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1
Radicevic, Sanja, Radosav Cerovic, Ivana Glisic und Zaklina Karaklajic-Stajic. „Promising sour cherry hybrids (Prunus cerasus L.) developed at Fruit Research Institute Cacak“. Genetika 42, Nr. 2 (2010): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1002299r.
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At Fruit Research Institute in Cacak, major objectives of the work on breeding new sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) cultivars are high cropping, large, high-quality fruits and resistance to causal agents of diseases and pests. As a result of the planned hybridization, more than 10,000 hybrid seedlings have been developed from about 40 cultivars within more than 110 parental combinations, among which are 'Cacanski rubin' ('Shasse Morello' x 'K?r?ser Weichsel') and 'Sumadinka' ('K?r?ser Weichsel' x 'Heimanns Konserven Weichsel') which have been named and released. Ten-year study of 11 hybrids, selected from the population of about 3,000 hybrid seedlings, gave four hybrids which have been singled out as elite (III/23, III/31, II/40 i XII/57). These hybrids are currently under procedure of being released as new cultivars. The paper presents two-year results of the study of ripening time, pomological properties, biochemical composition of fruits, and field resistance to causal agents of diseases and pests attacking the above named genotypes which were compared to standard cultivar 'Heimanns Konserven Weichsel'. In the studied hybrids, fruit weight, soluble solids content and sugars content were higher than in standard cultivar. In addition, they exhibit substantial field resistance to causal agents of brown rot (Monilinia laxa /Ader et Ruhl./ Honey ex Whetz.), cherry leaf spot (Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm.) v. Arx.), shot-hole (Clasterosporium carpophilum (L?v.) Aderh.) and cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cerasi L.) attack.
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Asalf, Belachew, Andrea Ficke und Ingeborg Klingen. „Interaction between the Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) and Stagonospora Nodorum Blotch (Parastagonospora nodorum) on Wheat“. Insects 12, Nr. 1 (06.01.2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12010035.
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Wheat plants are under constant attack by multiple pests and diseases. Until now, there are no studies on the interaction between the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi and the plant pathogenic fungus Parastagonospora nodorum causal agent of septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) on wheat. Controlled experiments were conducted to determine: (i) The preference and reproduction of aphids on P. nodorum inoculated and non-inoculated wheat plants and (ii) the effect of prior aphid infestation of wheat plants on SNB development. The preference and reproduction of aphids was determined by releasing female aphids on P. nodorum inoculated (SNB+) and non-inoculated (SNB−) wheat leaves. The effect of prior aphid infestation of wheat plants on SNB development was determined by inoculating P. nodorum on aphid-infested (Aphid+) and aphid free (Aphid−) wheat plants. Higher numbers of aphids moved to and settled on the healthy (SNB−) leaves than inoculated (SNB+) leaves, and reproduction was significantly higher on SNB− leaves than on SNB+ leaves. Aphid infestation of wheat plants predisposed the plants to P. nodorum infection and colonization. These results are important to understand the interactions between multiple pests in wheat and hence how to develop new strategies in future integrated pest management (IPM).
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Kauppi, Katja, Ari Rajala, Erja Huusela, Janne Kaseva, Pentti Ruuttunen, Heikki Jalli, Laura Alakukku und Marja Jalli. „Impact of Pests on Cereal Grain and Nutrient Yield in Boreal Growing Conditions“. Agronomy 11, Nr. 3 (20.03.2021): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030592.
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The effect of weeds, plant diseases and insect pests on spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain and nutrient yield was examined. Long-term field trial data was used to assess the impact of different pests on grain yield. In the absence of pesticides, fungal diseases caused the largest annual yield-reduction in spring wheat and spring barley, 500 kg ha−1 on average. Converting yield loss to nutrient yield loss this represented reductions of 8.1 and 9.2 kg ha−1 in nitrogen and 1.5 and 1.6 kg ha−1 in phosphorus, respectively. Likewise, it was estimated that weeds decrease the yield of spring barley and spring wheat for 200 kg ha−1, which means reductions of 3.7 and 3.2 kg ha−1 in nitrogen and 0.6 kg ha−1 in phosphorus, respectively. For insect pests yield-reduction in spring barley and spring wheat varied between 418 and 745 kg ha−1 respectively. However, because bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) incidence data was limited, and aphids are highly variable annually, nutrient yield losses caused by insect pests were not included. Based on the current study, the management of weeds, plant diseases and insects maintain cereal crop yield and may thus decrease the environmental risks caused by unutilized nutrients.
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Lang, Gregory A. „High Tunnel Tree Fruit Production: The Final Frontier?“ HortTechnology 19, Nr. 1 (Januar 2009): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.19.1.50.
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High tunnel production systems typically use horticultural crops that are annually or biennially herbaceous, high in value, short in stature, and quick to produce. At best, tree fruits may fit only one of these criteria–high value. Sweet cherry (Prunus avium) may command high enough values in premium market niches to make high tunnel production strategies worth attempting. Furthermore, sweet cherry production can be a risky endeavor, even in optimal climates, due to the potentially devastating effects of preharvest rain that cause fruit cracking. Consequently, environmental modification by tunnels in regions like the Great Lakes provides a significant risk reduction. Additional potential benefits, such as protection from frosts, diseases, insects, wind scarring, etc., add further production value. Multi-bay high tunnels were constructed in 2005 at two Michigan State University experiment stations, over established and newly planted sweet cherry trees on dwarfing rootstocks, to study and optimize the effects of production environment modification on vegetative and reproductive growth, marketing season extension, and protection of cherries from diseases, insect pests, and/or physiological disorders. Results with tunnels thus far include premium fruit quality and high crop value; increased leaf size and terminal shoot growth; decreased radial trunk growth; decreased chemical pesticide inputs; decreased incidence of cherry leaf spot (Blumeriella jaapii) and bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae); increased incidence of powdery mildew (Podosphaera clandestina); inconclusive effects on brown rot (Monolinia fructicola); no or reduced infestation by plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar) or cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cingulata); dramatically reduced japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) damage; and increased black cherry aphid (Myzus cerasi) and two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) populations.
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Colic, Slavica, Gordan Zec, Dejan Marinkovic und Zoran Jankovic. „Genetic and phenotypic variability of cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh) pomological characteristics“. Genetika 35, Nr. 3 (2003): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0303155c.
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Cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh) is one of the most widely spread fruit species in our country. The fruits are mostly used for brandy production and the seed is used for rootstock production in fruit culture. As cherry plum is resistant to plant diseases and pests, chemical protection is not required. Concerning that, cherry plum is reach and cheap source for the production of healthy food. The objective of this research was the analysis of genetic and phenotypic variability, as well as study on correlation of pomological traits of 49 cherry plum genotypes selected from the native population in Serbia. It was measured mat the highest genetic variance in total phenotypic variance was for the fruit height and total sugar content. The lowest genetic variance in total phenotypic variance was for the length of the stalk and dry matter content. The highest genetic variance coefficient (CVg = 22.93%) was calculated for the total acid content although the lowest value of genetic and phenotypic variance was for the fruit width (CVg = 0.69%; CVf = 0.80%). The highest coefficient of phenotypic and genetic correlation was calculated between the weight and height of the fruit. Native population of cherry plum in Serbia and Montenegro is specific because of the extensive variability of the forms which is highly important for the selection of raw material in breeding process.
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Bijelić, Sandra, Branislava Gološin, Slobodan Cerović und Borivoje Bogdanović. „Pomological Characteristics of Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) Selections in Serbia and the Possibility of Growing in Intensive Organic Orchards“. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63, Nr. 4 (2015): 1101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563041101.
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The Cornelian cherry, which can be used as both food and medicine, is highly tolerant to diseases and pests, so it is a rare plant species that can be grown without chemicals and it is capable of fruit bearing under modest agrotechnical conditions. In Serbia, over 500 Cornelian cherry genotypes have been monitored and observed in all morphological and chemical characteristics and registered a very large variation in flowering time and maturity, morphometric properties of fruits and nutrient content. Based on the last three years results, this paper shows pomological characterization for five the best selections that can be recommended for reproduction by specially developed technology to the Faculty of Agriculture in Novi Sad, and their benefits of growing in organic orchards. Phenological observations showed that the earliest start of flowering was noted for Apatinski rani and R1 (mid-January) while later flowering was in Bačka and PPC1 (end of January). At the latest flowering registered in CPC16 (in early February). Although Cornelian cherry flowers early, before leafing, fruits ripen very late. In the average for all study years, the earliest start of ripening fruit was found in PPC1, following Apatinski rani and CPC16 (mid-July) while latest start ripe fruit Bačka (in early August). On the basis of morphometric measurements clearly stands out PPC1 from the fruits of maximum mass (6.60 g) and flesh ratio (88.75%), followed by R1 (4.55 g; 87.84%). All other genotypes have a weight over 3 g and flesh ratio over than 80%. The average the total soluble solids, total acidity, total sugar, vitamin C and anthocyanins were 20.22%; 2.59%; 16.28%; 19.13 mg/100 g; 87.00 mg/g, respectively, for all examined genotypes.
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Kabas, A., A. Ersoy, S. Zengin und M. Golukcu. „Assessment of quality attributes of hybrids developed from pure lines of cherry and cocktail-type tomatoes“. Acta Alimentaria 50, Nr. 1 (05.03.2021): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/066.2020.00135.
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AbstractTomato is worldwide the most grown vegetable. The primary target of breeding programs is to develop new tomato cultivars that are resistant to pests and diseases, in combination with high quality and yield, well-adaptation and good firmness. Among the different tomato types, cherry and cocktail tomatoes are widely preferred by consumers due to their better taste and appearance. In this study, two female tester lines were crossed with four male lines to obtain new tomato hybrids. The eight F1 hybrids and two commercial hybrids were planted in a randomised complete block design with two replications in a greenhouse in Antalya. The tomatoes of the hybrids and lines were harvested at fully ripened stage to evaluate yield, total soluble solids (TSS), fruit firmness, lycopene content and fruit colour parameters. TSS values of the cultivars and lines ranged from 4.5 to 9.5 °Bx, fruit firmness from 7.94 to 11.85 kg cm−2, lycopene from 52.10 to 55.88 mg kg−1, yield from 554.3 to 1336.7 g/plant. Hybrid AK0020 was found the best for both yield and quality.
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Ayyanath, M. M., C. L. Zurowski, I. M. Scott, D. T. Lowery, M. C. Watson, D. T. O’Gorman, K. E. MacKenzie und J. R. Úrbez-Torres. „Relationship BetweenDrosophila suzukiiand Postharvest Disorders of Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium)“. Phytobiomes Journal 2, Nr. 1 (Januar 2018): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-02-17-0007-r.
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Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, utilizes intact ripe fruits for oviposition and larval development. Sweet cherry (Prunus avium) and D. suzukii share a saprophytic microbial community, or microbiome, that colonizes the interior and exterior of the fruit, which benefits the nutrition and development of the flies. Some of the microbes, specifically yeast species, are also reportedly associated with a newly described slip-skin-like disorder of sweet cherries. In British Columbia (BC), Canada, contact-based insecticides and fungicides are applied to sweet cherry to suppress D. suzukii populations and cherry diseases, respectively. To date, no resistance to the organophosphate insecticide, malathion, in D. suzukii field or laboratory populations has been reported. Laboratory bioassays with malathion-incorporated diet determined that when microorganisms associated with the D. suzukii microbiome were sterilized with potassium metabisulfite (KMS), survival of the flies was significantly affected. These findings led to speculation that malathion residues on cherry fruit may be degraded due to the greater presence of yeast species that are spared as a result of selective fungicide use patterns in cherry orchards. In orchard trials, KMS was shown to be effective in suppressing the surface yeast counts on cherry, but this did not impact symptoms of slip-skin-like disorder. Based on these findings, it is recommended that other products functioning as systemic biocides need to be investigated to address these two microbial-connected pest management concerns in sweet cherries.
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Lang, Gregory A. „High efficiency sweet cherry orchard systems research“. Italus Hortus 26 (2019): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26353/j.itahort/2019.1.2534.
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The large tree size, and delicate nature and small size of the fruit, makes production of sweet cherries Fig. 6 - Planar UFO sweet cherry canopy architectural orchard designs: A) vertical-trellis UFO with 18,725 upright leaders per ha or B) Vtrellis UFO with 24,996 inclined leaders per ha, in theory with 33% higher yield potential, but slightly less training, harvest and pruning efficiency. Fig. 6 - Progettazione dell’architettura della chioma in piano “UFO” su ciliegio dolce: A) sostegni verticali per UFO con 18725 fusti verticali per ha o B) sostegno a V per UFO con 24996 fusti inclinati per ha, in teoria con il 33% in più di potenziale produttivo, ma leggermente meno per quanto riguarda efficienza di allevamento, raccolta e potatura. A B Lang 34 among the most traditionally labor-intensive tree fruits. Great improvements in orchard efficiencies have been achieved over the past two decades, prompted by the development of precocious, vigorcontrolling rootstocks such as the Gisela (Gi) series. Recent training systems research has focused on canopy architectural designs that improve various orchard efficiencies, including: 1) light interception and distribution whit minimization of shade; 2) bloom, fruit development and ripening for more uniform fruit harvest; 3) balanced, quantifiable crop load management for achieving high fruit quality; 4) simplified strategies for fruitwood development and maintenance to reduce hand-pruning labor; 5) partial mechanization to reduce pruning and harvest labor; 6) utilization of protective orchard covers to mitigate the risk of crop damage from rain, hail, frost, and wind; and 7) better spray coverage for protection from insect pests and diseases. Across several sites in North America, the NC140 regional research project has evaluated the performance of three sweet cherry cultivars on dwarfing (Gi3), semi-dwarfing (Gi5), and semi-vigorous (Gi6) rootstocks trained to “threedimensional” and “two-dimensional” (planar) canopy architectures over nine years to date. The planar Super Slender Axe (SSA) training system had the highest early yields on a per tree and per orchard basis, but the planar Upright Fruiting Offshoots (UFO) training system sustained higher cumulative yields upon reaching maturity. The three-dimensional Tall Spindle Axe (TSA) trees had higher early yields than those trained to the three-dimensional Kym Green Bush (KGB) canopy architecture, but the KGB trees achieved nearly comparable cumulative yields. Fruitwood renewal strategies are critical for maintenance of yields and fruit quality. Profitable yields of high quality fruit are achievable for each of the canopy architectures, but each also has specific advantages and challenges, including suitability for specific rootstocks and cultivars. These are discussed, including comparisons of the two- vs. three-dimensional canopy architectures developed as single leader (SSA vs. TSA) and multiple leader (UFO vs. KGB) training systems. The advantages of utilizing the natural light interception efficiencies and growth habit of sweet cherry in the simplified structure of UFO-style planar canopy architectures is expanding beyond sweet cherries to many other major trees fruits around the world as well.
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Ergashev. „Analysis of Gross Margins in Queensland Tomatoes“. Proceedings 36, Nr. 1 (16.01.2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036048.
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Tomato is an important vegetable crop that contributes significantly to income security and healthy diets of people worldwide. Queensland produces the majority of tomatoes for fresh consumption accounting for 40 per cent of national supply in Australia. The purpose of this study is to provide an analytical summary of the Queensland tomato supply chain, by focusing on margins along the supply chain. For that, a representative tomato gross margin model in Southern Queensland was used to analyse the estimated income, grouped variable costs and the gross margin for four tomato varieties: gourmet, round, grape, and cherry. The mean yields of the sampled varieties varied considerably, depending on climatic conditions, pests and diseases, the season and whether tomatoes are grown on the ground or trellises. Driven by high revenues and relatively low freight costs, grape tomatoes have the highest gross margin ($73 thousand per hectare) as well as the highest market price at $4.64 per kilo compared to other varieties. The cost of growing the crop up to harvest can exceed $10,000 per hectare with high labour requirement for harvesting and packing. While costs for machinery, fertiliser, herbicide, weed control, insecticide, and fungicide largely remain constant across four tomato varieties, it is planting and irrigation that makes a difference. With average value of $9,303 per hectare, planting costs range from $5,134 for round tomatoes to $12,241 for cherry tomatoes. The results of this gross margin analysis can be helpful to explore profitability at the farm level, allowing regional and international comparisons
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ERCISLI, Sezai, Suzan O. YILMAZ, Jelena GADZE, Ahmed DZUBUR, Semina HADZIABULIC und Yasmina ALIMAN. „Some Fruit Characteristics of Cornelian Cherries (Cornus mas L.)“. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 39, Nr. 1 (30.05.2011): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha3915875.
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This study was carried out on 13 local cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) genotypes grown in Yusufeli (Artvin) in Northeast Anatolia in Turkey. Cornelian cherry fruits from these 13 genotypes were harvested and analyzed during the ripening period in 2010. Some physical and chemical characteristics of cultivars were determined. Fruit weight and fruit flesh ratio of these genotypes ranged from 2.72 to 4.11 g and 79.08 to 89.99%. Soluble solid content were determined the lowest as 13.7% and the highest as 18.6%. The genotypes had vitamin C between 31 to 70 mg/100 g with average of 50 mg/100 g. Total protein, cellulose, tannin and ash content of genotypes were determined between 0.75-2.18%; 0.36-1.08%; 0.57-1.28% and 0.51-1.13%. The genotypes were found to be free of pest and diseases. The present study showed that there were enough variability among cornelian cherry genotypes grown in same ecological conditions of a small area and these genotypes could be important both to improve nutritional value through germplasm enhancement programmes and to use them in organic production.
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Pavlova, S., O. Stakhurska, I. Budzanivska und V. Polischuk. „GISTECHNOLOGY FOR THE MONITORING OF SHARKA DISEASE IN THE ODESSA REGION“. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Biology 72, Nr. 2 (2016): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728_2748.2016.72.28-31.
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Plant virus causes many important plant diseases and are responsible for huge losses in crop production and quality in all parts of the world, and consequently, agronomists and plant pathologists have devoted considerable effort toward controlling virus diseases. One the most important virus on many Prunus species, causing great economic losses is Plum pox virus (PPV),casual agent of Sharka disease. Since its discovery, Sharka has been considered as a calamity in stone orchards. The virus has been detected in almost every country where any significant commercial stone fruit cultivation occurs [1]. The virus is entered into the list of regulated pests common in Ukraine. In Ukraine, the total area of PPV spread totals 4013,2764 ha. In Odessa region, 18.5 ha districts are in PPV quarantine. Six hotbeds of PPV infection totalling 28 hectares were found in Odessa region. For the first time in Odessa region, PPV was found on cherry trees. Peach and plum trees are hit equally. In this study, we use geographic information systems technology to identify potential locations in a Odessa region for controlling the spread of Plum pox virus. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to employ GIS technology for controlling plant diseases in Ukraine. Provided it is properly maintained, the geospatial data, and the ability to generate detailed maps with it, is key to the success of PPV containment. Information management will be a key to improving for controlling the spread of Plum pox virus.
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Ma, Y. X., J. J. Li, G. F. Li und S. F. Zhu. „First Report of Cherry mottle leaf virus Infecting Cherry in China“. Plant Disease 98, Nr. 8 (August 2014): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-14-0058-pdn.
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Cherry mottle leaf virus (CMLV) is a member of the genus Trichovirus (family Betaflexiviridae). CMLV infects several species of the genus Prunus including cherry (Prunus avium) and peach (P. persica) (2,3). It is spread via budding and grafting with infected wood and can be transmitted from infected bitter cherry (P. emarginata), or infected but symptomless peach trees to healthy sweet cherry trees by the bud mite (Eriophyes inaequalis) (1). On susceptible sweet cherry cultivars, CMLV causes symptoms such as chlorotic mottle-leaf pattern, distortion, puckering of younger leaves, and small fruits that ripen late (1), which may lead to severe economic losses in some cultivars. Cherry is one of the most important fruit tree species in North China, and Shandong Province is one of the major cherry production areas. In June 2013, a survey of possible CMLV presence was conducted in a cherry orchard planted in 1996 in Zoucheng city, Shandong. The sweet cherry cultivars in this orchard included Black Tartarian, Bing, Hongdeng (a hybrid between cvs. Napoleon and Huangyu), and others; the rootstock cultivar utilized to graft these cultivars was mountain cherry (P. tomentosa). During the survey, characteristic symptoms on leaves such as leaf mottling, distortion, and puckering similar to those caused by CMLV were observed on some trees of the cv. Hongdeng, and the symptomatic trees accounted for ~10% of the total trees of this cultivar. Five symptomatic cherry leaf samples and three healthy-looking cherry leaf samples of cv. Hongdeng were collected. Total RNA extracted from the leaf samples using RNeasy plant mini kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA) was subjected to first strand cDNA synthesis with the reverse primer CMLV-3R (5′-CTCGAGAACACAGAGATTTGTCGAGAC-3′, sequence in italics indicates restriction site XhoI) and M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Promega, Madison, WI) according to the manufacturer's instruction. The cDNA was then used as template in the PCR assay using primers CMLV-5F (5′-GGATCCATGTCGGCGCGATTGAATC-3′, sequence in italics indicates restriction site BamHI) and CMLV-3R, which amplify the genome fragment including the capsid protein gene of CMLV. The expected PCR product ~590 bp was amplified from all five symptomatic samples, while no such PCR product was amplified from the symptomless samples. The PCR products were cloned into pMD18-T vector (TaKaRa, Dalian, China). Three positive clones for each of the five amplicons were sequenced in both directions. Sequence alignment and nucleotide BLAST analysis of the sequences revealed that they were 99% to 100% identical to the corresponding capsid protein gene sequence of a cherry isolate of CMLV (GenBank Accession No. AF170028) and 85% identical with that of the peach wart strain of CMLV (KC207480). Our results confirm the infection of cherry trees by CMLV in Shandong. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CMLV on cherry in China. As the spread of CMLV by mite vector in the field is rare (1), and no bud mite outbreak had occurred in this orchard in the past years, so it is possible that virus-infected propagation materials are largely responsible for the spread of this virus. Considering the importance of cherry cultivation in China, this report prompts the need to survey the occurrence of this virus in Shandong and other provinces, and the need to develop more effective management strategies such as the use of certified virus-free nursery stocks to reduce the impact of CMLV. References: (1) J. E. Adaskaveg et al. Diseases. Page 61 in: UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Cherry. University of California ANR Publication 3444, 2014. (2) D. James et al. Arch. Virol. 145:995, 2000. (3) T. A. Mekuria et al. Arch. Virol. 158:2201, 2013.
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Bakovic, Vid, Martin Schebeck, Arndt Telschow, Christian Stauffer und Hannes Schuler. „Spatial spread of Wolbachia in Rhagoletis cerasi populations“. Biology Letters 14, Nr. 5 (Mai 2018): 20180161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0161.
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The bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia has been used to control insect pests owing to its ability to manipulate their life history and suppress infectious diseases. Therefore, knowledge on Wolbachia dynamics in natural populations is fundamental. The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi , is infected with the Wolbachia strain w Cer2, mainly present in southern and central European populations, and is currently spreading into w Cer2-uninfected populations driven by high unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility. Here, we describe the distribution of w Cer2 along two transition zones where the infection is spreading into w Cer2-uninfected R. cerasi populations. Fine-scale sampling of 19 populations in the Czech Republic showed a smooth decrease of w Cer2 frequency from south to north within a distance of less than 20 km. Sampling of 12 Hungarian populations, however, showed a sharp decline of w Cer2 infection frequency within a few kilometres. We fitted a standard wave equation to our empirical data and estimated a Wolbachia wave speed of 1.9 km yr −1 in the Czech Republic and 1.0 km yr −1 in Hungary. Considering the univoltine life cycle and limited dispersal ability of R. cerasi , our study highlights a rapid Wolbachia spread in natural host populations.
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Quero Garcia, José. „Cherry breeding in the world: current analysis and future perspectives“. Italus Hortus 26 (2019): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26353/j.itahort/2019.1.920.
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Modern cherry breeding is relatively recent, as compared to other major crops. Nevertheless, in the last 30 years, numerous cultivars have been released, which has contributed to a significant increase in cherry production. The most important public breeding programs launched during the XXth century remain still active and new programs emerge in countries such as Chile, China or Spain. More recently, private actors are playing an increasingly important role, in particular those located in California, which conduct breeding preferentially for early-maturing and low-chilling cultivars. Nevertheless, cherry production faces significant threats, either related to the consequences of the global climate change (and in particular to the global warming) or to the emergence of new pest and diseases (such as for example the fly Drosophila suzukii). Hence, breeder have to incorporate new traits into their selection schemes, on top of the traditional and unavoidable ones, such as productivity, fruit size and firmness, tasting quality, etc. However, because of specific characteristics and of the length of the juvenility period, breeding has been traditionally limited to a rather narrow genetic base. Thus, it might not be straightforward to find interesting alleles in the breeder’ portfolios for traits of adaptability to biotic and abiotic stresses. For this reason, the preservation and characterization of germplasm resources should be considered as an urgent priority. With the recent technological developments in the area of molecular biology and bioinformatics, the use of DNA-based information, through molecular marker-assisted selection approaches, has become a reality for cherry breeder. Although important research efforts are still needed in order to disentangle the genetic determinism of the main traits of agronomic interest, these methodologies allow already significant reductions in the breeding costs. In this paper, the major goals and methodologies currently considered by sweet cherry breeder will be reviewed, and perspectives with regards to new directions and needs will be briefly developed.
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Nestby, Rolf D. J. „The Status of Prunus padus L. (Bird Cherry) in Forest Communities throughout Europe and Asia“. Forests 11, Nr. 5 (29.04.2020): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11050497.
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Prunus padus L. (bird cherry) belongs to the Racemosa group in subgenus Padus in the genus Prunus L. It is a hardy invasive species, which makes it valuable for securing slopes, and for eco-design. It is a good solitary park tree with early flowering of white flowers in racemes, which have a pleasant smell. However, it may be attacked by cherry-oat aphid, and the small ermine moth, which may weave giant webs over the whole tree, which demonstrates the important role of P. padus in the food web of forest ecosystems. The species is in balance with these pests, other herbivores and diseases throughout Europe and Asia. Another threat is the competition against the invasive P. serotina, but it seems that P. padus is not strongly threatened, though they compete for the same habitats. Moreover, human interference of forest community ecology is probably the greatest threat. The tree is not only winter hardy; it can also survive hot summers and tolerate a wide variety of soil types. It may form dense thickets due to the regeneration of branches bent to the ground and basal shoots, and may be invasive. These characteristics are important in determining the ecological niche of P. padus, which involves the position of the species within an ecosystem, comprising both its habitat requirements and the functional role. It is also important that P. padus has effective dispersal of pollen and seeds. This, together with the previously noted characteristics and the fact that the tree can cope well with climate change, define it as a not threatened species. However, the ssp. borealis is threatened and national level monitoring is required. Prunus padus has been exploited by farmers and rural population, but is less used today. However, it is still used for making syrup, jam and liquor. Moreover, the wood is valuable for wood carving and making cabinets. All tissues are valuable as sources of powerful natural antioxidants. However, the interest in the P. padus fruit and other tissues is overshadowed by the interest in other wild species of edible and human health-related berries. Moreover, the tree is used in horticulture as an ornamental in gardens and parks, values that deserve a new focus.
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Leather, S. R., K. F. A. Walters und A. F. G. Dixon. „Factors determining the pest status of the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalo-siphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in Europe: a study and review“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 79, Nr. 3 (September 1989): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300018344.
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AbstractThe biology and pest status of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) in Europe are critically reviewed. New data are presented and the temporal occurrence of the aphid and its host-plants considered. In Britain, R. padi is a pest mainly because of its ability to transmit virus diseases, in particular barley yellow dwarf virus. In other European countries, especially in Scandinavia, R. padi is a pest in its own right. Predator and parasite complexes in Britain and Finland are compared and contrasted. The occurrence of R. padi as a pest of cereals in Europe is compared with that of Sitobion avenae (F.) and Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker). It is postulated that the great abundance of the primary host of R. padi, bird cherry (Prunus padus), and the spring planting of cereals in colder climates such as in Finland are major factors contributing to the differences in pest status of this aphid between Britain and in Scandinavia.
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Mmbaga, M. T., und H. Sheng. „First Report of Leaf Blight Caused by Pseudomonas syringae on Cornus mas“. Plant Disease 84, Nr. 2 (Februar 2000): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.2.200a.
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Cornellian cherry (Cornus mas) is an enduring dogwood that is primarily grown as an ornamental plant in North America, but in parts of Europe, its fruit is eaten fresh or pickled or made into soft drinks, wine, and liqueur. Cornellian cherry has demonstrated longevity and adaptability and has had no previous disease or pest problems. In Tennessee, a leaf blight was first observed during spring 1996 in nursery plants imported from Europe. The disease quickly spread to other C. mas plants within the nursery and has caused severe damage for three consecutive years. The disease affected mostly leaves and young shoots, causing dark brown necrotic lesions and some die back. In early stages, leaf infection consisted of discrete lesions, angular in shape and surrounded by a chlorotic halo. These lesions eventually coalesced to form large dark necrotic patches that covered a large portion of the leaf or the entire leaf. Disease symptoms were restricted to early spring during wet and cool weather; later in the season new growth was free of symptoms. A bacterium was isolated from infected plants and tested for pathogenicity on C. mas ‘Redstone’ and C. florida. Symptoms were reproduced on C. mas but not on C. florida. The bacterium was reisolated from inoculated plants, was characterized as gram-negative and rod-shaped, and produced fluorescent pigment on King's medium B agar. The bacterium had a positive reaction to the Levan test and negative reactions to potato rot and arginine dihydrolase tests and was identified as Pseudomonas syringae (1). Samples of the bacterium were sent to Texas A&M University, College Station, for fatty acid analysis, and the results confirmed the identity of P. syringae. P. syringae has caused severe damage in C. florida in the northwestern United States (2); however, this is the first report of P. syringae on C. mas. References: (1) N. W. Schaad, ed. 1988. Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (2) W. A. Sinclair et. al. 1987. Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
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Sumedrea, Mihaela, Florin Cristian Marin, Mirela Calinescu und Mihai Chivu. „BIOLOGICAL TOOLS FOR CONTROLLING THE MAIN PESTS OF SWEET CHERRY“. Fruit Growing Research 36 (22.12.2020): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33045/fgr.v36.2020.04.
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The paper presents the data collected from an ecological plot of sweet cherries with an area of 0.5 ha, where different methods of monitoring and combating the main pests were tested: European cherry fruit fly - Rhagoletis cerasi L. and black cherry aphid - Myzus cerasi F. The study took place during the years 2019-2020. European cherry fruit fly monitoring - Rhagoletis cerasi L. was performed with both atraCERAS optical panels and Decis Trap devices, with both a warning and control role, the results obtained highlighting a similar flight dynamics. The control of the European cherry fruit fly, carried out by direct control with the help of Decis Trap devices, the dose of 100 traps / ha, proved to be effective, the Abbott effectiveness indicator registering values between 83.4 - 90.5% in 2019, respectively 81.6 - 87.8% in 2020, depending on the studied variety. To control the black cherry aphid - Myzus cerasi F., the product Prev-Am was mainly used, based on orange oil, which was used with good results for the first attacks observed.
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Villani, S. M., und K. D. Cox. „Confirmation of European Brown Rot Caused by Monilinia laxa on Tart Cherry, Prunus cerasus, in Western New York“. Plant Disease 94, Nr. 6 (Juni 2010): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-6-0783b.
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Monilinia fructicola (G. Wint.) Honey and M. laxa (Aderh. & Ruhl.) Honey are two pathogens causing brown rot in the United States. While the presence of M. fructicola has been confirmed in all major stone-fruit-production regions in the United States, M. laxa has yet to be detected in much of the eastern production regions. In July 2008, a planting of tart cherries cv. Surefire in Appleton, NY developed severe shoot blight. Blighted shoots (>15% of first-year shoots) were wilted and light brown with the blight encompassing the distal end and often extending into second-year tissue with a distinct sunken margin. Leaves on symptomatic shoots had flushed, but were blighted. Blossom spurs were either blighted at bloom or bore fruit, which were subsequently blighted. Gummosis was commonly observed from cankers at the base of spurs. Both mature and immature mummified fruit in addition to spurs and shoot tissue were sporulating in a manner characteristic of Monilinia (2). Eleven branches displaying symptoms were removed for isolation. Sections of symptomatic shoots (5 cm long) were surface sterilized in 0.6% NaOCl for 1 min and rinsed in sterile dH2O. Cross sections of shoot tissue (3 mm thick), in addition to spores from fruit and spurs, were placed on potato dextrose agar amended with 50 μg/ml of streptomycin sulfate. Following incubation at 24°C for 5 days, 24 colonies exhibiting morphology consistent with that of M. fructicola (uniform colony margin) were obtained, along with nine colonies exhibiting lobed colony margins, commonly associated with M. laxa (3). All colonies resembling M. fructicola were isolated from fruit, whereas those resembling M. laxa were isolated from spurs and shoots. Conidia from both colony morphotypes were lemon-shaped, but those from putative M. laxa isolates were smaller on average (10.75 × 12.0 μm) compared with those from putative M. fructicola isolates (15.75 × 18.25 μm). Confirmation of M. laxa was also accomplished by inoculation of mature green pear (2). Pears inoculated with 104 putative M. laxa conidia per ml produced a region of white-buff colored mycelium but no spores within the inoculated area, while M. fructicola-inoculated pears sporulated abundantly. Identity was further confirmed by PCR amplification of the β-tubulin gene using M. laxa specific primers as previously described (1). Pathogenicity was proven by inoculating flowering shoots of tart cherry trees (cv. Montmorency) in spring 2009. Twenty shoots were spray inoculated with either 104 M. laxa conidia per ml or sterile dH2O and covered with plastic bags for 24 h. Shoots were monitored for symptom development on a weekly basis. Shoots inoculated with M. laxa developed characteristic shoot blight symptoms, while those inoculated with water remained healthy. M. laxa was reisolated from symptomatic shoots and spurs, but not water-inoculated tissues. The presence of M. laxa is reported for the Great Lakes region, which includes New York, but to our knowledge, this report is the first confirmed instance of economically devastating brown rot caused by M. laxa in New York. In the coming seasons, tart cherry growers must consider revising chemical management programs to protect against European brown rot infection during bloom. References: (1) Z. Ma et al. Pest Manag. Sci. 61:449, 2005. (2) J. M. Ogawa et al. Compendium of Stone Fruit Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 1995. (3) G. C. M. van Leeuwen and H. A. van Kesteren. Can. J. Bot. 76:2042, 1998.
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Rozova, L., O. Yeremenko und I. Yudytska. „Pests in cherry plantations in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine“. Karantin i zahist roslin, Nr. 7-9 (18.09.2020): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2020.7-9.16-19.
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Goal. To study the biological resistance of cherry varieties of different maturity against pest and to determine their number.
Methods. Laboratory field. The population of cherry trees by pests was determined by conventional methods in the Research Garden of the NNVC Tavriya State Agrotechnological University. The final pest population of trees was assessed on a five-point scale.
Results. The results of studying the phytosanitary condition of cherry plantations in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine are given. It was found that in 2018, 8 species of pest predominated, and in 2019 — only 5. The permanent species of pest were cherry aphid, rose leafhopper, cherry fly and Turkestan mite. It should be noted that the population of the above pests in the years of research was at the level of 0—2 points. In 2018, single black weevils and geese were recorded in cherry plantations at the level of 1 point, and the following year these species were completely absent. During 2018, all varieties, except Dilema and Udivitelnaya were inhabited by mobile stages of red fruit mite from 0.6 to 3.0 specimens/leaf. In 2019, the population of hawthorn mites was observed above the economic threshold of harmfulness on the varieties Melitopol Black, Announcement and Talisman (3.3—7.3 specimens/leaf), which corresponds to 4—5 points. The number of California thyme in cherry plantations of almost all varieties was higher than the threshold value, the maximum was observed in the variety Melitopol black — 5.6—8.5 specimens/shield.
Conclusions. Resistance of cherry varieties by groups of maturity to the presence of pests was not detected, all varieties to some extent were covered by harmful entomofauna. Ongoing monitoring studies in cherry plantations from the moment of bud burst to harvest can increase the effectiveness of protective measures by timely assessment of the population of each species of pest.
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Andreev, Radoslav, Hristina Kutinkova und Konstantinos Baltas. „Non-Chemical Control of Some Important Pests of Sweet Cherry“. Journal of Plant Protection Research 48, Nr. 4 (01.12.2008): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-008-0059-9.
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Non-Chemical Control of Some Important Pests of Sweet CherrySome non-chemical insecticides were tested for efficacy of control of fall webworm,Hyphantria cunea(Drury), and of cherry weevil,Rhynchites auratus(Scop.) in the laboratory and black cherry aphid,Myzus cerasi(Fabr.) under field conditions. Hendreson & Tilton formula was applied for evaluation of efficacy. NeemAzal T/S (azadirahtin) at the concentration 0.5% and Naturalis (Beauveria bassiana) used at 0.2% or 0.3% have shown the best results against black cherry aphid. Good results were also obtained with Pyrethrum FS (pyrethrin + sesame oil + soft potassium soap) used at 0.05% or 0.1%, with NeemAzal T/S at 0.3%, PreFeRal WG (Paecilomyces fumosoroseus) at 0.2% and with Naturalis at 0.1%. The effect of PreFeRal WG, applied at 0.1% was unsatisfactory. Against the fourth instar larvae of fall webworm, excellent results were noted for Pyrethrum (0.05% and 0.1%) and Naturalis (0.1% and 0.2%). Very good effects were also obtained with the BMP 123WP (Bacillus thuringiensis), used in concentration of 0.1%. NeemAzal T/S - 0.5% had still good, albeit lower, efficacy. Against the cherry weevil only Pyrethrum FS was tested. This insecticide resulted in a very good efficacy, when used at the concentration 0.1% and still satisfactory - at 0.05%.
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Yildiz, Hilal, Sezai Ercisli, Haluk Narmanlioglu, Saban Guclu, Mustafa Akbulut und Zumrut Turkoglu. „The main quality attributes of non-sprayed cherry laurel (Laurocerasus officinalis Roem.) genotypes“. Genetika 46, Nr. 1 (2014): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1401129y.
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Cherry laurel (Laurocerasus officinalis) is naturally growing in black sea region in Turkey and the trees has not been spraying with pesticides. In natural growing conditions, all cherry laurel genotypes particularly fruits are seems resistant against pests. Astringent nature of fruits forms a barrier for pests. A total twelve cherry laurel accessions were harvested at full maturation time from various sites in Of district located in eastern black sea region in Turkey. Fruits were analyzed for their total phenolic (TP), total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA), total carotenoid (TC), Vitamin C and for their antioxidant capacity by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in fruit flesh extract. Variability among accessions was greatest for total phenol (TP) and total anthocyanins content ranged from 154 to 213 mg GAE per 100 g and 397 to 519 mg per 100 g. The results indicated that cherry laurel fruits are superior and unique in terms of bioactive content in particular compared to bioactive rich fruit species.
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Jaćimović, Vučeta, und Đina Božović. „Resilience to Low Temperatures, Pests and Disease - Causing Agents of Selected Cornelian Cherry Genotypes in Gornje Polimlje Region“. АГРОЗНАЊЕ 15, Nr. 1 (15.06.2015): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/agrsr1401029j.
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This paper presents the results of a three-year study of the resilience to low temperatures, pests and disease-causing agents of 30 Cornelian cherry genotypes (Cornus mas L.) selected from natural population in the Gornje Polimlje Region. Cornelian cherry has many useful and important biological features, which are not the characteristics of many other fruit species, such as the resilience to pests and disease-causing agents; growing in poor soil which can not be reclaimed and cultivated; and the resilience to low temperatures and drought, as well. For a long time Cornelia cherry has thrived in this region, so it got adapted and become resistant to biotic and abiotic influences. Their natural resistance is very important because it enables the cultivation according to the concept of organic production.
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Raman, K. V. „SURVEY OF DISEASES AND PESTS IN AFRICA: PESTS“. Acta Horticulturae, Nr. 213 (September 1987): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1987.213.15.
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Heitefuss, Rudolf. „Wheat Diseases and Pests“. Journal of Phytopathology 159, Nr. 4 (05.10.2010): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2010.01750.x.
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Cherry, Ron, Mabry McCray, Hardev Sandhu und Michael Karounos. „Abundance of Soil Insect Pests in Florida Sugarcane“. EDIS 2021, Nr. 1 (01.03.2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-in1313-2021.
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This 6-page fact sheet written by Ron Cherry, Mabry McCray, Hardev Sandhu, and Michael Karounos and published by the UF/IFAS Entomology and Nematology Department is intended to inform sugarcane growers, scouts, pesticide applicators, and researchers about fluctuations of economically important sugarcane pests and implications for the management of those pests.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1313
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Stefanova, D., und S. Malchev. „Preliminary assessment of selected sweet cherry hybrids regarding their resistance to black cherry aphid (Myzus cerasi Fabr.) in Bulgaria“. Agricultural Science and Technology 12, Nr. 3 (September 2020): 288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2020.03.046.
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Abstract. One of the main insect pests of the cherry trees in Bulgaria is Myzus cerasi (Homoptera, Aphididae). The black cherry aphids occur annually in orchards and cause yield loss or degraded quality. In 2018 and 2019, resistance to Myzus cerasi was assessed on 11 selected sweet cherry genotypes in a breeding orchard at the Fruit Growing Institute – Plovdiv. Susceptibility to aphid infestation was assessed through inspection of 100 leaf rosettes from individual tree hybrids. Some of the studied genotypes 6-132, 6-132 (1), 6-131, and 6-131 (1) were not infested by black cherry aphids in the two years of this research. Aphid colonies were observed on all other studied trees from the selected hybrids. The study is still ongoing.
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Guo, Yonghong, Matthew Kramer und Margaret Pooler. „Screening Ornamental Cherry (Prunus) Taxa for Resistance to Infection by Blumeriella jaapii“. HortScience 53, Nr. 2 (Februar 2018): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12563-17.
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Ornamental flowering cherry trees are important landscape plants in the United States but are susceptible to several serious pests and disease problems. Cherry leaf spot, incited by the fungus Blumeriella jaapii, is characterized by defoliating susceptible trees in late summer, leading to weakening or even death of the tree. To identify resistant plants for use in landscape plantings and in our breeding program, we used a detached leaf assay to screen 69 diverse ornamental flowering cherry taxa for resistance to cherry leaf spot. We found clear differences in susceptibility among the accessions, with seven accessions developing essentially no symptoms at all. A variance decomposition showed that most of the variance (59%) occurred among accessions, indicating that genotype, even more than species, determined susceptibility. The detached leaf assay used in this study is an effective method for screening large numbers of plants for relative resistance to cherry leaf spot. These methods will be particularly useful to characterize germplasm and screen hybrids in breeding and selection programs.
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Ozgur Akgun Karabulut. „Controlling postharvest diseases of sweet cherry“. Stewart Postharvest Review 6, Nr. 1 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2212/spr.2010.1.5.
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Kidd, Hamish, und Len Copping. „BCPC Conference 2000 - Pests and Diseases“. Pesticide Outlook 12, Nr. 1 (2001): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b100807m.
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Heitefuss, Rudolf. „Compendium of Hop Diseases and Pests“. Journal of Phytopathology 158, Nr. 5 (Mai 2010): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2009.01617.x.
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Heitefuss, Rudolf. „Compendium of Beet Diseases and Pests“. Journal of Phytopathology 158, Nr. 5 (Mai 2010): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2009.01626.x.
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Lang, Gregory A. „Precocious, Dwarfing, and Productive—How Will New Cherry Rootstocks Impact the Sweet Cherry Industry?“ HortTechnology 10, Nr. 4 (Januar 2000): 719–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.4.719.
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Sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) can be one of the most profitable tree fruits cultivated in temperate climates. While cherry trees grow naturally to relatively tall heights (≈35 ft [≥10 m]), new size-controlling cherry rootstocks similar to those used in high-density apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards are now a reality. The Gisela (GI.) and Weiroot (W.) series from Germany, the Gran Manier (GM.) series from Belgium, the P-HL series from Czech Republic, `Tabel Edabriz' from France, and others of international origin are at various stages of scientific and field testing in North America, with some now being used for commercial fruit production. These stocks confer several advantageous traits besides vigor control, including precocious fruiting and high productivity. While these beneficial traits are exciting, serious problems also have been documented on occasion, such as small fruit size and tree decline. As many of these rootstocks are interspecific Prunus L. hybrids, might there be significant limitations for fruit quality and orchard longevity? What is known about their tolerance to various soil types and/or climatological stresses? What is known about their susceptibilities to pathogens and pests? Further, with the U.S. and worldwide orchard area planted to fresh-market sweet cherries already expanding to record levels throughout the 1990s and a time-honored agricultural tendency toward overproduction until grower profits are minimized (e.g., recent international apple markets), what might be the future impact of such precocious, productive rootstocks on sweet cherry profitability and sustainable production? This overview addresses these topics, providing some answers and some areas for future scientific investigation and industry discussion.
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Choi und Park. „Monitoring, Assessment and Management of Forest Insect Pests and Diseases“. Forests 10, Nr. 10 (03.10.2019): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100865.
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Forest pests are one of the most important factors disturbing forest ecosystems, by impacting forestry economy, ecosystem services, biodiversity, and sustainable ecosystem management. Monitoring the occurrence of forest pests offers clues to understand their impacts on the forest ecosystem and develop a sustainable ecosystem management strategy. This special issue is designed to create a better understanding of the changes and impacts of forest pests according to forest changes, caused by natural or anthropogenic causes. There are 13 papers published in this special issue, covering several issues concerning forest pests. Two of the papers reviewed the changes in forest pests in Korea or Poland. The remaining twelve papers covered issues concerning the monitoring, assessment, and management of forest pests. Through this special issue, we expect to contribute towards the improvement of our knowledge of the structures and processes in forest ecosystems relating to forest pests and fundamental information for the effective management of forest pests.
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Walsh, Lael, Ester Ferrari, Stephen Foster und Michael T. Gaffney. „Evidence of Pyrethroid Tolerance in the Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid Rhopalosiphum Padi in Ireland“. Outlooks on Pest Management 31, Nr. 1 (01.02.2020): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/v31_feb_02.
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Results of dose response bioassays 'in vivo' used to characterise the phenotypic response of pyrethroid resistant S. avenae in comparison to susceptible S. avenae, and two other cereal aphids, the rose-grain aphid (Metopholophium dirhodum) and the bird-cherry – oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi), are used to measure levels of pyrethroid resistance. Aphid pests on cereals in the British Isles are predominantly controlled by pyrethroid insecticides, especially since the implementation of the recent ban on neonicotinoid seed treatments on all outdoor crops. Resistance to pyrethroids has been detected in one of the main aphid pests, the grain aphid (Sitobion avenae), probably brought on by the sustained use of these pyrethroid sprays to control cereal aphids, which can transmit plant viruses, especially Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV). The withdrawal of several insecticide compounds (e.g. pirimicarb, dimethoate, chlorpyrifos and the aforesaid neonicotinoids) for cereal aphid control will probably increase the selection pressure, leading to increased levels of resistance in S. avenae, and, potentially, the evolution of resistance in other cereal aphid species. In this article we present the results of dose response bioassays 'in vivo' used to characterise the phenotypic response of pyrethroid resistant S. avenae in comparison to susceptible S. avenae, and two other cereal aphids, the rosegrain aphid (Metopholophium dirhodum) and the bird-cherry– oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi), in order to measure levels of pyrethroid resistance. At present, little is known about the extent of pyrethroid resistance in S. avenae beyond the UK and in other cereal aphids. It therefore becomes increasingly important to monitor these pests to inform crop management decisions in light of the recent loss of other insecticides. The unintended consequences of the rapid withdrawal of insecticides, together with a failure to prepare and install alternative products and control approaches in advance, will probably ultimately lead to the loss of effectiveness of insecticidal compounds like pyrethroids.
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Luo, She Zhou, und Cheng Wang. „Forest Pests and Diseases Forecasting Based on GIS“. Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (Mai 2011): 2945–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.2945.
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Geographic Information System (GIS) has been widely applied to the field of pest management, which provides the new ways and methods for integrated pest research, prevention and control. The main purpose of this study is to forecast and manage forest pests and diseases. For this purpose, I developed the forest pests diseases forecast system, by using ArcObjects (AO) and Visual Basic as the secondary development platform. The system is able to synthetically analyze and judge relevant data, such as weather forecast and tree species, according to the occurrence laws of the forest pests and diseases and the characteristics of biology. The system uses Markov chain and other methods to forecast the occurrence period, amount, scope and the degree of harm of pests and diseases. To validate the reliability of Markov chain model, the pests and diseases data of Liu'an City of Anhui Province, in China from 1975 to 2001, to be applied. The results show that the method used is reliable. The occurrence area and location of forest pests and diseases can be labelled and displayed on the electronic map with three-dimension.
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Chelaru, Simona-Mihaela, Cristina-Ionela Turcu, Margareta Corneanu und Ionel Perju. „MONITORING OF RHAGOLETIS CERASI L. THROUGH THE DECIS TRAP AT IAȘI-ROMANIA“. Current Trends in Natural Sciences 10, Nr. 19 (31.07.2021): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47068/ctns.2021.v10i19.004.
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Rhagoletis cerasi (L.) is the main agent of damage to sweet cherry plantations. Found in all sweet cherry plantations, it is important for an integrated phytosanitary protection of the crop. The population dynamics in the Iasi area was monitored at different time intervals. The climatic conditions of the year and the biological reserve favored the appearance and development of the pest studied. The first catches were recorded on 12 May and the highest number of catches was recorded on 17 June 2020. Adult monitoring Rhagoletis cerasi (L.) was performed using “Decis Trap”, an attractive trap containing ammonium carbonate, which attracts by its orange color and fights with the active substance deltamethrin providing a duration of protection of 5 months. The appearance and dynamics of pests have directly influenced the phytosanitary protection program. The observations were made during the vegetation period of the cherry plantation within the Research and Development Station for fruit growing in Iași in 2020.
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Tratwal, Anna, Kamila Roik und Jan Bocianowski. „The effect of growing mixtures of spring barley cultivars on pest occurrence and yields“. Polish Journal of Entomology 83, Nr. 4 (01.12.2014): 295–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjen-2014-0023.
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ABSTRACT . Experiments were conducted in the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons at two locations differing in their edaphic and meteorological conditions to assess the effects of mixtures of spring barley cultivars on the occurrence of harmful pests and yields. The most significant pests in the experiment on spring barley in pure sowings and mixtures were cereal leaf beetles (Oulema spp.), with bird cherry-oat aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi) and grain aphids (Sitobion avenae) being somewhat fewer in number. With some mixtures, numbers of cereal leaf beetle larvae, bird cherryoat aphids and grain aphids in comparison with pure stands were reduced. Grain yields from mixtures increased in comparison with those from pure sowings up to 6.48 dt·ha-1 in 2010 and up to 3.99 dt ha-1 in 2011.
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Miller, S. A., N. Patel und C. J. Stanley. „CRANBERRY PESTS AND DISEASES IN NEW ZEALAND“. Acta Horticulturae, Nr. 715 (August 2006): 509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2006.715.78.
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Maas, J. L. „STRAWBERRY DISEASES AND PESTS - PROGRESS AND PROBLEMS“. Acta Horticulturae, Nr. 1049 (August 2014): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2014.1049.11.
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Delserone, Leslie M. „Review ofCompendium of Beet Diseases and Pests“. Journal of Agricultural & Food Information 11, Nr. 1 (21.01.2010): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10496500903436417.
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Heathcote, G. D. „Atlas of diseases and pests in beet“. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 24, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1988): 459–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(88)90125-9.
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Royle, D. J., und M. Hubbes. „Diseases and pests in energy crop plantations“. Biomass and Bioenergy 2, Nr. 1-6 (Januar 1992): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0961-9534(92)90087-7.
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Falloon, R. E. „DISEASES AND PESTS OF GRASS SEED CROPS“. NZGA: Research and Practice Series 5 (01.01.1990): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.5.1998.3340.
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This paper will discuss the diseases and pests that affect grass seed production. In order to put the diseases and pests into perspective, the principlesof grass seed production will be considered. The components of yield of any crop for which seed is the product are: number of plants per unit area; number of inflorescences per plant; number of seeds per inflorescence; seed weight, Many factors can influence these components, for example: (1) crop establishment (cultivation, seed quality, seeding rate, sowing time, soil moisture and fertility can all affect numbers of plants) (2) crop growth (soil moisture, fertility, grazing and weeds can affect crop growth and influence numbers of inflorescences and numbers and weight of seeds).
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Villamor, D. E. V., und K. C. Eastwell. „Viruses Associated with Rusty Mottle and Twisted Leaf Diseases of Sweet Cherry Are Distinct Species“. Phytopathology® 103, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2013): 1287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-05-13-0140-r.
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Virus RNA sequences related to those of the family Betaflexiviridae were amplified from trees affected with the following diseases: cherry twisted leaf, apricot ring pox, cherry necrotic rusty mottle, cherry rusty mottle, and cherry green ring mottle. Phylogenetic analysis of virus sequences obtained from these diseased trees from western North America, along with published sequences of Cherry green ring mottle virus (CGRMV) and Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus (CNRMV), revealed four major clades. Segregation into these four populations correlated with distinct symptom expression on woody indicators, suggesting that each clade represents a distinct virus species within the family Betaflexiviridae. The viruses occupying each clade were designated clade I: Cherry twisted leaf associated virus, clade II: CNRMV, clade III: Cherry rusty mottle associated virus, and clade IV: CGRMV. Potential recombination events were predicted to occur within and between these viruses, the latter being strongly supported by incongruent phylogenies. Examination of frequency distribution data derived from pairwise sequence comparisons of coat protein coding sequences resulted in a proposal for alternative guidelines for species demarcation for this family of viruses.
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Vasilev, Pavlin, Radoslav Andreev und Hristina Kutinkova. „Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Plum and Cherry Plum in Bulgaria“. Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae 23, Nr. 1 (01.05.2020): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ahr-2020-0004.
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AbstractThe species complex and infestations of aphids on plum (Prunus persica) and cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera) in Bulgaria were investigated during the period 2013–2018. Nine species from the family Aphididae were found: Brachycaudus helichrysi Kaltenbach (leaf-curling plum aphid), Hyalopterus pruni Geoffroy (mealy plum aphid), Phorodon humuli Schrank (hop aphid), Brachycaudus prunicola Kaltenbach (brown plum aphid), Brachycaudus cardui Linnaeus (thistle aphid), Brachycaudus persicae Passerini (black peach aphid), Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linnaeus (waterlily aphid), Aphis spiraecola Patch (spiraea aphid) and Pterochloroides persicae Cholodkovsky (peach trunk aphid). The dominant species on plum are Hyalopterus pruni and Brachycaudus helichrysi. The first species is more widespread and of significantly higher density. The dominant species on cherry plum are Phorodon humuli and B. helichrysi. The species Brachycaudus prunicola is widespread both on plum and cherry plum in Bulgaria. It was found only on twigs, and therefore cannot be considered as a dangerous pest on fruit-bearing plum trees. The other species, some of them described as dangerous pests on plum, are today fairly rare and occur in low density, thus posing no danger to orchards.
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Sajid, Quratul Ain, und Eminur Elçi. „Investigation of Virus Diseases and Molecular Detection of Little Cherry Virus 1 on Cherry Plants at Niğde Province“. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, Nr. 7 (19.07.2019): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i7.1008-1013.2490.
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To investigate the virus infections of sour and sweet cherries, various locations of Niğde province were examined during 2017. Ninety sweet and sour cherry leaf samples showing suspicious virus symptoms were collected and screened with virus-specific primers: Little cherry virus 1 (LChV1), Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus (CNRMV), Prune dwarf virus (PDV), Prune necrotic ring spot virus (PNRSV), Apple mosaic virus (ApMV), Cherry green ring mottle virus (CGRMV), Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV), Cherry mottle leaf virus (CMLV), Plum bark necrotic stem pitting associated virus (PBNSPaV), Cherry twisted leaf virus (CTLV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), Little cherry virus 2 (LChV2), Cherry rusty leaf virus (CRLV), Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV). Based on RT-PCR analysis, no amplification was observed except LChV1 amplifications, dsRNA analysis resulted in one suspicious profile. To validate those results, more sensitive TaqMan Real-Time PCR analysis and sequence analysis were conducted and LChV1 was detected on 7 samples. It can be concluded that only a low quantity of LChV1 infections was observed on some of the screened cherry samples.
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Phophi, Mutondwa M., und Paramu L. Mafongoya. „Constraints to Vegetable Production Resulting from Pest and Diseases Induced by Climate Change and Globalization: A Review“. Journal of Agricultural Science 9, Nr. 10 (13.09.2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n10p11.
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Vegetable production worldwide is constrained by pests and diseases which effects are exacerbated by climate change and variability. Greenhouse gas emissions are also increasing due to poor agricultural practices and other human activities. This will continue to have a negative impact on the prevalence of insect pests and diseases. This review focuses on the climatic factors that impact on insect pests and diseases of vegetable crops. High atmospheric temperatures and elevated carbon dioxide increases pest development, survival of pests and distribution of pest to new areas. The distribution of insect pests and diseases are not due to climate changes only but are also a result of globalisation and poor biosecurity measures at country borders. There is limited information on the distribution of pests and diseases due to globalisation in African countries. New exotic pests will continue to be introduced to countries if biosecurity measures are not improved. Future research must focus on how to manage emerging pests and diseases influenced by high temperatures and carbon dioxide and other climatic conditions which influence pest severity under smallholder farmers in the southern African regions.
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Bell, J. N. B., S. McNeill, G. Houlden, V. C. Brown und P. J. Mansfield. „Atmospheric change: effect on plant pests and diseases“. Parasitology 106, S1 (Januar 1993): S11—S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200008608x.
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SUMMARYThe atmosphere plays a key role in plant disease, but only recently has it become understood that atmospheric pollutants can influence the response of plants to attack by pests and pathogens. This paper reviews the evidence for this phenomenon, considering impacts of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone, mainly on fungal pathogens and aphid pests. Field observations in polluted areas have indicated changes in abundance of pests and pathogens and in some cases a causal link has been demonstrated in controlled experiments. A major study is described in which consistent marked positive impacts of SO2 and NO2 have been shown on a range of British agricultural aphid pests, using four different approaches: fumigations, nitration studies, exposure along air pollution gradients and a nation-wide field survey. Ozone, in contrast, produces a more complex range of responses. These effects are apparently mediated via chemical changes in the plant. Fungal pathogens show both positive and negative responses to air pollutants. A study is described in which these opposite responses in two different fungal species were observed in a field SO2–fumigation system and confirmed in controlled laboratory fumigations. Models are presented to describe the complex pathways by which air pollutants could influence host plant performance via impacts on pests and pathogens.