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1
Peirson, John. The economics of the setting of odds on horse races. Canterbury: University of Kent at Canterbury, 1988.
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2
National Association of Secondary School Principals (U.S.). An Executive summary of Breaking ranks: Changing an American institution. Reston, Va: National Association of Secondary School Principals, 1996.
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3
Bodley, John H. Victims of progress. 3. Aufl. Mountain View, Calif: Mayfield Pub. Co., 1990.
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4
Victims of progress. 4. Aufl. Mountain View, Calif: Mayfield Pub. Co., 1999.
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5
Victims of progress. 5. Aufl. Lanham: Altamira Press, 2008.
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6
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching., Hrsg. Breaking ranks: Changing an American institution : a report of the National Association of Secondary School Principals in partnership with the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching on the high school of the 21st century. Reston, VA: The Association, 1996.
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7
Condon, Richard G. The northern Copper Inuit: A history. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996.
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8
Condon, Richard G. The northern Copper Inuit: A history. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996.
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9
The Channel Four Book of Big Races. Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd, 1990.
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10
Rod gripper, changer, and storage system: ME 4182 final report. Atlanta, Ga: George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989.
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11
Mark, Benson, und United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., Hrsg. Rod gripper, changer, and storage system: ME 4182 final report. Atlanta, Ga: George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989.
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12
Schor, Paul. New Asian Races, New Mixtures, and the “Mexican” Race. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199917853.003.0017.
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This chapter discusses changes in racial categorization in the early twentieth century with respect to the US census. Whenever there was a question of the racial classification of new populations, whether in the continental United States or in the territories acquired since 1867, the census always relied on the principles and techniques developed since 1850 to distinguish blacks from whites. Chief among these was the principle of hypodescent, in more or less rigid forms. However, the early twentieth century saw change occurring in two directions: on the one hand, the racialization of a growing number of non-European immigrants and their descendants; on the other, the weakening of the distinctions between the descendants of European immigrants. The remainder of the chapter details the disappearance of the “mulatto” category and the introduction and forcible elimination of the “Mexican” category.
13
National Association of Secondary School Principals (U.S.), Hrsg. Breaking ranks II: Strategies for leading high school reform. Reston, Va: National Association of Secondary School Principals, 2004.
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14
Coast-To-Coast Auto Races of the Early 1900s: Three Contests That Changed the World. SAE International, 2000.
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15
Races to Modernity: Metropolitan Aspirations in Eastern Europe, 1890-1940. Central European University Press, 2014.
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16
Masuoka, Natalie. Advocating for Choice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657468.003.0003.
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This chapter presents data from in-depth interviews taken with activists who lobby on behalf of multiracial identities. It begins with a review of the multiracial movement to change the racial identification question on the 2000 census and outlines how activism changed after the mark-one-or-more races option on the census racial identification question was implemented. Interview data is split into two samples: those who personally self-identify as multiracial and those who are white mothers of biracial children. Interviews with self-identified multiracial activists demonstrates a clear worldview about race that emphasizes the right of personal choice. But while these activists express these strong views, they at the same time believe that established racial categories continue to influence how they are racially classified and treated by others. Interviews with white mothers reveals how parents’ ideologies about race have influenced patterns of multiracial identification.
17
Ranney, Joseph A. A Legal History of Mississippi. University Press of Mississippi, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496822574.001.0001.
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Sixty years ago, one historian described state legal history as a “wasteland,” a neglected but vitally important part of American history. Legal histories of individual states are now beginning to appear. With this book, Mississippi joins their ranks. The book describes the evolution of Mississippi’s legal system and analyses the changes in that system during the state’s first 200 years. The book examines the interaction of law and society during six key periods of change: (1) Mississippi’s colonial and territorial eras and early years of statehood, when the foundations for its legal system were laid; (2) the evolution of Mississippi slavery and slave law during the early nineteenth century; (3) the state’s role as a leader of legal reform during the age of Andrew Jackson; (4) the unfolding of the Mississippi’s legal response to emancipation and wartime economic devastation during the Reconstruction and early Jim Crow eras; (5) Mississippi’s legal evolution during the Progressive Era and its response to the crisis of the Great Depression; and (6) the state’s legal response to the civil rights and cultural revolutions that have unfolded since 1950.
18
Position of the Chief in the Modern Political System of Ashanti: A Study of the Influence of Contemporary Social Changes on Ashanti Political Institutions. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
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19
Boatright, Robert G., und Valerie Sperling. Trumping Politics as Usual. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190065829.001.0001.
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Who is tougher? In many elections, candidates frame their appeals in gendered ways—they compete, for instance, over who is more “masculine.” This is the case for male and female candidates alike. In the 2016 presidential election, however, the stark choice between the first major-party female candidate and a man who exhibited a persistent pattern of misogyny made the use of gender—ideas about femininity and masculinity—more prominent than ever before. This book explores the Trump and Clinton campaigns’ use of gender as a political weapon, and how the presidential race changed the ways in which House and Senate campaigns were waged in 2016. The thesis of this book is that Donald Trump’s candidacy radically altered the nature of the 2016 congressional campaigns in two ways. First, it changed the issues of contention in many of these races by making gender more central to the general election campaigns of both Democrats and Republicans. Second, expectations that Trump would lose the election influenced how candidates for lower office campaigned and how willing they were to connect their fortunes to those of their party’s nominee. The fact that Trump was expected to lose—and was expected to lose in large part because of his sexist and other bigoted comments—caused both major parties to direct more of their resources toward congressional races, and led many Republican candidates—especially women—to distance themselves from Trump.
20
Dupont, Carolyn. White Protestants and the Civil Rights Movement. Herausgegeben von Paul Harvey und Kathryn Gin Lum. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190221171.013.14.
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A small but highly visible minority of white Christian leaders vigorously supported the African American struggle for full freedom. However, these leaders represented an exception, not the mainstream, in the history American Protestantism, which has only rarely championed racial equality. Protestant leaders who openly joined civil rights initiatives came from the most liberal ranks of the Protestant traditions, and they often pursued civil rights activity over strenuous objections from their parishioners. The civil rights years exacted significant changes in the American religious landscape. Those traditions that most visibly supported the freedom struggle lost members in droves, while conservative traditions thrived.
21
Howell, Martha. Gender in the Transition to Merchant Capitalism. Herausgegeben von Judith Bennett und Ruth Karras. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199582174.013.015.
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This essay argues that the slow transition from the commercial economy of the later Middle Ages to early modern merchant capitalism produced significant changes in gender roles and gender meanings for women and men from the middle and upper ranks of cities where commerce had found its most secure home. The changes in gender were filtered, however, through a public/private divide that had taken shape in such cities during the centuries closing the Middle Ages, making this a story not just about economy and gender, but also about sociopolitical space. As prosperous men and women in commercial cities of the era came to be newly positioned along the axis dividing the public from the private, both acquired a new class identity presaging much that would characterize bourgeois Europe.
22
Harper, Tobias. From Servants of the Empire to Everyday Heroes. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841180.001.0001.
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In the twentieth century the British Crown appointed around a hundred thousand people, military and civilian, in Britain and the British Empire to honours and titles. For outsiders, and sometimes recipients too, these jumbles of letters are tantalizingly confusing: OM, MBE, GCVO, CH, KB, or CBE. Throughout the century this system expanded to include more different kinds of people, while also shrinking in its imperial scope with the declining empire. Through these dual processes this profoundly hierarchical system underwent a seemingly counter-intuitive change: it democratized. Why and how did the British government change this system? And how did its various publics respond to it? This book addresses these questions directly by looking at the history of the honours system as a whole in the wider context of some of the major historical changes in Britain and the British Empire in the twentieth century. In particular, it looks at the evolution of this hierarchical, deferential system amidst democratization and decolonization. It focuses on the system’s largest—and most important—components: the Order of the British Empire, the Knight Bachelor, and the lower ranks of other Orders. By creatively analyzing the politics and administration of the system alongside popular responses to it using diaries, letters, newspapers, and memoirs, it shows the many different meanings that honours took on for the establishment, dissidents, and recipients. It also shows the ways in which the system succeeded and failed to order and bring together divided societies.
23
Lee, Peter. Spectacular Bid. University Press of Kentucky, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813177809.001.0001.
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A safety pin was all that kept Spectacular Bid from racing immortality. On the morning of the Belmont Stakes, the third jewel in horse racing’s prestigious Triple Crown, Spectacular Bid stepped on a safety pin in his stall, injuring his foot. He had won the first two races in impressive fashion but finished third that day, losing his chance for a Triple Crown. But that did not stop him from becoming one of horse racing’s greatest competitors—in fact, in the words of his trainer, Grover “Bud” Delp, he was “the greatest horse ever to look through a bridle.” The battleship-gray colt won twenty-six of thirty races during his career, with two second-place finishes and one third. He was voted the tenth greatest Thoroughbred of the twentieth century by Blood-Horse magazine, and the book A Century of Champions placed him ninth in the world and third among North American horses—ahead of the immortal Man o’ War. Spectacular Bid: The Last Superhorse of the Twentieth Century is the story of a horse that was owned, trained, and ridden by people who weren’t part of the Kentucky establishment. Harry Meyerhoff paid only $37,000 for Bid, but inspite of his less than stellar pedigree, he became one of racing’s immortals.
24
Zack, Naomi. How Mixed Race Is Not Constructed. Herausgegeben von Naomi Zack. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190236953.013.6.
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American racial identities change over time and place, as all social constructions do, but they are also stable in historical and generational ways, because people in the same family are usually the same race. This is not the case for mixed race, particularly mixed black and white (MBW). People in mixed-race families belong to different races. Motives from self-interest, to lack of racial solidarity, to a sense of justice could motivate choosing mixed-race identity. Passing for the race others think one is not, and conforming or not, to norms for racial identities raise social and moral questions for members of the unconstructed racial group of mixed-race Americans.
25
Bodley, John H. Victims of Progress. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2014.
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Victims of Progress. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2014.
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27
Stearns, Peter N. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037894.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter discusses societies that have deliberately undertaken a program of demilitarization, with deep consequences in public and political culture as well as statecraft. The developments have occurred in decades dominated by the arms races of the Cold War and the assumption of most governments that the logics of success and security called for more weapons. Exploring the history of explicit demilitarization raises two related issues, both of which provide context for future studies. First, demilitarization as a term can be validly applied to a number of patterns of change—there is no heroic single definition. Second, while contemporary demilitarization has some distinctive features, it links with and builds on earlier historical precedents of several types.
28
Washington, Margaret. Religion, Reform, and Antislavery. Herausgegeben von Ellen Hartigan-O'Connor und Lisa G. Materson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190222628.013.10.
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This chapter considers, through a biracial lens, some essential complexities of antebellum women’s reform. The emphasis is on antislavery and a socioreligious ethos based on the intersectionality of spiritual egalitarianism, civil liberty, and the jeremiad tradition. Black women’s double burden, slavery and race, automatically channeled them as reformers into more expansive visions than whites, already jeopardizing their privileged True Woman status. For disparate reasons, convergence of abolition and equal rights was not a calling that white reform women embraced monolithically. As “doers of the word,” some upheld apostolic tenets of Christian unity. Others chose what eventually became republican individualism and a “segregated sisterhood.” Nonetheless, women of both races were mainsprings in the ultimate success of antebellum reform, the training ground for future struggles for equal rights.
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Schultz, Jaime. Epilogue. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038167.003.0009.
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This concluding chapter considers the status of women's sports in 2012, the various points of change that brought them there, and reasserts the need to cheer with reserve. Even as the number of women athletes seems to rise, their representation in administrative ranks has dwindled from the pre-Title IX era. In addition, sports sociologists Michael Messner and Cheryl Cooky found that there has been a “precipitous decline” in the amount of television coverage devoted to women's sports over the past several years. In 2009 women's sports garnered just 1.6 percent of network sports news and 1.4 percent of ESPN's SportsCenter. For a brief window in July 2012, however, those numbers temporarily increased as the world tuned in to the Women's Games.
30
Amann, Edmund, Carlos R. Azzoni und Werner Baer, Hrsg. The Oxford Handbook of the Brazilian Economy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190499983.001.0001.
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Brazil constitutes a globally vital but troubled economy. It accounts for the largest GDP in Latin America and ranks among the world’s largest exporters of critical commodities including iron ore, soya, coffee, and beef. In recent years Brazil’s global economic importance has been magnified by a surge in both outward and inward foreign direct investment. This has served to further internationalize what has been historically a relatively closed economy. The purpose of this Handbook is to offer real insight into the Brazil’s economic development in contemporary context, understanding its most salient characteristics and analyzing its structural features across various dimensions. At a more granular level, this volume accomplishes the following tasks. First, it provides an understanding of the economy’s evolution over time and the connection of its current characteristics to this evolution. Second, it analyzes Brazil’s broader place in the global economy, and considers the ways in which this role has changed, and is likely to change, over coming years. Third, reflecting contemporary concerns, the volume offers an understanding, not only of how one of the world’s key economies has developed and transformed itself, but also of the ways in which this process has yet to be completed. The volume thus analyzes the current challenges facing the Brazilian economy and the kinds of issues that need to be tackled for these to be addressed.
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Oates, Rosamund. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804802.003.0001.
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Tobie Matthew (c.1544–1628) lived through the most turbulent times of the English Church. Born during the reign of Henry VIII, he saw Edward VI introduce Protestantism, and then watched as Mary I violently reversed her brother’s changes. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, Matthew rejected his family’s Catholicism to join the fledgling Protestant regime. Over the next sixty years, he helped build a Protestant Church in England under Elizabeth I, James I, and Charles I. Rising through the ranks of the Church, he was Archbishop of York in the charged decades leading up to the British Civil Wars. Here was a man who played a pivotal role in the religious politics of Tudor and Stuart England, and nurtured a powerful strain of Puritanism at the heart of the established Church....
32
Jackson, Stephen, und Colin Groves. Taxonomy of Australian Mammals. CSIRO Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486300136.
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Taxonomy of Australian Mammals utilises the latest morphometric and genetic research to develop the most up to date and comprehensive revision of the taxonomy of Australian mammals undertaken to date. It proposes significant changes to the higher ranks of a number of groups and recognises several genera and species that have only very recently been identified as distinct. This easy to use reference also includes a complete listing of all species, subspecies and synonyms for all of Australia’s mammals, both native and introduced as well as terrestrial and marine.
This book lays a foundation for future taxonomic work and identifies areas where taxonomic studies should be targeted, not only at the species and subspecies level but also broader phylogenetic relationships. This work will be an essential reference for students, scientists, wildlife managers and those interested in the science of taxonomy.
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Sahni, Ruchi Ram. Growing Up in Dera Ismail Khan. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474004.003.0002.
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Ruchi Ram Sahni describes his early life growing up in an affluent business family in Dera Ismail Khan. While his early years were spent in comfortable luxury, his father’s business crashed suddenly when a number of boats loaded with goods drowned in the River Indus, and several of his creditors in the military were transferred out at short notice without repaying their dues. The family fortunes never recovered, and the rest of his growing years were spent in comparative penury. The chapter includes an affectionate portrait of his parents and their attempts to cope with the changed family circumstances. It also provides a vivid account of life as a young boy in the 1860s and 1870s, relations between Hindus and Muslims, local events such as races and wrestling matches, the annual visits of nomads from Waziristan, and observations on caste, religion, and education.
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Zack, Naomi. Introduction. Herausgegeben von Naomi Zack. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190236953.013.61.
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The philosophy of race, progressively understood, is new to academic philosophy, although figures in the canon, including Hume, Kant, Nietzsche, and Hegel, expressed and influenced scientific ideas of human races in terms that would today be considered racist. Changes in the biological and social sciences and historical anti-oppression movements during the twentieth century led first to African American philosophy and today more broadly to the philosophy of race. This volume contains leading twenty-first-century thought in this new philosophical subfield, including the following: ideas of race in the history of philosophy; pluralistic historical ideas of race from Indigenous, Latin American, and Asian American traditions; philosophy of science and race; ideas of race in American philosophy and continental philosophy; racism and neo-racism; race as social construction; contemporary social issues in education, medicine, sports, IQ testing, and police profiling; public policy, law, and political philosophy; and race and gender.
35
Langston, Joy K. The Transition to Democracy and the Struggles to Take Over the Party. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190628512.003.0004.
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This chapter provides a description of the political and economic crises of the mid-1990s that led to the loss of the PRI’s majority in the Chamber and the presidential defeat in 2000. Even as leaders of the authoritarian regime grappled with downward electoral trends, groups within the party began to battle among themselves over the timing and scope of the transition and of party change. The PRI adapted to the rigors of electoral competition because vote-winning groups within its ranks took over the party and defeated their internal rivals, who were less able to respond to the challenges of the ballot box. Political institutions such as federalism and the two-tiered electoral system helped define winners and losers within the party and gave the winning groups—the party’s governors and the national party officers—ways of controlling resources (candidacies and finances) that did not come into direct conflict.
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Dubow, Saul. South Africa: Paradoxes in the Place of Race. Herausgegeben von Alison Bashford und Philippa Levine. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0016.
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This article discusses the proposition that eugenics and related scientific ideas play a major role in validating the systems of apartheid and its predecessor. It elaborates a comprehensive scheme of racial segregation as a national program in the first decades of the twentieth century and calibrates the distinctions between different races and ethnic groups thoroughly assimilated in the habits of mind and the social behavior of South Africans. This article gives an account of changes in the patterns of racial awareness and discrimination: for example, the shift from social hierarchies based on status, to those founded on race typology in the course of the nineteenth century. It presents the association of sequences of population movements with underlying racial competence. It further discusses the recent tendency to see eugenics as a trans-national phenomenon which fits well with reevaluations of the spread of scientific knowledge that eschew mechanistic models of the transmission of ideas from core to periphery.
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Solanke, Iyiola, Hrsg. On Crime, Society, and Responsibility in the work of Nicola Lacey. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852681.001.0001.
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Few contemporary scholars have done more in their work to develop the idea of responsibility than Nicola Lacey. She ranks alongside HLA Hart and Antony Honore in developing approaches to understanding responsibility. Like these scholars, the influence of her work has spread beyond academia to change the perception of responsibility amongst practitioners. During their lifetime both Hart and Honore had volumes dedicated to their work. This book does the same for Nicola Lacey, marking her ongoing influence and accomplishments in the common law world through a collection of essays by leading international scholars reflecting and interrogating her contribution to understanding criminal responsibility. Each author brings a particular challenge and new ideas to bear on her work, touching upon important aspects of responsibility that are current in the scholarship: categorization, frameworks for understanding criminal responsibility and the relationships between them, women in criminal law, the history of criminal law, blameworthiness and ascriptions of responsibility, moral responsibility, the role of politics and political economy.
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Drogosz, Anna. A Cognitive Semantics Approach to Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. Æ Academic, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.52769/bl4.0017.
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DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION ranks among the most influential of modern scientific theories. Applying the methodology of COGNITIVE SEMANTICS , this study investigates how metaphors based on domains of JOURNEY, STRUGGLE, TREE and HUMAN AGENCY serve to conceptualize key concepts of Darwin’s theory — such as evolutionary change, natural selection, and relationships among organisms. At the outset the author identifies original metaphors in The Origin of Species, to turn to their realizations in modern discourse on evolution in later chapters. Thus, the study uncovers how metaphors contribute to structuring the theory by expressing it in a coherent and attractive way, and how they provide mental tools for reasoning. As the first comprehensive study of conceptual metaphors that underlie Darwin’s theory and affect the way we talk and think about evolution, it may be of interest not only to linguists and evolutionary biologists but also to anyone interested in the interconnection between thought and language.
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Sullivan, Ceri. Shakespeare and the Play Scripts of Private Prayer. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198857310.001.0001.
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Early modern private prayer shows skill in narration and drama. In manuals and sermons on how to pray, collections of model prayers, scholarly treatises about biblical petitions, and popular tracts about life crises prompting calls to God, prayer is valued as a powerful agent of change. Model prayers create stories about people in distinct ranks and jobs, with concrete details about real-life situations. These characters may act in play-lets, or appear in the middle of difficulties, or voice a suite of petitions from all sides of a conflict. Thinking of early modern private prayers as dramatic dialogues rather than as lyric monologues raises the question of whether play-going and praying were mutually reinforcing practices. Could dramatists deploying prayer on stage rely on having audience members who were already expert at making up roles for themselves in prayer, and who expected their petitions to have the power to intervene in major events? Does prayer’s focus on cause and effect structure the historiography of Shakespeare’s history plays: 2 and 3 Henry VI, Richard III, Richard II, Henry V, and Henry VIII?
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Barnhurst, Kevin G. Modern Events Resumed Online. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040184.003.0009.
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This chapter analyzes the impact of online news on news reporting. In the first decade of the 2000s, the “what” in accident, crime, employment, and political stories first began reporting more events in stories, reversing decades of declines. But by 2010, the references to current events within stories had declined to the levels of the 1990s, with political stories concentrating even more than other topics on a single current event. The changes in the “what” echo earlier patterns of modern news, when practitioners responded to then-new technologies by reverting to established ways. Online, the news outlets again moved together, a pattern that suggests a missed opportunity. News practice might have escaped from conventional constraints, pushing to a linked perspective on what happens. The general public was using interconnectivity to cope with the flow of information in the new century, a third of them sharing news stories on social media, half relying on word of mouth, and more than three-quarters using email links. Instead of finding ways to stay in tune with public habits, news practitioners pushed back, closing ranks around modern truth.
41
Pierre, Jon, Hrsg. The Oxford Handbook of Swedish Politics. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665679.001.0001.
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Sweden signifies to many international observers a universal welfare state embedded in a capitalist economy, with high taxes and extensive redistribution of wealth. The welfare state is sustained by values such as equal standards, a strong public sector, legality, and redistribution of wealth. Many of these values have been challenged by cutbacks in the public budget, globalization, and the emergence of neoliberalism. More broadly, politics and political behavior are less exceptional today in international comparison than they were a few decades ago. Electoral behavior, institutional reform, and public administration conform these days to mainstream international patterns of change. Sweden no longer ranks as a top country on many indicators of quality of public service or indeed of well-being. Instead, the country has moved closer to the average of the OECD countries on most of these indicators. In the international arena, the previous policy of non-alliance and neutrality is challenged by EU membership, although Sweden maintains its position as an advocate for human rights and national sovereignty. However, in a global comparison Sweden still stands out as a wealthy country with extensive welfare services.
42
Lieber, Keir A., und Daryl G. Press. The Myth of the Nuclear Revolution. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501749292.001.0001.
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Leading analysts have predicted for decades that nuclear weapons would help pacify international politics. The core notion is that countries protected by these fearsome weapons can stop competing so intensely with their adversaries: they can end their arms races, scale back their alliances, and stop jockeying for strategic territory. But rarely have theory and practice been so opposed. Why do international relations in the nuclear age remain so competitive? Indeed, why are today's major geopolitical rivalries intensifying? This book tackles the central puzzle of the nuclear age: the persistence of intense geopolitical competition in the shadow of nuclear weapons. The book explains why the Cold War superpowers raced so feverishly against each other; why the creation of “mutual assured destruction” does not ensure peace; and why the rapid technological changes of the 21st century will weaken deterrence in critical hotspots around the world. By explaining how the nuclear revolution falls short, the book discovers answers to the most pressing questions about deterrence in the coming decades: how much capability is required for a reliable nuclear deterrent, how conventional conflicts may become nuclear wars, and how great care is required now to prevent new technology from ushering in an age of nuclear instability.
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Eisler, Riane, und Douglas P. Fry. Nurturing Our Humanity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190935726.001.0001.
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Nurturing Our Humanity sheds new light on our personal and social options in today’s world, showing how we can build societies that support our great human capacities for consciousness, caring, and creativity. It brings together findings—largely overlooked—from the natural and social sciences debunking the popular idea that we are hardwired for selfishness, war, rape, and greed. Its groundbreaking approach reveals connections between disturbing trends like climate change denial and regressions to strongman rule. Moving past right versus left, religious versus secular, Eastern versus Western, and other familiar categories that do not include our formative parent-child and gender relations, it looks at where societies fall on the partnership-domination scale. On one end is the domination system that ranks man over man, man over woman, race over race, and humans over nature. On the other end is the more peaceful, egalitarian, gender-balanced, and sustainable partnership system. Nurturing Our Humanity explores how behaviors, values, and socioeconomic institutions develop differently in these two environments, documents how this affects nothing less than how our brains develop, examines cultures from this new perspective (including societies that for millennia oriented toward partnership), and proposes actions supporting the contemporary movement in this more life-sustaining and enhancing direction. It shows how through today’s ever more fearful, frenzied, and greed-driven technologies of destruction and exploitation, the domination system may lead us to an evolutionary dead end. However, a more equitable and sustainable way of life is biologically possible and culturally attainable: we can change our course.
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Piatkowski, Marcin. Europe's Growth Champion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789345.001.0001.
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The book is about one of the biggest economic success stories that one has hardly ever heard about. It is about a perennially backward, poor, and peripheral country, which over the last twenty-five years has unexpectedly become Europe’s and a global growth champion and joined the ranks of high-income countries during the life of just one generation. It is about the lessons learned from its remarkable experience for other countries in the world, the conditions that keep countries poor, and challenges that countries need face to grow and become high-income. It is also about a new growth model that this country—Poland—and its peers in Central and Eastern Europe and elsewhere need to adopt to continue to grow and catch up with the West for the first time ever. The book emphasizes the importance of the fundamental sources of growth—institutions, culture, ideas, and leaders—in economic development. It argues that a shift from an extractive society, where the few rule for the benefit of the few, to an inclusive society, where many rule for the benefit of many, was the key to Poland’s success. It asserts that a newly emerged inclusive society will support further convergence of Poland and Central and Eastern Europe with the West and help sustain the region’s Golden Age, but moving to the core of the European economy will require further reforms and changes in Poland’s developmental DNA.
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Shnookal, Deborah. Operation Pedro Pan and the Exodus of Cuba's Children. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683401551.001.0001.
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This in-depth examination of one of the most controversial episodes in U.S.-Cuba relations sheds new light on the program that airlifted 14,000 unaccompanied children to the United States in the wake of the Cuban Revolution. Operation Pedro Pan is often remembered within the U.S. as an urgent “rescue” mission, but Deborah Shnookal points out that a multitude of complex factors drove the exodus, including Cold War propaganda and the Catholic Church’s opposition to the island’s new government. Shnookal illustrates how and why Cold War scare tactics were so effective in setting the airlift in motion, focusing on their context: the rapid and profound social changes unleashed by the 1959 Revolution, including the mobilization of 100,000 Cuban teenagers in the 1961 national literacy campaign. Other reforms made by the revolutionary government affected women, education, religious schools, and relations within the family and between the races. Shnookal exposes how, in its effort to undermine support for the revolution, the U.S. government manipulated the aspirations and insecurities of more affluent Cubans. She traces the parallel stories of the young “Pedro Pans” separated from their families—in some cases indefinitely—in what is often regarded in Cuba as a mass “kidnapping” and the children who stayed and joined the literacy brigades. These divergent journeys reveal many underlying issues in the historically fraught relationship between the U.S. and Cuba and much about the profound social revolution that took place on the island after 1959.
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Leask, Nigel. Stepping Westward. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850021.001.0001.
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Stepping Westward is the first book of its kind dedicated to the literature of the Scottish Highland tour 1720-1830, a major cultural phenomenon that attracted writers and artists like Pennant, Johnson and Boswell, William and Dorothy Wordsworth, Coleridge, Scott, Hogg, Keats, Daniell, and Turner, as well as numerous less celebrated travellers and tourists. Addressing more than a century’s worth of literary and visual representations of the Highlands, the book casts new light on how the tour developed a modern literature of place, acting as a catalyst for thinking about improvement, landscape, and the shaping of British, Scottish and Gaelic identities. Attention is paid to the relationship between travellers and the native Gaels, whose world was plunged into crisis by rapid and forced social change. At the book’s core lie the best-selling tours of Pennant and Dr Johnson, associated with attempts to ’improve’ the intractable Gaidhealtachd in the wake of Culloden. Alongside the Ossian craze and Gilpin’s picturesque, their books stimulated a wave of ’home tours’ from the 1770s through the romantic period, including writing by women like Sarah Murray and Dorothy Wordsworth. The incidence of published Highland Tours (many lavishly illustrated), peaked around 1800, but as the genre reached exhaustion, the ’romantic Highlands’ were reinvented in Scott’s poems and novels, coinciding with steam boats and mass tourism, but also rack-renting, sheep clearance and emigration.
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Chancer, Lynn S., Martín Sánchez-Jankowski und Christine Trost, Hrsg. Youth, Jobs, and the Future. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685898.001.0001.
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This book confronts the persistent issues of youth unemployment and worsening socioeconomic precarity in the United States. While overall unemployment has declined, the unemployment rate remains nearly twice as high for young people 16–19 years of age and nearly three times as high for those aged 20–24. Millions of youth are neither in school nor working, and rates of unemployment and underemployment are nearly two to three times higher for black and Latino youth. Despite these glaring statistics, far more attention has been given to diminished social prospects facing young people in Europe than in America, and this is what makes this book so important. The volume’s Introduction places the issue in a global and national context, while suggesting a range of solutions and discussing the distinctive cultural ideology of the American dream as it intersects with young people's diverse experiences. Chapters in each of the book’s four sections explore structural and cultural causes of youth unemployment, their ramifications for both native and immigrant youth, and how both middle- and working-class youth across diverse races and ethnicities are affected within and outside the legal economy. Overall, the book insists that because the youth of today face greater insecurity than earlier generations, the time has come to address factors like technological changes, the rise of the 24/7 and “gig” economy, and the polarization between “good” and “bad” jobs; thus, the book features chapters on potential solutions including effective school-to-work models, shorter and shared hours, full employment, and basic income.
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Ricci, Edmund M., Ernesto A. Pretto, Jr. und Knut Ole Sundnes. Disaster Evaluation Research. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796862.001.0001.
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The ultimate hope and great challenge undertaken by the authors of this volume is to improve disaster preparedness and response efforts globally by providing a standardized way to conduct rigorous and comprehensive scientific evaluative studies of the medical and public health response to these horrific events. It is our strongly held belief that the framework for the conduct of evaluative studies, as developed by specialists in scientific evaluation, offers the most appropriate and comprehensive structure for such studies. Our ‘eight-step approach’ is based upon a conceptual framework that is now widely used by health organizations globally as a basis for the evaluation of community-based medical and public health programs. We contend that many more disaster-related injuries and deaths can be prevented if the concepts and methods of evaluation science are applied to disaster events. In Part 1 of this book we describe the basic concepts and scientific methods used by program evaluation scientists to assess the structure, process, and outcomes of medical and public health interventions. In addition, a detailed description of a comprehensive medical and public health response system is described. In Part 2 we present an eight-step model for conducting an evaluative study of the response, again with a focus on the medical and public health components. Ethical issues that come into play in the conduct of disaster evaluative disaster research, and how these should be addressed, are the focus of Chapter 13. The final chapter offers a look to the future as new technology for data collection becomes available. We are not so naïve as to believe that disaster preparedness and response will change as a direct result of the availability of scientifically conducted assessments. Change requires a double pronged commitment—leaders from both the ranks of government and of the health professions must carefully consider, fund, and adopt policy positions and programs that are based upon the findings and recommendations that emerge from scientific evaluation studies. That is the most certain pathway to a better future.
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Cortese, Maria Elena. Between the City and the Countryside. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777601.003.0013.
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The subject of this chapter is the relationship between the Tuscan cities and the families belonging to the middle ranks of the lay aristocracy, from the late tenth until the early twelfth century. Taking the case-study of Florence as a starting point, a comparison with other cities of the Tuscan March in the same period (Lucca, Pisa, Arezzo, Pistoia, and Siena) will be sketched, to see that during the eleventh century we can find a similar situation in different contexts. In fact almost everywhere the ‘mid-level’ aristocracy held extensive and dispersed landholdings, many castles and private churches in the countryside, but important urban and suburban holdings as well. They established political, social, and economic connections with the primary wielders of regional power (the marquis, the counts, the bishops and other important ecclesiastical institutions) and gravitated on the cities, taking part to urban politics and probably living there some periods during the year. The situation in Florence, however, rapidly changed during the protracted crisis of the Tuscan March at the end of the eleventh and in the early twelfth centuries, when the rural aristocracy confronted a major crisis: many lineages rapidly fragmented, the splintered branches concentrated on building compact rural lordships, and they turned their backs on Florence, without playing a role in the emerging comune. But, in the same context of the decline of the March, in other Tuscan cities the separation between rural and urban aristocracies did not take place, or at least seems to have been not so stark and dramatic. Paying attention to the strength of several factors (power of the bishops, economic attraction, connections with powerful counts families etc.), different situations will be compared to reflect about the political behaviour of rural aristocracies and their degree of integration in the urban elites during the so-called ‘consular period’.
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Johnson, Dennis W. Campaigns and Elections. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190935580.001.0001.
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Frequent and fair elections, open to all, are fundamental elements of a democracy. The United States, through its local, state, and national contests, holds more elections, more often, than any other democracy in the world. But in recent years, there have been troubling signs that our system of campaigns and elections has become much more fragile than we had previously thought. More specifically, in the past twenty years, campaigns have changed profoundly: social media and viral messaging compete with traditional media, races once considered local in nature have become nationalized, Supreme Court decisions on campaign finance law now encourage mega-donors, voters are more polarized, party affiliation has waned, and the middle ideological ground has given way to extremist language and voter rage. Twice in sixteen years we have seen winning presidential candidates gaining fewer popular votes than their opponents. The fundamental right of every citizen to vote has been impeded by state legislatures demanding tighter access, more identification, and accusations of voter fraud. And we have faced the real threat of foreign influence in our national elections. This book offers the most up-to-date examination of campaigns and elections, including the challenges and opportunities they present. It addresses fundamental questions about who votes in American elections, how legislative districts are reapportioned and why it matters, the realities of voter fraud, the pros and cons of reforming the Electoral College, the impact of dark money on campaigns, and the role of political consultants and specialists, among other topics. Given the fragility of our election process, what are the threats to a healthy American democracy? Do the candidates with the most money always win? This is not simply a book on how campaigns are run, but why campaigns and elections are integral components of American democracy and how those fundamental elements may be vulnerable to misuse.