict environmental protection policies. However, considering the relatively backward level of local economic development, environmental regulation policies should be relaxed appropriately to give way to economic development. However, Southwest China has a serious ecological destruction problem. The implementation of environmental policies can help Southwest China achieve technological innovation, scientific and technological development and economic growth. Therefore, relatively strict environmental regulation policies should be adopted. Central China has a relatively high level of economic development, but there are also problems such as low resource utilization rate. Therefore, strict environmental policies should be adopted accordingly to promote Central China to improve resource utilization rate, production efficiency and technological innovation, so as to promote economic growth.
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Junyu, Ma. „CHINA FOREIGN POLICY: A LEGAL ANALYSIS“. Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum 9, Nr. 1 (17.03.2022): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/jph.v9i1.20482.
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This study aims to find out China's foreign policy in carrying out its economy which is characterized by its own economy, as a communist country but China does not carry out a complete communist economic system. Since 1978 the Chinese government has reformed a more planned economic system which is more market oriented. Thus the higher-ups increased the power of local leaders and installed managers in industry, allowing small-scale enterprises in services and light production. This study uses qualitative research by collecting data sources in the literature and then analyzing them according to the research objectives. China also uses politics in its economic cooperation with other countries, namely by setting the condition that countries wishing to establish cooperation with China must agree to China's claims to Taiwan and sever official relations with the Taiwanese government. Data analysis shows that China's foreign policy making is still traditional communist style, which has continued its leadership from the beginning such as Mao Zhedong to Xi Jinping. China as a communist country with foreign policy makers centered on one central command. It can be interpreted that China's foreign policy is determined by the leader of the country and the people around him. The conclusion of this study is that in deciding a Chinese foreign policy through the Think Tank group or the Politburo in its government.
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Kong, Xiao, und Feng Feng. „China's economic success: evidence regarding the role of fiscal policy“. Review of Keynesian Economics 7, Nr. 1 (Januar 2019): 108–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/roke.2019.01.08.
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The Chinese economy has achieved great success in both stability and sustained growth since the market economy was established. This paper seeks to explain that success by evaluating China's fiscal policy. It starts by testing two hypotheses derived from Keynesian economics. First, it seeks to determine whether China's economic regulations act against the business cycle. Second, it aims to understand whether China stimulates economic growth through a deficit policy and strong government fixed-asset investment. Based on a Hodrick–Prescott filter technique combined with cross-correlation analysis and a Granger causality test, we suggest that fiscal policy in China is generally counter-cyclical and achieves its desired effects. Further analyses using a co-integration model and the impulse response function confirm that government fixed-asset investment enhances China's economic growth. These empirical findings indicate that China's fiscal policy matches the basic policy orientation of Keynesian economics and is closely associated with its economic success. We also identify some new findings that contradict Keynesian claims: China's economic growth responds positively to taxation, which we attribute to taxation's function in promoting appropriate resource allocation. We believe our study provides empirical support vindicating China's fiscal policy.
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Zhao, Xuan, und Wolfgang Drechsler. „Wang Anshi’s economic reforms: proto-Keynesian economic policy in Song Dynasty China“. Cambridge Journal of Economics 42, Nr. 5 (04.01.2018): 1239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/bex087.
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Chen, Jingyu, Faqi Jin, Guangda Ouyang, Jian Ouyang und Fenghua Wen. „Oil price shocks, economic policy uncertainty and industrial economic growth in China“. PLOS ONE 14, Nr. 5 (10.05.2019): e0215397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215397.
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Wei, Yehua. „Urban policy, economic policy, and the growth of large cities in China“. Habitat International 18, Nr. 4 (Januar 1994): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-3975(94)90017-5.
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Nesterova, Kateryna, Ilona Kurovska und Rymma Hryshova. „Проблеми та інструменти державної організаційно-економічної підтримки розвитку циркулярної економіки“. Ekonomika APK 319, Nr. 5 (28.05.2021): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202105057.
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The purpose of the article is to determine the advantages of the circular economy and approaches to the state organizational and economic support of its development through the prism of studying the policy effectiveness of China and the EU countries on the circular economy model implementation. Research methods. The following methods were used in the research process: method of comparative analysis (assessment of state regulatory policy measures in China, Germany, and the Netherlands), abstract-logical method (problem statement, substantiation of conclusions), monographic method (analysis of the scientific works evolution by national and foreign scientists on circular economy problems, sustainable development). Research results. The key preconditions for the development of the circular economy are analyzed, the key ones being political will, social partnership, the availability of secondary resource markets, and an effective system of state regulation and support measures. Particular attention is paid to the role of stakeholders and the benefits they will gain as a result of the implementation of the concept of circular economy, as well as systematized key indicators for assessing the effectiveness of the circular economy strategy. It is substantiated that China and some EU countries have made significant progress in implementing the concept of circular economy, primarily due to organizational and economic instruments of state regulation, the analysis of which will contribute to the effective transformation of Ukraine's economic model in accordance with the principles of circularity. Scientific novelty. The concept of circular economy was further developed in terms of constructing organizational and economic instruments of state support for its development by strengthening interaction and growing interest of stakeholders, as well as assessing the effectiveness of the circular economy by adapting the balanced scorecard. Practical significance. Advantages of the transition to the principles of circularity for key stakeholders in terms of the effectiveness of its state organizational and economic support were systematized, as well as the indicators for assessing the effectiveness of the circular economy concept were identified. A comprehensive state policy of transition to a circular economy in Ukraine, taking into account the progressive experience of the EU countries and China, will promote its balanced development, realization of stakeholder interests, reduction of environmental risks, optimization of resource potential. Tabl.: 2. Figs.: 1. Refs.: 16.
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Zou, Lemiao. „Womens Reproductive Rights in China under the Three-Child Policy“. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 4, Nr. 1 (17.05.2023): 712–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/4/2022310.
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In recent years, the birth rates have been declining in China. In response to this problem, the government has introduced the three-child policy. Nowadays, many scholars have interpreted and analyzed this policy at a societal level and claimed that it has helped improve the demographics and promote economic development. However, few have studied the policys impact on women themselves and their reproductive rights. Therefore, by drawing upon information collected from various institutions, such as the China Family Plan Studies and the National Bureau of Statistics, this paper comprehensively assesses the advantages and disadvantages of the three-child policy and explores the current situation of womens reproductive rights. This paper argues that the three-child policy undermines womens reproductive autonomy. The policy also affects the economic and cultural spheres from a political perspective, leaving women in a vulnerable position and thus harming their reproductive rights. To achieve fairness and equality between men and women, this article makes recommendations to the government from three perspectives: political, mental, and economic.
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Gao, Yongqiang. „How business influences government policy in China“. Chinese Public Administration Review 2, Nr. 1/2 (01.11.2016): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/cpar.v2i1/2.40.
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Although the Chinese corporate sector is deeply involved in the political process, there has been very little research on the topic so far. This article tries to identify the approaches by which Chinese firms influence government policy decision-making, in order to maintain a favorable business environment. Our analysis indicates that, due to the differences in culture and political and economic systems, there are correspondingly great differences in approaches to political participation in Chian and the west. For China, the participation of business in the policy process has led to corruption and other serious problems.
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Li, He. „China’s economic statecraft toward East Asia“. Social Transformations in Chinese Societies 16, Nr. 2 (16.11.2020): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/stics-04-2020-0010.
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Purpose Economic statecraft is a critical aspect of China’s foreign policy and has played a vital role in China’s relations with its Asian neighbors. The Chinese economic ties with Asia are significant not only because China is the second largest economy in today’s world but also because it has an important impact on regional economic co‐operation and international supply chains. Relentless growth in military buildup and more assertive foreign policy led many pundits to focus almost exclusively on political and military aspects of the Chinese grand strategy in Asia. The purpose of this study is to re‐examine this picture by studying China’s economic statecraft in the region. Design/methodology/approach This paper will address following research questions: How does the Chinese foreign economic policy serve its political aspirations in East Asia? Why has China increasingly relied on a combination of economic pressures and incentives to achieve its foreign policy objectives? How effective is China’s economic diplomacy as a strategic weapon? What are the limitations of such policy? What challenges does Beijing face in exercising its economic power in East Asia? Findings Beijing has a comprehensive, long-term grand strategy in Asia, and economic statecraft is a major component of it. Economic statecraft is a double-edged sword. It has given the People’s Republic of China more political influence but frictions and disputes between China and its trading partners are growing as well. Even with the slower growth of the Chinese economy, China will continue to be a game changer for the region. The economic diplomacy has long been part of the foreign policy toolkit used by the People’s Republic of China and will play more important role in the years to come. Research limitations/implications Thus far, China’s expanding economic ties with many countries in the world have not generated significant spillover effects. Although China is the dominant economic partner for every country in East Asia, its “soft power” remains to be weak. With the slower growth of the Chinese economy, another looming issue is whether China is going to be able to make a shift away from a trade- and export-led growth model that brought its dramatic economic success. All these could lead China’s economic statecraft less potent. Meanwhile, it should be noted that Asian economies that once relied on the USA are reaching a turning point as China comes to the fore, a trend that may challenge the existing international order. Should this momentum continue, it could alter the balance of power between Washington and Beijing in the region. Practical implications For Beijing, economic statecraft concerns both the economic dimension of foreign policy and the strategic dimension of economic policy. Although there is a growing literature on China’s soft power and military capabilities, the study of the economic dimensions of China’s foreign policy remains underdeveloped. With rising confidence and sophistication, Beijing has deployed economic resources to achieve geopolitical aims. Originality/value Needless to say, China’s economic statecraft has already triggered heated debate in the United States, Asia and elsewhere in the international community. However, the study of the Chinese economic diplomacy has received relatively little scholarly attention in the English-speaking world. This paper will fill a gap in the analysis and literature.
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QINGSONG, TIAN, und IRINA ZELENEVA. „JAPAN’S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS CHINA (2001-2006)“. Sociopolitical Sciences 12, Nr. 3 (28.06.2022): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2223-0092-2022-12-3-105-112.
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The article considers the dynamics of Japan’s foreign policy towards China at the beginning of the millennium. Its study was the purpose of this article. Its achievement presupposed the solution of the corresponding tasks: consideration of Japan’s multilateral diplomacy in other countries, characterization of the economic policy of the Koizumi cabinet in China. On the basis of the analysis carried out, appropriate conclusions were drawn. Since becoming Prime Minister of Japan, Junichiro Koizumi has made significant changes to his China policy. On the one hand, Koizumi believes that China’s economic growth and internal stability play a positive role for the Japanese economy. On the other hand, he sees China as a rising power that threatens Japan’s external environment and at the same time shakes its dominance in Asia. During Koizumi’s rule, Sino-Japanese relations generally showed a deteriorating trend: he actively deepened economic exchanges with China, but at the same time took a tough stance towards China in the field of foreign policy and security. Koizumi’s repeated visits to the Yasukuni Shrine seriously damaged Sino-Japanese relations, leading to the suspension of high-level visits between China and Japan. And Sino-Japanese relations have deteriorated to their lowest point since 1972.
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Ding, Yue, Jian Ming Cai und Zheng Shan Yang. „Economic Growth Factor Detection of National-Level Economic and Technological Development Zones in China“. Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (Dezember 2014): 1341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.1341.
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The economic growth of National level Economic and Technological Development Zones (NETDZs) affects the sustainable development of NETDZs and their host cities a lot in China. Determinants and mechanism of NETDZs’ economic growth in 2010 is detected by geographical detector. There is a U-shaped spatial pattern by NETDZs’ economic growth rates among the Eastern, Central and Western China. The result of factor detection showed that the top 5 determinants of NETDZs’ economic growth are regionally different in China. External factors are more powerful in Eastern China, while internal factors of NETEZs dominate the economic growth of NETDZs more in Central and Western China. Besides revealing determinants, these results show two universal policy mistakes: blindly lowing land price and encouraging high technology industry, which are proved not effective in prompting the development of NETDZs, but inducing serious problems. Therefore, NETDZs’ economic growth policies should be made and adjusted following the regional determinants and mechanism in different regions and development stages, what’s more, policy mistakes reflected by factor detection should be avoided as well.
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Gelvig Svetlana. „MAIN FEATURES OF CHINA-KAZAKHSTAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION“. Science Review, Nr. 3(30) (31.03.2020): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_sr/31032020/6997.
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Kazakhstan is the largest and most developed state among Central Asian countries, with rich base of natural resources. In its foreign policy, Kazakhstan places the development of good-neighborly relations with China on the first place. In turn, for the People’s Republic of China, Kazakhstan is the second largest trading partner after Russia and the biggest hub for further transportation of goods, which has big positive effect on economic relations between these two countries. The Chinese factor is constantly operating for the foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. This paper studies economic integration and main features of trade and economic cooperation in China- Kazakhstan relations.