Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Chel river basin“

The Chinchiná River basin is located on the western slope of the Colombian Central Andes. This basin provides ecosystem services such as water provision for >500,000 people, but has suffered considerable ecosystem degradation, and the information on its biodiversity is limited. We inventoried the non-volant mammals in the Caldas’ Central Hydroelectric (CHEC) Reserve in the Chinchiná River basin, in the Caldas department. We detected 18 species of mammals, present the first record of Puma yagouaroundi for the high Chinchiná River basin, the first record of Leopardus wi­edii for the basin and a new altitudinal record of this felid for the Colombian Central Andes, and we also report a melanistic individual of Leopardus tigrinus. We also provide the first record of Conepatus semistriatus for Caldas department. We highlight the importance of preserving forests on the Chinchiná River basin such as the CHEC Reserve, since they made serve to connect Andean forest with paramo areas on the National Natural Park Los Nevados, adding possible habitat for movements of Puma concolor and other mammals.

The channels in the Yangtze Estuary have an ordered-branching structure: The estuary is first divided by the Chongming Island into the North Branch and the South Branch. Then the South Branch is divided into the North Channel and South Channel by the Islands Changxing and Hengsha. The South Channel is again divided into the North and South Passage by the Jiuduansha Shoal. This three-level bifurcation and four-outlet configuration appears to be a natural character of the estuary, also in the past (Chen et al., 1982), although the whole system has been extending into the East China Sea in the southeast direction due to the abundant sediment supply from the Yangtze River. Recently, the natural development of the system seems to be substantially disturbed by human interferences, especially the Deep Navigation Channel Project. For the understanding of the behaviour of the bifurcating channel system in the estuary we present analysis on two aspects: (1) the equilibrium configuration of river delta distributary networks, and (2) influence of tidal flow on the morphological equilibrium of rivers. Based on the analyses we conclude that the branching channel structure of the Yangtze Estuary can be classified as tide-influenced river delta distributary networks. Its basic structure is the same as in case of river dominated delta. The empirical relations describing the basic features of the river-dominated distributary delta networks can be explained by theoretical analysis, although they are not fully satisfied by the Yangtze Estuary because of the influence of the tide. Two major influences of the tide are identified, viz. increasing the resistance to the river flow into the sea and increasing the sediment transport capacity. As consequence of these two influences the cross-sectional area of the river/estuary increases in the seawards direction and the bed slope decreases. The insights from the analyses are helpful for the understanding of the impact of the Deep Navigation Channel Project on the large scale morphological development of the estuary.

The projection of surface runoff in the context of climate change is important to the rational utilization and distribution of water resources. This study did a case study in regions above Danjiangkou in Hanjiang River Basin. A basin scale hydrological model was built based on macroscale processes of surface runoff and water-energy balance. This model can describe the quantity relationship among climatic factors, underlying surface and surface runoff. Driven by hypothetical climatic scenarios and climate change dataset coming from CMIP5, the climate change impacts on surface runoff in the regions above Danjiangkou in Hanjiang River Basin can be addressed. The results showed that: (1) Compared with other distributed hydrological models, the hydrological model in this study has fewer parameters and simpler calculation methods. The model was good at simulating annual surface runoff. (2) The surface runoff was less sensitivity to climate change in the regions above Danjiangkou in Hanjiang River Basin. A 1°C increase in temperature might results in a surface runoff decrease of 2~5% and a 10% precipitation increase might result in a streamflow increase of 14~17%. (3) The temperature across the Fu River Basin were projected to increase by 1.4~2.3°C in 1961 to 1990 compared with that in 1961 to 1990. But the uncertainty existed among the projection results of precipitation. The surface runoff was excepted to decrease by 1.3~23.9% without considering the climate change projected by NorESM1-M and MIROC-ESM-CHEM, which was much different from other GCMs.

Abstract. In the Upper Green River basin (UGRB) of Wyoming and the Uintah Basin of Utah, strong wintertime ozone (O3) formation episodes leading to O3 mixing ratios occasionally exceeding 70 parts per billion (ppb) have been observed over the last 2 decades. Wintertime O3 events in the UGRB were first observed in 2005 and since then have continued to be observed intermittently when meteorological conditions are favorable, despite significant efforts to reduce emissions from oil and natural gas extraction and production. While O3 formation has been successfully simulated using observed volatile organic compound (VOC) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) mixing ratios, successful simulation of these wintertime episodes using emission inventories in a 3-D photochemical model has remained elusive. An accurate 3-D photochemical model driven by an emission inventory is critical to understanding the spatial extent of high-O3 events and which emission sources have the most impact on O3 formation. In the winter of 2016/17 (December 2016–March 2017) several high-O3 events were observed with 1 h mixing ratios exceeding 70 ppb. This study uses the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) to simulate one of the high-O3 events observed in the UGRB during March 2017. The WRF-Chem simulations were carried out using the 2014 edition of the Environmental Protection Agency National Emissions Inventory (EPA NEI2014v2), which, unlike previous versions, includes estimates of emissions from non-point oil and gas production sources. Simulations were carried out with two different chemical mechanisms: the Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers (MOZART) and the Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism (RACM), and the results were compared with data from seven weather and air quality monitoring stations in the UGRB operated by the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality (WYDEQ). The simulated meteorology compared favorably to observations with regard to temperature inversions, surface temperature, and wind speeds. Notably, because of snow cover present in the basin, the photolysis surface albedo had to be modified to predict O3 in excess of 70 ppb, although the models were relatively insensitive to the exact photolysis albedo if it was over 0.65. O3 precursors, i.e., NOx and VOCs, are predicted similarly in simulations with both chemical mechanisms, but simulated VOC mixing ratios are a factor of 6 or more lower than the observations, while NOx is also underpredicted but to a lesser degree. Sensitivity simulations revealed that increasing NOx and VOC emissions to match observations produced slightly more O3 compared to baseline simulations, but an additional sensitivity simulation with doubled NOx emissions resulted in a considerable increase in O3 formation. These results suggest that O3 formation in the basin is most sensitive to NOx emissions.

After comparison of the types of the four species of Clupisoma recorded from Yunnan, China, no morphological differences between Clupisoma nujiangense Chen et al. and C. yunnanensis (He, Huang & Li) were found, and it is confirmed that the former is a synonym of the latter. Clupisoma yunnanensis occurs in the middle and lower of Nu-jiang, belonging to the Salween River basin. Clupisoma longianale (Huang) and Clupisoma sinense (Huang) are found in the lower Lancang-jiang, in the Mekong River basin. Using concatenated mitochondrial genes and nuclear genes, Wang et al. (2016) reconstructed the phylogeny of 38 species of catfishes belonging to 28 genera and 14 families. They reinstated the family, Ailiidae for a monophyletic Asian catfish group comprised of the three genera Ailia, Laides and Clupisoma. The family-group name Ailiidae was first proposed by Bleeker (1858) as Ailichthyoidei for a subfamily containing Ailia Gray. As such, there was no legitimate reason for Wang et al. (2016) to propose the Ailiidae as a new family group name but, instead, resurrect the existing name from the synonymy of the Shilbeidae.

This article presents new data on the Lower Carboniferous Izyuryel occurrence of kaolins in the South Timan. Through numerous excavations (trenches, test pits, and hand dog wells) in the area of about 2 km2 in the Cher Izhemskaya River basin (left tributary of the Izhma River), the authors have opened and studied the 3–9-m-thick kaolinite layer deposited with stratigraphic unconformity on the Upper Devonian dolomites and overlain by Lower Carboniferous dolomites. There are rock sections of two types differing in composition and thickness. The article describes the structure of the sections and rock texture. By the study results, the kaolinite strata are much thicker than previously assumed and, theoretically, contain more kaolin. The authors indicate the possible location of the most promising area with kaolin raw.

The Cataloochee Crayfish, Cambarus ectopistes sp. nov., is a large, stream-dwelling crayfish that occupies a narrow noncontiguous distribution within the Appalachian Mountain region running through the Upper Tennessee River basin, in the French Broad, Pigeon, and Nolichucky watersheds along the Tennessee and North Carolina border. It is split from the southernmost extent of the C. robustus species complex, and is morphologically and genetically most similar to a second undescribed member of the group endemic to the upper Nolichucky River watershed in North Carolina. Cambarus ectopistes sp. nov. can be distinguished from other members of the C. robustus complex and co-distributed congeners by a combination of characters, including body size, coloration, and morphology of the chela and rostrum. The new species is typically found in channel and edge habitats of moderate to large perennial streams with large cobbles and boulders.

Assessing available water and land for irrigation are important for planning their use. In the watershed, stream flows from some of the rivers are not known and potential irrigable areas have not been identified. By delineating watershed boundary, irrigation suitability factors such as soil type, slope, land cover/use, and distance from the water supply were classified based on the FAO guideline for land evaluation in to S1, S2, S3 and N suitability classes independently. The irrigation potential suitability analysis of soil, slope, land cover/use and Euclidean distance indicates that 55.1 %, 95.6 %, 88.6% and 93.7% respectively are in the range of highly to marginally suitable. By weighted overlay analysis, total surface irrigation suitability potential of the study area is 54.6%, from this, the potential irrigable land obtained by multi_ criteria analysis has 45.9%. The total available flow above abstraction site is 335.7m3/s or 2.9-million-meter cube (MMC) annually.

The manioc root (also commonly known as yuca and cassava) has been vital to Brazil's inhabitants for millenia. Native to the Amazon River basin, manioc has long been used by Brazilian native peoples and became the lifeblood of the Portuguese colonists who settled there as well. Though manioc is commonly looked upon as a peasant or “vernacular” food, Rio de Janeiro-born-and-based chef and activist Teresa Corção argues that the root is a crucial tenet of Brazilian cuisine and identity. Corção, who has been in the restaurant business for more than thirty-five years, came slowly to the realization that Brazilian native ingredients were not being given their due by Brazilian chefs. For the past ten years, Corção has taken up the cause of promoting overlooked Brazilian ingredients within Brazil and abroad—with manioc and its many derivatives as her top priority— through her work with chefs, small farmers, consumers, and markets.

Abstract. Climate change impact on river runoff was investigated within the framework of the second phase of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI-MIP2) using a physically-based land surface model Soil Water – Atmosphere – Plants (SWAP) (developed in the Institute of Water Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences) and meteorological projections (for 2006–2099) simulated by five General Circulation Models (GCMs) (including GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-ES, IPSL-CM5A-LR, MIROC-ESM-CHEM, and NorESM1-M) for each of four Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5). Eleven large-scale river basins were used in this study. First of all, SWAP was calibrated and validated against monthly values of measured river runoff with making use of forcing data from the WATCH data set and all GCMs' projections were bias-corrected to the WATCH. Then, for each basin, 20 projections of possible changes in river runoff during the 21st century were simulated by SWAP. Analysis of the obtained hydrological projections allowed us to estimate their uncertainties resulted from application of different GCMs and RCP scenarios. On the average, the contribution of different GCMs to the uncertainty of the projected river runoff is nearly twice larger than the contribution of RCP scenarios. At the same time the contribution of GCMs slightly decreases with time.

A new catfish species, Liobagrus chenhaojuni Chen, Guo & Wu, sp. nov., is described from the Tiaoxi River, a tributary of Taihu Lake, located in Zhejiang Province, China. This description is based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis. This species belongs to a group defined by the presence of a smooth posterior edge of the pectoral-fin spine and can be distinguished from other species in the group by a unique combination of characteristics, including: an upper jaw longer than the lower jaw; maxillary barbels reaching the middle of the pectoral fin; irregular blotches present on the lateral body; a rounded caudal-fin with a length ranging from 16.5% to 19.9% of the standard length; 39 to 41 post-Weberian vertebrae; and 15 to 17 anal-fin rays. The validity of this new species is further supported by the molecular phylogenetic analysis based on Cytb sequences.

Abstract. A multi-lidar system, mounted in a vehicle to monitor the profiles of temperature, wind, and particle optical properties, was utilized to investigate the winter fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution from a vertical perspective in four cities in China in winter 2018. We observed the enhancement of surface nocturnal PM2.5 in two typical plains cities (Changzhou and Wangdu), which was attributed to the subsidence of PM2.5 transported from upstream polluted areas, with the wind turning north and downdrafts dominating. Combining the observed surface PM2.5, the reanalysis meteorological data, and the GEOS-Chem model simulation, we revealed the transport nocturnal PM2.5 enhancement by subsidence (T-NPES) events that occurred frequently in the two cities, with percentages of 12.2 % and 18.0 %, respectively, during December 2018–February 2019. Furthermore, the GEOS-Chem model simulation further confirmed the ubiquity of winter T-NPES events on a large scale, including North China Plain and the Yangtze River Delta. Process analysis revealed that the subsidence was closely correlated with the southeasterly movement of the high-pressure system and the passage of the cold front, resulting in the increase of temperature aloft, a stronger inversion layer, and further PM2.5 accumulation in the atmospheric boundary layer. Thus, a conceptual model of the T-NPES events was proposed to highlight this surface PM2.5 enhancement mechanism in these plains regions. However, it did not apply to the two cities in the basin region (Xi'an and Chengdu) due to the obstruction of the weather system movement by the mountains surrounding the basin.

Emission inventories are important for modeling studies and policy-making, but the traditional “bottom-up” emission inventories are often outdated with a time lag, mainly due to the lack of accurate and timely statistics. In this study, we developed a “top-down” approach to optimize the emission inventory of sulfur dioxide (SO2) using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) and a three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) system. The observed hourly surface SO2 concentrations from the China National Environmental Monitoring Center were assimilated and used to estimate the gridded concentration forecast errors of WRF-Chem. The concentration forecast errors were then converted to the emission errors by assuming a linear response from SO2 emission to concentration by grids. To eliminate the effects of modelling errors from aspects other than emissions, a strict data-screening process was conducted. Using the Multi-Resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC) 2010 as the a priori emission, the emission inventory for October 2015 over Mainland China was optimized. Two forecast experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the SO2 forecast by using the a priori (control experiment) and optimized emissions (optimized emission experiment). The results showed that the forecasts with optimized emissions typically outperformed the forecasts with 2010 a priori emissions in terms of the accuracy of the spatial and temporal distributions. Compared with the control experiment, the bias and root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of the optimized emission experiment decreased by 71.2% and 25.9%, and the correlation coefficients increased by 50.0%. The improvements in Southern China were more significant than those in Northern China. For the Sichuan Basin, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta, the bias and RMSEs decreased by 76.4–94.2% and 29.0–45.7%, respectively, and the correlation coefficients increased by 23.5–53.4%. This SO2 emission optimization methodology is computationally cost-effective.

The Awash River Basin is the most irrigated area in Ethiopia, which is facing critical water resources problems. The main objective of this study was to assess the impacts of climate change on river flows in the upper Awash Subbasin, Ethiopia, using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) hydrological model. The ensemble of two global climate models (CSIRO-Mk3-6-0 and MIROC-ESM-CHEM with RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for climate data projections (the 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s) and historical climate data from 1981–2010 was considered. Bias-corrections were made for both the GCM data. SWAT model was calibrated and validated to simulate future hydrologic variables in response to changes in rainfall and temperature. The results showed that the projected climate change scenarios were an increase in rainfall for the period of the 2020s but reduced for the periods of 2050s and 2080s. The annual mean temperature increases, ranging from 0.5 to 0.9 °C under RCP4.5 and 0.6 to 1.2 °C under RCP8.5 for all time slices. In the 2020s, annual mean rainfall increases by 5.77% under RCP4.5 and 7.80% under RCP8.5, while in 2050s and 2080s time slices, rainfall decrements range from 3.31 to 9.87% under RCP4.5 and 6.80 to 16.22% under RCP8.5. The change in rainfall and temperature probably leads to increases in the annual streamflow by 5.79% for RCP4.5 and 7.20% for RCP8.5 in the 2020s, whereas decreases by 10.39% and 11.45% under RCP4.5; and 10.79% and −12.38% for RCP8.5 in 2050s and 2080s, respectively. Similarly, in the 2020s, an increment of annual runoff was 10.73% for RCP4.5 and 12.08% for RCP8.5. Runoff reduces by 12.03% and 4.12% under RCP4.5; and 12.65% and 5.31% under RCP8.5 in the 2050s and the 2080s, respectively. Overall, the results revealed that changes in rainfall and temperature would have significant impacts on the streamflow and surface runoff, causing a possible reduction in the total water availability in the subbasin. This study provides useful information for future water resource planning and management in the face of climate change in the upper Awash River basin.

Peanutisa valuable source of nutrients, but the patterns of peanut consumption, consumption frequencies and factors influencing peanut consumption in Senegal are poorly understood.This study surveyed the populations of four agroecological zones of Senegal:The Peanut Basin (BA), the Lower and Middle Casamance (BMC), the Eastern Senegal and Upper Casamance (SOHC) and the Senegal River Valley (VFS) with the aim of generating data on the consumption of peanut to fill this lack of knowledge and information on this food which represents a good part of the diet of the Senegalese population. The survey sampling plan is designed according to the principles of simple random sampling (SAS) combined with prior stratification. The results of the study showed that peanut-based dishes such as Nieleng in the BA use approximately 1048g of peanut during its preparation. In the VFS, the preparation of Dakhine requires an intake of 692g of peanut. The frequency of consumption of peanut-based dishes also varies according to agro-ecological zones. In the Peanut Basin, Mafe using approximately 465.7g per dish is consumed once or twice a week as is Mbaxalu Saloum in the BMC where 222.8g of peanut are used for a prepared dish. Individual peanut consumption varies depending on the agro-ecological zones. The highest average consumption is noted in the BA with 50.57g. It is followed by the SOHC, the VFS and the BMC with respective values of 41.38g, 25.18g. and 24.73g. People headed by a man in households consume an average of 50g of peanut per day per dish and those headed by a woman, around 40g.Polygamous families consume on average 55.4g of peanut per day per peanut dish. People in families whose chef did not attend school consume on average 51.6g of peanut per dish followed by those whose chef attended Koranic school with 50.9g of peanut per dish per day.

Projecting future changes in extreme flood is critical for risk management. This paper presented an analysis of the implications of the Fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase (CMIP5) climate models on the future flood in the Jinsha River Basin (JRB) in Southwest China, using the Xinanjiang (XAJ) hydrologic model. The bias-corrected and resampled results of the multimodel dataset came from the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI-MIP). Relatively optimal general circulation models (GCMs) were selected with probability density functions (PDFs)-based assessment. These GCMs were coupled with the XAJ model to evaluate the impact of climate change on future extreme flood changes in the JRB. Two scenarios were chosen, namely: a midrange mitigation scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5, RCP4.5) and a high scenario (RCP8.5). Results show that: (1) The XAJ model performed well in simulating daily discharge and was suitable for the study area, with ENS and R2 higher than 0.8; (2) IPSL-CM5A-LR and MIROC-ESM-CHEM showed considerable skill in representing the observed PDFs of extreme precipitation. The average skill scores across the total area of the JRB were 0.41 to 0.66 and 0.53 to 0.67, respectively. Therefore, these two GCMs can be chosen to analyze the changes in extreme precipitation and flood in the future; (3) The average extreme precipitation under 20- and 50-year return period across the JRB were projected to increase by 1.0–33.7% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 during 2020 to 2050. The Upper basin is projected to experience the largest increase in extreme precipitation indices, possibly caused by a warmer climate. The extreme flood under 20- and 50-year return period will change by 0.8 to 23.8% and −6.2 to 28.2%, respectively, over this same future period. Most of scenarios projected an increase during the near future periods, implying the JRB would be likely to undergo more flooding in the future.

Abstract. The development of chemical transport models with advanced physics and chemical schemes could improve air-quality forecasts. In this study, the China Meteorological Administration Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment (CUACE) model, a comprehensive chemistry module incorporating gaseous chemistry and a size-segregated multicomponent aerosol algorithm, was coupled to the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) framework with chemistry (WRF-Chem) using an interface procedure to build the WRF/CUACE v1.0 model. The latest version of CUACE includes an updated aerosol dry deposition scheme and the introduction of heterogeneous chemical reactions on aerosol surfaces. We evaluated the WRF/CUACE v1.0 model by simulating PM2.5, O3, NO2, and SO2 concentrations for January, April, July, and October (representing winter, spring, summer and autumn, respectively) in 2013, 2015, and 2017 and comparing them with ground-based observations. Secondary inorganic aerosol simulations for the North China Plain (NCP), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and Sichuan Basin (SCB) were also evaluated. The model captured well the variations of PM2.5, O3, and NO2 concentrations in all seasons in eastern China. However, it is difficult to accurately reproduce the variations of air pollutants over SCB, due to its deep basin terrain. The simulations of SO2 were generally reasonable in the NCP and YRD with the bias at −15.5 % and 24.55 %, respectively, while they were poor in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and SCB. The sulfate and nitrate simulations were substantially improved by introducing heterogeneous chemical reactions into the CUACE model (e.g., change in bias from −95.0 % to 4.1 % for sulfate and from 124.1 % to 96.0 % for nitrate in the NCP). Additionally, The WRF/CUACE v1.0 model was revealed with better performance in simulating chemical species relative to the coupled Fifth-Generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) and CUACE model. The development of the WRF/CUACE v1.0 model represents an important step towards improving air-quality modeling and forecasts in China.

The influence of the underlying surface on the atmospheric environment over rivers and lakes is not fully understood. To improve our understanding, this study targeted the Twain-Hu Basin (THB) in central China, with a unique underlying surface comprising a dense “water network” over rivers and lakes. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) was used to simulate the impact of this dense “water network” on a wintertime heavy PM2.5 pollution event in the THB. On this basis, the regulating effects of density and area of the lake groups, with centralized big lakes (CBLs) and discrete small lakes (DSLs), on PM2.5 concentrations over the underlying surface of the dense “water network” in the THB were clarified, and the relative contributions of thermal factors and water vapor factors in the atmospheric boundary layer to the variation of PM2.5 concentrations were evaluated. The results show that the underlying surface of dense “water networks” in the THB generally decreases the PM2.5 concentrations, but the influences of different lake-group types are not uniform in spatial distribution. The CBLs can reduce the PM2.5 concentrations over the lake and its surroundings by 4.90–17.68% during the day and night. The ability of DSLs in reducing PM2.5 pollution is relatively weak, with the reversed contribution between −5.63% and 1.56%. Thermal factors and water vapor–related factors are the key meteorological drivers affecting the variation of PM2.5 concentrations over the underlying surface of dense “water networks”. The warming and humidification effects of such underlying surfaces contribute positively and negatively to the “purification” of air pollution, respectively. The relative contributions of thermal factors and water vapor–related factors are 52.48% and 43.91% for CBLs and 65.96% and 27.31% for DSLs, respectively. The “purification” effect of the underlying surface with a dense “water network” in the THB on regional air pollution highlights the importance of environmental protection of inland rivers and lakes in regional environmental governance. In further studies on the atmospheric environment, long-term studies are necessary, including fine measurements in terms of meteorology and the environment and more comprehensive simulations under different scenarios.

Study of divergence of freshwater fish populations between island and adjacent mainland areas can shed light on the phylogeographical relationships of these regions. Neodontobutis hainanensis is a freshwater fish species restricted to Hainan Island and in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces in the southern mainland China. We examine the phylogenetic relationship and population structure of N. hainanensis based on 3,176 nuclear loci using a gene-capture method. STRUCTURE analysis and principal coordinate analyses (PCA) indicate that populations from Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan are each distinct, except that some individuals of the Guangdong population share minor genetic components with individuals of the Guangxi population. In the concatenated gene tree, the Hainan population is grouped with the Guangdong population, but the coalescent tree groups the Hainan population as the sister to the Guangxi population. Finally, coalescent simulations confirmed the divergence pattern supported by the coalescent tree and revealed a one-way introgression from the Guangxi population to the Guangdong population, which can explain the discordant results supported by the concatenated and coalescent phylogenetic analyses. Due to recent decline of N. hainanensis populations and the genetic patterns in this species, as revealed in this study, the populations in the three areas should be treated as separate conservation units.

Abstract. Ambient pollutants and emissions in China have changed significantly in recent years due to strict control strategies implemented by the government. It is of great interest to evaluate the reduction of emissions and the air quality response using a data assimilation (DA) approach. In this study, we updated the WRF-Chem/EnKF (Weather Research and Forecasting – WRF, model coupled with the chemistry/ensemble Kalman filter – Chem/EnKF) system to directly analyze SO2 emissions instead of using emission scaling factors, as in our previous study. Our purpose is to investigate whether the WRF-Chem/EnKF system is capable of detecting the emission deficiencies in the bottom-up emission inventory (2010-MEIC, Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China), dynamically updating the spatial–temporal emission changes (2010 to 2015/2016) and, most importantly, locating the “new” (emerging) emission sources that are not considered in the a priori emission inventory. The 2010 January MEIC emission inventory was used as the a priori inventory (to generate background emission fields). The 2015 and 2016 January emissions were obtained by assimilating the hourly surface SO2 concentration observations for January 2015 and 2016. The SO2 emission changes for northern, western, and southern China from 2010 to 2015 and from 2015 to 2016 (for the month of January) from the EnSRF (ensemble square root filter) approach were investigated, and the emission control strategies during the corresponding period were discussed. The January 2010–2015 differences showed inhomogeneous change patterns in different regions, including (1) significant emission reductions in southern China; (2) significant emission reductions in larger cities with a wide increase in the surrounding suburban and rural regions in northern China, which may indicate missing raw coal combustion for winter heating that was not taken into account in the a priori emission inventory; and (3) significantly large emission increases in western China due to the energy expansion strategy. The January 2015–2016 differences showed wide emission reductions from 2015 to 2016, indicating stricter control strategies having been fully executed nationwide. These derived emission changes coincided with the period of the energy development national strategy in northwestern China and the regulations for the reduction of SO2 emissions, indicating that the updated DA system was possibly capable of detecting emission deficiencies, dynamically updating the spatial–temporal emission changes (2010 to 2015/2016), and locating newly added sources. Forecast experiments using the a priori and updated emissions were conducted. Comparisons showed improvements from using updated emissions. The improvements in southern China were much larger than those in northern and western China. For the Sichuan Basin, central China, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta, the BIAS (bias, equal to the difference between the modeled value and the observational value, representing the overall model tendency) decreased by 61.8 %–78.2 % (for different regions), the RMSE decreased by 27.9 %–52.2 %, and CORR values (correlation coefficient, equal to the linear relationship between the modeled values and the observational values) increased by 12.5 %–47.1 %. The limitation of the study is that the analyzed emissions are still model-dependent, as the ensembles are conducted using the WRF-Chem model; therefore, the performances of the ensembles are model-dependent. Our study indicated that the WRF-Chem/EnSRF system is not only capable of improving the emissions and forecasts in the model but can also evaluate realistic emission changes. Thus, it is possible to apply the system for the evaluation of emission changes in the future.

AbstractThe dry-hot valley region counts as one of the most eco-sensitive zones in China, the issue of soil erosion is critical in regional ecological environment, soil mechanical property is one of the primary factors confining the occurrence of erosion, and it is attached crucial significance to in ascertaining the characteristics and principal factors of soil mechanics, and how to prevent and control soil erosion in arid red soil area of dry-hot valley. Through monitoring field location and directly shearing, the soil mechanical characteristics and the primary influencing factors of the mass erosion environment in the basin were ascertained. As the result indicates: (1) The soil moisture content, cohesion and internal friction angle are evidently correlated with each other abiding by power function, the relationship among soil cohesion, internal friction angle and volume moisture content goes as:$$\begin{array}{} \displaystyle c=80.107e^{-5.451\frac{{\it\omega}}{1.64\,+\,{\it\omega}}},\phi=65.646{\rm e}^{-3.325\frac{\omega}{1.64\,+\,\omega}}; \end{array}$$(2) The soil being large in pore radius vary in number and distribution evidently with structure and destruction degree (P<0.05). Soil aggregation was also significantly different (P<0.05), with the increasing of structural failure rate, the shear strength of soil decreased, and the probability of damage was increased as the external load increaseing. (3) The disintegration of soil can be effectively decelerated, and anti-disintegration ability of soil can be enhanced by the root system. The impact exerted by plant root system on shear strength of soil decreased as soil got deeper, more than a certain depth can be ignored; the impact exerted by plant root system on small-scale gravitational erosion was particularly evident, whereas the impact exerted by large-scale mass erosion was comparatively small. The ability of plant roots to optimize soil resistance was primarily through the roots shorter than 2 mm, the effective fibrous roots in the soil of the Leucaena Benth and the Dodonaea angustifolia were comparatively small, and the root of the herbaceous plants was comparatively large.

Surface methane (CH4) is a significant precursor of tropospheric ozone (O3), a greenhouse gas that detrimentally impacts crops by suppressing their physiological processes, such as photosynthesis. This relationship implies that CH4 emissions can indirectly harm crops by increasing troposphere O3 concentrations. While this topic is important, few studies have specifically examined the combined effects of CH4 and CH4-induced O3 on rice yield and production. Utilizing the GEOS-Chem model, we assessed the potential reduction in rice yield and production in Asia against a 50% reduction in anthropogenic CH4 emissions relative to the 2010 base year. Based on O3 exposure metrics, the results revealed an average relative yield loss of 9.5% and a rice production loss of 45,121 kilotons (Kt) based on AOT40. Regions such as the India-Gangetic Plain and the Yellow River basin were particularly affected. This study determined that substantial reductions in CH4 concentrations can prevent significant rice production losses. Specifically, curbing CH4 emissions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region could significantly diminish the detrimental effects of O3 on rice yields in China, Korea, and Japan. In summary, decreasing CH4 emissions is a viable strategy to mitigate O3-induced reductions in rice yield and production in Asia.

Abstract. Mineral dust contributes up to one-half of surface aerosol loading in spring over the southwestern United States, posing an environmental challenge that threatens human health and the ecosystem. Using self-organizing map (SOM) analysis with dust deposition and flux data from WRF-Chem and Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2), we identify four typical dust transport patterns across the Sierra Nevada, associated with the mesoscale winds, Sierra barrier jet (SBJ), North Pacific High (NPH), and long-range cross-Pacific westerlies, respectively. We find that dust emitted from the Central Valley is persistently transported eastward, while dust from the Mojave Desert and Great Basin influences the Sierra Nevada during mesoscale transport occurring mostly in winter and early spring. Asian dust reaching the mountain range comes either from the west through straight isobars (cross-Pacific transport) or from the north in the presence of the NPH. Extensive dust depositions are found on the west slope of the mountain, contributed by Central Valley emissions and cross-Pacific remote transport. In particular, the SBJ-related transport produces deposition through landfalling atmospheric rivers, whose frequency might increase in a warming climate.

Abstract. In this study, WRF-Chem is utilized at high-resolution (1.333 km grid spacing for the innermost domain) to investigate impacts of southern California anthropogenic emissions (SoCal) on Phoenix ground-level ozone concentrations ([O3]) for a pair of recent exceedance episodes. First, WRF-Chem Control simulations are conducted to evaluate model performance. Compared with surface observations of hourly ozone, CO, NOx, and wind fields, the Control simulations reproduce observed variability well. Simulated [O3] are within acceptance ranges recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that characterize skillful experiments. Next, the relative contribution of SoCal and Arizona local anthropogenic emissions (AZ) to ozone exceedance within the Phoenix metropolitan area is investigated via a trio of sensitivity simulations: (1) SoCal emissions are excluded, with all other emissions as in Control; (2) AZ emissions are excluded with all other emissions as in Control; and (3) SoCal and AZ emissions are excluded (i.e., all anthropogenic emissions are eliminated) to account only for biogenic emissions [BEO]. Results for the selected events indicate the impacts of AZ emissions are dominant on daily maximum 8 h average (DMA8) [O3] in Phoenix. SoCal contributions to DMA8 [O3] for the Phoenix metropolitan area range from a few ppbv to over 30 ppbv (10–30% relative to Control experiments). [O3] from SoCal and AZ emissions exhibit the expected diurnal characteristics that are determined by physical and photochemical processes, while BEO contributions to DMA8 [O3] in Phoenix also play a key role. Finally, ozone transport processes and pathways within the lower troposphere are investigated. During daytime, pollutants (mainly ozone) near the southern California coasts are pumped into the planetary boundary-layer over the southern California desert through the mountain chimney and pass channel effects, aiding eastward transport along the desert air basins in southern California and finally, northeastward along the Gila River basin in Arizona, thereby affecting Phoenix air quality during subsequent days. This study indicates that local emission controls in Phoenix need to be augmented with regional emission reductions to attain the federal ozone standard, especially if a more stringent standard is adopted in future years.

Abstract. In this study, WRF-Chem is utilized at high resolution (1.333 km grid spacing for the innermost domain) to investigate impacts of southern California anthropogenic emissions (SoCal) on Phoenix ground-level ozone concentrations ([O3]) for a pair of recent exceedance episodes. First, WRF-Chem control simulations, based on the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2005 National Emissions Inventories (NEI05), are conducted to evaluate model performance. Compared with surface observations of hourly ozone, CO, NOX, and wind fields, the control simulations reproduce observed variability well. Simulated [O3] are comparable with the previous studies in this region. Next, the relative contribution of SoCal and Arizona local anthropogenic emissions (AZ) to ozone exceedances within the Phoenix metropolitan area is investigated via a trio of sensitivity simulations: (1) SoCal emissions are excluded, with all other emissions as in Control; (2) AZ emissions are excluded with all other emissions as in Control; and (3) SoCal and AZ emissions are excluded (i.e., all anthropogenic emissions are eliminated) to account only for Biogenic emissions and lateral boundary inflow (BILB). Based on the USEPA NEI05, results for the selected events indicate the impacts of AZ emissions are dominant on daily maximum 8 h average (DMA8) [O3] in Phoenix. SoCal contributions to DMA8 [O3] for the Phoenix metropolitan area range from a few ppbv to over 30 ppbv (10–30 % relative to Control experiments). [O3] from SoCal and AZ emissions exhibit the expected diurnal characteristics that are determined by physical and photochemical processes, while BILB contributions to DMA8 [O3] in Phoenix also play a key role. Finally, ozone transport processes and pathways within the lower troposphere are investigated. During daytime, pollutants (mainly ozone) near the Southern California coasts are pumped into the planetary boundary-layer over the Southern California desert through the mountain chimney and pass channel effects, aiding eastward transport along the desert air basins in southern California and finally, northeastward along the lower Gila River basin in Arizona, thereby affecting Phoenix air quality during subsequent days. This study indicates that local emission controls in Phoenix need to be augmented with regional emission reductions to attain the federal ozone standard, especially if a more stringent standard is adopted in the future.

Abstract. We develop a dynamic methanogen-available carbon model (DMCM) to quantify the role of the methanogen-available carbon pool in determining the spatial and temporal variability of tropical wetland CH4 emissions over seasonal timescales. We fit DMCM parameters to satellite observations of CH4 columns from SCIAMACHY CH4 and equivalent water height (EWH) from GRACE. Over the Amazon river basin we find substantial seasonal variability of this carbon pool (coefficient of variation = 28 ± 22%) and a rapid decay constant (φ = 0.017 day−1), in agreement with available laboratory measurements, suggesting that plant litter is likely the prominent methanogen carbon source over this region. Using the DMCM we derive global CH4 emissions for 2003–2009, and determine the resulting seasonal variability of atmospheric CH4 on a global scale using the GEOS-Chem atmospheric chemistry and transport model. First, we estimate tropical emissions amount to 111.1 Tg CH4 yr−1 of which 24% is emitted from Amazon wetlands. We estimate that annual tropical wetland emissions have increased by 3.4 Tg CH4 yr−1 between 2003 and 2009. Second, we find that the model is able to reproduce the observed seasonal lag between CH4 concentrations peaking 1–3 months before peak EWH values. We also find that our estimates of CH4 emissions substantially improve the comparison between the model and observed CH4 surface concentrations (r = 0.9). We anticipate that these new insights from the DMCM represent a fundamental step in parameterising tropical wetland CH4 emissions and quantifying the seasonal variability and future trends of tropical CH4 emissions.

Abstract. We develop a dynamic methanogen-available carbon model (DMCM) to quantify the role of the methanogen-available carbon pool in determining the spatial and temporal variability of tropical wetland CH4 emissions over seasonal timescales. We fit DMCM parameters to satellite observations of CH4 columns from SCIAMACHY CH4 and equivalent water height (EWH) from GRACE. Over the Amazon River basin we found substantial seasonal variability of this carbon pool (coefficient of variation = 28 ± 22%) and a rapid decay constant (φ = 0.017 day−1), in agreement with available laboratory measurements, suggesting that plant litter is likely the prominent methanogen carbon source over this region. Using the DMCM we derived global CH4 emissions for 2003–2009, and determined the resulting seasonal variability of atmospheric CH4 on a global scale using the GEOS-Chem atmospheric chemistry and transport model. First, we estimated that tropical emissions amounted to 111.1 Tg CH4 yr−1, of which 24% was emitted from Amazon wetlands. We estimated that annual tropical wetland emissions increased by 3.4 Tg CH4 yr−1 between 2003 and 2009. Second, we found that the model was able to reproduce the observed seasonal lag of CH4 concentrations peaking 1–3 months before peak EWH values. We also found that our estimates of CH4 emissions substantially improved the comparison between the model and observed CH4 surface concentrations (r = 0.9). We anticipate that these new insights from the DMCM represent a fundamental step in parameterising tropical wetland CH4 emissions and quantifying the seasonal variability and future trends of tropical CH4 emissions.

Abstract Aegla lata Bond-Buckup & Buckup, 1994 is a critically endangered species, extinct in its type-locality. Its currently known geographical distribution is restricted to small streams of the lower Tibagi River Basin (Paraná state, southern Brazil), where it is vulnerable to the environmental degradation that takes place in these watersheds. Scientific knowledge on the species is limited to the original description and a few occurrence records. No information about its biology is available. Aiming to fill this gap, we investigated the relative growth, sexual maturity, sexual dimorphism, and the reproductive and recruitment periods of A. lata. Monthly sampling occurred from May 2014 through June 2015 in the Bule stream in the southern limit of Mata dos Godoy State Park, Londrina, Paraná state, Brazil (23°27ʹ20.86″S, 51°16ʹ32.44″W). The analysis of allometric growth was used to differentiate juveniles and adults. According to the development stage of the chelae, two sequential groups of adult males were recognized (morphotypes I and II). The estimated average cephalothorax length (CL) at the onset of morphometric maturity of males and females are similar, suggesting puberty molt takes place at nearly the same size in both sexes. Males and females are heterochelous, with a clear predominance of the left chela as the most developed of the pair. Both chelae are larger in adult males than in adult females of similar CL. The reproductive period is markedly seasonal, extending from the austral autumn to winter (May to August), as well as those recorded in other species of Aegla from similar latitudes. A single annual recruitment pulse was detected from October 2014 to February 2015.

При оценке подвижности тяжелых металлов в системе «вода – донные отложения» важно не только понимать условия и особенности фазовых переходов, но и иметь надежные критерии для их оценки и интерпретации. Среди факторов иммобилизации металлов в донных отложениях обычно рассматривают присутствие в них органического вещества и тонкодисперсных фракций и pH среды. Целью исследования явилось построение репрезентативных моделей такой взаимосвязи. Список литературы Бреховских В.Ф. Тяжёлые металлы в донных отложениях Нижней Волги и дельты реки // Вода: химия и экология. 2010. №2. С. 2‒10. Даувальтер В.А. Геоэкология донных отложений озер. Мурманск: МГТУ, 2012. 242 с. Добровольский В.В. Роль гуминовых кислот в формировании миграционных массопотоков тяжелых металлов // Почвоведение. 2004. №1. С. 32‒39. Садчиков А.П. Структурные показатели бактерий и детрита в пресных водоемах (методические аспекты) // Материалы по флоре и фауне Республики Башкортостан / Сборник статей. Вып. XII. Уфа: РИЦ БашГУ, 2016. C. 37‒42. Кочарян А.Г., Веницианов Е.В., Сафронова Н.С., Серенькая Е.П. Сезонные изменения форм нахождения тяжёлых металлов в донных отложениях Куйбышевского водохранилища // Водные ресурсы. 2003. Т. 30, №4. С. 443‒451. Толкачёв Г.Ю. Сравнительная характеристика содержания и форм существования микроэлементов в донных отложениях различных районов р. Волга // Международный научно-исследовательский журнал. 2017. №3. С. 85‒89. Толкачёв Г.Ю. Тяжёлые металлы в системе «вода–донные отложения». Saarbrucken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2012. 98 с. Balls P.W. The partition of trace metals between dissolved and particulate phases in European coastal waters: A compilation of field data and comparison with laboratory studies // Netherlands journal of sea research. 1989. Vol. 23, iss. 1. Р. 7–14. Bantan R.A., Al-Dubai T.A., Al-Zubieri A.G. Geo-environmental assessment of heavy metals in the bottom sediments of the Southern Corniche of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia // Marine pollution bulletin. 2020. Vol. 161(Pt A). 111721. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111721 Baran A., Mierzwa-Hersztek M., Gondek K., Tarnawski M., Szara M. The influence of the quantity and quality of sediment organic matter on the potential mobility and toxicity of trace elements in bottom sediment // Environmental geochemistry and health. 2019. Vol. 41. Р. 2893‒2910. doi: 10.1007/s10653-019-00359-7 Chen J., Gu B., Royer G.B., Burgos R.W. The roles of natural organic matter in chemical and microbial reduction of ferric ion // The science of total environment. 2003. Vol. 307, iss. 1‒3. P. 167‒178 р. doi: 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00538-7 Horowitz A.J. A primer on trace metal-sediment chemistry. Alexandria, 1985. 67 p. Steell K.F., Wagner G.H. Trace metal relationships in bottom sediments of freshwater stream the Buffalo River, Arkansas. J. Sediment Petrol. 1975. Vol. 45. №1. P. 310–319. Hutchins C.M., Teasdale P.R., Lee J., Simpson S.L. The effect of manipulating sediment pH on the porewater chemistry of copper- and zinc-spiked sediments // Chemosphere. 2007. Vol. 69, №7. Р. 1089‒1099. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.04.029 Jabłońska-Czapla M., Nocoń K., Szopa S., Łyko A. Impact of the Pb and Zn ore mining industry on the pollution of the Biała Przemsza River, Poland // Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2016. Vol. 188, №5. Р. 262. doi: 10.1007/s10661-016-5233-3 Joshua E.O., Oyebanjo O.A. Grain-size and heavy mineral analysis of River Osun sediments // Australian journal of basic and applied science. 2010. №4(3). P. 498‒501. Kulbat E., Sokołowska A. Methods of assessment of metal contamination in bottom sediments (Case study: Straszyn Lake, Poland) // Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology. 2019. Vol. 77, №4. Р. 605‒618. doi: 10.1007/s00244-019-00662-5 MacDonald D.D., Ingersoll C.G., Berger T.A. Development and evaluation of consensus-based quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystem // Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology. 2000. Vol. 39. Р. 20‒31. Martínez-Santos M., Probst A., García-García J., Ruiz-Romera E. Influence of anthropogenic inputs and a high-magnitude flood event on metal contamination pattern in surface bottom sediments from the Deba River urban catchment // The science of total environment. 2015. Vol. 514. P. 10–25. Michalski R., Kostecki M., Kernert J., Pecyna P. Time and spatial variability in concentrations of selected metals and their species in water and bottom sediments of Dzierżno Duże (Poland) // Journal of environmental science and health. Part A. Toxic/Hazardous substances & environmental engineering. 2019. Vol. 54, №8. Р. 728‒735. doi: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1592530 Ming L., Jingbo C., Xueshi S., Zhizhou H., Dejiang F. Accumulation and transformation of heavy metals in surface sediments from the Yangtze River estuary to the East China Sea shelf // Environmental pollution. 2019. Vol. 245. P. 111‒121. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.128 Steell K.F., Wagner G.H. Trace metal relationships in bottom sediments of freshwater stream the Buffalo River, Arkansas // Journal of sedimentary petrology. 1975. Vol. 45, №1. P. 310–319. Vasiliev O.F., Papina T.S., Pozdnjakov Sh.R. Suspended sediment and associated mercury transport – the case study on the Katun River // Proc. 4 Int. Symp. on river sedimentation. Beijing. China: IRTCES, 1990. P. 155–162. Vodyanitskii Y., Vlasov D. Integrated assessment of affinity to chemical fractions and environmental pollution with heavy metals: a new approach based on sequential extraction results // International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021. Vol. 10, №18(16). Р. 8458. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18168458 Wasserman J., Oliveira F., Bidarra M. Cu and Fe associated with humic acids in sediments of a tropical coastal lagoon // Organic geochemistry. 2003. Vol. 28. P. 813–822. Wolter K. Bacterial in corporation of organic substances released by natural phytoplankton population // Marine ecology progress series. 1982. Vol. 17, №3. Р. 287‒295. Wu G.H., Cao S.S., Chen S.R., Cao F.T. Accumulation and remobilization of metals in superficial sediments in Tianjin, China // Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2011. Vol. 173, №1‒4. Р. 917‒928. doi: 10.1007/s10661-010-1434-3 Xun X., Qingliang Z., Mingsong W., Jing D., Weixian Z. Biodegradation of organic matter and anodic microbial communities analysis in sediment microbial fuel cells with/without Fe(III) oxide addition // Bioresource technology. 2017. Vol. 225. P. 402‒408. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.126 Yanqi Z., Ying Y., Rongkun D., Sobkowiak L., Xinyi W., Lizhi X. Adsorption and migration of heavy metals between sediments and overlying water in the Xinhe River in central China // Water science and technology. 2021. Vol. 84, №5. Р. 1257‒1269. doi: 10.2166/wst.2021.314

Abstract. To better characterize anthropogenic emission-relevant aerosol species, the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) and Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF/Chem) data assimilation system was updated from the GOCART aerosol scheme to the Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC) 4-bin (MOSAIC-4BIN) aerosol scheme. Three years (2015–2017) of wintertime (January) surface PM2.5 (fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 µm) observations from more than 1600 sites were assimilated hourly using the updated three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) system. In the control experiment (without assimilation) using Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China 2010 (MEIC_2010) emissions, the modeled January averaged PM2.5 concentrations were severely overestimated in the Sichuan Basin, central China, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta by 98–134, 46–101, 32–59 and 19–60 µg m−3, respectively, indicating that the emissions for 2010 are not appropriate for 2015–2017, as strict emission control strategies were implemented in recent years. Meanwhile, underestimations of 11–12, 53–96 and 22–40 µg m−3 were observed in northeastern China, Xinjiang and the Energy Golden Triangle, respectively. The assimilation experiment significantly reduced both high and low biases to within ±5 µg m−3. The observations and the reanalysis data from the assimilation experiment were used to investigate the year-to-year changes and the driving factors. The role of emissions was obtained by subtracting the meteorological impacts (by control experiments) from the total combined differences (by assimilation experiments). The results show a reduction in PM2.5 of approximately 15 µg m−3 for the month of January from 2015 to 2016 in the North China Plain (NCP), but meteorology played the dominant role (contributing a reduction of approximately 12 µg m−3). The change (for January) from 2016 to 2017 in NCP was different; meteorology caused an increase in PM2.5 of approximately 23 µg m−3, while emission control measures caused a decrease of 8 µg m−3, and the combined effects still showed a PM2.5 increase for that region. The analysis confirmed that emission control strategies were indeed implemented and emissions were reduced in both years. Using a data assimilation approach, this study helps identify the reasons why emission control strategies may or may not have an immediately visible impact. There are still large uncertainties in this approach, especially the inaccurate emission inputs, and neglecting aerosol–meteorology feedbacks in the model can generate large uncertainties in the analysis as well.

Can Gio mangrove forest (CGM) is located downstream of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), situated between an estuarine system of Dong Nai - Sai Gon river and a part of Vam Co river. The CGM is the largest restored mangrove forest in Vietnam and the UNESCO’s Mangrove Biosphere Reserve. The CGM has been gradually facing to numeric challenges of global climate change, environmental degradation and socio-economic development for the last decades. To evaluate sediment quality in the CGM, we collected 13 cores to analyze for sediment grain size, organic matter content, and trace element concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn. Results showed that trace element concentrations ranged from uncontaminated (Cd, Cu, and Zn) to very minor contaminated (Cr, Ni, and Pb). The concentrations were gradually influenced by suspended particle size and the mangrove plants.ReferencesAnh M.T., Chi D.H., Vinh N.N., Loan T.T., Triet L.M., Slootenb K.B.-V., Tarradellas J., 2003. Micropollutants in the sediment of Sai Gon – Dong Nai rivers: Situation and ecological risks. Chimia International Journal for Chemistry, 57, 09(0009–4293), 537–541.Baruddin N.A., Shazili N.A., Pradit S., 2017. Sequential extraction analysis of heavy metals in relation to bioaccumulation in mangroves, Rhizophora mucronata from Kelantan delta, Malaysia. AACL Bioflux, 10(2), 172-181. Retrieved from www.bioflux.com/aacl.Bravard J.-P., Goichot M., Tronchere H., 2014. An assessment of sediment transport processes in the lower Mekong river based on deposit grain size, the CM technique and flow energy data. Geomorphology, 207, 174-189.Cang L.T., Thanh N.C. 2008. Importing and exporting sediment to and from mangrove forest at Dong Trang estuary, Can Gio district, Ho Chi Minh city. Science & Technology Development, 11(04), 12-18.Carignan J., Hild P., Mevelle G., Morel J., Yeghicheyan D., 2001. Routine analyses of trace elements in geological samples using flow injection and low-pressure on-line liquid chromatography coupled to ICP-MS: A study of geochemical reference materials BR, DR-N, UB-N, AN-G and GH. The Journal of Geo standard and Geoanalysis, 187-198.Carlson P.R., Yarbro L.A., Zimmermann C.F., Montgomery J.R., 1983. Pore water chemistry of an overwash mangrove island. Academy Symposium: Future of the Indian River System, 46(3/4), 239-249. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24320336.Chatterjee M., Canário J., Sarkar S.K., Branco V., Godhantaraman N., Bhattacharya B.D., Bhattacharya A., 2012. Biogeochemistry of mercury and methylmercury in sediment cores from Sundarban mangrove wetland, India—a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Environ Monit Assess, 184, 5239–5254.Claudia R., Huy N.V., 2004. Water allocation policies for the Dong Nai river basin in Viet Nam: An integrated perspective. EPTD Discussion Paper, 127, 01-52.Folk R.L., Ward W.C., 1957. Brazos River bar: A study in the significance of grain size parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 27(1), 3-26.Furukawaa K., Wolanski E., Mueller H., 1997. Currents and sediment transport in mangrove forests. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 44, 301-310.Hai H.Q., Tuyen N.N., 2011. Coastal Erosion of Can Gio district Ho Chi Minh City due to the global climate change. The journal of development of technology and science, 14, 17-28.HCM SO S.O., 2015. Annual statistic data in 2015 for HCM city. Ho Chi Minh city: Statistic office of HCM city.HCMC, 2017. Decision No. 3901 on approving the areas of forest and land in HCM city in 2016. Ho Chi Minh: The people's committee of HCM city.Herut B., Sandler A., 2006. Normalization methods for pollutants in marine sediments: review and recommendations for the Mediterranean. Haifa 31080: Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research: IOLR Report H18/2006.Hong P.N., San H.T., 1993. Mangroves of Vietnam: Chapter VI Human impacts on the mangrove ecosystem. Bangkok 10501: IUCN - The International Union for Conservation of Nature, ISBN: 2-8317-0166-x.Hubner R., Astin K.B., Herbert R.J., 2009. Comparison of sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) for the assessment of metal contamination in marine and estuarine environments. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 11, 713–722.IAEA, 2003. Collection and preparation of bottom sediment samples for analysis of radionuclides and trace elements. Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA-TECDOC-1360, ISBN 92–0–109003–X.Jingchun L., Chongling Y., Ruifeng Z., Haoliang L., Guangqiu Q., 2008. Speciation changes of Cd in mangrove (Kandelia Candel L.) rhizosphere sediments. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 231-236. Doi:10.1007/s00128-007-9351-z.Kalaivanan R., Jayaprakash M., Nethaji S., Arya V., Giridharan L., 2017. Geochemistry of Core Sediments from Tropical Mangrove Region of Tamil Nadu: Implications on Trace Metals. Journal of Earth Science & Climatic Change, ISSN: 2157-7617., 8(1.1000385), 1-10. Doi:10.4172/2157-7617.1000385.Kathiresan K., Saravanakumar K., Mullai P., 2014. Bioaccumulation of trace elements by Avicennia marina. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 2(11), 888-894.Kitazawa T., Nakagawa T., Hashimoto T., Tateishi M., 2006. Stratigraphy and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of a Quaternary sequence along the Dong Nai River, southern Vietnam. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27, 788–804.Lacerda L.D., 1998. Trace metals of biogeochemistry and diffuse pollution in mangrove (M. Vannucci, Ed.) Mangrove ecosystem occassional papers (ISSN: 0919-1348), 2, 1-72.Laura H., Probsta A., Probsta J.L., Ulrich E., 2003. Heavy metal distribution in some French forest soils: evidence for atmospheric contamination. The Science of Total Environment, 195-210.Li R., Li R., Chai M., Shen X., Xu H., Qiu G., 2015. Heavy metal contamination and ecological risk in Futian mangrove forest sediment in Shenzhen Bay, South China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 101, 448–456.Long E., Morgan L.G., 1990. The potential for biological effects of sediment-sorted contaminants tested in the national status and trends program. Seattle, Washington: NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OMA 52.Long E.R., Field L.J., MacDonald D.D., 1998. Predicting toxicity in marine sediments with numerical sediment quality guidelines. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17, 714–727. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.5620170428/abstract;jsessionid=C5264A1AD0.7ACCA9B4EF9A088BE2EDE9.f04t04Long E.R., MacDonald D.D., Smith S.L., Calder F.D., 1995. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentration in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental management, 19, 81-97.Maiti S.K., Chowdhury A., 2013. Effects of Anthropogenic Pollution on Mangrove Biodiversity: A Review. Journal of Environmental Protection, 4, 1428-1434.Marchand C., Allenbach M., Lallier-Verges E., 2011. Relation between heavy metal distribution and organic matter cycling in mangrove sediments (Conception Bay, New Caledonia). Geoderma, Elsevier, 160 (3-4), 444-456.Mohd F.N., Nor R.H., 2010. Heavy metal concentrations in an important mangrove species, Sonneratia caseolaris, in Peninsular Malaysia. Environment Asia, 3, 50-53.Muller G., 1979. Schwermetalle in den Sedimenten des Rheins - Veränderungen seit 1971. Umschau, 778-783.Nam V.N., 2007. Restoration of Can Gio mangrove forest: Its structure and function in comparison between the ecosytems of plantion and nature mangrove forest. Workshop on the thesis between Germany and Vietnam.Nickerson N.H., Thibodeau F.R., 1985. Association between pore water sulfide concentrations and the distribution of mangroves. Biogeochemistry, 1, 183-192.Ong Che R.G., 1999. Concentration of 7 Heavy Metals in Sediments and Mangrove Root Samples from Mai Po, Hong Kong. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 39, 269-279.Passega R., 1957. Texture as characteristics of clastic deposition. Publisher: American Association of Petroleum Geologists.Passega R., 1964. Grain size representation by CM patterns as a geological tool. J Sediment Petrol, 34, 830–847.Phuoc V.L., An D.T., Cang L.T., Chung B.N., Tien N.V., 2010. Study the sediment dynamics in Can Gio mangrove forest (Nang Hai site, Ho Chi Minh city). Ho Chi Minh city: The final report of National University Ho Chi Minh city, No. B2009-18-36.Pumijumnong N., Danpradit S., 2016. Heavy metal accumulation in sediments and mangrove forest stems from Surat Thani province, Thailand. The Malaysian forester, 79(1&2), 212-228.QCVN43:2012/BTNMT, 2012. QCVN43:2012/BTNMT: National technical regulation on the sediment quality, Ha Noi: Ministry of natural resources and environment of Vietnam.Qiao S., Shi X., Fang X., Liu S., Kornkanitnan N., Gao J., Yu Y., 2015. Heavy metal and clay mineral analyses in the sediments of Upper Gulf of Thailand and their implications on sedimentary provenance and dispersion pattern. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 114, 488–496.Rollinson H. R., 1993. Using geochemical data for evaluation, presentation and interpretation. UK: Longman Group UK Limited ISBN-0-582-06701-4.Spalding M., Blasco F., Field C., 2010. World atlas of mangrove. Cambridge: Earthscan in UK and US, ISBN: 978-1-84407-657-4.Strady E., Dang V.B., Némery J., Guédron S., Dinh Q.T., Denis H., Nguyen P.D., 2016. Baseline seasonal investigation of nutrients and trace metals in surface waters and sediments along the Saigon River basin impacted by the megacity of HCM, Viet Nam. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 1-18. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7660-7.Tam N.F., Wong Y.S., 1996. Retention and distribution of heavy metals in mangrove soils receiving wastewater. Environment pollution, 94(5), 283-291.Thomas N., Lucas R., Bunting P., Hardy A., Rosenqvist A., Simard M., 2017. Distribution and drivers of global mangrove forest change, 1996– 2010. PLoS ONE, 12(6): e0179302, 1-14. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179302.Thuy H.T., Loan T.T., Vy N.N., 2007. Study on environmental geochemistry of heavy metals in urban canal sediments of Ho Chi Minh city. Science and Technology Development, 10(01), 1-9.Toan T.T., Bay N.T., 2006. A study on the tendency of accretion and erosion in Can Gio coastal zone. Vietnam-Japan estuary workshop, 184-194.Tri N.H., Hong P.N., Cuc L.T., 2000. Can Gio Mangrove Biosphere Reserve Ho Chi Minh city, Ha Noi, Viet Nam. Ha Noi: Hanoi University Publisher.Truong T.V., 2007. Planning for water source of Dong Nai river basin. Retrieved from Water Resources Planning: http://siwrp.org.vn/tin-tuc/quy-hoach-tai-nguyen-nuoc-luu-vuc-song-dong-nai_143.html.Tuan L.D., Oanh T.T., Thanh C.V., Quy N.D., 2002. Can Gio mangrove biosphere reserve. HCM city, Vietnam: Agriculture Publisher.Tue N.T., Quy T.D., Amono A., 2012. Historical profiles of trace element concentrations in Mangrove sediments from the Ba Lat estuary, Red river, Vietnam. Water, Air & Soil Pollution, ISSN 0049-6979, 223(3), 1315-1330.Twilley R., Chen R., Hargis T., 1992. Carbon sinks in mangroves and their implications to carbon budget of tropical coastal ecosystems. Water, Air & Soil pollution, Netherland, 64, 265-288.UN Environment Program, 2006. Methods for sediment sampling and analysis. Palermo (Sicily), Italy: United Nation Environment Program.UNESCO, 2000. List of Biosphere reserves approved by MAB committee belonging to UNESCO. Retrieved from United Nations, Educational, Scientific, Cultural Organization (UNESCO): http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/asia-and-the-pacific.Vandenberghe N., 1975. An evaluation of CM patterns for grain size studies of fine grained sediments. Sedimentology, 22, 615-622.Vinh B.T., Ichiro D., 2012. Erosion mechanism of cohesive river bank and bed of Soai Rap river (Ho Chi Minh city). J. Sci. of the Earth, 34(2), 153-161.Wang J., Du H., Xu Y., Chen K., Liang J., Ke H., Cai M., 2016. Environmental and Ecological Risk Assessment of Trace Metal Contamination in Mangrove Ecosystems. BioMed Research International, Article ID 2167053, 1-14. Doi:10.1155/2016/2167053.Wedepohl K.H., 1995. The composition of the continental crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(7), 1217-1232.Woodroffe C., Rogers K., McKee K., Lovelock C., Mendelssohn I., Saintilan N., 2016. Mangrove sedimentation and response to relative sea level rise. The Annual Review of Marine Science, 8, 243-266.Zhang J., Liu C.L., 2002. Riverine Composition and Estuarine Geochemistry of Particulate Metals in China-Weathering Features, Anthropogenic Impact and Chemical Fluxes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 54(6), 1051-1070.Zhang W., Feng H., Chang J., Qu J., Xie H., Yu L., 2009. Heavy metal contamination in surface sediments of Yangtze River intertidal zone: An assessment from different indexes. Environmental Pollution, 157, 1533-1543.Zheng W.-j., Xiao-yong C., Peng L., 1997. Accumulation and biological cycling of heavy metal elements in Rhizophora stylosa mangroves in Yingluo Bay, China. Marine ecology progress series, 159, 293-301.

Epidemiologic and health impact studies have examined the chemical composition of ambient PM_2.5 in China but have been constrained by the paucity of long-term ground measurements. Using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model and satellite-derived PM_2.5 data, sulfate and ammonium levels were estimated over China from 2004 to 2014. A comparison of the satellite-estimated dataset with model simulations based on ground measurements obtained from the literature indicated our results are more accurate. Using satellite-derived PM_2.5 data with a spatial resolution of 0.1&amp;deg;&amp;thinsp;&amp;times;&amp;thinsp;0.1&amp;deg;, we further presented finer satellite-estimated sulfate and ammonium concentrations in anthropogenic polluted regions, including the NCP (the North China Plain), the SCB (the Sichuan Basin) and the PRD (the Pearl River Delta). Linear regression results obtained on a national scale yielded an r value of 0.62, NMB of &amp;minus;35.9&amp;thinsp;%, NME of 48.2&amp;thinsp;%, ARB_50&amp;thinsp;% of 53.68&amp;thinsp;% for sulfate and an r value of 0.63, slope of 0.67, and intercept of 5.14 for ammonium. In typical regions, the satellite-derived dataset was significantly robust. Based on the satellite-derived dataset, the spatial-temporal variation of 11-year annual average satellite-derived SO₄^2&amp;minus; and NH₄⁺ concentrations and time series of monthly average concentrations were also investigated. On a national scale, both exhibited a downward trend each year between 2004 and 2014 (SO₄^2&amp;minus;: &amp;minus;0.61&amp;thinsp;%; NH₄⁺: &amp;minus;0.21&amp;thinsp;%), large values were mainly concentrated in the NCP and SCB. For regions captured at a finer resolution, the inter-annual variation trends presented a positive trend over the periods 2004&amp;ndash;2007 and 2008&amp;ndash;2011, followed by a negative trend over the period 2012&amp;ndash;2014, and sulfate concentrations varied appreciably. Moreover, the seasonal distributions of the 11-year satellite-derived dataset over China were presented. The distribution of both sulfate and ammonium concentrations exhibited seasonal characteristics, with the seasonal concentrations ranking as follows: winter &amp;gt; summer &amp;gt; autumn &amp;gt; spring. High concentrations of these species were concentrated in the NCP and SCB, originating from coal-fired power plants and agricultural activities, respectively. Efforts to reduce sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emissions have yielded remarkable results since the government has adopted stricter control measures in recent years. Moreover, ammonia emissions should be controlled while reducing the concentration of sulfur, nitrogen and particulate matter. This study provides an assessment of the population’s exposure to certain chemical components.

Photovoltaic (PV) modules are highly efficient and non-polluting power generators associated with solar energy. Recently, PV has attracted incessant attention due to its potential application in alternative energy generation. The rapid growth of the photovoltaic industry will lead to a sharp increase in the waste that is generated from PV panels. The most common silicon solar cells (close to 90% of the PV market) have a 20–30 years lifespan on average. The amount of PV e-waste will rise to globally 60–78 million tons and degraded PV modules to produce 10% of all electronic waste by the 2050 year are predicted [1]. However, electro-waste can be successfully used as a source of secondary materials. In this study, a unique procedure for recycling waste PV modules that differed from previous investigations was developed [2,3]. The first stage in recycling PV modules was to remove the aluminium frame and junction box, 18 %wt. and 1 %wt. of the module, respectively, which is typically done mechanically. The following stage was crucial, involving a mechanical-thermal method to remove the tempered glass, that accounts for 70 %wt. of the PV module. As a result, only 11 %wt. of the initial mass of the PV to the further stage of chemical delamination was subjected, which reduces the amount of solvents used. Among the aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbons, the solvents that best swelled the ethylene vinyl acetate, EVA encapsulate and allowed separation of the PV module were selected. In the next stages of the research, optimal conditions for the swelled EVA were selected. The effects of temperature, mixing and ultrasound on the separation time of different fractions were investigated. After the separation process of the laminated PV modules, a fraction of crushed silicon cells, metal ribbons (busbar, tabbing), EVA copolymer and backsheet was obtained. Silicon cells require further thermal treatment, pyrolysis to remove EVA copolymer contaminants. The metals can be recovered by chemical methods proposed in the literature [4]. The backsheet was separated from the EVA copolymer and was formed from polyethylene terephthalate, PET and polyvinylidene fluoride PVDF polymer layers. The purity of the recovered polymers were determined by analytical chemistry, FTIR spectroscopy, ED-XRF X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Physiochemical properties were measured using the DSC calorimetry in order to determine the basic parameters of the material, i.e. the temperature of glass transition. The presented research techniques allow to fully characterize the recovered materials and indicate the direction of further development, as well as determine reuse in new photovoltaic modules. This work sheds a new light on safety of environment and safe use of electronic waste materials that are properly separated and treated. Xu, Y.; Li, J.; Tan, Q.; Peters, A.L.; Yang, C. Global Status of Recycling Waste Solar Panels: A Review. Waste Manag. 2018, 75, 450–458. Xu, X.; Lai, D.; Wang, G.; Wang, Y. Nondestructive silicon wafer recovery by a novel method of solvothermal swelling coupled with thermal decomposition. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 418, 129457. Tembo, P.M.; Heninger, M.; Subramanian, V. An Investigation of the Recovery of Silicon Photovoltaic Cells by Application of an Organic Solvent Method. ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 2021, 10, 025001 Zante, G.; Rivera, R. M.; Hartley, J.M.; Abbott, A. P. Efficient recycling of metals from solar cells using catalytic etchants. J. Clean. Prod. 2022, 370, 133552.

Rapid urbanization rates impact significantly on the nature of Land Cover patterns of the environment, which has been evident in the depletion of vegetal reserves and in general modifying the human climatic systems (Henderson, et al., 2017; Kumar, Masago, Mishra, & Fukushi, 2018; Luo and Lau, 2017). This study explores remote sensing classification technique and other auxiliary data to determine LULCC for a period of 50 years (1967-2016). The LULCC types identified were quantitatively evaluated using the change detection approach from results of maximum likelihood classification algorithm in GIS. Accuracy assessment results were evaluated and found to be between 56 to 98 percent of the LULC classification. The change detection analysis revealed change in the LULC types in Minna from 1976 to 2016. Built-up area increases from 74.82ha in 1976 to 116.58ha in 2016. Farmlands increased from 2.23 ha to 46.45ha and bared surface increases from 120.00ha to 161.31ha between 1976 to 2016 resulting to decline in vegetation, water body, and wetlands. The Decade of rapid urbanization was found to coincide with the period of increased Public Private Partnership Agreement (PPPA). Increase in farmlands was due to the adoption of urban agriculture which has influence on food security and the environmental sustainability. The observed increase in built up areas, farmlands and bare surfaces has substantially led to reduction in vegetation and water bodies. The oscillatory nature of water bodies LULCC which was not particularly consistent with the rates of urbanization also suggests that beyond the urbanization process, other factors may influence the LULCC of water bodies in urban settlements. Keywords: Minna, Niger State, Remote Sensing, Land Surface Characteristics References Akinrinmade, A., Ibrahim, K., & Abdurrahman, A. (2012). Geological Investigation of Tagwai Dams using Remote Sensing Technique, Minna Niger State, Nigeria. Journal of Environment, 1(01), pp. 26-32. Amadi, A., & Olasehinde, P. (2010). Application of remote sensing techniques in hydrogeological mapping of parts of Bosso Area, Minna, North-Central Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 5(9), pp. 1465-1474. Aplin, P., & Smith, G. (2008). Advances in object-based image classification. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 37(B7), pp. 725-728. Ayele, G. T., Tebeje, A. K., Demissie, S. S., Belete, M. A., Jemberrie, M. A., Teshome, W. M., . . . Teshale, E. Z. (2018). Time Series Land Cover Mapping and Change Detection Analysis Using Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing, Northern Ethiopia. Air, Soil and Water Research, 11, p 1178622117751603. Azevedo, J. A., Chapman, L., & Muller, C. L. (2016). Quantifying the daytime and night-time urban heat island in Birmingham, UK: a comparison of satellite derived land surface temperature and high resolution air temperature observations. Remote Sensing, 8(2), p 153. Blaschke, T., Hay, G. J., Kelly, M., Lang, S., Hofmann, P., Addink, E., . . . van Coillie, F. (2014). Geographic object-based image analysis–towards a new paradigm. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 87, pp. 180-191. Bukata, R. P., Jerome, J. H., Kondratyev, A. S., & Pozdnyakov, D. V. (2018). Optical properties and remote sensing of inland and coastal waters: CRC press. Camps-Valls, G., Tuia, D., Bruzzone, L., & Benediktsson, J. A. (2014). Advances in hyperspectral image classification: Earth monitoring with statistical learning methods. IEEE signal processing magazine, 31(1), pp. 45-54. Chen, J., Chen, J., Liao, A., Cao, X., Chen, L., Chen, X., . . . Lu, M. (2015). Global land cover mapping at 30 m resolution: A POK-based operational approach. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 103, pp. 7-27. Chen, M., Mao, S., & Liu, Y. (2014). Big data: A survey. Mobile networks and applications, 19(2), pp. 171-209. Cheng, G., Han, J., Guo, L., Liu, Z., Bu, S., & Ren, J. (2015). Effective and efficient midlevel visual elements-oriented land-use classification using VHR remote sensing images. IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, 53(8), pp. 4238-4249. Cheng, G., Han, J., Zhou, P., & Guo, L. (2014). Multi-class geospatial object detection and geographic image classification based on collection of part detectors. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 98, pp. 119-132. Coale, A. J., & Hoover, E. M. (2015). Population growth and economic development: Princeton University Press. Congalton, R. G., & Green, K. (2008). Assessing the accuracy of remotely sensed data: principles and practices: CRC press. Corner, R. J., Dewan, A. M., & Chakma, S. (2014). Monitoring and prediction of land-use and land-cover (LULC) change Dhaka megacity (pp. 75-97): Springer. Coutts, A. M., Harris, R. J., Phan, T., Livesley, S. J., Williams, N. S., & Tapper, N. J. (2016). Thermal infrared remote sensing of urban heat: Hotspots, vegetation, and an assessment of techniques for use in urban planning. Remote Sensing of Environment, 186, pp. 637-651. Debnath, A., Debnath, J., Ahmed, I., & Pan, N. D. (2017). Change detection in Land use/cover of a hilly area by Remote Sensing and GIS technique: A study on Tropical forest hill range, Baramura, Tripura, Northeast India. International journal of geomatics and geosciences, 7(3), pp. 293-309. Desheng, L., & Xia, F. (2010). Assessing object-based classification: advantages and limitations. Remote Sensing Letters, 1(4), pp. 187-194. Dewan, A. M., & Yamaguchi, Y. (2009). Land use and land cover change in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh: Using remote sensing to promote sustainable urbanization. Applied Geography, 29(3), pp. 390-401. Dronova, I., Gong, P., Wang, L., & Zhong, L. (2015). Mapping dynamic cover types in a large seasonally flooded wetland using extended principal component analysis and object-based classification. Remote Sensing of Environment, 158, pp. 193-206. Duro, D. C., Franklin, S. E., & Dubé, M. G. (2012). A comparison of pixel-based and object-based image analysis with selected machine learning algorithms for the classification of agricultural landscapes using SPOT-5 HRG imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 118, pp. 259-272. Elmhagen, B., Destouni, G., Angerbjörn, A., Borgström, S., Boyd, E., Cousins, S., . . . Hambäck, P. (2015). Interacting effects of change in climate, human population, land use, and water use on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, 20(1) Farhani, S., & Ozturk, I. (2015). Causal relationship between CO 2 emissions, real GDP, energy consumption, financial development, trade openness, and urbanization in Tunisia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(20), pp. 15663-15676. Feng, L., Chen, B., Hayat, T., Alsaedi, A., & Ahmad, B. (2017). The driving force of water footprint under the rapid urbanization process: a structural decomposition analysis for Zhangye city in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 163, pp. S322-S328. Fensham, R., & Fairfax, R. (2002). Aerial photography for assessing vegetation change: a review of applications and the relevance of findings for Australian vegetation history. Australian Journal of Botany, 50(4), pp. 415-429. Ferreira, N., Lage, M., Doraiswamy, H., Vo, H., Wilson, L., Werner, H., . . . Silva, C. (2015). Urbane: A 3d framework to support data driven decision making in urban development. Visual Analytics Science and Technology (VAST), 2015 IEEE Conference on. Garschagen, M., & Romero-Lankao, P. (2015). Exploring the relationships between urbanization trends and climate change vulnerability. Climatic Change, 133(1), pp. 37-52. Gokturk, S. B., Sumengen, B., Vu, D., Dalal, N., Yang, D., Lin, X., . . . Torresani, L. (2015). System and method for search portions of objects in images and features thereof: Google Patents. Government, N. S. (2007). Niger state (The Power State). Retrieved from http://nigerstate.blogspot.com.ng/ Green, K., Kempka, D., & Lackey, L. (1994). Using remote sensing to detect and monitor land-cover and land-use change. Photogrammetric engineering and remote sensing, 60(3), pp. 331-337. Gu, W., Lv, Z., & Hao, M. (2017). Change detection method for remote sensing images based on an improved Markov random field. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 76(17), pp. 17719-17734. Guo, Y., & Shen, Y. (2015). Quantifying water and energy budgets and the impacts of climatic and human factors in the Haihe River Basin, China: 2. Trends and implications to water resources. Journal of Hydrology, 527, pp. 251-261. Hadi, F., Thapa, R. B., Helmi, M., Hazarika, M. K., Madawalagama, S., Deshapriya, L. N., & Center, G. (2016). Urban growth and land use/land cover modeling in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia: Colombo-Srilanka, ACRS2016. Hagolle, O., Huc, M., Villa Pascual, D., & Dedieu, G. (2015). A multi-temporal and multi-spectral method to estimate aerosol optical thickness over land, for the atmospheric correction of FormoSat-2, LandSat, VENμS and Sentinel-2 images. Remote Sensing, 7(3), pp. 2668-2691. Hegazy, I. R., & Kaloop, M. R. (2015). Monitoring urban growth and land use change detection with GIS and remote sensing techniques in Daqahlia governorate Egypt. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 4(1), pp. 117-124. Henderson, J. V., Storeygard, A., & Deichmann, U. (2017). Has climate change driven urbanization in Africa? Journal of development economics, 124, pp. 60-82. Hu, L., & Brunsell, N. A. (2015). A new perspective to assess the urban heat island through remotely sensed atmospheric profiles. Remote Sensing of Environment, 158, pp. 393-406. Hughes, S. J., Cabral, J. A., Bastos, R., Cortes, R., Vicente, J., Eitelberg, D., . . . Santos, M. (2016). A stochastic dynamic model to assess land use change scenarios on the ecological status of fluvial water bodies under the Water Framework Directive. Science of the Total Environment, 565, pp. 427-439. Hussain, M., Chen, D., Cheng, A., Wei, H., & Stanley, D. (2013). Change detection from remotely sensed images: From pixel-based to object-based approaches. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 80, pp. 91-106. Hyyppä, J., Hyyppä, H., Inkinen, M., Engdahl, M., Linko, S., & Zhu, Y.-H. (2000). Accuracy comparison of various remote sensing data sources in the retrieval of forest stand attributes. Forest Ecology and Management, 128(1-2), pp. 109-120. Jiang, L., Wu, F., Liu, Y., & Deng, X. (2014). Modeling the impacts of urbanization and industrial transformation on water resources in China: an integrated hydro-economic CGE analysis. Sustainability, 6(11), pp. 7586-7600. Jin, S., Yang, L., Zhu, Z., & Homer, C. (2017). A land cover change detection and classification protocol for updating Alaska NLCD 2001 to 2011. Remote Sensing of Environment, 195, pp. 44-55. Joshi, N., Baumann, M., Ehammer, A., Fensholt, R., Grogan, K., Hostert, P., . . . Mitchard, E. T. (2016). A review of the application of optical and radar remote sensing data fusion to land use mapping and monitoring. Remote Sensing, 8(1), p 70. Kaliraj, S., Chandrasekar, N., & Magesh, N. (2015). Evaluation of multiple environmental factors for site-specific groundwater recharge structures in the Vaigai River upper basin, Tamil Nadu, India, using GIS-based weighted overlay analysis. Environmental earth sciences, 74(5), pp. 4355-4380. Koop, S. H., & van Leeuwen, C. J. (2015). Assessment of the sustainability of water resources management: A critical review of the City Blueprint approach. Water Resources Management, 29(15), pp. 5649-5670. Kumar, P., Masago, Y., Mishra, B. K., & Fukushi, K. (2018). Evaluating future stress due to combined effect of climate change and rapid urbanization for Pasig-Marikina River, Manila. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 6, pp. 227-234. Lang, S. (2008). Object-based image analysis for remote sensing applications: modeling reality–dealing with complexity Object-based image analysis (pp. 3-27): Springer. Li, M., Zang, S., Zhang, B., Li, S., & Wu, C. (2014). A review of remote sensing image classification techniques: The role of spatio-contextual information. European Journal of Remote Sensing, 47(1), pp. 389-411. Liddle, B. (2014). Impact of population, age structure, and urbanization on carbon emissions/energy consumption: evidence from macro-level, cross-country analyses. Population and Environment, 35(3), pp. 286-304. Lillesand, T., Kiefer, R. W., & Chipman, J. (2014). Remote sensing and image interpretation: John Wiley & Sons. Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Peng, J., Du, Y., Liu, X., Li, S., & Zhang, D. (2015). Correlations between urbanization and vegetation degradation across the world’s metropolises using DMSP/OLS nighttime light data. Remote Sensing, 7(2), pp. 2067-2088. López, E., Bocco, G., Mendoza, M., & Duhau, E. (2001). Predicting land-cover and land-use change in the urban fringe: a case in Morelia city, Mexico. Landscape and urban planning, 55(4), pp. 271-285. Luo, M., & Lau, N.-C. (2017). Heat waves in southern China: Synoptic behavior, long-term change, and urbanization effects. Journal of Climate, 30(2), pp. 703-720. Mahboob, M. A., Atif, I., & Iqbal, J. (2015). Remote sensing and GIS applications for assessment of urban sprawl in Karachi, Pakistan. Science, Technology and Development, 34(3), pp. 179-188. Mallinis, G., Koutsias, N., Tsakiri-Strati, M., & Karteris, M. (2008). Object-based classification using Quickbird imagery for delineating forest vegetation polygons in a Mediterranean test site. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 63(2), pp. 237-250. Mas, J.-F., Velázquez, A., Díaz-Gallegos, J. R., Mayorga-Saucedo, R., Alcántara, C., Bocco, G., . . . Pérez-Vega, A. (2004). Assessing land use/cover changes: a nationwide multidate spatial database for Mexico. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 5(4), pp. 249-261. Mathew, A., Chaudhary, R., Gupta, N., Khandelwal, S., & Kaul, N. (2015). Study of Urban Heat Island Effect on Ahmedabad City and Its Relationship with Urbanization and Vegetation Parameters. International Journal of Computer & Mathematical Science, 4, pp. 2347-2357. Megahed, Y., Cabral, P., Silva, J., & Caetano, M. (2015). Land cover mapping analysis and urban growth modelling using remote sensing techniques in greater Cairo region—Egypt. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 4(3), pp. 1750-1769. Metternicht, G. (2001). Assessing temporal and spatial changes of salinity using fuzzy logic, remote sensing and GIS. Foundations of an expert system. Ecological modelling, 144(2-3), pp. 163-179. Miller, R. B., & Small, C. (2003). Cities from space: potential applications of remote sensing in urban environmental research and policy. Environmental Science & Policy, 6(2), pp. 129-137. Mirzaei, P. A. (2015). Recent challenges in modeling of urban heat island. Sustainable Cities and Society, 19, pp. 200-206. Mohammed, I., Aboh, H., & Emenike, E. (2007). A regional geoelectric investigation for groundwater exploration in Minna area, north west Nigeria. Science World Journal, 2(4) Morenikeji, G., Umaru, E., Liman, S., & Ajagbe, M. (2015). Application of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System in Monitoring the Dynamics of Landuse in Minna, Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 5(6), pp. 320-337. Mukherjee, A. B., Krishna, A. P., & Patel, N. (2018). Application of Remote Sensing Technology, GIS and AHP-TOPSIS Model to Quantify Urban Landscape Vulnerability to Land Use Transformation Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable Development (pp. 31-40): Springer. Myint, S. W., Gober, P., Brazel, A., Grossman-Clarke, S., & Weng, Q. (2011). Per-pixel vs. object-based classification of urban land cover extraction using high spatial resolution imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 115(5), pp. 1145-1161. Nemmour, H., & Chibani, Y. (2006). Multiple support vector machines for land cover change detection: An application for mapping urban extensions. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 61(2), pp. 125-133. Niu, X., & Ban, Y. (2013). Multi-temporal RADARSAT-2 polarimetric SAR data for urban land-cover classification using an object-based support vector machine and a rule-based approach. International journal of remote sensing, 34(1), pp. 1-26. Nogueira, K., Penatti, O. A., & dos Santos, J. A. (2017). Towards better exploiting convolutional neural networks for remote sensing scene classification. Pattern Recognition, 61, pp. 539-556. Oguz, H., & Zengin, M. (2011). Analyzing land use/land cover change using remote sensing data and landscape structure metrics: a case study of Erzurum, Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 20(12), pp. 3258-3269. Pohl, C., & Van Genderen, J. L. (1998). Review article multisensor image fusion in remote sensing: concepts, methods and applications. International journal of remote sensing, 19(5), pp. 823-854. Price, O., & Bradstock, R. (2014). Countervailing effects of urbanization and vegetation extent on fire frequency on the Wildland Urban Interface: Disentangling fuel and ignition effects. Landscape and urban planning, 130, pp. 81-88. Prosdocimi, I., Kjeldsen, T., & Miller, J. (2015). Detection and attribution of urbanization effect on flood extremes using nonstationary flood‐frequency models. Water resources research, 51(6), pp. 4244-4262. Rawat, J., & Kumar, M. (2015). Monitoring land use/cover change using remote sensing and GIS techniques: A case study of Hawalbagh block, district Almora, Uttarakhand, India. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 18(1), pp. 77-84. Rokni, K., Ahmad, A., Solaimani, K., & Hazini, S. (2015). A new approach for surface water change detection: Integration of pixel level image fusion and image classification techniques. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 34, pp. 226-234. Sakieh, Y., Amiri, B. J., Danekar, A., Feghhi, J., & Dezhkam, S. (2015). Simulating urban expansion and scenario prediction using a cellular automata urban growth model, SLEUTH, through a case study of Karaj City, Iran. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 30(4), pp. 591-611. Santra, A. (2016). Land Surface Temperature Estimation and Urban Heat Island Detection: A Remote Sensing Perspective. Remote Sensing Techniques and GIS Applications in Earth and Environmental Studies, p 16. Shrivastava, L., & Nag, S. (2017). MONITORING OF LAND USE/LAND COVER CHANGE USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES: A CASE STUDY OF SAGAR RIVER WATERSHED, TRIBUTARY OF WAINGANGA RIVER OF MADHYA PRADESH, INDIA. Shuaibu, M., & Sulaiman, I. (2012). Application of remote sensing and GIS in land cover change detection in Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria. J Technol Educ Res, 5, pp. 43-55. Song, B., Li, J., Dalla Mura, M., Li, P., Plaza, A., Bioucas-Dias, J. M., . . . Chanussot, J. (2014). Remotely sensed image classification using sparse representations of morphological attribute profiles. IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, 52(8), pp. 5122-5136. Song, X.-P., Sexton, J. O., Huang, C., Channan, S., & Townshend, J. R. (2016). Characterizing the magnitude, timing and duration of urban growth from time series of Landsat-based estimates of impervious cover. Remote Sensing of Environment, 175, pp. 1-13. Tayyebi, A., Shafizadeh-Moghadam, H., & Tayyebi, A. H. (2018). Analyzing long-term spatio-temporal patterns of land surface temperature in response to rapid urbanization in the mega-city of Tehran. Land Use Policy, 71, pp. 459-469. Teodoro, A. C., Gutierres, F., Gomes, P., & Rocha, J. (2018). Remote Sensing Data and Image Classification Algorithms in the Identification of Beach Patterns Beach Management Tools-Concepts, Methodologies and Case Studies (pp. 579-587): Springer. Toth, C., & Jóźków, G. (2016). Remote sensing platforms and sensors: A survey. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 115, pp. 22-36. Tuholske, C., Tane, Z., López-Carr, D., Roberts, D., & Cassels, S. (2017). Thirty years of land use/cover change in the Caribbean: Assessing the relationship between urbanization and mangrove loss in Roatán, Honduras. Applied Geography, 88, pp. 84-93. Tuia, D., Flamary, R., & Courty, N. (2015). Multiclass feature learning for hyperspectral image classification: Sparse and hierarchical solutions. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 105, pp. 272-285. Tzotsos, A., & Argialas, D. (2008). Support vector machine classification for object-based image analysis Object-Based Image Analysis (pp. 663-677): Springer. Wang, L., Sousa, W., & Gong, P. (2004). Integration of object-based and pixel-based classification for mapping mangroves with IKONOS imagery. International journal of remote sensing, 25(24), pp. 5655-5668. Wang, Q., Zeng, Y.-e., & Wu, B.-w. (2016). Exploring the relationship between urbanization, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in different provinces of China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, pp. 1563-1579. Wang, S., Ma, H., & Zhao, Y. (2014). Exploring the relationship between urbanization and the eco-environment—A case study of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. Ecological Indicators, 45, pp. 171-183. Weitkamp, C. (2006). Lidar: range-resolved optical remote sensing of the atmosphere: Springer Science & Business. Wellmann, T., Haase, D., Knapp, S., Salbach, C., Selsam, P., & Lausch, A. (2018). Urban land use intensity assessment: The potential of spatio-temporal spectral traits with remote sensing. Ecological Indicators, 85, pp. 190-203. Whiteside, T. G., Boggs, G. S., & Maier, S. W. (2011). Comparing object-based and pixel-based classifications for mapping savannas. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 13(6), pp. 884-893. Willhauck, G., Schneider, T., De Kok, R., & Ammer, U. (2000). Comparison of object oriented classification techniques and standard image analysis for the use of change detection between SPOT multispectral satellite images and aerial photos. Proceedings of XIX ISPRS congress. Winker, D. M., Vaughan, M. A., Omar, A., Hu, Y., Powell, K. A., Liu, Z., . . . Young, S. A. (2009). Overview of the CALIPSO mission and CALIOP data processing algorithms. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 26(11), pp. 2310-2323. Yengoh, G. T., Dent, D., Olsson, L., Tengberg, A. E., & Tucker III, C. J. (2015). Use of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to Assess Land Degradation at Multiple Scales: Current Status, Future Trends, and Practical Considerations: Springer. Yu, Q., Gong, P., Clinton, N., Biging, G., Kelly, M., & Schirokauer, D. (2006). Object-based detailed vegetation classification with airborne high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 72(7), pp. 799-811. Zhou, D., Zhao, S., Zhang, L., & Liu, S. (2016). Remotely sensed assessment of urbanization effects on vegetation phenology in China's 32 major cities. Remote Sensing of Environment, 176, pp. 272-281. Zhu, Z., Fu, Y., Woodcock, C. E., Olofsson, P., Vogelmann, J. E., Holden, C., . . . Yu, Y. (2016). Including land cover change in analysis of greenness trends using all available Landsat 5, 7, and 8 images: A case study from Guangzhou, China (2000–2014). Remote Sensing of Environment, 185, pp. 243-257.

This paper presents some results of rainfall forecast in the monsoon onset period in South Vietnam, with the use of ensemble Kalman filter to assimilate observation data into the initial field of the model. The study of rainfall forecasts are experimented at the time of Southern monsoon outbreaks for 3 years (2005, 2008 and 2009), corresponding to 18 cases. In each case, there are five trials, including satellite wind data assimilation, upper-air sounding data assimilation, mixed data (satellite wind+upper-air sounding data) assimilation and two controlled trials (one single predictive test and one multi-physical ensemble prediction), which is equivalent to 85 forecasts for one trial. Based on the statistical evaluation of 36 samples (18 meteorological stations and 18 trials), the results show that Kalman filter assimilates satellite wind data to forecast well rainfall at 48 hours and 72 hours ranges. With 24 hour forecasting period, upper-air sounding data assimilation and mixed data assimilation experiments predicted better rainfall than non-assimilation tests. The results of the assessment based on the phase prediction indicators also show that the ensemble Kalman filter assimilating satellite wind data and mixed data sets improve the rain forecasting capability of the model at 48 hours and 72 hour ranges, while the upper-air sounding data assimilation test produces satisfactory results at the 72 hour forecast range, and the multi-physical ensemble test predicted good rainfall at 24 hour and 48 hour forecasts. The results of this research initially lead to a new research approach, Kalman Filter Application that assimilates the existing observation data into input data of the model that can improve the quality of rainfall forecast in Southern Vietnam and overall country in general.References Bui Minh Tuan, Nguyen Minh Truong, 2013. Determining the onset indexes for the summer monsoon over southern Vietnam using numerical model with reanalysis data. VNU Journal of Science, 29(1S), 187-195.Charney J.G., 1955. The use of the primitive equations of motion in numerical prediction, Tellus, 7, 22.Cong Thanh, Tran Tan Tien, Nguyen Tien Toan, 2015. Assessing prediction of rainfall over Quang Ngai area of Vietnam from 1 to 2 day terms. VNU Journal of Science, 31(3S), 231-237.Courtier P., Talagrand O., 1987. Variational assimilation of meteorological observations with the adjoint vorticity equations, Part II, Numerical results. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 1329.Daley R., 1991. Atmospheric data analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Elementi M., Marsigli C., Paccagnella T., 2005. High resolution forecast of heavy precipitation with Lokal Modell: analysis of two case studies in the Alpine area. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 5, 593-602.Fasullo J. and Webster P.J., 2003. A hydrological definition of India monsoon onset and withdrawal. J. Climate, 16, 3200-3211.Haltiner G.J., Williams R.T., 1982. Numerical prediction and dynamic meteorology, John Wiley and Sons, New York.Hamill T.M., Whitaker J.S., Snyder C., 2001. Distance-dependent filtering of background error covariance estimates in an ensemble Kalman filter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2776.He J., Yu J., Shen X., and Gao H., 2004. Research on mechanism and variability of East Asia monsoon. J. Trop. Meteo, 20(5), 449-459.Hoang Duc Cuong, 2008. Experimental study on heavy rain forecast in Vietnam using MM5 model. A report on the Ministerial-level research projects on science and technology, 105p.Houtekamer P.L., Mitchell H.L., Pellerin G., Buehner M., Charron M., Spacek L., Hansen B., 2005. Atmospheric data assimilation with an ensemble Kalman filter: Results with real observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 604.Houtekamer P.L., Mitchell H.L., 2005. Ensemble Kalman filtering, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131C, 3269-3289.Hunt B.R., Kostelich E., Szunyogh I., 2007. Efficient data assimilation for spatiotemporal chaos: a local ensemble transform Kalman filter. Physica D., 230, 112-126.Kalnay E., 2003. Atmospheric modeling, data assimilation and predictability. Cambridge University Press, 181.Kalnay et al., 2008. A local ensemble transform Kalman filter data assimilation system for the NCEP global model. Tellus A, 60(1), 113-130.Kato T., Aranami K., 2009. Formation Factors of 2004 Niigata-Fukushima and Fukui Heavy Rainfalls and Problems in the Predictions using a Cloud-Resolving Model. SOLA. 10, doi:10.2151/sola.Kieu C.Q., 2010. Estimation of Model Error in the Kalman Filter by Perturbed Forcing. VNU Journal of Science, Natural Sciences and Technology, 26(3S), 310-316.Kieu C.Q., 2011. Overview of the Ensemble Kalman Filter and Its Application to the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. VNU Journal of Science, Natural Sciences and Technology, 27(1S), 17-28.Kieu C.Q., Truong N.M., Mai H.T., and Ngo Duc T., 2012. Sensitivity of the Track and Intensity Forecasts of Typhoon Megi (2010) to Satellite-Derived Atmosphere Motion Vectors with the Ensenble Kalman filter. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 29, 1794-1810.Kieu Thi Xin, 2005. Study on large-scale rainfall forecast by modern technology for flood prevention in Vietnam. State-level independent scientific and technological briefing report, 121-151.Kieu Thi Xin, Vu Thanh Hang, Le Duc, Nguyen Manh Linh, 2013. Climate simulation in Vietnam using regional climate nonhydrostatic NHRCM and hydrostatic RegCM models. Vietnam National University, Hanoi. Journal of Natural sciences and technology, 29(2S), 243-25.Krishnamurti T.N., Bounoa L., 1996. An introduction to numerical weather prediction techniques. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FA.Lau K.M., Yang S., 1997. Climatology and interannual variability of the Southeast Asian summer monsoon. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 14,141-162.Li C., Qu X., 1999. Characteristics of Atmospheric Circulation Associated with Summer monsoon onset in the South China Sea. Onset and Evolution of the South China Sea Monsoon and Its Interaction with the Ocean. Ding Yihui, and Li Chongyin, Eds, Chinese Meteorological Press, Beijing, 200-209.Lin N., Smith J.A., Villarini G., Marchok T.P., Baeck M.L., 2010. Modeling Extreme Rainfall, Winds,and Surge from Hurricane Isabel, 25. Doi: 10.1175/2010WAF2222349.Lu J., Zhang Q., Tao S., and Ju J., 2006. The onset and advance of the Asian summer monsoon. Chinese Science Bulletin, 51(1), 80-88.Matsumoto J., 1997. Seasonal transition of summer rainy season over Indochina and adjacent monsoon region. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 14, 231-245.Miyoshi T., and Kunii M., 2012. The Local Ensenble Transform Kalman Filter with the Weather Rearch and Forecasting Model: Experiments with Real Observation. Pure Appl. Geophysic, 169(3), 321-333. Miyoshi T., Yamane S., 2007. Local ensemble transform Kalman filtering with an AGCM at a T159/L48 resolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 3841-3861.Nguyen Khanh Van, Tong Phuc Tuan, Vuong Van Vu, Nguyen Manh Ha, 2013. The heavy rain differences based on topo-geographical analyse at Coastal Central Region, from Thanh Hoa to Khanh Hoa. J. Sciences of the Earth, 35, 301-309.Nguyen Minh Truong, Bui Minh Tuan, 2013. A case study on summer monsoon onset prediction for southern Vietnam in 2012 using the RAMS model. VNU Journal of Science, 29(1S), 179-186.Phillips N.A., 1960b. Numerical weather prediction. Adv. Computers, 1, 43-91, Kalnay 2004.Phillips N., 1960a. On the problem of the initial data for the primitive equations, Tellus, 12, 121126.Phuong Nguyen Duc, 2013. Experiment on combinatorial Kalman filtering method for WRF model to forecast heavy rain in central region in Vietnam. The Third International MAHASRI/HyARC Workshop on Asian Monsoon and Water Cycle, 28-30 August 2013, Da Nang, Viet Nam, 217-224.Richardson L.F., 1922. Weather prediction by numerical process. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Reprinted by Dover (1965, New York).Routray, Mohanty U.C., Niyogi D., Rizvi S.R., Osuri K.K., 2008. First application of 3DVAR-WRF data assimilation for mesoscale simulation of heavy rainfall events over Indian Monsoon region. Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1555.Schumacher, R. S., C. A. Davis, 2010. Ensemble-based Forecast Uncertainty Analysis of Diverse Heavy Rainfall Events, 25. Doi: 10.1175/2010WAF2222378.Snyder C., Zhang F., 2003. Assimilation of simulated Doppler radar observations with an Ensemble Kalman filter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 1663.Szunyogh I., Kostelich E.J., Gyarmati G., Kalnay E., Hunt B.R., Ott E., Satterfield E., Yorke J.A., 2008. A local ensemble transform Kalman filter data assimilation system for the NCEP global model. Tellus A., 60, 113-130.Tanaka M., 1992. Intraseasonal oscillation and the onset and retreat dates of the summer monsoon east, southeast Asia and the western Pacific region using GMS high cloud amount data. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 70, 613-628.Tan Tien Tran, Nguyen Thi Thanh, 2011. The MODIS satellite data assimilation in the WRF model to forecast rainfall in the central region. VNU Journal of Science, Natural Sciences and Technology, 27(3S), 90-95.Tao S., Chen L., 1987. A review of recent research on East summer monsoon in China, Monsoon Meteorology. C. P. Changand T. N. Krishramurti, Eds, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 60-92.Tippett M.K., Anderson J.L., Bishop C.H., Hamill T.M., Whitaker J.S., 2003. Ensemble square root filters. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 1485.Thuy Kieu Thi, Giam Nguyen Minh, Dung Dang Van, 2013. Using WRF model to forecast heavy rainfall events on September 2012 in Dong Nai River Basin. The Third International MAHASRI/HyARC Workshop on Asian Monsoon and Water Cycle, 28-30 August 2013, Da Nang, Viet Nam, 185-200.Xavier, Chandrasekar, Singh R. and Simon B., 2006. The impact of assimilation of MODIS data for the prediction of a tropical low-pressure system over India using a mesoscale model. International Journal of Remote Sensing 27(20), 4655-4676. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160500207302. Wang B., 2003. Atmosphere-warm ocean interaction and its impacts on Asian-Australian monsoon variation. J. Climate, 16(8), 1195-1211.Wang B. and Wu R., 1997. Peculiar temporal structure of the South China Sea summer monsoon. J. Climate., 15, 386-396.Wang L., He J., and Guan Z., 2004. Characteristic of convective activities over Asian Australian ”landbridge” areas and its possible factors. Act a Meteorologic a Sinica, 18, 441-454.Wang, B., and Z. Fan, 1999. Choice of South Asian Summer Monsoon Indices. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Sci., 80, 629-638.Webster P.J., Magana V.O., Palmer T.N., Shukla J., Tomas R.A., Yanai M., Yasunari T., 1998. Monsoons: Processes, predictability, and teprospects for prediction, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14451-14510.Wilks Daniel S., 1997. Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences. Ithaca New York., 59, 255.Whitaker J.S., Hamill T.M., 2002. Ensemble data assimilation without perturbed observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1913.Wu G., Zhang Y., 1998. Tibetan plateau forcing and the timing of the monsoon onset over South Asia and the South China Sea. Mon.Wea.Rev., 126, 913-927.Zhang Z., Chan J.C.L., and Ding Y., 2004. Characteristics, evolution and mechanisms of the summer monsoon onset over Southeast Asia. J.Climatology, 24, 1461-1482.http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/sounding.html and http://tropic.ssec.wisc.edu/archive/

According to the importance of Locals impact on conservation, this research had tried to find the role of locals in the protection of natural resources and ecosystems, and also tried to clarify the external laws which are affecting on local's livelihood. This research had done in Ab-e Ask village which is located on the edge of the Lar National Park and along the Haraz River, which is one of the five protected rivers in Iran, and it used the public participatory methods. Using the “Problem Tree,” “Before and After Diagram,” “Social Resources Map,” and etc., helped us to find the answers of: 1. The main reasons of water pollution 2. The land ownership‘s effect on livelihood 3. Finding the traditional approaches of conservation. Finally, the results were about: 1. The sewage of Haraz Road Restaurants and also the pollution of fish ponds were the main water pollution reasons. 2. The effect of Land Ownership Law was clarified and 3. There were two Local Traditions that protect the natural resources, one was called “Barf-e-Chal” which was about saving the water sources for the summer, and the other was about protecting the plants of region until the end of pollination season that results in protecting the flora.

Most morphological characters diagnostic of the 13 Chinese species of the cyprinid genus Sinilabeo Rendahl, 1932, are identical to those of the genus Bangana Hamilton, 1822. Consequently, these 13 species are transferred to Bangana. A revised diagnosis is provided for the now-expanded genus Bangana, and a dichotomous key and taxonomic and nomenclatural notes are included for the following valid Chinese species: B. decora, B. dero, B. devdevi, B. discognathoides, B. lemassoni, B. lippa, B. rendahli, B. tonkinensis, B. tungting, B. wui, B. xanthogenys, B. yunnanensis, and B. zhui. Literature reports, by Chinese authors, of Sinilabeo dero from the upper Irrawady River basin, in Yunnan, are based on misidentifcations of B. devdevi. Sinilabeo cirrhinoides Wu and Lin in Wu, Lin, Chen, Chen and He, 1977, and S. laticeps Wu and Lin in Wu, Lin, Chen, Chen and He, 1977, are junior subjective synonyms of B. devdevi and B. lippa, respectively. Sinilabeo yunnanensis Wu, Lin, Chen, Chen and He, 1977, is an available name, and a lectotype is designated for the species. Bangana zhui (Zheng and Chen, 1983) is a valid species distinct from B. yunnanensis.

AbstractOzone concentrations in China are increasing in recent years and future changes of ozone and their impacts have attracted much attention. We use global chemical transport model (GEOS‐Chem) to simulate the surface ozone concentrations in China in 2020 and 2050 under four Shared Socio‐economic Pathways and evaluate the impacts of future ozone pollution on vegetation and premature mortality in four polluted regions (Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, BTH; Yangtze River Delta, YRD; Pearl River Delta, PRD; Sichuan Basin, SCB) and three major crop growing areas (Huang–Huai–Hai, HHH; Northeast Plain, NEP; middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, MLRY) in China. The changes of simulated seasonal maximum daily 8‐hr average (MDA8) ozone from 2020 to 2050 (−15.5 to +11.9 ppbv) are significant under SSP126 (low forcing pathway) and SSP245 (medium forcing pathway) scenarios in all regions due to large changes of emissions. MDA8 ozone in summer 2050 will be above the WHO guidelines (100 μg/m3) in BTH, YRD, HHH and MLRY under four scenarios. By 2050, W126 (vegetative ozone exposure index) in summer will be much above the maximum of US secondary standard (21 ppm‐h) in HHH under SSP245, SSP370 (medium to high forcing pathway) and SSP585 (high forcing pathway) scenarios, and in MLRY under SSP370 and SSP585 scenarios. Annual ozone‐related deaths for people over 30 years old will mainly decrease in four polluted areas from 2020 to 2050 under SSPs scenarios, but only increase much under SSP245 scenario in BTH (+3.1 to +4.2 thousand) and YRD (+1.1 to +1.6 thousand).

Traditional Vietnamese singing is very rich and diverse, in the Red River Delta alone, there are many different genres such as: Cheo, Xam, Quan Ho, Hat Van, Ca Tru… Each of them has its own characteristics of music, singing method, performance form, etc. Ca Tru’s basic feature requires a poetic expressing in a high level and the singing techniques become different compared to other traditional singing forms. The vocal techniques of Ca Tru include vibrating/bouncing, singular sound, accent and rubato… In this article, the author clarifies some specific characteristics in Ca Tru; analyzing the standards and the factors that directly affect the quality of Ca Tru, etc. and find out some solutions to help preserving and popularizing the traditional Ca Tru values and intangible culture of Vietnamese.

The Mariánské Lázně Fault (western Bohemia, CZE) is a morphologically, geologically and tectonically prominent structure with that is 150 km long with an NNW-SSE orientation. Its tectonic activity, especially in the NW part and in the neighbouring Cheb basin, is well known and has been proven by present-day earthquake swarms, mantle-derived CO2 emanations, geophysical and paleoseismological research. It seems that other parts of the MLF (especially segments of NNW-SSE and N-S orientation) might also have been active during the Pleistocene, possible even in the Holocene. This study provides a robust set of morphometric analyses – mountain-front sinuosity, basin asymmetry, longitudinal stream profiles, SL-index, which assesses the possibility of recent tectonic activity. The results suggest that the activity of the central and southern part of the MLF could have been very young. A reconstruction of the evolution of the stream network of the Mže River, as a result of different timing of the activity of particular segments of the MLF, is also put forward. The first ideas about the evolution of terrain morphology and the stream network are proposed by this study, however subsequent field research (geophysics, paleoseismology) could prove and date the tectonic activity. The delineation of segments with young activity may also have a great implication for seismic hazard assessment.

Water is a primary component for the survival of every living being on the earth. Water management is a point of concern, especially in developing countries due to the lack of proper management and conservation of water. GIS is useful to analyze and evaluate the geomorphological features of any watershed. GIS has developed as a tool for data sharing and collaboration presently being used in its identification, mapping, monitoring, management, analyses, evaluation, strategies and planning in different areas such as alternate land use practices, selection of sites for water harvesting structures for a watershed by integrating thematic information (land use, slope, drainage and soil) with socio-economic and other collateral information (like population, depth of weathering, well and crop inventory). This paper discusses various aspects of GIS for watershed development mapping such as base map, geological map for the purpose of rock and soil type, rainfall data, elevation, interrelationships of physiography of the drainage basin with land use and population structure. Chemical concentrations, monitoring of main and sub-streams and some traditional water resources (such as Dhare, Naule, Kund, Taals and Chal-Khal), create the strategies for drinking water, hydro-power production, agriculture irrigation, fisheries and animal husbandry and water conservation in the Sai watershed area. The most important role of GIS in watershed management is identifying the spatial patterns and various changes within the watershed area. It is also used for crop classification, rainfall, surface water inventory, mapping, conservation, searching and monitoring of water percolation tanks, dug out ponds, check dams, rain water harvesting and strategies for watershed management. KEYWORDS: Watershed management, GIS, Water conservation and Surface water

Article The Mechanism of Triacetyl Andrographolide in Inhibiting Proliferation of Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells Zhe Wang 1,#, Yi-Xuan Zhang 2,#, Jun-Zhuo Shi 1,#, Chen-Chen Wang 1, Meng-Qi Zhang 1, Yi Yan 3, Yan-Ran Wang 1, Lu-Ling Zhao 1, Jie-Jian Kou 4, Qing-Hui Zhao 5, Xin-Mei Xie 1, Yang-Yang He 1,2, Jun-Ke Song 6,*, Guang Han 1,7,*, and Xiao-Bin Pang 1,2,* 1 School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China 3 Heart Center and Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200217, China 4 Department of Pharmacy, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China 5 Institute of Physical Culture, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China 6 Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China 7 Henan Province Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization to Natural Medical Resource in Yellow River Basin, Kaifeng 475004, China. * Correspondence: smilejunke@imm.ac.cn (Jun-Ke Song); hang@henu.edu.cn ( Guang Han); pxb@vip.henu.edu.cn ( Xiao-Bin Pang) Received: 17 April 2023 Accepted: 27 July 2023 Abstract: This study examines the impact of triacetyl-diacyllactone (ADA) on the proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and elucidates its underlying mechanism. PASMCs derived from SD rats were cultured in vitro and randomly divided into four groups: control group, administration group, model group, and model administration group. The appropriate concentration of ADA for intervention was determined using the MTT assay. The proliferation ability of PASMCs in each group was assessed using the EdU assay. The migration ability of PASMCs in each group was evaluated using the Scratch wound healing assay and Transwell assay. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the protein expression levels of BMPR2, PCNA, and TGF-β1, as well as the phosphorylation levels of SMAD1 and SMAD2/3 in PASMCs from each group. Results show that at a concentration of 5 µmol/L, ADA did not impact the cell activity of PASMCs and instead exerted inhibitory effects on both the proliferation and migration of PASMCs induced by PDGF-BB. PDGF-BB was found to upregulate the expression levels of PCNA and TGF-β1, while downregulating the expression of BMPR2. Furthermore, PDGF-BB led to enhanced protein phosphorylation of SMAD1 and SMAD2/3. However, following ADA intervention, the expression levels of PCNA and TGF-β1 decreased, while the expression of BMPR2 increased. Additionally, protein phosphorylation of SMAD1 and SMAD2/3 decreased. Therefore, ADA can hinder the proliferation and migration of PASMCs induced by PDGF-BB, as well as suppress the upregulation of PCNA and TGF-β1 caused by PDGF-BB. Furthermore, the downregulation of BMPR2 may be associated with the inhibition of SMAD1 and SMAD2/3 signaling pathways.

Concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in settled house dust and road dust samples collected from a core urban area of Hanoi. Levels of PAHs ranged from 830 to 3500 (median 2000) ng/g in house dust, and from 1400 to 4700 (median 1700) ng/g in road dust. Concentrations of PAHs in dust samples of this study were within the moderate range as compared with those from other countries in the world. Toxic equivalents to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP-EQs) in our samples ranged from 81 to 850 (median 330) ng BaP-EQ/g with principal contributors as BaP and dibenz[a,h]anthracene, which accounted for 69% to 93% of BaP-EQs. In almost all the samples, proportions of high-molecular-weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs with 4–6 rings) were higher than those of low-molecular-weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs with 2–3 rings), suggesting emission sources from combustion processes rather than direct contamination by petrogenic sources. Traffic activities were estimated as important sources of PAHs in the studied areas, for example, vehicular exhaust and tire debris. Keywords: PAHs, house dust, road dust, traffic emission, urbanization. References [1] K. Srogi, Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review, Environ. Chem. Let. 5 (2007) 169-195. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10311-007-0095-0.[2] K.H. Kim, S.A. Jahan, E. Kabir, R.J.C. Brown, A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects. Environ. Int. 60 (2013) 71–80. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.07.019.[3] E. Stogiannidis, R. Laane, Source characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by using their molecular indices: an overview of possibilities. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 234 (2015) 49–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10638-0_2.[4] H.I. Abdel-Shafy, M.S.M. Mansour, A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source, environmental impacts, effect on human health and remediation. Egypt. J. Pet. 25 (2016) 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.03.011.[5] ATSDR, 1995. Toxicological profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. https://www.atsdr.cdc. gov/toxprofiles/tp69.pdf.[6] M.T. Anh, L.M. Triet, J.J. Sauvain, J. Tarradellas, PAH contamination levels in air particles and sediments of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 63 (1999) 728–735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128 9901040.[7] T.T. Hien, L.T. Thanh, T. Kameda, N. Takenaka, H. Bandow, Distribution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with particle size in urban aerosols at the roadside in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Atmos. Environ. 41 (2007) 1575–1586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv. 2006.10.045.[8] M. Kishida, K. Imamura, N. Takenaka, Y. Maeda, P.H. Viet, H. Bandow, Concentrations of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate matter and the gaseous phase at roadside sites in Hanoi, Vietnam. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 81 (2008) 174–179. https://doi. org/10.1007/s00128-008-9450-5. [9] H.Q. Anh, K. Tomioka, N.M. Tue, L.H. Tuyen, N.K. Chi, T.B. Minh, P.H. Viet, S. Takahashi, A preliminary investigation of 942 organic micro-pollutants in the atmosphere in waste processing and urban areas, northern Vietnam: levels, potential sources, and risk assessment. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 167 (2019) 354–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.026.[10] C.V. Hung, B.D. Cam, P.T.N Mai, B.Q. Dzung, Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in municipal sewage sludge from a river in highly urbanized metropolitan area in Hanoi, Vietnam: levels, accumulation pattern and assessment of land application. Environ. Geochem. Health 37 (2015) 133–146. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10653-014-9635-2.[11] C.T. Pham, N. Tang, A. Toriba, K. Hayakawa, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particles and soil at a traffic site in Hanoi, Vietnam. Polycycl. Aromat. Comp. 35 (2015) 355–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/10406 638.2014.903284.[12] H.Q. Anh, K. Tomioka, N.M. Tue, G. Suzuki, T.B. Minh, P.H. Viet, S. Takahashi, Comprehensive analysis of 942 organic micro-pollutants in settled dusts from northern Vietnam: pollution status and implications for human exposure. J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag. 21 (2019) 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s101 63-018-0745-2.[13] L.H. Tuyen, N.M. Tue, G. Suzuki, K. Misaki, P.H. Viet, S. Takahashi, S. Tanabe, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediated activities in road dust from a metropolitan area, Hanoi-Vietnam: contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and human risk assessment. Sci. Total Environ. 491-492 (2014) 246–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014. 01.086.[14] L.H. Tuyen, N.M. Tue, S. Takahashi, G. Suzuki, P.H. Viet, A. Subramanian, K.A. Bulbule, P. Parthasarathy, A. Ramanathan, S. Tanabe, Methylated and unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust from Vietnam and India: occurrence, distribution and in vitro toxicity evaluation. Environ. Pollut. 194 (2014) 272–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol. 2014.07.029.[15] H.Q. Anh, T.M. Tran, N.T.T. Thuy, T.B. Minh, S. Takahashi, Screening analysis of organic micro-pollutants in road dusts from some areas in northern Vietnam: a preliminary investigation on contamination status, potential sources, human exposures, and ecological risk. Chemosphere 224 (2019) 428–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chemosphere.2019.02.177.[16] H.T.T. Thuy, T.T.C. Loan, T.H. Phuong, The potential accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in phytoplankton and bivalves in Can Gio coastal wetland, Vietnam. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25 (2018) 17240–17249. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11356-018-2249-y.[17] P.C. Van Metre, B.J. Mahler, J.T. Wilson, PAHs underfoot: contaminated dust from coal-tar sealcoated pavement is widespread in the United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (2009) 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1021/es802119h.[18] L. Liu, A. Liu, Y. Li, L. Zhang, G. Zhang, Y. Guan, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with road deposited solid and their ecological risk: Implications for road stormwater reuse. Sci. Total Environ. 563–564 (2016) 190–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.114.[19] X. Zheng, Y. Yang, M. Liu, Y. Yu, J.L. Zhou, D. Li, PAH determination based on a rapid and novel gas purge-microsyringe extraction (GP-MSE) technique in road dust of Shanghai, China: Characterization, source apportionment, and health risk assessment. Sci. Total Environ. 557–558 (2016) 688–696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scitotenv.2016.03.124.[20] T.T. Dong, B.K. Lee, Characteristics, toxicity, and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust of Ulsan, Korea. Chemosphere 74 (2009) 1245–1253. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.035.[21] R. Khanal, H. Furumai, F. Nakajima, C. Yoshimura, Carcinogenic profile, toxicity and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons accumulated from urban road dust in Tokyo, Japan. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 165 (2018) 440–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ecoenv.2018.08.095.[22] N. Soltani, B. Keshavarzi, F. Moore, T. Tavakol, A.R. Lahijanzadeh, N. Jaafarzadeh, M. Kermani, Ecological and human health hazards of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust of Isfahan metropolis, Iran. Sci. Total Environ. 505 (2015) 712–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.097.[23] B.A.M. Bandowe, M.A. Nkansah, Occurrence, distribution and health risk from polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, oxygenated-PAHs and azaarenes) in street dust from a major West African Metropolis. Sci. Total Environ. 553 (2016) 439-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scitotenv.2016.02.142.[24] T.C. Nguyen, P. Loganathan, T.V. Nguyen, S. Vigneswaran, J. Kandasamy, D. Slee, G. Stevenson, R. Naidu, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road-deposited sediments, water sediments, and soils in Sydney, Australia: Comparisons of concentration distribution, sources and potential toxicity. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 104 (2014) 339–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.03.010. [25] C. Y. Kuo, H.C. Chen, F.C. Cheng, L.R. Huang, P.S. Chien, J.Y. Wang, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in household dust near diesel transport routes. Environ. Geochem. Health 34 (2012) 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-011-9392-4.[26] W. Wang, F.Y. Wu, J.S. Zheng, M.H. Wong, Risk assessments of PAHs and Hg exposure via settled house dust and street dust, linking with their correlations in human hair. J. Hazard. Mater. 263 (2013) 627–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat. 2013.10.023.[27] N. Ali, I.M.I. Ismail, M. Khoder, M. Shamy, M. Alghamdi, M. Costa, L.N. Ali, W. Wang, S.A.M.A.S. Eqani, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor dust samples from cities of Jeddah and Kuwait: levels, sources and non-dietary human exposure. Sci. Total Environ. 573 (2016) 1607–1614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scitotenv.2016.09.134.[28] M.Y. Civan, U.M. Kara, Risk assessment of PBDEs and PAHs in house dust in Kocaeli, Turkey: levels and sources. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23 (2016) 23369–23384. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s11356-016-7512-5.[29] A. Maragkidou, S. Arar, A. Al-Hunaiti, Y. Ma, S. Harrad, O. Jaghbeir, D. Faouri, K. Hämeri, T. Hussein, Occupational health risk assessment and exposure to floor dust PAHs inside an educational building. Sci. Total Environ. 579 (2017) 1050–1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016. 11.055. [30] I.C. Yadav, N.L. Devi, J. Li, G. Zhang, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in house dust and surface soil in major urban regions of Nepal: implication on source apportionment and toxicological effect. Sci. Total Environ. 616–617 (2018) 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.313.[31] R. Boonyatumanond, M. Murakami, G. Wattayakorn, A. Togo, H. Takada, Sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust in a tropical Asian mega-city, Bangkok, Thailand. Sci. Total Environ. 384 (2007) 420−432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv. 2007.06.046.[32] I. Sadiktsis, C. Bergvall, C. Johansson, R. Westerholm, Automobile tire–a potential source of highly carcinogenic dibenzopyrenes to the environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46 (2012) 3326−3334. https://doi.org/10.1021/es204257d.[33] M. Howsam, K.C. Jones, Sources of PAHs in the environment. In: Neilson, A.H. (Ed.), The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Vol. 3 Part I PAHs and Related Compounds. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (1998) 137–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49697-7_4.[34] I.C.T. Nisbet, P.K. Lagoy, Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 16 (1992) 290–300. https://doi.org/10. 1016/0273-2300(92)90009-X.[35] B. Pieterse, E. Felzel, R. Winter, B. van der Burg, A. Brouwer, PAH-CALUX, an optimized bioassay for AhR-mediated hazard identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as individual compounds and in complex mixtures. Environ. Sci. Technol 47 (2013) 11651–11659. https://doi.org/10.1021/es403810w.[36] M.B. Yunker, R.W. Macdonald, R. Vingarzan, R. H. Mitchell, D. Goyette, S. Sylvestre, PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Org. Geochem. 33 (2002) 489–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00002-5.[37] M. Saha, A. Togo, K. Mizukawa, M. Murakami, H. Takada, M.P. Zakaria, N.H. Chiem, B.C. Tuyen, M. Prudente, R. Boonyatumanond, S.K. Sarkar, B. Bhattacharya, P. Mishra, T.S. Tana, Sources of sedimentary PAHs in tropical Asian waters: differentiation between pyrogenic and petrogenic sources by alkyl homolog abundance. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 58 (2009) 189–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.04.049.

I wake up early, questions buzzing through my mind. While I sip my morning cup of tea and read The Guardian online, the writer, restless because I’m ignoring her, walks around firing questions.“Expecting the patriarchy to want to share its enormous wealth and power with women is extremely naïve.”I nod. Outside the window pieces of sky are framed by trees, fluffy white clouds alternate with bright patches of blue. The sweet, heady first wafts of lavender and citrus drift in through the open window. Spring has come to Hvar. Time to get to work.The more I understand about narcissism, the more I understand the world. I didn’t understand before. In the 1990s.“No—you knew, but you didn’t know at the same time.”I kept telling everybody The River Ophelia wasn’t about sex, (or the sex wasn’t about sex), it was about power. Not many people listened or heard, though. Only some readers.I’ve come here to get away. To disappear. To write.I can’t find the essay I want for my article about the 1990s. I consider the novel I’m reading, I Love Dick by Chris Kraus and wonder whether I should write about it instead? It’s just been reprinted, twenty years after its initial release. The back cover boasts, “widely considered to be the most important feminist novel of the past two decades.” It was first published in the 1990s. So far it’s about a woman named Chris who’s addictively obsessed with an unavailable man, though I’m yet to unravel Kraus’s particular brand of feminism—abjection? Maybe, maybe … while I think, I click through my storage folder. Half way through, I find a piece I wrote about Kathy Acker in 1997, a tribute of sorts that was never published. The last I’d heard from Kathy before this had been that she was heading down to Mexico to try shark cartilage for her breast cancer. That was just before she died.When I was first introduced to the work of Foucault and Deleuze, it was very political; it was about what was happening to the economy and about changing the political system. By the time it was taken up by the American academy, the politics had gone to hell. (Acker qtd. in Friedman 20)Looking back, I’d have to say my friendship with Kathy Acker was intense and short-lived.In the original I’d written “was a little off and on.” But I prefer the new version. I first met Kathy in person in Sydney, in 1995. We were at a World Art launch at Ariel bookshop and I remember feeling distinctly nervous. As it turned out, I needn’t have been. Nervous, that is.Reading this now brings it all back: how Kathy and I lost touch in the intervening two years and the sudden fact of her death. I turn to the end and read, “She died tragically, not only because she was much too young, but because American literature seems rather frumpy without her, of cancer on the 30th November 1997, aged 53.”The same age as I am now. (While some believe Kathy was 50 when she died, Kathy told me she lied about her age even to the point of changing her passport. Women who lie about their age tend to want to be younger than they are, so I’m sticking with 53.) This coincidence spooks me a little.I make a cup of tea and eat some chocolate.“This could work …” the writer says. My reasons for feeling nervous were historical. I’d spoken to Kathy once previously (before the publication of The River Ophelia on the phone from Seattle to San Francisco in 1993) and the conversation had ended abruptly. I’d wanted to interview Kathy for my PhD on American fiction but Kathy wouldn’t commit. Now I was meeting her face to face and trying to push the past to the back of my mind.The evening turned out to be a memorable one. A whole bunch of us—a mixture of writers, publishers, academics and literati—went out to dinner and then carried on drinking well into the night. I made plans to see Kathy again. She struck me as a warm, generous, sincere and intensely engaging person. It seemed we might become friends. I hesitated: should I include the rest? Or was that too much?The first thing Kathy had said when we were introduced was, “I loved your book, The River Ophelia. I found it as soon as I arrived. I bought it from the bookshop at the airport. I saw your amazing cover and then I read on the back that it was influenced by the work of Kathy Acker. I was like, wow, no one in America has ever put that on the back cover of a novel. So I read it immediately and I couldn’t put it down. I love the way you’ve deconstructed the canon but still managed to put a compelling narrative to it. I never did that.”Why didn’t I include that? It had given me more satisfaction than anything anyone else had said.I remember how quickly I abandoned my bestselling life in Sydney, sexual harassment had all but ruined my career, and exchanged it for an uncertain future in London. My notoriety as an author was damaging my books and my relationship with my publisher had become toxic. The first thing I did in London was hire a lawyer, break my contract with Picador and take both novels out of print.Reality intrudes in the form of a phone call from my mother. Terminally ill with cancer, she informs me that she’s off her food. For a retired chef, the loss of appetite is not inconsiderable. Her dying is a dull ache, a constant tiredness and sadness in me. She’s just arrived in London. I will go there next week to meet her.(1)I first came across Kathy’s work in 1991. I’d just finished my MA thesis on postmodernism and parody and was rewarding myself with some real reading (i.e. not related to my thesis) when I came across the novel Don Quixote. This novel had a tremendous impact on me. Those familiar with DQ may recall that it begins with an abortion that transforms its female narrator into a knight.When she was finally crazy because she was about to have an abortion, she conceived of the most insane idea that any woman can think of. Which is to love. How can a woman love? By loving someone other than herself. (Acker Quixote 9)Kathy’s opening sentences produced a powerful emotional response in me and her bold confronting account of an abortion both put me in touch with feelings I was trying to avoid and connected these disturbing feelings with a broader political context. Kathy’s technique of linking the personal and emotional with the political changed the way I worked as a writer.I’d submitted the piece as an obituary for publication to an Australian journal; the editor had written suggestions in the margin in red. All about making the piece a more conventional academic essay. I hadn’t been sure that was what I wanted to do. Ambitious, creative, I was trying to put poststructuralist theory into practice, to write theoretical fiction. It’s true, I hadn’t been to the Sorbonne, but so what? What was the point of studying theory if one didn’t put it into practice? I was trying to write like French theorists, not to write about them. The editor’s remarks would have made a better academic essay, it’s just I’m not sure that’s where I wanted to go. I never rewrote it and it was never published.I first encountered I Love Dick (2017) during a film course at the AFTVRS when the lecturer presented a short clip of the adaptation for the class to analyse. When I later saw the novel in a bookshop I bought a copy. Given my discovery of the unpublished obituary it is also a bit spooky that I’m reading this book as both Chris Kraus and Kathy Acker had relationships with academic and Semiotext(e) publisher Sylvère Lotringer. Chris as his wife, Kathy as his lover. Kraus wrote a biography of Acker called After Kathy Acker: A Biography, which seems fairly unsympathetic according to the review I read in The Guardian. (Cooke 2017) Intrigued, I add Kraus’s biography to my growing pile of Acker related reading, the Acker/Wark letters I’m Very Into You and Olivia Laing’s novel, Crudo. While I’ve not read the letters yet, Crudo’s breathless yet rhythmic layering of images and it’s fragmented reflections upon war, women and politics reminded me less of Acker and more of Woolf; Mrs Dalloway, in fact.(2)What most inspired me, and what makes Kathy such a great writer, is her manner of writing politically. For the purposes of this piece, when I say Kathy writes politically, I’m referring to what happens when you read her books. That is, your mind—fuelled by powerful feelings—makes creative leaps that link everyday things and ideas with political discourses and debates (for Kathy, these were usually critiques of bourgeois society, of oedipal culture and of the patriarchy).In the first pages of Don Quixote, for example, an abortion becomes synonymous with the process of becoming a knight. The links Kathy makes between these two seemingly unrelated events yields a political message for the creative reader. There is more at stake than just gender-bending or metamorphoses here: a reversal of power seems to have taken place. A relatively powerless woman (a female victim except for the fact that in having an abortion she’s exerting some measure of control over her life), far from being destroyed by the experience of aborting her foetus, actually gains power—power to become a knight and go about the world fulfilling a quest. In writing about an abortion in this way, Kathy challenges our assumptions about this controversial topic: beyond the moral debate, there are other issues at stake, like identity and power. An abortion becomes a birth, rather than a banal tragedy.When I think about the 1990s, I automatically think of shoulder pads, cocktails and expense accounts (the consumption of the former, in my case, dependent on the latter). But on reflection, I think about the corporatisation of the publishing industry, the Backlash and films like Thelma and Louise, (1991) Basic Instinct (1992) and Single White Female (1992). It occurs to me that the Hollywood movie star glamorous #MeToo has its origin in the turbulent 1990s Backlash. When I first saw each of these films I thought they were exciting, controversial. I loved the provocative stance they took about women. But looking back I can’t help wondering: whose stories were they really, why were we hearing them and what was the political point?It was a confusing time in terms of debates about gender equality.Excluding the premise for Thelma and Louise, all three films present as narrative truth scenarios that ran in stark contrast to reality. When it came to violence and women, most domestic homicide and violence was perpetrated by men. And violence towards women, in the 1990s, was statistically on the rise and there’s little improvement in these statistics today.Utter chaos, having a British passport never feels quite so wonderful as it does in the arrivals hall at Heathrow.“Perhaps these films allow women to fantasise about killing the men who are violent towards them?”Nyah, BI is chick killing chick … and think about the moral to the story. Fantasy OK, concrete action painful, even deadly.“Different story today …”How so?“Violent female protagonists are all the rage and definitely profitable. Killing Eve (2018) and A Simple Favour (2018).”I don’t have an immediate answer here. Killing Eve is a TV series, I think aloud, A Simple Favour structurally similar to Single White Female … “Why don’t you try self-publishing? It’ll be 20 years since you took The River Ophelia out of print, bit of an anniversary, maybe it’s time?”Not a bad idea. I’m now on the tube to meet mum at her bed and breakfast but the writer is impatient to get back to work. Maybe I should just write the screenplay instead?“Try both. If you don’t believe in your writing, who else will?”She has a point. I’m not getting anywhere with my new novel.A message pips through on Facebook. Want to catch up?What? Talk about out of the blue. I haven’t heard from Sade in twenty years … and how on earth did he get through my privacy settings?After meeting mum, the next thing I do is go to the doctor. My old doctor from West Kensington, she asks me how I’m going and I say I’m fine except that mum’s dying and this awful narcissistic ex-partner of mine has contacted me on Facebook. She recommends I read the following article, “The Highly Sensitive Person and the Narcissist” (Psychology Today).“Sometimes being a kind caring person makes you vulnerable to abusers.”After the appointment I can’t get her words out of my head.I dash into a Starbucks, I’m in Notting Hill just near the tube station, and read the article on my laptop on wifi. I highlight various sections. Narcissists “have a complete lack of empathy for others including their own family and friends, so that they will take advantage of people to get their own needs and desires met, even if it hurts someone.” That sounds about right, Sade could always find some way of masking his real motives in charm, or twisting reality around to make it look like things weren’t his fault, they were mine. How cleverly he’d lied! Narcissists, I read, are attracted to kind, compassionate people who they then use and lie to without remorse.But the bit that really makes me sit up is towards the end of the article. “For someone on the outside looking at a relationship between a highly sensitive person and a narcissist, it’s all too easy to blame the HSP. How and why would anyone want to stay in such a relationship?” Narcissists are incredibly good at making you doubt yourself, especially the part of you that says: this has happened before, it’ll happen again. You need to leave.The opening paragraph of the psychology textbook I read next uses Donald Trump as an example. Trump is also Patrick Bateman’s hero, the misogynistic serial killer protagonist of Bret Easton Ellis’s notorious American Psycho. Despite an earlier version that broadly focused on New York fiction of the 1990s, Ellis’s novel and the feminist outcry it provoked became the central topic of my PhD.“Are you alright mum?”I’ve just picked Mum up and I’m driving her to Paris for a night and then on to Switzerland where she’s going to have voluntary euthanasia. Despite the London drizzle and the horrific traffic the whole thing has a Thelma and Louise feel about it. I tell mum and she laughs.“We should watch it again. Have you seen it since it first came out?”“Sounds like a good idea.”Mum, tiny, pointy-kneed and wearing an out-of-character fluoro green beanie given to her at the oncology clinic in Sydney, is being very stoic but I can tell from the way she constantly wrings her hands that she’s actually quite terrified.“OK Louise,” she says as I unfold her Zimmer frame later that evening.“OK Thelma,” I reply as she walks off towards the hotel.Paris is a treat. My brother is waiting inside and we’re hoping to enjoy one last meal together.Mum didn’t want to continue with chemo at 83, but she’s frightened of dying a horrific death. As we approach hotel reception Mum can’t help taking a detour to inspect the dinner menu at the hotel restaurant.“Oysters naturel. That sounds nice.”I smile, wait, and take her by the elbow.I’ve completely forgotten. The interview/review I wrote of Acker’s Pussy, King of the Pirates, in 1995 for Rolling Stone. Where is it? I open my laptop and quickly click through the endless publicity and reviews of The River Ophelia, the interview/review came out around the same time the novel was published, but I can’t find it. I know I had it out just a few months ago, when I was chasing up some freelance book reviews.I make a fresh pot of tea from the mini bar, green, and return to my Acker tribute. Should I try to get it published? Here, or back in Australia? Ever the émigré’s dilemma. I decide I like the Parisian sense of style in this room, especially the cotton-linen sheets.Finally, I find it, it’s in the wrong folder. Printing it out, I remember how Kathy had called her agent and publisher in New York, and her disbelief when I’d told her the book hadn’t been picked up overseas. Kathy’s call resulted in my first New York agent. I scrutinise its pages.Kathy smiles benign childlike creativity in the larger photo, and gestures in passionate exasperation in the smaller group, her baby face framed by countless metal ear piercings. The interview takes place—at Kathy’s insistence—on her futon in her hotel room. My memories clarify. It wasn’t that we drifted apart, or rather we did, but only after men had come between us first. Neither of us had much luck in that department.(4)Kathy’s writing is also political because her characters don’t act or speak the way you’d expect them to. They don’t seem to follow the rules or behave in the way your average fictional character tends to do. From sentence to sentence, Kathy’s characters either change into different people, or live revolutionary lives, or even more radical still, live impossible lives.When the narrator of DQ transforms herself into a knight (and lives an impossible life); she turns a situation in which she is passive and relatively powerless—she is about to be operated on and drugged—into an empowering experience (and lives a creative revolutionary life). Ironically, getting power means she turns herself into a male knight. But Kathy gets around the problem that power is male by not letting things rest there. The female, aborting Kathy isn’t actually replaced by a male knight, bits of him are just grafted onto her. Sure, she sets out on a quest, but the other aspects of her empowerment are pretty superficial: she does adopt a new name (which is more like a disguise), and identity (appearance); and picks up a bad habit or two—a tendency to talk in the language used by knights.“But who’s the father?” the writer wants to know. “I mean isn’t that the real question here?”No, that is exactly not the real question here and not the point. It is not about who the father is—it’s about what happens to a woman who has an unwanted unplanned pregnancy.The phone rings. It’s my brother. Mum’s waiting for me downstairs and the oysters are beckoning.(5)The idea that writing could be political was very appealing. The transformation between my first novel, Marilyn’s Almost Terminal New York Adventure and my second, The River Ophelia (Picador insisted on publishing them in reverse chronology) was partly a result of my discovery of Kathy’s work and the ideas it set off in me. Kathy wasn’t the first novelist to write politically, but she was the first female novelist to do so in a way that had an immediate impact on me at an emotional level. And it was this powerful emotional response that inspired me as a writer—I wanted to affect my readers in a similar way (because reading Kathy’s work, I felt less alone and that my darkest experiences, so long silenced by shame and skirted around in the interests of maintaining appearances, could be given a voice).We’re driving through Switzerland and I’m thinking about narcissism and the way the narcissists in my personal and professional life overshadowed everything else. But now it’s time to give the rest of the world some attention. It’s also one way of pulling back the power from the psychopaths who rule the world.As we approach Zurich, my mother asks to pull over so she can use the ladies. When she comes out I can see she’s been crying. Inside the car, she reaches for my hand and clasps it. “I don’t know if I’m strong enough to say goodbye.”“It’s alright Mum,” I say and hold her while we both cry.A police car drives by and my mother’s eyes snag. Harassed by the police in Australia and unable to obtain Nembutal in the UK, Mum has run out of options.To be a woman in this society is to find oneself living outside the law. Maybe this is what Acker meant when she wrote about becoming a pirate, or a knight?Textual deconstruction can be a risky business and writers like Acker walk a fine line when it comes to the law. Empire of the Senseless ran into a plagiarism suit in the UK and her publishers forced Acker to sign an apology to Harold Robbins (Acker Hannibal Lecter 13). My third novel Dependency similarly fell foul of the law when I discovered that in deconstructing gossip and myths about celebrities, drawing on their lives and then making stuff up, the result proved prophetic. When my publisher, Harper Collins, refused to indemnify me against potential unintended defamation I pulled the book from its contract on the advice of a lawyer. I was worth seven million pounds on paper at that point, the internet travel site my then husband and I had founded with Bob Geldof had taken off, and the novel was a radical hybrid text comprised of Rupert Murdoch’s biography, Shakespeare’s King Lear and Hello Magazine and I was worried that Murdoch might come after me personally. I’d fictionalised him as a King Lear type, writing his Cordelia out of his will and leaving everything to his Goneril and Reagan.Recent theoretical studies argue that Acker’s appropriation and deconstruction constitute a feminist politics as “fragmentation” (June 2) and as “agency” (Pitchford 22). As Acker puts it. “And then it’s like a kid: suddenly a toy shop opens up and the toy shop was called culture.” (Acker Hannibal Lecter 11).We don’t easily fit in a system that wasn’t ever designed to meet our needs.(6)By writing about the most private parts of women’s lives, I’ve tried to show how far there is to go before women and men are equal on a personal level. The River Ophelia is about a young woman whose public life might seem a success from the outside (she is a student doing an honours year at university in receipt of a scholarship), but whose private life is insufferable (she knows nothing about dealing with misogyny on an intimate level and she has no real relationship-survival skills, partly as a result of her family history, partly because the only survival skills she has have been inscribed by patriarchy and leave her vulnerable to more abuse). When Justine-the-character learns how to get around sexism of the personal variety (by re-inventing her life through parodies of classic texts about oedipal society) she not only changes her life, but she passes on her new-found survival skills to the reader.A disturbing tale about a young university student who loses herself in a destructive relationship, The River Ophelia is a postmodern novel about domestic violence and sexual harassment in the academy, contrary to its marketing campaign at the time. It’s protagonist, Justine, loves Sade but Sade is only interested in sex; indeed, he’s a brutish sex addict. Despite this, Justine can’t seem to leave: for all her education, she’s looking for love and commitment in all the wrong places. While the feminist lore of previous generations seems to work well in theory, Justine can’t seem to make it work in practise. Owning her power and experimenting with her own sexuality only leaves her feeling more despairing than before. Unconventional, compelling and controversial, The River Ophelia became an instant best-seller and is credited with beginning the Australian literary movement known as grunge/dirty realism.But there is always the possibility, given the rich intertextuality and self referentiality, that The River Ophelia is Justine’s honours thesis in creative writing. In this case, Sade, Juliette, Ophelia, Hamlet, Bataille, Simone, Marcelle and Leopold become hybrids made up from appropriated canonical characters, fragments of Justine’s turbulent student’s world and invented sections. But The River Ophelia is also a feminist novel that partly began as a dialogue with Ellis whose scandalous American Psycho it parodies even as it reinvents. This creative activity, which also involves the reader by inviting her to participate in the textual play, eventually empowers Justine over the canon and over her perpetrator, Sade.Another hotel room. This one, just out of Zürich, is tiny. I place my suitcase on the rack beneath the window overlooking the narrow street and start to unpack.“Hasn’t this all been said before, about The River Ophelia?” The writer says, trying out the bed. I’m in the middle of an email about self-publishing a new edition of TRO.Some of it. While the grunge label has been refuted, Acker’s influence has been underplayed.Acker often named her protagonists after herself, so losing the Acker part of my textual filiation plays into the whole grunge/dirty realism marketing campaign. I’ve talked about how I always name protagonists after famous women but not linked this to Acker. Bohemia Beach has a protagonist named after Cathy as in Wuthering Heights. Justine of The River Ophelia was doubly an Acker trait: firstly, she was named Justine after De Sade’s character and is a deconstruction of that character, and secondly she was named Justine self-reflexively after me, as a tribute to Kathy as in Kathy Goes to Haiti.The other context for The River Ophelia that has been lost is to do with the early work of Mary Gaitskill, and Catherine Texier. The narcissists were so destructive and so powerful they left no time for the relatively more subtle Gaitskill or Texier. Prototypes for Sex in the City, the 1990s was also a time when Downtown New York women writers explored the idea that gender equality meant women could do anything men did sexually, that they deserved the full gamut of libertine sexual freedoms. Twenty years on it should also be said that women who push the envelope by writing women protagonists who are every bit as sexually transgressive as men, every bit as addictively self-destructive as male protagonists deserve not to be shamed for that experimentation. They deserve to be celebrated and read.AfterwordI’d like to remember Kathy as I knew her briefly in Sydney. A bottle-blonde with a number two haircut, a leopard-skin bikini and a totally tattooed body, she swam a surprisingly genteel breast-stroke in the next lane in one of the world’s most macho lap-swimming pools.ReferencesA Simple Favour. Dir. Paul Feig. Lionsgate, 2018.Acker, Kathy. Don Quixote. London: Collins, 1986.———. Empire of the Senseless. New York: Grove, 1988.———. Hannibal Lecter, My Father. New York: Semiotext(e), 1991.———. Kathy Goes to Haiti. New York: Grove Press/Atlantic Monthly, 1994.——— and McKenzie Wark. I’m Very into You: Correspondence 1995-1996. New York: Semiotext(e), 2015.Basic Instinct. Dir. Paul Verhoeven. TriStar Pictures, 1992.Brontë, Emily. Wuthering Heights. New York: Norton and Co, 2003.Bushnell, Candace. Sex in the City. United States: Grand Central Publishing, 1996.Cooke, Rachel. “Review of After Kathy Acker: A Biography by Chris Kraus—Baffling Life Study.” The Guardian 4 Sep. 2017. 4 Dec. 2018 <https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/sep/04/after-kathy-acker-a-biography-chris-kraus-review>.Deleuze, Gilles, and Felix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987.Ellis, Bret Easton. American Psycho. New York: Vintage, 1991.Ettler, Justine. Bohemia Beach. Melbourne: Transit Lounge. 2018.———. “Kathy Acker: King of the Pussies.” Review of Pussy, King of the Pirates, by Kathy Acker. Rolling Stone. Nov. 1995: 60-61.———. Marilyn’s Almost Terminal New York Adventure. Sydney: Picador, 1996.———. “La Trobe University Essay: Bret Easton Ellis’s Glamorama, and Catherine Texier’s Break Up.” Australian Book Review, 1995.———. The Best Ellis for Business: A Re-Examination of the Mass Media Feminist Critique of “American Psycho.” PhD. Sydney: University of Sydney, 2013.———. The River Ophelia. Sydney: Picador, 1995.Faludi, Susan. Backlash: The Undeclared War against American Women. New York: Crown, 1991.Friedman, Ellen G. “A Conversation with Kathy Acker.” The Review of Contemporary Fiction 9.3 (Fall 1989): 20-21.Gaitskill, Mary. Bad Behaviour. New York: Random House, 1988.I Love Dick. Dir. Jill Soloway. Amazon Video, 2017.June, Pamela B. The Fragmented Female Body and Identity: The Postmodern Feminist and Multiethnic Writings of Toni Morrison, Therese Huk, Kyung Cha, Phyllis Alesia Perry, Gayl Jones, Emma Perez, Paula Gunn Allen, and Kathy Acker. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2010.Killing Eve. Dir. Phoebe Waller-Bridge. BBC America, 2018.Kraus, Chris. After Kathy Acker: A Biography. London: Penguin, 2017.———. I Love Dick. London: Serpent’s Tail, 2016.Laing, Olivia. Crudo. London: Picador, 2018.Lee, Bandy. The Case of Donald Trump: 27 Psychiatrists and Mental Health Experts Assess a President. New York: St Martin’s Press. 2017.Lombard, Nancy, and Lesley McMillan. “Introduction.” Violence against Women. Eds. Nancy Lombard and Lesley McMillan. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2013.Pitchford, Nicola. Tactical Readings: Feminist Postmodernism in the Novels of Kathy Acker and Angela Carter. London: Associated Uni Press, 2002.Schiffrin, André. The Business of Books: How International Conglomerates Took Over Publishing and Changed the Way We Read. London and New York: Verso, 2000.Shakespeare, William. King Lear. London: Penguin Classics, 2015.Siegle, Robert. Suburban Ambush: Downtown Writing and the Fiction of Insurgency. United States: John Hopkins Press, 1989.Single White Female. Dir. Barbet Schroeder. Columbia Pictures, 1992.Texier, Catherine. Panic Blood. London: Collins, 1991.Thelma and Louise. Dir. Ridley Scott. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 1991.Ward, Deborah. “Sense and Sensitivity: The Highly Sensitive Person and the Narcissist.” Psychology Today (16 Jan. 2012). 4 Dec. 2018 <https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/sense-and-sensitivity/201201/the-highly-sensitive-person-and-the-narcissist>.

"verbiage very thinly sliced and plated up real nice" (Barrett 1)IntroductionMany of us share in an obsessive collecting of cookbooks and recipes. Torn or cut from newspapers and magazines, recipes sit swelling scrapbooks with bloated, unfilled desire. They’re non-hybrid seeds, peas under the mattress, an endless cycle of reproduction. Desire and narrative are folded into each other in our drive, as humans, to create meaning. But what holds us to narrative is good writing. And what can also drive desire is image—literal as well as metaphorical—the visceral pleasure of the gaze, or looking and viewing the sensually aesthetic and the work of the imagination. Creative WritingCooking, winemaking, and food and wine writing can all be considered art. For example, James Halliday (31), the eminent Australian wine critic, posed the question “Is winemaking an art?,” answering: “Most would say so” (31). Cookbooks are stories within stories, narratives that are both factual and imagined, everyday and fantastic—created by both writer and reader from where, along with its historical, cultural and publishing context, a text gets its meaning. Creative writing, in broad terms of genre, is either fiction (imagined, made-up) or creative nonfiction (true, factual). Genre comes from the human taxonomic impulse to create order from chaos through cataloguing and classification. In what might seem overwhelming infinite variety, we establish categories and within them formulas and conventions. But genres are not necessarily stable or clear-cut, and variation in a genre can contribute to its de/trans/formation (Curti 33). Creative nonfiction includes life writing (auto/biography) and food writing among other subgenres (although these subgenres can also be part of fiction). Cookbooks sit within the creative nonfiction genre. More clearly, dietary or nutrition manuals are nonfiction, technical rather than creative. Recipe writing specifically is perhaps less an art and more a technical exercise; generally it’s nonfiction, or between that and creative nonfiction. (One guide to writing recipes is Ostmann and Baker.) Creative writing is built upon approximately five, more or less, fundamentals of practice: point of view or focalisation or who narrates, structure (plot or story, and theme), characterisation, heightened or descriptive language, setting, and dialogue (not in any order of importance). (There are many handbooks on creative writing, that will take a writer through these fundamentals.) Style or voice derives from what a writer writes about (their recurring themes), and how they write about it (their vocabulary choice, particular use of imagery, rhythm, syntax etc.). Traditionally, as a reader, and writer, you are either a plot person or character person, but you can also be interested primarily in ideas or language, and in the popular or literary.Cookbooks as Creative NonfictionCookbooks often have a sense of their author’s persona or subjectivity as a character—that is, their proclivities, lives and thus ideology, and historical, social and cultural place and time. Memoir, a slice of the author–chef/cook’s autobiography, is often explicitly part of the cookbook, or implicit in the nature of the recipes, and the para-textual material which includes the book’s presentation and publishing context, and the writer’s biographical note and acknowledgements. And in relation to the latter, here's Australian wine educator Colin Corney telling us, in his biographical note, about his nascent passion for wine: “I returned home […] stony broke. So the next day I took a job as a bottleshop assistant at Moore Park Cellars […] to tide me over—I stayed three years!” (xi). In this context, character and place, in the broadest sense, are inevitably evoked. So in conjunction with this para-textual material, recipe ingredients and instructions, visual images and the book’s production values combine to become the components for authoring a fictive narrative of self, space and time—fictive, because writing inevitably, in a broad or conceptual sense, fictionalises everything, since it can only re-present through language and only from a particular point of view.The CookbooksTo talk about the art of cookbooks, I make a judgmental (from a creative-writer's point of view) case study of four cookbooks: Lyndey Milan and Colin Corney’s Balance: Matching Food and Wine, Sean Moran’s Let It Simmer (this is the first edition; the second is titled Let It Simmer: From Bush to Beach and Onto Your Plate), Kate Lamont’s Wine and Food, and Greg Duncan Powell’s Rump and a Rough Red (this is the second edition; the first was The Pig, the Olive & the Squid: Food & Wine from Humble Beginnings) I discuss reading, writing, imaging, and designing, which, together, form the nexus for interpreting these cookbooks in particular. The choice of these books was only relatively random, influenced by my desire to see how Australia, a major wine-producing country, was faring with discussion of wine and food choices; by the presence of discursive text beyond technical presentation of recipes, and of photographs and purposefully artful design; and by familiarity with names, restaurants and/or publishers. Reading Moran's cookbook is a model of good writing in its use of selective and specific detail directed towards a particular theme. The theme is further created or reinforced in the mix of narrative, language use, images and design. His writing has authenticity: a sense of an original, distinct voice.Moran’s aphoristic title could imply many things, but, in reading the cookbook, you realise it resonates with a mindfulness that ripples throughout his writing. The aphorism, with its laidback casualness (legendary Australian), is affectively in sync with the chef’s approach. Jacques Derrida said of the aphorism that it produces “an echo of really curious, indelible power” (67).Moran’s aim for his recipes is that they be about “honest, home-style cooking” and bringing “out a little bit of the professional chef in the home cook”, and they are “guidelines” available for “sparkle” and seduction from interpretation (4). The book lives out this persona and personal proclivities. Moran’s storytellings are specifically and solely highlighted in the Contents section which structures the book via broad categories (for example, "Grains" featuring "The dance of the paella" and "Heaven" featuring "A trifle coming on" for example). In comparison, Powell uses "The Lemon", for example, as well as "The Sheep". The first level of Contents in Lamont’s book is done by broad wine styles: sparkling, light white, robust white and so on, and the second level is the recipe list in each of these sections. Lamont’s "For me, matching food and wine comes down to flavour" (xiii) is not as dramatic or expressive as Powell’s "Wine: the forgotten condiment." Although food is first in Milan and Corney’s book’s subtitle, their first content is wine, then matching food with colour and specific grape, from Sauvignon Blanc to Barbera and more. Powell claims that the third of his rules (the idea of rules is playful but not comedic) for choosing the best wine per se is to combine region with grape variety. He covers a more detailed and diversified range of grape varieties than Lamont, systematically discussing them first-up. Where Lamont names wine styles, Powell points out where wine styles are best represented in Australian states and regions in a longish list (titled “13 of the best Australian grape and region combos”). Lamont only occasionally does this. Powell discusses the minor alternative white, Arneis, and major alternative reds such as Barbera and Nebbiolo (Allen 81, 85). This engaging detail engenders a committed reader. Pinot Gris, Viognier, Sangiovese, and Tempranillo are as alternative as Lamont gets. In contrast to Moran's laidbackness, Lamont emphasises professionalism: "My greatest pleasure as a chef is knowing that guests have enjoyed the entire food and wine experience […] That means I have done my job" (xiii). Her reminders of the obvious are, nevertheless, noteworthy: "Thankfully we have moved on from white wine/white meat and red wine/red meat" (xiv). She then addresses the alterations in flavour caused by "method of cooking" and "combination of ingredients", with examples. One such is poached chicken and mango crying "out for a vibrant, zesty Riesling" (xiii): but where from, I ask? Roast chicken with herbs and garlic would favour "red wine with silky tannin" and "chocolatey flavours" (xiii): again, I ask, where from? Powell claims "a different evolution" for his book "to the average cookbook" (7). In recipes that have "a wine focus", there are no "pretty […] little salads, or lavish […] cakes" but "brown" albeit tasty food that will not require ingredients from "poncy inner-city providores", be easy to cook, and go with a cheap, budget-based wine (7). While this identity-setting is empathetic for a Powell clone, and I am envious of his skill with verbiage, he doesn’t deliver dreaming or desire. Milan and Corney do their best job in an eye-catching, informative exemplar list of food and wine matches: "Red duck curry and Barossa Valley Shiraz" for example (7), and in wine "At-a-glance" tables, telling us, for example, that the best Australian regions for Chardonnay are Margaret River and the Adelaide Hills (53). WritingThe "Introduction" to Moran’s cookbook is a slice of memoir, a portrait of a chef as a young man: the coming into being of passion, skill, and professionalism. And the introduction to the introduction is most memorable, being a loving description of his frugal Australian childhood dinners: creations of his mother’s use of manufactured, canned, and bottled substitutes-for-the-real, including Gravox and Dessert Whip (1). From his travel-based international culinary education in handmade, agrarian food, he describes "a head of buffalo mozzarella stuffed with ricotta and studded with white truffles" as "sheer beauty", "ambrosial flavour" and "edible white 'terrazzo'." The consonants b, s, t, d, and r are picked up and repeated, as are the vowels e, a, and o. Notice, too, the comparison of classic Italian food to an equally classic Italian artefact. Later, in an interactive text, questions are posed: "Who could now imagine life without this peppery salad green?" (23). Moran uses the expected action verbs of peel, mince, toss, etc.: "A bucket of tiny clams needs a good tumble under the running tap" (92). But he also uses the unexpected hug, nab, snuggle, waltz, "wave of garlic" and "raining rice." Milan and Corney display a metaphoric-language play too: the bubbles of a sparkling wine matching red meat become "the little red broom […] sweep[ing] away the […] cloying richness" (114). In contrast, Lamont’s cookbook can seem flat, lacking distinctiveness. But with a title like Wine and Food, perhaps you are not expecting much more than information, plain directness. Moran delivers recipes as reproducible with ease and care. An image of a restaurant blackboard menu with the word "chook" forestalls intimidation. Good quality, basic ingredients and knowledge of their source and season carry weight. The message is that food and drink are due respect, and that cooking is neither a stressful, grandiose nor competitive activity. While both Moran and Lamont have recipes for Duck Liver Pâté—with the exception that Lamont’s is (disturbingly, for this cook) "Parfait", Moran also has Lentil Patties, a granola, and a number of breads. Lamont has Brioche (but, granted, without the yeast, seeming much easier to make). Powell’s Plateless Pork is "mud pies for grown-ups", and you are asked to cook a "vat" of sauce. This communal meal is "a great way to spread communicable diseases", but "fun." But his passionately delivered historical information mixed with the laconic attitude of a larrikin (legendary Australian again) transform him into a sage, a step up from the monastery (Powell is photographed in dress-up friar’s habit). Again, the obvious is noteworthy in Milan and Corney’s statement that Rosé "possesses qualities of both red and white wines" (116). "On a hot summery afternoon, sitting in the sun overlooking the view … what could be better?" (116). The interactive questioning also feeds in useful information: "there is a huge range of styles" for Rosé so "[g]rape variety is usually a good guide", and "increasingly we are seeing […] even […] Chambourcin" (116). Rosé is set next to a Bouillabaisse recipe, and, empathetically, Milan and Corney acknowledge that the traditional fish soup "can be intimidating" (116). Succinctly incorporated into the recipes are simple greyscale graphs of grape "Flavour Profiles" delineating the strength on the front and back palate and tongue (103).Imaging and DesigningThe cover of Moran’s cookbook in its first edition reproduces the colours of 1930–1940's beach towels, umbrellas or sunshades in matt stripes of blue, yellow, red, and green (Australian beaches traditionally have a grass verge; and, I am told (Costello), these were the colours of his restaurant Panoroma’s original upholstery). A second edition has the same back cover but a generic front cover shifting from the location of his restaurant to the food in a new subtitle: "From Bush to Beach and onto Your Plate". The front endpapers are Sydney’s iconic Bondi Beach where Panoroma restaurant is embedded on the lower wall of an old building of flats, ubiquitous in Bondi, like a halved avocado, or a small shallow elliptic cave in one of the sandstone cliff-faces. The cookbook’s back endpapers are his bush-shack country. Surfaces, cooking equipment, table linen, crockery, cutlery and glassware are not ostentatious, but simple and subdued, in the colours and textures of nature/culture: ivory, bone, ecru, and cream; and linen, wire, wood, and cardboard. The mundane, such as a colander, is highlighted: humbleness elevated, hands at work, cooking as an embodied activity. Moran is photographed throughout engaged in cooking, quietly fetching in his slim, clean-cut, short-haired, altar-boyish good-looks, dressed casually in plain bone apron, t-shirt (most often plain white), and jeans. While some recipes are traditionally constructed, with the headnote, the list of ingredients and the discursive instructions for cooking, on occasion this is done by a double-page spread of continuous prose, inviting you into the story-telling. The typeface of Simmer varies to include a hand-written lookalike. The book also has a varied layout. Notes and small images sit on selected pages, as often as not at an asymmetric angle, with faux tape, as if stuck there as an afterthought—but an excited and enthusiastic afterthought—and to signal that what is informally known is as valuable as professional knowledge/skill and the tried, tested, and formally presented.Lamont’s publishers have laid out recipe instructions on the right-hand side (traditional English-language Western reading is top down, left to right). But when the recipe requires more than one item to be cooked, there is no repeated title; the spacing and line-up are not necessarily clear; and some immediate, albeit temporary, confusion occurs. Her recipes, alongside images of classic fine dining, carry the implication of chefing rather than cooking. She is photographed as a professional, with a chef’s familiar striped apron, and if she is not wearing a chef’s jacket, tunic or shirt, her staff are. The food is beautiful to look at and imagine, but tackling it in the home kitchen becomes a secondary thought. The left-hand section divider pages are meant to signal the wines, with the appropriate colour, and repetitive pattern of circles; but I understood this belatedly, mistaking them for retro wallpaper bemusedly. On the other hand, Powell’s bog-in-don’t-wait everyday heartiness of a communal stewed dinner at a medieval inn (Peasy Lamb looks exactly like this) may be overcooked, and, without sensuousness, uninviting. Images in Lamont’s book tend toward the predictable and anonymous (broad sweep of grape-vined landscape; large groups of people with eating and drinking utensils). The Lamont family run a vineyard, and up-market restaurants, one photographed on Perth’s river dockside. But Sean's Panoroma has a specificity about it; it hasn’t lost its local flavour in the mix with the global. (Admittedly, Moran’s bush "shack", the origin of much Panoroma produce and the destination of Panoroma compost, looks architect-designed.) Powell’s book, given "rump" and "rough" in the title, stridently plays down glitz (large type size, minimum spacing, rustic surface imagery, full-page portraits of a chicken, rump, and cabbage etc). While not over-glam, the photography in Balance may at first appear unsubtle. Images fill whole pages. But their beautifully coloured and intriguing shapes—the yellow lime of a white-wine bottle base or a sparkling wine cork beneath its cage—shift them into hyperreality. White wine in a glass becomes the edge of a desert lake; an open fig, the jaws of an alien; the flesh of a lemon after squeezing, a sea anemone. The minimal number of images is a judicious choice. ConclusionReading can be immersive, but it can also hover critically at a meta level, especially if the writer foregrounds process. A conversation starts in this exchange, the reader imagining for themselves the worlds written about. Writers read as writers, to acquire a sense of what good writing is, who writing colleagues are, where writing is being published, and, comparably, to learn to judge their own writing. Writing is produced from a combination of passion and the discipline of everyday work. To be a writer in the world is to observe and remember/record, to be conscious of aiming to see the narrative potential in an array of experiences, events, and images, or, to put it another way, "to develop the habit of art" (Jolley 20). Photography makes significant whatever is photographed. The image is immobile in a literal sense but, because of its referential nature, evocative. Design, too, is about communication through aesthetics as a sensuous visual code for ideas or concepts. (There is a large amount of scholarship on the workings of image combined with text. Roland Barthes is a place to begin, particularly about photography. There are also textbooks dealing with visual literacy or culture, only one example being Shirato and Webb.) It is reasonable to think about why there is so much interest in food in this moment. Food has become folded into celebrity culture, but, naturally, obviously, food is about our security and survival, physically and emotionally. Given that our planet is under threat from global warming which is also driving climate change, and we are facing peak oil, and alternative forms of energy are still not taken seriously in a widespread manner, then food production is under threat. Food supply and production are also linked to the growing gap between poverty and wealth, and the movement of whole populations: food is about being at home. Creativity is associated with mastery of a discipline, openness to new experiences, and persistence and courage, among other things. We read, write, photograph, and design to argue and critique, to use the imagination, to shape and transform, to transmit ideas, to celebrate living and to live more fully.References Allen, Max. The Future Makers: Australian Wines for the 21st Century. Melbourne: Hardie Grant, 2010. Barratt, Virginia. “verbiage very thinly sliced and plated up real nice.” Assignment, ENG10022 Writing from the Edge. Lismore: Southern Cross U, 2009. [lower case in the title is the author's proclivity, and subsequently published in Carson and Dettori. Eds. Banquet: A Feast of New Writing and Arts by Queer Women]Costello, Patricia. Personal conversation. 31 May 2012. Curti, Lidia. Female Stories, Female Bodies: Narrative, Identity and Representation. UK: Macmillan, 1998.Derrida, Jacques. "Fifty-Two Aphorisms for a Foreword." Deconstruction: Omnibus Volume. Eds. Andreas Apadakis, Catherine Cook, and Andrew Benjamin. New York: Rizzoli, 1989.Halliday, James. “An Artist’s Spirit.” The Weekend Australian: The Weekend Australian Magazine 13-14 Feb. (2010): 31.Jolley, Elizabeth. Central Mischief. Ringwood: Viking/Penguin 1992. Lamont, Kate. Wine and Food. Perth: U of Western Australia P, 2009. Milan, Lyndey, and Corney, Colin. Balance: Matching Food and Wine: What Works and Why. South Melbourne: Lothian, 2005. Moran, Sean. Let It Simmer. Camberwell: Lantern/Penguin, 2006. Ostmann, Barbara Gibbs, and Jane L. Baker. The Recipe Writer's Handbook. Canada: John Wiley, 2001.Powell, Greg Duncan. Rump and a Rough Red. Millers Point: Murdoch, 2010. Shirato, Tony, and Jen Webb. Reading the Visual. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin, 2004.