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1
contributor, Aligică Paul Dragoș, und Institute of Economic Affairs (Great Britain), Hrsg. Sea change: How markets and property rights could transform the fishing industry. London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 2017.
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2
Górka, Jakub. Transforming payment systems in Europe. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
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3
Komori, Satoru. Turbulence structure and CO₂ transfer at the air-sea interface and turbulent diffusion in thermally-stratified flows. Tsukuba, Japan: Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Environment Agency of Japan, 1996.
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4
Canada. Bill: An act to change the tenure of the Indian lands in the township of Durham. [Toronto: S. Derbishire & G. Desbarats, 2001.
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5
Japan. Extension of fishery agreement between the United States and Japan: Message from the President of the United States transmitting an agreement extending the Governing International Fishery Agreement ... pursuant to 16 U.S.C. 1823(a), Public Law 94-265, sec. 203(a). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
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Japan. Extension of fishery agreement between the United States and Japan: Message from the President of the United States transmitting an agreement extending the Governing International Fishery Agreement ... pursuant to 16 U.S.C. 1823(a), Public Law 94-265, sec. 203(a). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
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7
Launay, Jean-Pierre, und Michel Verdaguer. The moving electron: electrical properties. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814597.003.0003.
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The three basic parameters controlling electron transfer are presented: electronic interaction, structural change and interelectronic repulsion. Then electron transfer in discrete molecular systems is considered, with cases of inter- and intramolecular transfers. The semi-classical (Marcus—Hush) and quantum models are developed, and the properties of mixed valence systems are described. Double exchange in magnetic mixed valence entities is introduced. Biological electron transfer in proteins is briefly presented. The conductivity in extended molecular solids (in particular organic conductors) is tackled starting from band theory, with examples such as KCP, polyacetylene and TTF-TCNQ. It is shown that electron–phonon interaction can change the geometrical structure and alter conductivity through Peierls distortion. Another important effect occurs in narrow-band systems where the interelectronic repulsion plays a leading role, for instance in Mott insulators.
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Greene, Stephanie N. Transform the World: 14 Sci-Fi Writers Change the Planet. Other Worlds Ink, 2023.
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Simon, Gleeson, und Guynn Randall. Part III The EU Resolution Regime, 11 Institutional and Cross-Border Issues. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199698011.003.0011.
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This chapter examines how the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive is implemented in international and cross-border situations, both within the EU and between the EU and third countries. The BRRD requires each member state to recognize in their law the effect of resolution actions taken by other member states. This means that as regards foreign resolution action which purports to transfer assets located in their jurisdiction, or rights or liabilities governed by their law, or write-down or convert liabilities governed by their law or owed to creditors in their jurisdictions, their law must make provision for such transfers or conversions to take effect automatically and cannot be prevented, challenged, or set aside under their law. The chapter covers the scope of the Single Resolution Mechanism, cross-border branching, and the relevant changes to the Credit Institutions (Winding-Up) Directive.
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Marcus, Smith, und Leslie Nico. Part VI Special Regimes for Transfer, 30 Insolvency and Assignment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198748434.003.0030.
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This chapter discusses insolvency. Insolvency is significant in the law of assignment in a number of respects. In the first place, individual bankruptcy—although not the insolvency of companies—causes the bankrupt to be divested of his property, which automatically becomes vested in his trustee in bankruptcy upon the latter's appointment. So far as choses in action are concerned, this involves what can be termed a statutory assignment. The onset of insolvency—both individual and corporate—also causes the rules regarding assignments generally to change in certain respects. Thus, with the onset of insolvency: the rules regarding the assignability of present rights enforceable in the future change; the rules of champerty and maintenance change; and the rules of set-off change.
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Costa, Ken. The 100 Trillion Dollar Wealth Transfer. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781399407663.
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‘A valuable exploration of the topic and a thought-provoking read.’ Financial Times An insider's look into how Generation Z's focus on ethics, climate change and purpose will change capitalism forever. In the next ten years there will be an unprecedented wealth transfer from the so-called ‘baby boomer’ generation to the young. Never before will so much money – in housing, land, stocks and cash – be shifted so suddenly from one generation to the next, and never before does the next generation feel so differently about the future of the planet and of capitalism. Ken Costa works with this new generation and shows how environmental concerns and anxiety about equality and diversity are more than mere slogans; instead they are driving the future of the markets. So many issues stem from the reality of the financial gap between age groups - from cancel culture and fears about wokeness, to generation rent, protest movements and re-evaluations of history around subjects such as empire. Costa also shows how we can build a more inclusive, purposeful capitalism, which shifts focus away from the individual and more towards collaboration, compassion and community. For readers of Rebecca Henderson’s Reimagining Capitalism, and Rutger Bregman’s Utopia for Realists, as well as business leaders and tech watchers, this is what the future of capitalism looks like, how our current systems may be upended, and above all how boomers must work with the invigorating and inspiring young, who see their mission not just to increase value for shareholders, but also to save the planet.
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Small move, big change: Using microresolutions to transform your life permanently. 2014.
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Small Move, Big Change: Using Microresolutions to Transform Your Life Permanently. Penguin Books, Limited, 2016.
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Arnold, Caroline L. Small Move, Big Change: Using Microresolutions to Transform Your Life Permanently. Penguin Books, Limited, 2016.
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Stutz, Phil. The Tools: Transform Your Problems into Courage, Confidence, and Creativity. Random House Canada, 2012.
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Michels, Barry, und Phil Stutz. The Tools: Transform Your Problems into Courage, Confidence, and Creativity. Unknown, 2012.
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17
Jenkins, Jesse D., und Valerie J. Karplus. Carbon Pricing under Political Constraints. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0003.
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The economic prescription for mitigating climate change is clear: price carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions to internalize climate damages. In practice, a variety of political economy constraints have prevented the introduction of a carbon price equal to the full social cost of emissions. This chapter develops insights about the design of climate policy in the face of binding political constraints. Using a stylized model of the energy sector, the authors identify welfare-maximizing combinations of a CO2 price, subsidy for clean energy production, and lump-sum transfers to energy consumers or producers under a set of constraints: limits on the CO2 price, on increases in energy prices, and on energy consumer and producer surplus loss. The authors find that strategically using subsidies or transfers to relieve political constraints can significantly improve the efficiency of carbon pricing policies, while strengthening momentum for a low-carbon transition over time.
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Kumlin, Staffan, und Achim Goerres. Election Campaigns and Welfare State Change. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198869214.001.0001.
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Abstract For over three decades, mature European welfare states have been on their way into an austerity phase marked by greater need and more insecure revenues. A number of reform pressures—including population ageing, unemployment, economic globalization, and increased migration—call into question the economic sustainability and normative underpinning of transfer systems and public services. And while welfare states long seemed resilient to growing challenges, it now seems clear that they are changing. This book examines how political leaders and the public respond to reform pressures at a pivotal moment in a mass democracy: the election campaign. Do campaigns facilitate debate and attention to welfare state challenges? Do political parties present citizens with distinct choices as to how challenges might be met? Do leaders prepare citizens for the idea that some policies may be painful? Do party messages have adaptive consequences for how the public perceives the need for reform? Do citizens adjust their normative support for welfare policies in the process? Overall, the answers to these questions affect how we understand welfare state change and the functioning of representative democracy in an era of mounting challenges. The book builds on an integrated set of data sources collected by the authors. These include information about campaign themes from a large number of countries across three decades, content analysis of party leader speeches from the largest parties in Germany, Norway, and Sweden in the 2000s, as well as experiments and panel survey data from these countries.
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Lele, Uma, Manmohan Agarwal, Brian C. Baldwin und Sambuddha Goswami. Food for All. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755173.001.0001.
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This book is a historical review of international food and agriculture since the founding of the international organizations following the Second World War, including the World Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and into the 1970s, when CGIAR was established and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) was created to recycle petrodollars. The book concurrently focuses on the structural transformation of developing countries in Asia and Africa, with some making great strides in small farmer development and in achieving structural transformation of their economies. Some have also achieved Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG2, but most have not. Not only are some countries, particularly in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, lagging behind, but they face new challenges of climate change, competition from emerging countries, population pressure, urbanization, environmental decay, dietary transition, and now pandemics. Lagging developing countries need huge investments in human capital, and physical and institutional infrastructure, to take advantage of rapid change in technologies, but the role of international assistance in financial transfers has diminished. The COVID-19 pandemic has not only set many poorer countries back but starkly revealed the weaknesses of past strategies. Transformative changes are needed in developing countries with international cooperation to achieve better outcomes. Will the change in US leadership bring new opportunities for multilateral cooperation?
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White, Carolyn L., Hrsg. A Cultural History of Objects in the Age of Industry. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474206884.
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A Cultural History of Objects in the Age of Industry covers the period 1760 to 1900, a time of dramatic change in the material world as objects shifted from the handmade to the machine made. The revolution in making, and in consuming the things which were made, impacted on lives at every scale from body to home to workplace to city to nation. Beyond the explosion in technology, scientific knowledge, manufacturing, trade, and museums, changes in class structure, politics, ideology, and morality all acted to transform the world of objects. The 6 volume set of the Cultural History of Objects examines how objects have been created, used, interpreted and set loose in the world over the last 2500 years. Over this time, the West has developed particular attitudes to the material world, at the centre of which is the idea of the object. The themes covered in each volume are objecthood; technology; economic objects; everyday objects; art; architecture; bodily objects; object worlds.
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Cowhey, Peter F., und Jonathan D. Aronson. Cybersecurity as a Governance Challenge. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190657932.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 concentrates on international issues pertaining to cybersecurity. It explains why predictable market incentives lead to unacceptable security risks if governments do not set guidelines. However, government actions face significant issues of international interdependence in creating security. The type of interdependence depends on the market structure and risk factors. The chapter illustrates how different structures of international governance and engagement of multistakeholder organizations have worked in regard to cybersecurity for the finance sector. One case involves the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication, an unusual multistakeholder organization of international financial institutions that secures financial transfers across borders. The second case examines policy changes to combat cybercrimes tied to credit card transactions in the U.S. and EU markets and the role played by transatlantic financial institutions in working out the changes.
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Norwood, F. Bailey, und Tamara L. Mix. Meet the Food Radicals. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190620431.001.0001.
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They are twenty-seven persons changing how we farm, how the food system operates, and how we eat. No two are the same, but all are far from ordinary. Some want to change how we farm to make it more sustainable, while others want to transform the food system in the name of social justice. Some seek to alter what we eat, while others want to change how and where we eat. They include regular farmers, but also farmers growing food without the sun or soil. They include architects, molecular biologists, Black Lives Matter activists, anarchists, undercover animal rights investigators, big farmers, small farmers, martial arts instructors, and more. Join us at the table to dine with twenty-seven food radicals—and see the world of food as you have rarely seen it before.
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Young-Eisendrath, Polly. Subject to Change: Analytical Psychology, Psychoanalysis and Subjectivity. Brunner-Routledge, 2003.
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Subject to change: Jung, gender, and subjectivity in psychoanalysis. New York: Brunner-Routledge, 2004.
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Vasudevan, Ravi. Media and the Constitution of the Political: South Asia and Beyond. SAGE Publications, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/978-93-5479-084-3.
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This volume features the writings of leading media scholars from South Asia and Europe on the topic of how media articulates political energies and transformational logics. The research traverses the press, newsreels, entertainment cinema, photography, television, music, social media and data-driven politics. The authors consider how media industries, institutions and practices constitute sites where conflicts relating to wider social change are observable. Authors address media materiality and aesthetics in tracking political effects and resonances on subjects such as wire photo transfers, film set design, the formal structures of the newsreel, the role of television audience surveys, the relationship between digital and paper records, the place of media in courts of law and the phenomenon of the media trial. The overall approach in understanding media and the political is not only to access formal institutions, both of media and politics but also to expand perspective to trace the wider dispersed appearance of the political in and through media.
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Colin, Bamford. 10 Security Interests. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198722113.003.0010.
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The chapter discusses the ways in which a creditor can obtain the benefit of the value of an asset to support a debt that he is owed. By way of introduction, it examines the reasons for taking security, the difficulties of terminology and the issues around registration. It then looks at the different forms of security, drawing a distinction between title-based security (mortgage, charge, pledge, lien, transfer of retention of title and declaration of trust) and contract-based security, where the creditor looks to an asset as security without having any property interest in the asset. Examples given are set-off, netting and running accounts. It then discusses reverse security, where the purpose of the arrangements is not to enhance the prospects of the creditor, but to limit the liability of the debtor. It discusses the use of special-purpose vehicles, third party security, and non-recourse and limited-recourse lending.
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Porter, Patrick. Breaking States. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807964.003.0003.
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This chapter forms the core of the argument, tracing the ideological roots of ‘regime change’, identified as an underlying form of security-seeking. Though it took the structural fact of American power and the contingent event of the 9/11 terrorist attacks to make the assault on Saddam possible, it was also conditioned by the rise in the previous decade of a set of ideas about liberalism and security. Those ideas bred a ‘common sense’ that presented disputable ideas as obvious: that 9/11 was a harbinger, not an aberration, warranting high-risk and radical measures; that designated ‘rogue’ actors are undeterrable aggressors who we cannot live with; and that given the obvious ‘arc’ of history towards democracy and capitalism, Western power can be applied to transform whole regions if only Westerners have the will.
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Cordesman, Anthony H. Cyber-threats, Information Warfare, and Critical Infrastructure Protection. Praeger, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400636509.
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During the last two decades, the infrastructure of the U.S. economy has undergone a fundamental set of changes. It has steadily increased its reliance on its service sector and high-technology economy. The U.S. has come to depend on computers, electronic data storage and transfers, and highly integrated communications networks. The result is the rapid development of a new form of critical infrastructure--and one that is exceedingly vulnerable to a new family of threats, loosely grouped together as information warfare. This detailed volume examines these threats and the evolving U.S. policy response. After examining the dangers posed by information warfare and efforts at threat assessment, Cordesman considers the growing policy response on the part of various federal agencies, state and local governments, and the private sector. The changing nature of the threats is leading these actors to reassess the role they must play in critical infrastructure protection. Government at all levels, industry, and even friendly and neutral foreign governments are learning that an effective response requires coordination in deterrence, defense, and counterattack.
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Charnock, Emily J. The Rise of Political Action Committees. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190075514.001.0001.
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This book explores the origins of political action committees (PACs) in the mid-twentieth century and their impact on the American party system. It argues that PACs were envisaged, from the outset, as tools for effecting ideological change in the two main parties, thus helping to foster the partisan polarization we see today. It shows how the very first PAC, created by the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in 1943, explicitly set out to liberalize the Democratic Party by channeling campaign resources to liberal Democrats while trying to defeat conservative Southern Democrats. This organizational model and strategy of “dynamic partisanship” subsequently diffused through the interest group world—imitated first by other labor and liberal allies in the 1940s and 1950s, then adopted and inverted by business and conservative groups in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Previously committed to the “conservative coalition” of Southern Democrats and northern Republicans, the latter groups came to embrace a more partisan approach and created new PACs to help refashion the Republican Party into a conservative counterweight. The book locates this PAC mobilization in the larger story of interest group electioneering, which went from a rare and highly controversial practice at the beginning of the twentieth century to a ubiquitous phenomenon today. It also offers a fuller picture of PACs as not only financial vehicles but electoral innovators that pioneered strategies and tactics that have come to pervade modern US campaigns and helped transform the American party system.
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Bellani, Giacomo, und Antonio Pesenti. Treating respiratory failure with extracorporeal support in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0105.
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During extracorporeal support or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) blood is diverted from the patient to an artificial lung for gas exchange, then returned into the patient’s circulation once arterialized. While a low-blood-flow bypass can remove comparatively high amounts of CO2, oxygenation is limited by venous haemoglobin saturation and requires high flows. Several technical improvements led to a profound change in the safety and applicability of ECMO in recent years, even permitting the transfer of patients undergoing ECMO. ECMO has been proposed as salvage therapy for the most severe acute respiratory distress syndrome patients—warranting viable levels of oxygenation. In 2009, the ‘CESAR’ trial provided formal evidence in favour of ECMO application in adults with ARDS. An important indication for the early use of ECMO in ARDS came from the outbreaks of H1N1 influenza, when several countries set up networks aimed at coordinating the application of ECMO. Recent reports suggest the use of ECMO in less severe patients with the purpose of removing CO2, decreasing the need for ventilation and ventilator-induced lung injury,
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Spinrad, Richard W., Kendall L. Carder und Mary Jane Perry, Hrsg. Ocean Optics. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195068436.001.0001.
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Since the publication of Jerlov's classic volume on optical oceanography in 1968, the ability to predict or model the submarine light field, given measurements of the inherent optical properties of the ocean, has improved to the point that model fields are very close to measured fields. In the last three decades, remote sensing capabilities have fostered powerful models that can be inverted to estimate the inherent optical properties closely related to substances important for understanding global biological productivity, environmental quality, and most nearshore geophysical processes. This volume presents an eclectic blend of information on the theories, experiments, and instrumentation that now characterize the ways in which optical oceanography is studied. Through the course of this interdisciplinary work, the reader is led from the physical concepts of radiative transfer to the experimental techniques used in the lab and at sea, to process-oriented discussions of the biochemical mechanisms responsible for oceanic optical variability. The text will be of interest to researchers and students in physical and biological oceanography, biology, geophysics, limnology, atmospheric optics, and remote sensing of ocean and global climate change.
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Lowenhaupt, Charles A. The Wise Inheritor's Guide to Freedom from Wealth. Praeger, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216036357.
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Wealth should never consume or imprison the wealth holder, but it can. This book provides solutions to the issues many wealth inheritors encounter, including problems with trust, family wealth secrets, and family legacy. The next generation may witness one of the largest transfers of wealth in history. By one estimate, millennials and Generation Z are set to inherit $30 trillion over the next 30 years. The sudden inheritance of significant wealth creates a variety of challenges that seem counterintuitive and can be difficult to understand and deal with, making inheritors of wealth feel isolated from friends and colleagues. Meanwhile, the wealth industry is fed by revenue paid by wealth owners, not inheritors, causing misalignment of priorities and generational conflict. The Wise Inheritor's Guide to Freedom from Wealth helps readers to put their new wealth in perspective, preparing them to lead inspired lives of self-actualization and freedom. As a third-generation wealth counselor and industry leader, Charles A. Lowenhaupt has helped wealth creators and inheritors to manage almost every imaginable challenge, including marital tension, family dysfunction, and addiction. Few people actually have the knowledge and experience to figure out the purpose of wealth and set it on its course. In this book, he helps wealth inheritors to develop a healthy relationship with wealth at a young age, thus enabling readers to live in harmony with both their wealth and their families.
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Wampler, Brian, Stephanie McNulty und Michael Touchton. Participatory Budgeting in Global Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897756.001.0001.
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Participatory Budgeting (PB) incorporates citizens directly into budgetary decision-making. It continues to spread across the globe as government officials and citizens adopt this innovative program in the hopes of strengthening accountability, civil society, and well-being. Governments often transform PB’s rules and procedures to meet local needs, thus creating wide variation in how PB programs function. Some programs retain features of radical democracy, others focus on community mobilization, and yet other programs seek to promote participatory development. This book provides a theoretical and empirical explanation to account for widespread variation in PB’s adoption, adaptation, and impacts. The book first develops six “PB types,” then, to illustrate patterns of change across the globe, four empirical chapters present a rich set of case studies that illuminate the wide differences among these programs. The empirical chapters are organized regionally, with chapters on Latin America, Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe and North America. The empirical chapters demonstrate that there are temporal, spatial, economic, and organizational factors that produce different programs across regions but similar programs within each region. A key finding is that the change in PB rules and design is now leading to significant differences in the outcomes these programs produce. We find that some programs successfully promote accountability, expand civil society, and improve well-being, but, that we continue to lack evidence that might demonstrate if PB leads to significant social or political change elsewhere.
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Newman, Abraham L., und Elliot Posner. Arena Expansion and the Transnationalization of Business Advocacy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818380.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 shifts the focus from soft law’s effects on great powers to its impact on influential business groups. It argues that by expanding arenas of contestation to the transnational level, soft law transforms business representation as well as individual industry associations. The chapter’s empirical focus is on banking regulation from the 1980s to the 2000s. Much of the literature on transnational banking standards centers on the role of industry associations and, in particular, on the Institute of International Finance. In this chapter, the authors explain the rise of direct industry participation in and influence over Basel-based standard setting. They show that the orientation and priorities of the IIF as well as its membership and internal structure were deeply conditioned by 1980s international soft law. The IIF’s transformation subsequently set off a series of changes to the ecology of financial industry associations and the politics of financial regulation.
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Rittberger, Berthold. 14. The European Union. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780199570829.003.0015.
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This chapter examines how the European Union acquired distinctive constitution-like features. It begins with a discussion of three routes to constitutionalization: the first is through changes in the EU's primary law; the second focuses on ‘in between’ constitutionalization; and the third leads directly to the European Court of Justice and its jurisprudence. The chapter proceeds by discussing two developments that have shaped the EU constitutional order almost since the beginning: the emergence of a body of EU law constituting a set of higher-order legal rules, and the consolidation of the constitutional principle of representative democracy. It explains how the supremacy and direct effect of EU law, as well as the EU court's concern with the protection of fundamental rights, helped transform the EU into a constitutional polity. It also considers how the extension of the legislative, budgetary, and other powers of the European Parliament animated the constitutional principle.
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Roessler, Philip, und Harry Verhoeven. Why Comrades Go to War. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190611354.003.0013.
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The conclusion explores the book’s broader implications. The unraveling of the AFDL happened within the same fifteen-month timeframe that would also see the outbreak of a “war of brothers” between Eritrea and Ethiopia (May 1998) and a violent fall-out between the RPF and Uganda's NRM (August 1999)—on Congolese territory. The fall of Kinshasa in May 1997 marked the last successful violent revolution brought about by liberation movements in Africa (save for the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement’s (SPLM) partial victory in Sudan). Existing liberation regimes shifted their focus to internal development and a narrow conception of national interest rather than continuing to export revolution and building deep institutional ties with brother countries. Thus, rather than the AFDL triumph ushering in a new era of liberation politics and regional solidarity that would transform Africa, it was in some sense the Thermidor of the Pan-Africanist, Nyerere-driven vision of unity and security through regime change campaigns. The final pages of the book assess the lasting impact of the liberation project on African politics.
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Shafer, Byron E., und Regina L. Wagner. The Social Roots of American Politics. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197650844.001.0001.
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Abstract The Social Roots of American Politics attempts to recover the shaping influence of social backgrounds on political conflict in the United States since the Second World War. The critical tool for this is partisan alignment, the manner in which social cleavages are linked to policy preferences and converted into ongoing conflicts by way of political parties. Along the way, it examines the way these parties transmit—but also transform—policy preferences rooted in basic social divisions. One cleavage, social class, proves to be a continuing influence on policy preferences from the start, expanding modestly but relentlessly thereafter. A second, racial background, would explode in the early postwar years, with policy divisions that were deeper but more narrowly focused than the others. The third, religious denomination, was largely dormant in those early years, rising to political prominence with social change and as active partisans came to recognize a religious potential for organizing politics. And the fourth, sex, would have the most mottled connection to policy preferences but the most direct connection to party attachment.
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Simon, Gleeson, und Guynn Randall. Part IV The UK Resolution Regime, 12 United Kingdom—General Approach. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199698011.003.0012.
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This chapter explains how the UK bank resolution is managed, as the United Kingdom is unusual amongst EU countries in a number of ways as regards resolution. In particular, the UK authorities have set out in their approach documents a detailed plan as to how resolution powers might be used in different circumstances, and these plans are described and analysed. The basis of the approach is the division of bank resolutions into three phases: the stabilization phase, in which the provision of critical economic functions is assured, either through transfer to a solvent third party or through bail-in to recapitalize the failed firm; the restructuring phase, during which any necessary changes are made to the structure and business model of the whole firm or its constituent parts to address the causes of failure; and the exit from resolution, where the involvement of the resolution authority in the failed firm and any successor firms comes to a close. The chapter also considers the special regimes—the bank insolvency regime, the bank administration regime, and the investment firm special administration regime.
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Gado, Mark. Killer Priest. Praeger, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400675744.
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He was a Catholic priest and a killer. Hans Schmidt, ordained in Germany in 1904, arrived in the United States in 1908 and was assigned to St. John's Parish in Louisville, Kentucky. Arguments with the minister resulted in Schmidt's transfer to St. Boniface Church in New York City. There he met beautiful Anna Aumuller, a housekeeper for the rectory who had recently emigrated from Austria. Despite his transfer to a church far uptown, Father Schmidt and Anna continued a romantic affair and, in a secret ceremony he performed himself, they were married. When he discovered she was pregnant, Father Schmidt knew his secret life would soon be exposed. On the night of September 2, 1913, he cut Anna's throat, dismembered her body, and threw the parts into the Hudson River. When the body was discovered, he was arrested and charged with the murder. A media circus ensued, as the New York papers became fascinated by the priest and his double life. After feigning insanity during his first trial, which ended with a hung jury, Father Schmidt was eventually convicted of first degree murder and sentenced to death. He remains the only priest ever executed for murder in the United States. The public fascination with cases involving husbands suspected of murdering their pregnant wives predates Scott Peterson and Mark Hacking. When the press learned that Father Schmidt was suspected of killing his pregnant wife, it generated the kind of flashy headlines and gossipy speculation similar crimes elicit today. The case provided a spectacle for the media and captured the imagination of a city. Not only did Father Schmidt kill his young, pregnant bride, but further investigation proved that he had a second apartment where he had set up a printing press and counterfeited $10 bills. In Louisville, the dismembered body of a missing nine-year-old girl was found buried in the basement of St. John's church, where Schmidt had previously worked. In addition, German police wanted to talk to Father Schmidt about a murdered girl in his hometown. Though he was never charged, it was strongly suspected that Father Schmidt committed these murders as well. On February 18, 1916, Father Schmidt was executed in the electric chair at Sing Sing Prison. This book tells this tale in vivid and lively detail and looks at the man, the crime, and the attention both received in the popular press and the city at large.
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Akande, Dapo, Jaakko Kuosmanen, Helen McDermott und Dominic Roser, Hrsg. Human Rights and 21st Century Challenges. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824770.001.0001.
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The world faces significant and interrelated challenges in the twenty-first century which threaten human rights in a number of ways. This book examines the relationship between human rights and three of the largest challenges of the twenty-first century: conflict and security, environment, and poverty. Technological advances in fighting wars have led to the introduction of new weapons which threaten to transform the very nature of conflict. In addition, states confront threats to security which arise from a new set of international actors not clearly defined and which operate globally. Climate change, with its potentially catastrophic impacts, features a combination of characteristics which are novel for humanity. The problem is caused by the sum of innumerable individual actions across the globe and over time, and similarly involves risks that are geographically and temporally diffuse. In recent decades, the challenges involved in addressing global and national poverty have also changed. For example, the relative share of the poor in the world population has decreased significantly while the relative share of the poor who live in countries with significant domestic capacity has increased strongly. Overcoming these global and interlocking threats constitutes this century’s core political and moral task. This book examines how these challenges may be addressed using a human rights framework. It considers how these challenges threaten human rights and seeks to reassess our understanding of human rights in the light of these challenges. The analysis considers both foundational and applied questions. The approach is multidisciplinary and contributors include some of the most prominent lawyers, philosophers, and political theorists in the debate. The authors not only include leading academics but also those who have played important roles in shaping the policy debates on these questions. Each Part includes contributions by those who have served as Special Rapporteurs within the United Nations human rights system on the challenges under consideration.
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Brysk, Alison. The Struggle for Freedom from Fear. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190901516.001.0001.
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One out of three women in the world has suffered gender-based violence. Yet from #metoo to Malala to Maria da Penha, women are rising up and pushing back. The purpose of this book is to show how to transform fear to freedom through a combination of international action, legal reform, public policy, mobilization, and value transformation. The Struggle analyzes drivers of violence and strategies for resistance in the semi-liberal countries at the frontiers of globalization. These hot-spots of violence represent the highly unequal middle-income countries, with declining citizenship and surging social conflict that now host two-thirds of the world’s population. The book profiles struggles against femicide, rape, trafficking, and related abuses in Brazil, India, South Africa, Mexico, the Philippines, Egypt, and Turkey in detail, with contrast cases beyond. Using the dual lenses of human rights and feminist theory of “gender regimes,” the book argues that different repertoires of abuse require distinct dynamics of change. Thus, The Struggle profiles strategies for transforming gendered power relations through multi-level campaigns on access to law and impunity, rights-based public policy, promotion of women’s agency, transforming violent masculinity, and reproductive rights. This study of campaigns to end gender violence at the frontiers of globalization expands our understanding of human rights reform pathways worldwide, and the interdependence of women’s rights with all struggles for justice.
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Brint, Steven, und Jerome Karabel. The Diverted Dream. Oxford University Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195048155.001.0001.
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In the twentieth century, Americans have increasingly looked to the schools--and, in particular, to the nation's colleges and universities--as guardians of the cherished national ideal of equality of opportunity. With the best jobs increasingly monopolized by those with higher education, the opportunity to attend college has become an integral part of the American dream of upward mobility. The two-year college--which now enrolls more than four million students in over 900 institutions--is a central expression of this dream, and its invention at the turn of the century constituted one of the great innovations in the history of American education. By offering students of limited means the opportunity to start higher education at home and to later transfer to a four-year institution, the two-year school provided a major new pathway to a college diploma--and to the nation's growing professional and managerial classes. But in the past two decades, the community college has undergone a profound change, shifting its emphasis from liberal-arts transfer courses to terminal vocational programs. Drawing on developments nationwide as well as in the specific case of Massachusetts, Steven Brint and Jerome Karabel offer a history of community colleges in America, explaining why this shift has occurred after years of student resistance and examining its implications for upward mobility. As the authors argue in this exhaustively researched and pioneering study, the junior college has always faced the contradictory task of extending a college education to the hitherto excluded, while diverting the majority of them from the nation's four-year colleges and universities. Very early on, two-year college administrators perceived vocational training for "semi-professional" work as their and their students' most secure long-term niche in the educational hierarchy. With two thirds of all community college students enrolled in vocational programs, the authors contend that the dream of education as a route to upward mobility, as well as the ideal of equal educational opportunity for all, are seriously threatened. With the growing public debate about the state of American higher education and with more than half of all first-time degree-credit students now enrolled in community colleges, a full-scale, historically grounded examination of their place in American life is long overdue. This landmark study provides such an examination, and in so doing, casts critical light on what is distinctive not only about American education, but American society itself.
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Sheppard, Charles. Coral Reefs: A Very Short Introduction. 2. Aufl. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198869825.001.0001.
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Reefs and the coral life that builds them were for centuries a source of mystery to naturalists and hazard to seafarers. Many ideas were developed of what built them and why they all existed so close to sea level but never above it. Darwin developed the theory of how they were built, which was proven a century later. The coral polyp is central to each coral colony and to the reef. Each houses countless symbiotic algal cells that provide the energy that supports the coral reef ecosystem, and the energy needed to extract minerals from seawater to deposit as solid limestone. These are the ocean’s most biodiverse ecosystem. The islands perched on them include many entire nations, and reefs provide land, food, and protection to these as well as parts of many others. The diversity and abundance of other species, from microbial systems that are key to nutrient and energy transfer, to the large predatory fish, are similarly vast, and various components of the reef system have been researched intensively since the advent of scuba techniques. Today, however, local impacts and pressures from pollution to overfishing have degraded and damaged many, and more recently, warming of ocean water resulting from climate change is causing an existential threat to the survival of this rich ecosystem. Arresting the decline is no longer a scientific problem but one for society and governments, and failure to do so will result, indeed already is, in untold damage to human societies that depend on coral reefs.
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Headrick, Daniel R. When Information Came of Age. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195135978.001.0001.
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Although the Information Age is often described as a new era, a cultural leap springing directly from the invention of modern computers, it is simply the latest step in a long cultural process. Its conceptual roots stretch back to the profound changes that occurred during the Age of Reason and Revolution. When Information Came of Age argues that the key to the present era lies in understanding the systems developed in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries to gather, store, transform, display, and communicate information. The book provides a concise and readable survey of the many conceptual developments between 1700 and 1850 and draws connections to leading technologies of today. It documents three breakthroughs in information systems that date to the period: the classification and nomenclature of Linnaeus, the chemical system devised by Lavoisier, and the metric system. It shows how eighteenth-century political arithmeticians and demographers pioneered statistics and graphs as a means for presenting data succinctly and visually. It describes the transformation of cartography from art to science as it incorporated new methods for determining longitude at sea and new data on the measure the arc of the meridian on land. Finally, it looks at the early steps in codifying and transmitting information, including the development of dictionaries, the invention of semaphore telegraphs and naval flag signaling, and the conceptual changes in the use and purpose of postal services. When Information Came of Age shows that like the roots of democracy and industrialization, the foundations of the Information Age were built in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century.
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Grint, Keith. Mutiny and Leadership. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192893345.001.0001.
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Mutiny is often associated with the occasional mis-leadership of the masses by politically inspired hotheads or a spontaneous and unusually romantic gesture of defiance against a uniquely overbearing military superior. In reality it is seldom either, and usually it has far more mundane roots, not in the absolute poverty of the subordinates but in the relative poverty of the relationships between leaders and led in a military situation. Using contemporary leadership theory to cast a critical light on an array of mutinies across time and space, this book suggests we consider mutiny as a permanent possibility that is further encouraged or discouraged by particular contexts. What turns discontent into mutiny, however, lies in the leadership skills of a small number of leaders, and what transforms that into a constructive dialogue or a catastrophic disaster depends on how the leaders of both sides mobilize their supporters and their networks. From mutinies in ancient Roman and Greek armies through those that were generated by uncaring European monarchs and those that toppled the German and Russian states—and those that forced governments to face their own disastrous policies and changed them forever—this book covers an array of cases across land, sea, and air that still pose a threat to military establishments today.
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Gawrych, George W. Atatürk. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755651849.
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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was one of the greatest leaders of the twentieth century. But how did the man from humble origins in modern-day Greece rise to become the leader of the new Turkish Republic out of the ashes of the Ottoman Empire and go on to radically transform Turkish society? In this book, George Gawrych studies Atatürk’s career in detail. He shows the remarkable character of the man: a war hero who considered himself ‘baba’ or father to his troops with a library of over 4000 books, Atatürk married the traits of the classic military man-of-action with those of the intellectual and theorist. Gawrych places Atatürk in the context of his times to reveal how with these unique character traits he harnessed wider forces of societal change and transformation to set Turkey on a path of secular nationalism, the legacy of which are explored in the text and can be seen everywhere in Turkey today, from the second names he imposed on citizens to the adoption of the Latin alphabet. Attentive, too, to the costs of Atatürk’s policies, including the suppression of the minorities of the former multi-ethnic, interfaith and polyglot Ottoman Empire in the name of ‘Turkification’, the book presents a nuanced analysis of a figure who through force of will and expert manipulation of the conditions within which he found himself, did much to define modern Turkey today.
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Wright, Kathryn, Clare Firth, Lucy Crompton, Helen Fox, Frances Seabridge, Susan Wigglesworth und Elizabeth Smart. 7. Inheritance tax. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198823209.003.0007.
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This chapter deals with inheritance tax (IHT). It explains the charge to IHT; potentially exempt transfers (PETs); the transfer of value on death; the occasions to tax; the charge to tax and a lifetime chargeable transfer (LCT); the charge to tax and a LCT where the transferor dies within seven years of the LCT; the charge to tax and a PET; the charge to tax and death; gifts subject to a reservation; liability, burden, and payment of tax; and tax planning.
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Wright, Kathryn, Clare Firth, Lucy Crompton, Helen Fox, Frances Seabridge, Susan Wigglesworth und Elizabeth Smart. 7. Inheritance tax. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198787662.003.0007.
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This chapter deals with inheritance tax (IHT). It explains the charge to IHT; potentially exempt transfers (PETs); the transfer of value on death; the occasions to tax; the charge to tax and a lifetime chargeable transfer (LCT); the charge to tax and a LCT where the transferor dies within seven years of the LCT; the charge to tax and a PET; the charge to tax and death; gifts subject to a reservation; liability, burden, and payment of tax; and tax planning.
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Gray, Barbara, und Jill Purdy. Collaborating for Our Future. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782841.001.0001.
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Organizations turn to multistakeholder partnerships (MSPs) to meet challenges they cannot handle alone. By tapping diverse stakeholders’ resources, MSPs develop the capability to address complex issues and problems, such as health care delivery, poverty, human rights, watershed management, education, sustainability, and innovation. This book provides a comprehensive understanding of MSPs, why they are needed, the challenges partners face in working together, and how to design them effectively. Through the process of collaboration partners combine their differing strengths, vantage points, and expertise to craft innovative responses to pressing societal concerns. The book offers valuable advice for leaders about how to design and scale up effective partnerships and how to address potential obstacles partners may face, such as dealing with the conflicts and power issues likely to arise as partners negotiate with each other. Drawing on three comprehensive cases and countless shorter examples from around the world, the book offers practical advice for organizations embarking on an MSP, as well as theoretical understanding of how partnerships function. Using an institutional theory lens, it explains how partnerships can effect change in institutional fields by reducing turbulence and negotiating a common set of norms and routines to govern partners’ future interactions within the field of concern. Topics covered include: the nature of working collaboratively, why partnerships are needed, types of partnerships, guidelines for partnership design, partnerships and field dynamics, how to deal with conflicts among partners, negotiating across power differences, partnerships for sustainability, collaborative governance, working across scale differences, and how partnerships transform fields.
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Felde, Andrea Kronstad, Tor Halvorsen, Anja Myrtveit und Reidar Øygard. Democracy and the Discourse on Relevance Within the Academic Profession at Makerere University. African Minds, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781928502272.
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Democracy and the Discourse of Relevanceis set against the backdrop of the spread of neoliberal ideas and reforms since the 1980s, accepting also that these ideas are rooted in a longer history. It focuses on how neoliberalism has worked to transform the university sector and the academic profession. In particular, it examines how understandings of, and control over, what constitutes relevant knowledge have changed. Taken as a whole, these changes have sought to reorient universities and academics towards economic development in various ways. This includes the installation of strategies for how institutions and academics achieve recognition and status within the academy, the privatisation of educational services and the downgrading of the value of public higher education, as well as a steady shift away from the public funding for universities. Research universities are increasingly adopting a user- and market-oriented model, with an emphasis on meeting corporate demands, the privileging of short-term research, and a strong tendency to view utility, and the potential to sell intellectual property for profit, as primary criteria for determining the relevance of academic knowledge. The privatisation of education services and the reorienting of universities towards the needs of the ‘knowledge economy’ have largely succeeded in transforming the discourse around the role of the academic profession in society, including in many African countries. Makerere University in Uganda has often been lauded as an example of successful transformation along neoliberal lines. However, our research into the working lives of academics at Makerere revealed a very different picture. Far from epitomising the allegedly positive outcomes of neoliberal reform, academics and postgraduate students interviewed at Makerere provide worrying insights into the undermining of a vibrant and independent academic culture. The stories of the ordinary academics on the ground, the empirical focus of the book, are in contrast to the claimed successes of the university; and the official stories of the university leadership and administration paint a picture of an academic profession in crisis. With diminishing influence on deciding what is relevant knowledge and thus on processes of democratization of their own institution and society, academic freedom is also losing its value. This perspective from the ground-level exposes the many problems that neoliberal reforms have created for academics at Makerere, leaving them feeling disempowered, often reducing them to the status of consultants. We also show how a range of local initiatives are steadily increasing resistance to the neoliberal model. We consider how academics and others can further mobilise to regain control over what knowledge is considered relevant, and thereby deepen democracy. In so doing, we aim to highlight some responses and actions that have proven effective so far. Democracy and the Discourse of Relevancewill hopefully help to change the systems that value knowledge in ways that are driving research institutions towards competitive and market-like behaviour. We also aim to contribute to contemporary debates about what knowledge is relevant.