Dissertationen zum Thema „Changements climatiques – Afrique occidentale“
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Nka, Nnomo Bernadette. „Contribution à l'Actualisation des Normes Hydrologiques en relation avec les Changements Climatiques et Environnementaux en Afrique de l'Ouest“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066142.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWater resources plays a key role in the social progress and economic development of west african countries. But the mobilization of water is hampered by climate and environmental changes that undergoes the region since 1970. Extremes parts of hydrological regimes are also impacted, but less studies have focus on their evolution, in relation with climate and environmental changes. The main objective of this thesis is to characterize hydrological extreme events in West Africa, we tried to answer the following questions:- What are the trends of maximum discharge in west Africa?- Are these trends due to climate changes or enviromental changes?- Which speculations can be made from these evolutions, according to future climate simulations?In the first part of the work, we analyzed the trends of floods over 14 watersheds of the region. This analysis allowed us to highlight a clustering behavior of flood according to the climatic region the catchments belong to. Increasing trends have been found on flood magnitude and flood frequency of the 3 sahelian catchments used, and decreasing trends of flood magnitude were found on three sudanian catchments. Finally, the remaining catchments did not showed significant trend in their flood regime
Sakho, Issa. „Evolution et fonctionnement hydro-sédimentaire de la lagune de la Somone, Petite Côte, Sénégal“. Rouen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ROUES036.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLocated at the Petite Côte of Senegal, Somone is a small coastal river that flows into the Atlantic Ocean by a microtidal lagoonal-estuarine ecosystem. Today, the contribution of the watershed is absent due to a combination of several factors including the dam of Bandia. The only freshwater inputs are from precipitation and groundwater. Somone is a lagoonal-estuarine system characterized by an inverse hydrological functioning where marine influences predominate. Mangrove, dominated by Rhizophora, is the main characteristic unit of this coastal system. The diachronic evolution of 60 years shows a significant change for all the morphological units of the ecosystem. The mobility of the sandy spit, which caused the closures of the mouth in 1967-1969 and in 1987, is related to meteorological variations. The regressive surface of mangroves between 1954 and 1989 is the result of the combined effect of these closures of the mouth, drought and traditional uses of mangroves. The restoration of the mangrove is mainly due to reforestation policies administered in the 2000s. The annual and seasonal trend shows that the internal reworking is the main hydro-sedimentary processes. Sedimentation rate of the mud flats is 2 to 3 mm. Year-1. The dynamics of the sandy spit of the Somone plays an important role in the development and quality of internal units, the mangroves in particular. The permanent opening of the mouth allows a twice-daily renewal of water in the lagoon, which is essential for regulating the high salt content. The low content of sediment in total organic carbon, reflect the low organic matter production of the mangrove because it is a young and stunted mangrove. Diagenetic processes are anaerobic and mostly in the top 10 cm of the sediment, on the recent deposit. The contribution of young mangroves, like Somone, in the carbon storage process, is low. The lagoonal-estuarine ecosystem of the Somone is fragile and highly reactive and his evolution is fast and linked to the cumulative effects of natural and anthropogenic factors
Generoso, Rémi. „Le rôle des transferts de fonds dans un contexte de variabilité climatique : le cas des pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest“. Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS036S.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this PhD thesis is to analyze the links between migration process and climate variability in West Africa and especially in those countries characterized by a Sahelian climate. Our estimations highlight the important role of remittances toward precipitation variability in West Africa. At the microeconomic level, we show that migrant remittances enhance households coping capacities to deal with the negative impact of drought on vulnerability to food insecurity. However, remittances are mostly spent to maintain consumption over time and our results show that they have non significant impacts on poverty when mesured by households productive assets. In a macroeconomic perspective, an increased dependency to remittances may be exerted if remittances are spent in basic consumer goods. They can encourage an increase in the demand exceeding the production capacity of the economy. In return, remittances have no or not enough spillover effects. Our results indicate that any positive shock on remittances leads to a small increase in agricultural value added, without significant impact on GDP. Thus, spillover effects of remittances are low in the short term. Remittances positive shocks lead in return to a rise in agricultural imports by in sahelian countries while a rainfall shock leads to an immediate decline in agricultural production
Ouédraogo, Mahaman. „Contribution à l'étude de l'impact de la variabilité climatique sur les ressources en eau en Afrique de l'ouest. Analyse des conséquences d'une sécheresse persistante : normes hydrologiques et modélisation régionale“. Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20217.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRoudier, Philippe. „Climat et agriculture en Afrique de l'Ouest : quantification de l'impact du changement climatique sur les rendements et évaluation de l'utilité des prévisions saisonnières“. Paris, EHESS, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00874724.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis, we first aim at reviewing all the studies assessing the impact of future climate changes on agricultural yields. The median value of all relative changes of yield is -11%. We also underline the relevance for future studies to define a large range of climatic scenarios. Based on these conclusions, we next intend to evaluate the impact of future climate change on West African yields using 35 meteorological stations. Results reveal a negative evolution of average yield, mainly driven by temperature rise. Rainfall anomalies can only compensate (positive anomaly) or aggravate (negative) this tendency. We also find that potential impacts are more pessimistic for cultivars with a constant cycle length. Given these previous findings about high year-to-year variability of rainfall (thus entailing a variability of yields) and given the uncertain future climate, we are led to study next what interest the farmers would have in having climatic information such as seasonal forecasts. These forecasts can be used to minimize the impacts of rainfall variability. We compute the value of such forecasts for millet growers in Niger, using a simple economic model. Results reveal a positive impact of such forecasts on average income, even for dry years and with a forecast accuracy close to a real one. This increase reaches +34% if other information such as the onset and the offset of the rainy season are given. Finally, we develop participatory workshops in Senegal (i) to study precisely how farmers change their cropping strategies with seasonal and decadal forecasts and (ii) to quantify the impact of such forecasts on yields. This study reveals that forecasts have mainly no impact on yields (62%). However, it is positive in 31% of cases
Nka, Nnomo Bernadette. „Contribution à l'Actualisation des Normes Hydrologiques en relation avec les Changements Climatiques et Environnementaux en Afrique de l'Ouest“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066142/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWater resources plays a key role in the social progress and economic development of west african countries. But the mobilization of water is hampered by climate and environmental changes that undergoes the region since 1970. Extremes parts of hydrological regimes are also impacted, but less studies have focus on their evolution, in relation with climate and environmental changes. The main objective of this thesis is to characterize hydrological extreme events in West Africa, we tried to answer the following questions:- What are the trends of maximum discharge in west Africa?- Are these trends due to climate changes or enviromental changes?- Which speculations can be made from these evolutions, according to future climate simulations?In the first part of the work, we analyzed the trends of floods over 14 watersheds of the region. This analysis allowed us to highlight a clustering behavior of flood according to the climatic region the catchments belong to. Increasing trends have been found on flood magnitude and flood frequency of the 3 sahelian catchments used, and decreasing trends of flood magnitude were found on three sudanian catchments. Finally, the remaining catchments did not showed significant trend in their flood regime
Traore, Amadou. „Changement climatique et agriculture en Afrique subsaharienne. Perception des agriculteurs et impact de l'association entre une céréale et une légumineuse sur les rendements des deux espèces et leur variabilité inter-annuelle sous climat actuel et futur. Cas du sorgho et du niébé dans l'environnement soudano-sahélien“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03847646.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the Sudano-Sahelian zone of West Africa, agricultural productivity is strongly affected by climate variability and change. Agricultural production is dominated by rainfed cereal production such as maize, millet and sorghum for food consumption. Farmers have small and variable yields, leading to increasing uncertainty about their ability to produce more to feed a rapidly growing population. The aim of this thesis was to design more productive and stable cropping systems, adapted to climate change, by exploring the benefits of sorghum-cowpea intercropping, combined with contrasting choices of sorghum variety, mineral fertilisation and sowing date. The approach was based on a survey, field experimentation and simulation using a crop model, for a case study in central Mali in West Africa. The first step was to identify farmers' perceptions of climate change and the agricultural adaptation strategies they consider relevant to cope with climate variability and change. Secondly, the STICS crop model was calibrated on the basis of two years of experimentation (2017, 2018) of the sorghum-cowpea intercrop at the N'Tarla agronomic station. In this experimental set-up, two sorghum varieties (local and improved) with contrasting sensitivity to photoperiod were studied in sole crops and in intercropping with cowpea. Two sowing dates and two levels of mineral fertilisation were also studied. The relevance of the model to represent competition and complementarities between sorghum and cowpea fo water and nitrogen use was evaluated. Finally, the performance (average productivity and productivity stability of a range of technical options for integrated soil fertility management
Caminade, Cyril. „Rôle de l'océan et influence des émissions d'origine anthropique sur la variabilité climatique en Afrique“. Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30239.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNdiaye, Cassien Diabe. „Attribution et prévision des modulations de la mousson ouest-africaine à l’échelle de temps décennale“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS327.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn West Africa, rainfall during the summer period (July, August and September) has shown strong modulations on decadal time scales during the 20th century. In particular, there was a very wet period in the 1960s followed by a drought in the 1980s and a recovery of rainfall in the 2000s. These modulations have major regional socio-economic consequences. Considered as one of the most important signals of climate change in Africa, they have been the subject of numerous studies in order to understand their origin(s) and to anticipate future changes. These modulations have long been associated with the internal variability of the climate system and in particular with the role of the surface temperature of the Atlantic Ocean. However, recent studies show a significant contribution of external forcings, notably greenhouse gases and anthropogenic aerosols, in particular during the second half of the 20th century, either via Atlantic Ocean surface temperatures or via direct radiative forcing. In all cases, the link with ocean surface temperatures offers prospects for predicting these precipitation modulations. Decadal climate forecasts, i.e. with a 5-30 year time horizon, have been developed to exploit this source of predictability. They are potentially very important for economic and structural planning in West Africa. In this thesis, we propose to attribute, first, the decadal modulations of Sahel rainfall over the time period of 1901-2014. Secondly, we propose to evaluate the prediction of rainfall in West Africa on the decadal time scale over the period 1968-2012. All this study is carried out through the diagnosis of climate simulations carried out from models contributing to the phase 6 of the coupled models intercomparison project. Since coupled models commonly underestimate the maximum rainfall in the Sahel region during the summer period, we first proposed an adaptive rainfall domain for the Sahel. Our results from the first part of this thesis show that external forcings, in particular anthropogenic aerosols, contribute significantly to the timing of decadal modulations of Sahel rainfall. These aerosols indeed modulate the ocean surface temperature which is translated into precipitation modulations in the Sahel by the displacement of the intertropical convergence zone and the Saharan Heat Low. The second part of this thesis focuses on the predictability of precipitation on decadal time scales in West Africa and in particular in the Sahel. Our results show that rainfall is predictable in the Sahel in 5⁄8 of the models studied at lead times between 1 and 10 years. However, only 3 of these 5 models simulate a decadal signal combined with a realistic total variance (signal-to-noise ratio close to 1) at these lead times. The multi-model mean is generally more predictable than the majority of individual models. Initialization of climate variables improves Sahel rainfall prediction skills for the multi-model mean and 3⁄5 of the models showing predictability and forecast reliability for a single model. This relatively small impact corroborates the importance of external forcings inferred from the first part of this thesis. In conclusion, our results suggest that anthropogenic effects on climate become major factors in explaining decadal modulations of mean monsoon rainfall in the Sahel. In perspective, these modulations are associated, during the 20th century, with extreme rainfall events that have become frequent nowadays. It would be interesting to ask whether these extreme events are predictable in West Africa on decadal time scales
Malavelle, Florent. „Effets direct et semi-direct des aérosols en Afrique de l'ouest pendant la saison sèche“. Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00697346.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTraoré, Abdoul Khadre. „Etude et modélisation de l'influence des processus couplés surface-atmosphère sur la variabilité des pluies et du climat Ouest Africain“. Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066112.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSultan, Benjamin. „Etude de la mise en place de la mousson en Afrique de l'Ouest et de la variabilité intra-saisonnière de la convection : Applications à la sensibilité des rendements agricoles“. Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA070027.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBy using daily rainfall data and wind reanalyses over the period 1968-1990 we document two main aspects of the West African monsoon dynamics : the onset of the monsoon and the intraseasonal modulation of convention. It is shown that the onset stage is linked to an abrupt latitudinal shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone associated to the heat low dynamics. We also show the evidence of coherent fluctuations in the rainfall and wind fields in two spectral windows : around 15 days, and between 30 and 40 days. These fluctuations are characterized by a westward propagation of large cyclonic and anticyclonic anomalies with a modulation of Mesoscale Convective System characteristics. By using a crop model SARRA-H (CIRAD), we study the agricultural impacts. It is shown that our definition of the onset can improve the yield through a better choice of the showing date. It is also shown a strong impact of extra-seasonal dry sequences during the flowering and the grain ripening phases
Garnier, Aline. „La dynamique d’un système fluvial et des zones humides associées en Afrique soudano-sahélienne au cours de l'Holocène : Approches géomorphologique et biogéographique. L'exemple du Yamé au Mali“. Caen, 2013. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01084539.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe fluvial system is shaped by water discharge and sediment supply which dynamics are depending on the watershed environmental conditions. Valley bottom sedimentary records are also a crucial indicator of the relationships between nature and societies. However, in West Africa, researches were mostly focused on other environments, principally lacustrine environments. In this context, a long term evolution model of the fluvial system is proposed in order to question the acting controlling factors (natural and/or anthropogenic). This research is focused on the study of the Yamé watershed, a right bank tributary of the Niger River (Pays Dogon, Mali). Two approaches were developed to answer the research questions: (1) a geomorphological approach permitting reconstructing the hydro-sedimentary dynamics of the valley and (2) a biogeographical approach informing on the Holocene vegetation dynamics, by means of phytoliths analysis. This work permits better understanding the transformations of the fluvial system as a response to climatic crises. Finally, it questions the environmental consequences of the economic, societal and technical transitions which marked the last centuries such as the emergence of agro-pastoral activities and metal industry or more recently the population growth. This work finally proposes to highlight new knowledge about the climatic and anthropogenic evolution of western Africa, and more globally on the human impact on sudano-sahelian environments
Berte, Oumar. „La CEDEAO face aux changements anticonstitutionnels de pouvoir en Afrique de l'Ouest“. Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR015.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Economic Community of West-African States is a sub-regional organization that was created in 1975, initially with a purely economic purpose. Since its inception, the organization has observed a clear principle of non-interference in its member-states” internal affairs. But since then, the recrudescence of coups that affected political stability in various member-states and economic development for the sub-region, have led the organization to operate a change in its doctrine and missions. Indifferent to the political regimes of its member-states, and their effect on Human rights protection, ECOWAS has been increasingly involved in conflict prevention and anti- constitutional changes in power. For ECOWAS, coups fall under its mission to promote and preserve sub-regional collective security. Since the 1993 revision of the Lagos Treaty that saw its creation, ECOWAS pays close attention to the inner working of its member-states” institutions, the legality and constitutionality of power transfers as well as the protection of Human rights. This dissertation deals with the instruments developed by the sub-regional organization to prevent and counter anti- constitutional power transfers. It pays attention to the progresses made as well the tools missing from ECOWAS’ legal arsenal. At last, this dissertation offers a set of proposals designed to improve the organization’s capacity to prevent and respond to coups threatening its member- states political stability and the region’s security
Coussin, Vincent. „Gradients climatiques continentaux et hydrologiques au cours de l'Holocène dans la marge Algérienne au Golfe du Lion : approche multi-proxies : palynologie, sédimentologie, biomarqueurs moléculaires et reconstructions climatiques“. Thesis, Brest, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BRES0103.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this PhD work is to understand the mechanisms and regional responses of climate variability during the last deglaciation and the Holocene in the western Mediterranean Basin. Mediterranean environments are particularly vulnerable to climate hazards and anthropogenic pressure. The aim is to discuss natural and anthropogenic forcing from marine and continental palaeoenvironmental signals covering the last 14,000 years. To this end, two sedimentary sequences (Algerian Margin and Gulf of Lion) were the subject of multiproxy studies mainly based on palynological studies (pollen, dinoflagellate cysts and non-pollen palynomorphs), associated with sedimentological studies (MSCL, XRF, XRD), isotopic studies, molecular biomarkers (alkenones and n-alkanes) as well as climatic and hydrological quantifications. The cross-analysis of these signals, acquired with an average resolution of 150 years over the Holocene and 30 years over the extreme event of the 4.2 ka BP, has allowed us to discuss ocean-atmosphere-continental surface interactions, questioning the evolution of the marine and continental biospheres during the Holocene These palaeoenvironmental studies are based on the study of dinocyst and pollen assemblages reconstructed in the modem sediments of the two study areas. In summary, this work has revealed strong regional disparities at the orbital and infra-orbital scales along west-east and north-south transects. The growing impact of human societies, linked to an increasingly marked opening of the landscape, is discussed on the Algerian margin since 5000 years BP, and in the Gulf of Lion over the last 1000 years BP, with a stronger transmission of anthropisation markers on the shelf from the establishment of modem hydrographic conditions at around 3000 years BP
Leblois, Antoine. „Quels changements organisationnels pour l'agriculture africaine ? : essais sur les réformes des filières cotonnières et les assurances à indices météorologiques“. Paris, EHESS, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00765746.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe PhD dissertation dealt with two kinds of organisational changes that aim at defining paths for future agricultural development in sub-Saharan African countries. Both were related to market, the first concerned cash crop market structure and reforms, the access to second financial markets and more particularly insurances. The two first chapters were dedicated to institutional changes. We looked empirically for supply responses of market reforms in the cotton sector of 16 sub-Saharan African countries. We controlled for the availability of environmental factors on yield and area cultivated with cotton using the average of available precipitations and temperatures during the crop cycle, weighted by density of cotton cultivation over national cotton production zones. We found that reforms leading to regulation and strong competition had a significant impact, both on area and yield (but no significant impact of reforms leading to low competition). In a nutshell, reforms have generally led to higher yields but that introducing strong competition significantly lowered the area cultivated with cotton. The three last chapters concerned a relatively recent organisational innovation designed for fostering investments and technology adoption: weather index-based insurance mechanisms. I studied the potential of index-based insurances in developing countries, using detailed agronomic data on cotton cultivation in Northern Cameroon and millet cultivation in South-West Niger, matched, in both cases, with observations from high density networks of rainfall stations. Those papers compare the performance of various meteorological indices based on daily rainfall data
Merdaci, Ouassila. „Changements climatiques au cours des 30 derniers mille ans en Afrique sud équatoriale (Tanzanie) par l'étude des pigments et phénols sédimentaires lacustres“. Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX30079.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePeyrille, Philippe. „Etude idéalisée de la mousson ouest-africain à partir d'un modèle numérique bi-dimensionnel“. Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30014.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe West African Monsoon (WAM) is a complex system involving numerous processes and mechanisms interactions, that makes difficult its study using traditional atmospheric models. Within the scope of the AMMA project (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis), the WAM dynamics is analyzed here using an idealized two dimensional numerical model. The goal of this approach is to consider a system more simple than the observed one in order to better understand the basic driving mechanisms of the WAM. Simulations performed for a permanent July regime and a complete seasonal cycle highlight the importance of the Saharan desert and the Mediterranean Sea on the inland penetration of the monsoon. The diurnal and seasonal cycle of the West African monsoon are analyzed using temperature and humidity budgets and lead to conceptual schemes of the eauilibrium and propagation of the monsoon. In particular, the interaction between the monsoon layer and the Harmattan is central to the mechanism of propagation for both the diurnal and seasonal scales
Aubry, Nicolas Christophe. „Changements syntaxiques dans le Yorùbá de la presse (1930-2010) : traitement automatique d'un corpus diachronique et analyse des résultats“. Paris, INALCO, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INAL0013.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe use a part-of-speech tagger for an automatic processing of a 400. 000 words diachronic corpus of newspapers in Yoruba language (Nigeria) published between the 1930's and the 2000's, typed and standardized manually. The results of this tagging are then used as data for an analysis of syntactic changes having occured during that period. The focus is on grammaticalisation phenomena and serial verb constructions. Chapter 1 presents the yoruba language in the Lexical Functional Grammar framework and describes the tagger. Chapter 2 introduces the Yoruba press from a historical perspective, describes the corpus and its standardization, and ends on a brief study of the press vocabulary. Chapter 3 presents the syntactic changes that have been discovered
Simonneau, Anaëlle. „Empreintes climatiques et anthropiques sur le détritisme holocène : étude multiparamètres et intégrée de systèmes lacustres d'Europe Occidentale“. Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00805471.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBertelli, Olivia. „Trois essais sur la sécurité alimentaire en Afrique Sub-Saharienne“. Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0072.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDespite the emphasis put by the international community on the need to achieve food security, still today 795 million of people suffer from hunger, two thirds of whom live in rural areas. This thesis aims at shedding light on the determinants that cause households food insecurity in the Sub-Saharan context. The first part of this work illustrates the shortcomings of existing measures of food security and assesses the statistical validity of a multidimensional food security scale. Based on such statistical analysis, I, then, turn to a micro-econometric approach for investigating the role played by the number of children in granting household food security. Lastly, I explore whether household welfare related priorities, among which achieving food security, might explain the puzzling existence of negative profits in agricultural activities
Bouet, Christel. „Modélisation multi-échelle de la dynamique des panaches d'aérosols naturels en Afrique“. Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF21790.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTruc, Loïc. „Développement et application d'une méthode de reconstitution paléoclimatique quantitative basée sur des données polliniques fossiles en Afrique australe“. Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20200/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLocated at the interface between tropical and temperate climate systems, southern Africa is a particularly sensitive region in terms of long-term climate change. However, few reliable paleoclimatic records exist from the region – largely as a result of the arid climate with precludes the preservation of wetland sequences - , and virtually no quantitative reconstructions are available.The aim of this thesis is to develop quantitative palaeoclimate reconstruction method based the relation between modern plant distributions and climate in southern Africa. We develop botanical-climatological transfer functions derived from probability density functions (pdfs), allowing for quantitative estimates of the palaeoclimatic variables to be calculated from fossil pollen assemblages. In addition, a species-selection method (SSM) based on Bayesian statistics is outlined, which provides a parsimonious choice of most likely plant species from what are otherwise taxonomically broad pollen-types. This method addresses limitations imposed by the low taxonomic resolution of pollen identification, which is particularly problematic in areas of high biodiversity such as many regions of southern Africa.This methodology has been applied to pollen record from Wonderkrater (South Africa). Results indicate that temperatures during both the warm and cold season were 6±2°C colder during the Last Glacial Maximum and Younger Dryas, and that rainy season precipitation during the Last Glacial Maximum was ~50% of that during the mid-Holocene. Our results also imply that changes in precipitation at Wonderkrater generally track changes in Mozambique Channel sea-surface temperatures, with a steady increase following the Younger Dryas to a period of maximum water availability at Wonderkrater ~3-7 ka. These findings indicate that the northern and southern tropics experienced similar climatic trends during the last 20 kyr, and highlight the role of variations in sea-surface temperatures over the more popularly perceived role of a shifting Intertropical Convergence Zone in determining long-term environmental trends.This method has also been applied to a pollen record from Pakhuis Pass, in the Fynbos Biome (South Africa). Results show the limitations of quantitative methods, with only unrealistically low amplitude being reconstructed between the Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene (~2°C). However, results indicate that the reconstructed temperature trends, if not amplitudes, are similar to trends observed in Antarctic ice core records. Further, in reconstructing past humidity, we show that over the last 18 kyr, cooler conditions appear to be generally wetter at the site. These results are consistent with Cockcroft model (1987), derived from equatorward shift of the westerlies resulting from expansions of the circum-polar vortex.This study shows the potential of using modern plant distributions to estimates past climate parameters in southern Africa, and the species selection method proves to be a useful tool in region with high biodiversity. This work provides a novel perspective in the region, where no quantitative paleoclimatic reconstructions have been available. However, results from Pakhuis Pass highlight some of the limitations of this methodology, which will be subject of future work in this promising field of inquiry
Bouiges, Axelle. „Ecologie moléculaire de l’écosystème forestier tropical africain“. Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EPHE3012.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this project was to carry out a molecular ecology study, not only on a single species, but on a whole functional group. In the africain forest ecosystem, some species are typical of the forest while others are typical of the savanna, and have undergone stages of expansion and regression during Quaternary climate changes. Do their genomes share a common signature of the ensuing demographic history? I worked on nine species from the Zaprionus genus (Drosophilidae). For six species, I was able to gather a complete dataset including two population samples of N=20 (15 in one case) for 10 nuclear genes and one mitochondrial gene. I investigated the signature of population expansion by using Tajima’s DT, Fu’s FS, and the mismatch distribution. The demographic history of each species was investigated using Bayesian methods including BEAST (for mtDNA) and a recombination model using FastSimCoal (for nuclear DNA), with available molecular clocks. Five forest-dwelling species show the signature of a population expansion: Z. aff. proximus, Z. davidi, Z. sepsoides, Z. taronus et Z. vittiger. A sixth species, Z. indianus, shows a more complex history in agreement with its dependence on savanna. The completion of the analysis of the whole dataset was precluded by the time-consuming numerical procedures involved. To conclude, the genome of all of these species – either form savanna of from the forest – shows the signature of past climatic changes, thus validating an "ecosystem genomics" approach
Huntsman-Mapila, Philippa. „Bassins de rift à des stades précoces de leur développement : l'exemple du bassin Makgadikgadi-Okavango-Zambezi, Botswana et du bassin Sud-Tanganyika (Tanzanie et Zambie) : composition géochimique des sédiments : traceurs des changements climatiques et tectoniques“. Brest, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00161196.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis presents the results of a multidisciplinary study of sediments, with an emphasis on geochemistry, with the following objectives: I) improve our understanding of geochemical processes occurring as a result of erosion, transport and deposition in two rift basin in their early stage of development; 2) reconstruct environments in these two regions of the rift during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene and 3) define sedimentary and geochemical criteria to allow us to discriminate tectonic setting and climate change in nascent and early stage rift basins. 11e two basins chosen to represent early stage rift development were I) the Makgadikgadi-Okavango-Zambezi basin located in NW Botswana md 2) the Mpulungu Basin, located at the south-western extremity of Lake Tanganyika. The geochemicat study of sediments and water of the Okavango Delta revealed the presence of elevated arsenic in the groundwater occurring as n result of the dissolution of oxides under reducing conditions. The presence of elevated arsenic in the sediments is linked to organic rich clays, deposited under lacustrine conditions during periods of higher rainfall et possible impoundment of the river by die Thamalakane Fault. The geochemical results were used as n proxy for climate change in the Mpulungu basin. The results indicate n remarkable excursion winch coincides with the Younder Dryas event, Tins environmental event appears to be the most important event in southem Lai Tanganyika during the period 23 —3 ka, winch is characterized by the transport of weathered material into die basin due ton change in vegetation cove in the catchment area
Monnet, Anne-Christine. „Apport des modèles de niche aux translocations d'espèces : cas du renforcement de populations d'Outarde houbara“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066655/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEcological niche models (ENM) are widely used to predict the current and future distribution of species. They could be used as complementary tools to assess the niche suitability of potential release areas, a key parameter for improving success in conservation translocation. Yet, ENM are still rarely applied and general evidence about the benefit of these models in translocation is still lacking. We focused our research on reinforcement programs of two species of Houbara Bustard, the sedentary North African species (Chlamydotis undulata undulata) and the migratory Asian species (C. macqueenii). Through the extensive monitoring of remnant wild populations and captive-born released individuals over a large proportion of their distribution range, these programs provide an ideal study framework to address complex questions regarding the relevancy of ENM in translocation conservation. First, we linked individual survival, a crucial component of population dynamics, to niche suitability. Then, we performed an experimental release and monitoring of 180 individuals along a gradient of habitat suitability as predicted by ENM to test the effect of release site suitability on survival of captive-born individuals. We then tested if released houbaras use the same ecological niche than wild houbaras, as a validation step to support the subsequent use of niche modelling. Finally, we discussed the implications of global change for ongoing translocation programs of Houbara Bustard. Empirical approaches linking habitat suitability with demographic processes provide a step towards a better understanding of the relevance of ENM for conservation translocations in changing environments
Faye, Adama. „Dynamique évolutive des forêts tropicales humides d'Afrique centrale : cas d'étude de la famille des palmiers (Arecaceae)“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS190.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTropical rain forests (TRF) biodiversity is not equally distributed between the three main tropical regions: Neotropics, South East Asia and tropical Africa. Even though African rain forests display high levels of diversity and endemism, this diversity is low compared to that of the other tropical regions. One of the main hypotheses advanced to explain this lower species diversity is that the African flora has undergone higher extinction rates during the Cenozoic. Across the Congo basin, high levels of species diversity and endemism is thought to be linked to the hypothesis of forest refugia. This hypothesis suggests a contraction of rain forests in 'refugia' during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, between 24’000 and 12’000 Years).The aim of this thesis is to study the evolution of African rain forests in response to climate change on ancient (million years) and more recent (thousands of years) time scales. For this we study two groups of African palms: the rattans of the sub-tribe Ancistrophyllinae and the understory genus of Central African TRF Podococcus with two species P. barteri and P. acaulis. The first group provides information about ancient extinctions events during the Cenozoic, while the second is used to study the response of TRF during Pleistocene climate change in Central Africa. The approach used in this thesis is to 1) reconstruct the evolutionary history of African rattans, and 2) to infer the evolutionary dynamics of the two species of Podococcus through time. The five specific objectives structuring two main parts of the thesis are: First part: (i) reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among Ancistrophyllinae using plastid and nuclear markers, (ii) estimate divergence times and test the impact of extinction events on Ancistrophyllinae. Second part: (iii) build ecological niche models and infer the areas of habitat stability of the two species of Podococcus from the LGM, (iv) reconstruct phylogeographic relationships of populations of Podococcus from whole plastomes obtained using Next Generation Sequencing and (v) assess the correlation between genetic diversity and ecological niche stability of all populations of Podococcus.Results suggest that Ancistrophyllinae has possibly undergone a constant diversification with a relatively high extinction rate punctuated by one or more severe extinction events during the Cenozoic. Ancistrophyllinae diverged during the Eocene with most species originating to the Late Miocene after 10 Ma. In the genus Podococcus, a significant correlation between the unique genetic diversity and habitat stability was demonstrated supporting the hypothesis of forests refugia in Central Africa. Ecologically stable and diverse populations are mainly located in mountainous areas such as Monts de Cristal and Monts Doudou in Gabon, but also in the Atlantic coastal forests in Gabon and Cameroon. In contrast, most of the populations predate the LGM reflecting that species respond over several glacial cycles. Results of this thesis highlight that ancient and recent climate changes have strongly influenced the evolution and dynamics of Central African forests. In addition, our results allowed the identification of African Atlantic coastal forests as an important conservation priority
Ardoin-Bardin, Sandra. „Variabilité hydroclimatique et impacts sur les ressources en eau de grands bassins hydrographiques en zone soudano-sahélienne“. Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00568025.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTang, Chao. „Model estimations of possible climate changes of surface solar radiation at regional scales over Southern Africa and the South West Indian Ocean“. Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0055/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChanges in Surface Solar Radiation (SSR) have the potential to significantly impact diverse aspects of the climate system, and notably the socio-economic development of any nation. To identify the possible impacts of climate change on SSR at regional scales (~50 km) over Southern Africa and the South West Indian Ocean (SA-SWIO; 0-40°S ; 0- 100°E) up to the end of the 21st century, a slice downscaling experiment consisting of simulations covering three temporal windows: a) the present 1996-2005; b) the future 2046-2055 and 2090-2099 conducted with the Regional Climate Model (RCM) RegCM version 4, driven by the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis (ERAINT, only present) and 2 Global Climate Model (GCMs: HadGEM2-ES and GFDL-ESM2M) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) under RCP8.5 scenario, are performed and evaluated. Since the slice simulation is of limited temporal coverage, number of regional and driven global models and climate change forcings, mainly because of the limit of available computational resources, the study towards a comprehensive knowledge of SSR changes in context of climate change is thus extended: an ensemble consisting of outputs from 20 regional climate downscaling realisations based on 5 RCMs that participated in the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) program (CORDEX-Africa) along with their 10 driving GCMs from CMIP5 covering southern Africa (0-40°S; 0- 100°E) during the period of 1990-2099 is analyzed under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 up to 2099.The slice experiment indicates that 1) RegCM4 simulates present-day seasonal climatology, (surface air temperature, precipitation and SSR) quite well, but has a negative total cloud cover bias (about -20% in absolute percentage) when forced by the ERAINT and the two GCMs. 2) Internal variability of RegCM4-simulated annual means SSR (about 0.2 W/m2) is of one order smaller than the model bias compared with reference data. 3) RegCM4 simulates SSR changes in opposite signs when driven by the different GCMs under RCP8.5 scenario. 4) Electricity potential calculated using first-order estimation based on the RegCM simulations indicates a change less then 2% to 2099 with respect on present level.It is also found from the ensemble study that: 1) GCMs ensemble generally overestimates SSR by about 1 W/m2 in austral summer (December, January, and February, short as DJF) and 7.5 W/m2 in austral winter (June, July and August, short as JJA), while RCMs ensemble mean shows underestimations of SSR by about -32 W/m2 and -14 W/m2 in summer and winter seasons respectively when driven by GCMs. 2) Multi-model mean projections of SSR change patterns simulated by the GCMs and their embedded RCMs are fairly consistent. 3) GCMs project, in their multi-model means, a statistically significant increase of SSR of about 8 W/m2 in RCP4.5 and 12 W/m2 in RCP8.5 by 2099 over Centre Southern Africa (SA-C) and a highly confident decreasing SSR over Eastern Equatorial Africa (EA-E) of about -5 W/m2 in RCP4.5 and -10 W/m2 in RCP8.5 during the DJF season. RCMs simulate SSR change with statistical confidence over SA-C and EA-E area as well with a little spatial extension compared to GCMs. However, in the JJA season, an increase of SSR is found over EA-E of about 5 W/m2 by 2099 under RCP4.5 and 10 W/m2 under RCP8.5, of similar amplitudes in both the GCMs and RCMs simulations. 4) Significant cloudiness decrease (about -6 % to 2099) is found over continent of SA for GCMs and also shown in RCMs. 5) Larger SSR changes are found in the RCP8.5 scenario than in the RCP4.5 scenario in 2099, with about 2.5 W/m2 enhanced changes in GCMs and about 5 W/m2 in RCMs. 6) Either the biases or the changes pattern of SSR are overall correlated with the patterns of total cloud cover from RCMs in CORDEX-Africa program (for RegCM4 as well). The slice experiment indicates that
Sy, Souleymane. „Impact du changement d'occupation des sols passé et à venir sur la dynamique de la circulation de la mousson ouest africaine“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066208.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBy climate models developed in the LUCID project and CMIP5 models used in the LUCID-CMIP5 projet, this thesis aims to identify and evaluate biogeophysical impacts of LULCC of the past 150 years and the end of XXIst century on surface climate in West Africa. Focusing analysis in two contrasted regions of West Africa: Sahel and Guinea where land cover change is above 5% since pre-industrial times, results reveal expansion of crops and pasture and deforestation in Guinea in all LUCID models. In this work, simulations of present-day rainfall and surface air temperature have been compared with observed datasets. Results show that the observed mean and inter-annual variability of rainfall are respectively underestimated and overestimated by most of the seven climate models. Overall surface air temperature is better simulated than precipitation.Two simulations of rainfall and surface air temperature, forced respectively with present-day and pre-industrial land cover distribution are also compared. Results show that there is no obvious/visible difference between the two simulations with respect to mean climatic values of both rainfall and temperature as if the changes in land cover did not really matter for the good representation of those variables. Finally, this thesis evaluates leaf area index (LAI) in the LUCID models and its relationships with surface climate. Observations reveal that precipitation is highly and positively correlated to foliage density with values larger or equal to 0.8 in both the Sahel and Guinea. Five out of seven models show positive correlations, but not as large as in the observations. However none of the models is able to capture a larger correlation between precipitation and LAI in Guinea than in the Sahel. Most of climate models show that correlation between LAI and surface air temperature is positive in the Sahel and negative in Guinea. It suggests that more LAI in Guinea will lead to more evapotranspiration and therefore cooler surface, while in the Sahel the albedo effect of increased LAI may dominate and increase surface temperature. Finally, analysis reveals that historical effects of land-use changes are not regionally significant among the seven climate models due to a small land-cover change prescribed in these regions compared to the changes induced by large scale forcing such as sea surface temperatures changes and CO2 concentration increase.Furthermore, biogeophysical impact of land-use change in the XXIst Century climate were evaluated using specific simulations similar to RCP8.5 scenarios but with a prescribed fixed land cover map on 2006. The analysis reveals, that in contrast of last 150 years, deforestation continues in the coming years in tropical region in scenarios resulting from the extension of the cultivated area reaching 15 million km2 in 2100 over tropical Africa. Regionally, the biogeophysical impacts of projected changes in land cover in RCP8.5 scenarios were generally small but statistically significant in the Sahel and Central Africa regions where deforestation is more than 10% with a wide dispersion of climate response due to differents parameterizations of land surface in climate models
Kubik, Zaneta. „Weather shocks, migration and food security : evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa“. Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E007/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis contributes to the literature on the impact of weather shocks on migration and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. The first chapter analyses whether Tanzanian rural households engage in internal migration as a response to weather-related shocks using an iv probit model. The findings confirm that for an average household, a 1 per cent reduction in agricultural income induced by weather shock increases the probability of migration by 13 percentage points on average within the following year. The second chapter paper attempts to establish if weather acts as the determinant of destination choice in the case of rural-to-rural migration. Employing the alternative-specific conditional logit model, this paper shows that an increase in the expected income differentials between origin and destination by 10,000 Tanzanian shillings, attributable to differences in weather, increases the probability of choosing a given destination by 2 percentage points. The third chapter analyses the food access dimension of food security, and models the link between weather shocks and food security that acts specifically through food prices. Employing an instrumental variable model where household dietary diversity is determined by food prices instrumented with weather shock, this chapter shows that a 1 per cent increase in local food prices induced by a weather shock decreases the number of food items consumed by households by around 2.5 per cent
Arnault, Joël. „Evolution cyclogénétique des perturbations convectives de l'Afrique de l'Ouest et de l'Atlantique tropical“. Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/651/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe formation of Cape Verde Cyclones is the result of an interaction between several processes: mid-level African easterly wave's troughs and ridges, low-level monsoon flow and trade winds off the West African coast, convective developements, mid-level Saharan anticyclone, low level Saharan heat low, mid-and upper level troughs of mid-latitude origin. These processes are investigated in a climatologic study of five season of European Center for Medium-range Weather Forcast analyses and Meteosat images. This is complemented with two case studies modelled with Méso-NH: the perturbation which spawn Hurricane Helene (2006) and the so-called "Perturbation D", a non-developing case observed during AMMA / SOP-3 in Dakar in September 2006. The simulated evolutions are quantified with energy and vorticity budgets. The main result of this thesis is that geostrophic adjustment of wind field to a pressure perturbation of convective origin in the Cape Verde Islands area occurs only if there is a production of eddy kinetic energy through barotropic conversion and a horizontal advection of cyclonic vorticity. This confirms the well-known hypothesis that tropical cyclogenesis is the result of an interaction between convective systems and a favourable environement
Huntsman-Mapila, Philippa. „Bassins de rift à des stades précoces de leur développement: l'exemple du bassin de Makgadikgadi-Okavango-Zambezi, Botswana et du bassin Sud-Tanganyika (Tanzanie et Zambie). Composition géochimique des sédiments: traçeurs des changements climatiques et tectoniques“. Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00161196.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNgoungue, Langue Cédric Gacial. „Détection, caractéristiques et prédictibilité des évènements à potentiels forts impacts humains sur les villes ouest-africaines : cas des vagues de chaleur“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASJ021.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHeat waves (HWs) are a real threat to humans and their environment. Due to climate change, heat waves will become more frequent and more intense. Climatic conditions in West Africa make the region more vulnerable to heat waves. West African cities are highly populated centers, and when it comes to the impact of heat waves on human activities, it's important to study these events at these scales. This study aims to monitor heat waves in major West African cities and evaluate their predictability in subseasonal to seasonal forecast models. The first part of this work focuses on monitoring heat waves in fifteen cities over West Africa located in coastal and continental regions. Three sources of uncertainty encountered in the heat wave detection process were identified: the first related to reanalysis data, the second to the choice of threshold used to define a heat wave, and the last to the methodology adopted. The inter-annual variability of heat waves in the different regions highlighted particularly hot years with a high frequency of heat wave events for all the three indicators AT, T2m,Tw: 1998, 2005, 2010, 2016, 2019 and 2020, mostly corresponding to El Nino years. The GU region has been more affected by heat waves over the past decade (2012-2020) than the CONT and ATL regions. However, the most persistent and intense heat waves occurred in the CONT region. An increase in the frequency, duration and intensity of heat waves has been observed over the last decade (2012-2020), probably due to global warming acting on extreme events." In the second part of this study, we focused on the predictability aspect of heat waves. A preliminary study of the predictability of heat waves has been carried out for the period 2001-2020 using subseasonal to seasonal forecast models from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO). The forecast models perform better than a reference climatology, particularly for short-term forecasts (up to two weeks) in all the three regions. Nighttime heatwaves are more predictable than daytime heatwaves. According to the FAR values, only 15 to 30% of the predicted heatwave days by the models are actually observed in the reanalyses, respectively for lead weeks 5 and 2. This suggests that the models overestimate the duration of heat waves compared with ERA5 reanalysis. ECMWF issues fewer false alarms than UKMO for short-term forecasts. Although the models show skills to detect heat waves compared to a reference climatology, their ability to forecast the intensity of events remains weak even for a short lead time. The predictability of heat waves was performed using machine learning methods. The BRF model demonstrated better heat wave detection skills than subseasonal forecast models in all the three regions. The BRF model considerably improves heat wave detection in forecast models, but on the other hand it generates a high rate of false alarms. The predictability of heat waves using large-scale predictors such as the Saharan Heat Low (SHL) was investigated using two seasonal forecast models: the fifth version of the European Center Seasonal Forecast Model "SEAS5" and the seventh version of the Météo-France Seasonal Forecast Model "MF7". The models show skills on the representation of the mean seasonal cycle of the SHL and capture some characteristics of its inter-annual variability, such as the warming trend observed during the 2010s. SEAS5 makes a more realistic representation of the climatic trend of the SHL compared to MF7. Using bias correction techniques, the results highlight the capacity of the models to represent the intra-seasonal variability of the SHL. Bias correction helps to improve the Continuous Ranked Probability Score (CRPS), but the skills of the model remain low for lead times beyond one month
Boutin, Delphine. „Essai sur la pauvreté, la vulnérabilité et le travail des enfants“. Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40051.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe oftmentioned and thus the most controversial cause of child labour is poverty. However, the relationship between poverty and child labour is blurred as numerous theoretical and empirical studies focused on these issues show contradictories results. Besides, increasing attention is being paid to vulnerability as a key dynamic aspect of poverty, making more complex the impact of poverty on child labour. The aims of my thesis work is to clarify the relationship between poverty and child labour and to update it in the light of recent development in poverty and vulnerability measurement and the current context of multiple crises. I choose to focus on African countries as the majority of child labourers are found in these countries. Two main parts compose my PhD dissertation. First, my dissertation research revisits the links between child labour and household poverty. Second, the children participation to labour is part of a household strategy to reduce the income variability. The vulnerability of children to work is thus analysed in two different ways, according the type of shocks and the type of vulnerability (ex-ante or ex-post). The final chapter of my thesis aims to analyse if an exogenous household income increase, through remittances, have a positive impact on children work
Hubert, Nicolas. „Environnement, Ressources et Conflits au Burkina Faso“. Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41871.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAllies, Aubin. „Estimation de l’évapotranspiration par télédétection spatiale en Afrique de l’Ouest : vers une meilleure connaissance de cette variable clé pour la région“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG068/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWest Africa is particularly vulnerable to climate and human-induced changes, exerting increasing pressure on water and plant resources. Sound management of the latter requires substantial scientific progress. In particular, it is essential to better understand energy and matter exchanges through the surface-atmosphere continuum, which are a major driver of the hydrological cycle and of vegetation development. In this respect, evapotranspiration is a key variable, as most of precipitation returns to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration and as it couples the water and energy cycles. In West Africa, current knowledge of this process is still limited because it is mainly based on field measurements that are representative of small spatial scales, or on land surface models that would require considerably more data than available in this region. In this context, this thesis work aims at improving our knowledge of the spatiotemporal variability of evapotranspiration, by analyzing the potential of remote sensing to estimate evapotranspiration in West Africa. The proposed approach is based on an inter-comparison of available remote sensing evapotranspiration products and on the proposal of a new method to generate new estimation products. The study was carried out over three mesoscale sites (~ 104 km2) providing a sample of the eco-climatic conditions encountered in West Africa, namely from North to South: the North-Sahel (in East-Central Mali), the South-Sahel (in South-West Niger) and the Sudanian zone (in North Benin). An improved remote sensing method for estimating daily evapotranspiration and its epistemic uncertainty named EVASPA S-SEBI Sahel (E3S) was developed. E3S was applied to the three study sites using data from the MODIS sensors onboard TERRA and AQUA satellites. Daily evapotranspiration estimates were evaluated against pluriannual observations acquired by the AMMA-CATCH Observatory. This study highlights the potential of E3S for estimating daily evapotranspiration in West Africa. However, these estimates are still subject to hazards of satellite measurements (image quality, cloud cover, large satellite view angle) and are therefore discontinuous. This thesis work also proposes new methods for reconstructing continuous daily evapotranspiration series by the combination of multi-resolution and multi-source estimations. The study shows the capabilities of these reconstruction approaches compared to the standard interpolation methods usually found in the literature. In particular, the proposed approaches allow better depicting the response of terrestrial surfaces to soil drying sequences between rainfall events. The newly generated evapotranspiration products were included in the product inter-comparison together with eight other products available in West Africa at various spatial and temporal resolutions. These products were evaluated at different spatial and temporal scales against local measurements and spatially distributed simulations by twenty land surface models from the ALMIP2 experiment. This study highlights the high inter-product variability especially in the Sahel. It also emphasizes the importance of taking into account information related to water stress in the generation of evapotranspiration products. The kilometric resolution of E3S products gives them a clear advantage in terms of description of the spatial variability of evapotranspiration flux compared to other coarse resolution products. The newly generated products show clear potential for future eco-hydrological and hydrogeological studies in the Sahel
Tummon, Fiona. „Les effets directs et semi-directs des aérosols sur le climat régional du sud de l'Afrique pendant la saison d'hiver austral“. Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1341/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe regional climate model RegCM3 is used to investigate the direct and semi-direct aerosol effects on the southern African climate during the austral winter season (June-September). The sensitivity of simulated aerosol-climate effects to different biomass burning inventories, boundary conditions and sea surface temperature (SST) feedbacks is tested to assess the range of uncertainty associated with these parameters. Little sensitivity to boundary forcing is found, while the aerosol radiative forcing (RF) varies approximately linearly by up to a factor of two, in response to the factor of two difference between emissions inventories. In all cases the surface RF is negative, while the top-to-atmosphere RF is negative over most of the domain but positive over high-albedo savannah regions where aerosol loading is high. Sensitivity to SST feedbacks is negligible in RegCM3. Although the magnitude of simulated RF varies, all simulations show similar aerosol-climate impacts. Surface temperature decreases over most of the subcontinent, a signal which acts to reduce model bias over the western half of the region. The absorbing nature of the simulated aerosol burden results in heating at altitude, which, in combination with the surface cooling, serves to increase stability in the lower atmosphere over most of the subcontinent. In the middle troposphere, however, this warming induces an elevated heat-pump effect in the equatorial regions between approximately 8°N and 5°S. This enhances convection, precipitation as well as soil moisture, effectively spinning-up the hydrological cycle in the tropics. An investigation of the interannual variability of the simulated aerosol radiative impacts showed that seasonal average precipitation changes varied more from year to year than aerosol-induced surface temperature changes. In contrast, despite significant differences between synoptic conditions, there is little synoptic-scale variability of aerosol-climate impacts
Mostefaoui, Mounia. „Assessment of the three main anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions and removals by bottom-up and top-down methods : a main tool for the evaluation of the respect of the Paris Climate Accords. A case study over Africa“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS460.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSince the second part of the 20th century, the role of three main greenhouse gases (GHG) : Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) has been clearly established by the scientific community as the main cause of the recent forcing of the Earth energetic processes from human-induced activities, resulting among other disturbances in an increase of the annual mean surface temperatures. As GHG are well-mixed in the atmosphere and due to the complexity of atmospheric transport processes, the main emitters do not necessarily face the consequences of the additional radiative forcing that they directly induce. In this study, we restrict the analysis to CO2, CH4 and N2O because they are the most important GHG in the atmosphere. For the following-up of GHG, the Paris Agreement has a device named the “Enhanced Transparency Framework “(ETF). Within the ETF, countries have to report annually or biannually their GHG emissions and removals starting in 2023 within the Global Stocktake (GST). The ETF is based on the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) provisions of the PA, aiming at the measurement of GHG for the PA signatory countries, at the centralization of the regularly updated country-reports, and at the verification of the respect of the countries ex ante vs. ex post pledges. This GST will represent a challenge for many Non-Annex I countries, including Africa, where emissions and removals in national inventories have been irregular since the UNFCCC creation in 1992. The literature tends to be scarce about GHG emissions from African countries, usually thought to be small emitters by non-experts. However, the recent Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) underlines with high confidence that the speed of surface temperature increase in Africa has already been higher than elsewhere in the world due to anthropogenic emissions (IPCC Working Group I, 2021). Recent analyses also predict a fast increase of African emissions correlated with its demographic growth, which is the fastest in the world. Pioneering papers on anthropogenic emissions and the carbon balance in Africa like the one of Ciais et al. (2011), already underlined that “Africa is likely to increase its share of global emissions over the coming decades” (Canadell, 2009). That is the reason why we chose to strictly restrict to Africa the scope of our central analysis in the original study of the present manuscript. Our aim is to assess African CO2, CH4 and N2O anthropogenic emissions and removals using bottom-up datasets (inventories and process-based models) and to compare them with top-down inversions coming from satellites over three decades (1990-2018) in order to deliver trends’ analyses. The purpose of this analysis is also to discuss the following main question: how can the current state of science help for the evaluation of the Respect of the Paris Agreement (PA) in Non-Annex I countries, and most specifically in Africa? Chapter 1 presents CO2, CH4 and N2O main features and impacts with regards to the Earth Radiative Budget forcing, and contextualizes the scientific monitoring of GHG emissions and removals from anthropogenic origins in the climate policy context of the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) provisions of the PA. Chapter 2 delivers an original analysis of GHG emissions and removals trends over the last three decades for the case of Africa. Chapter 3 discusses more broadly the conclusions of the African case analysis and proposes larger perspectives from both a scientific and from a climate policy view for future developments in the evaluation of the respect of the PA
Sako, Aichata Founé Mohamed. „Vulgarisation d’un caractère prometteur d’adaptation à la variabilité environnementale : où peut-on promouvoir le photopériodisme des variétés de mil etsorgho sous les climats actuels et futurs en Afrique de l’Ouest ?“ Thesis, Paris 8, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA080099/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleStructured in three main chapters; this study addresses multidisciplinary approach combining spatial and temporalanalysis of interannual variability of rainfall, multi-locations trials of a large and representative sample of photoperiodicvarieties of sorghum and millet combined with a photoperiod response crop model and Geographic Information System(GIS). It allowed identifying specific target environment to promote the vulgarization of photoperiodic varieties ofsorghum and millet in West Africa. This study depicted significant relationships between phenology, PP sensitivityresponses and environmental factors, where the mains components are listed below:‒ The interannual rainfall variability in West Africa over the past fifty years (1950-2000) was marked by ageneral decrease in annual rainfall characterized by high variability in the onset of growing period at lowerlatitudes and an increase in the interannual variability of the end of growing period in the northern latitudeswith least significant variability through climatic periods.‒ The spatial distribution of PP sensitivity varieties of millet and sorghum is closely related to the spatial andtemporal distribution of the interannual variability of the onset and end dates of growing period. Photoperiodsensitive varieties are located mainly at lower latitudes where the interannual variability in the onset of thegrowing period is much higher than the end of the growing period.‒ Phonological response and expression of photoperiod sensitivity are strictly dependent on sowing date andlatitude. Effects of latitude on the expression of photoperiod sensitivity and phenology are proportional tolatitude.‒ The "impatience" sub-crop model calibrated and corrected for latitudinal effect predicts and identifies moreaccurately optimal varietal adaptation areas for sorghum and millet varieties in West Africa.‒ The adequacy between calibrated duration of the phonological cycle by the crop model adjusted for latitudinaleffect and that observed in farming systems in agro-systems in Mali, allowed to validate the predicted optimalvarietal adaptation maps by defined the model
Azzoug, Moufok. „Reconstitution des variations multidécennales et saisonnières de la mousson ouest-africaine au cours des deux derniers millénaires à partir de l’étude sclérochronologique des amas coquilliers fossiles dans le delta du Saloum, Sénégal“. Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20142.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe multidecadal and seasonal variations of the West African Monsoon (WAM) in the last two millennia remain poorly documented in the Sahel region because paleoclimate archives are lacking. For this, we propose in this PhD thesis a sclerochronological study of the mollusk bivalve Anadara senilis from massive shell middens to reconstruct multidecadal and seasonal variations of hydrological conditions in the Saloum Delta (Senegal) between AD 460 and 1090. Hydrological conditions in this hypersaline estuary are highly sensitive to the WAM variations.Past hydrological variations are reconstructed by using isotopic composition (δ18O, δ13C) of modern and fossil shells in this Delta. The shells' seasonal isotopic signals reflect faithfully hydrological variations, linked to monsoonal regime. Our results show that the variations of these seasonal isotopic signals, associated to shell growth patterns with known periodicities allow the reconstruction of season durations with a precision of 25 days, a precision that has never been achieved in paleoclimate studies in the Sahel region.Multidecadal variations of hydrological conditions are reconstructed by using isotopic composition of fossil shells collected in the massive shell middens (Dioron Boumak), characterized by high accumulation rate. The averaged δ18O value of fossil shells was more negative by 1.4‰ compared to modern shells' isotopic signature. This result indicates fresher mean conditions in the Saloum Delta that was likely not hypersaline as it is today. The precipitation-evaporation budget was thus more positive in response to a more intense and/or longer rainfall season during from AD 460 to 1090. We propose that winter and early spring rainfall events, which are observed very occasionally today, were occurring frequently during this period. These rains restricted to the western Sahelian coast and followed by the monsoon would have increased the total duration of the rainy season (~ 5 months instead of 3 months today) and substantially increased the annual precipitation-evaporation budget.This study shed light on the high potential of A. senilis as a high resolution paleoclimate archive of rainfall variability in the Sahel region. It shows also the importance of rainfall seasonality in past hydrological cycles that should be taken into account in the future paleoclimate studies
Sylla, Adama. „Variabilité inter-annuelle à décennale et réponse aux forçages anthropiques de l’upwelling sénégalo-mauritanien“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS675.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe oceanic region located off the Senegalese and Mauritanian coasts is one of the most productive one in the world ocean. This is due to the upwelling system, which occurs during the winter season in this region. This seasonality is very specific. In particular, it differs from the well-known upwelling systems located along the eastern coast of the tropical oceans but further poleward such as along Morocco and the Iberian peninsula, the Californian coast, the Peru-Chili and the Benguela. These upwelling systems are maximum in summer. Several studies have investigated their sensitivity to global warming. Early studies have suggested that their intensity may increase in the future, but recent observations do not clear give robust evidence of this behavior. The winter senegalo-mauritanian upwelling system has been largely excluded from these studies, in spite of its crucial role for the socio-economical development of the populations of the surrounding region, whose food and income strongly depend on the halieutic resources. In this context, this study proposes an evaluation of the representation of this system in the CMIP5 climate models, and its response to climate change. Our analysis is based on characteristics of the upwelling in terms of wind forcing and sea surface temperature signature. In spite of some diversity in the model’s ability to represent the senegalo-mauritanian upwelling system, the results suggest that its intensity may rather decrease in the future, primarily because of a reduction of the wind forcing. In a second hand we propose an analysis of the inter-annual to decadal variability of the intensity of the upwelling based on recent reanalyses. This study focuses on the link with the monsoon and with large scale climate modes such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Atlantic Multi- decadal Oscillation (AMO). The link with the decadal variations of the West African Monsoon (WAM) during the opposite season is relatively clear. It is associated with anomalous trajectories of the ITCZ. The indices characterizing the upwelling are not always correlated with each other, showing that they are not yet very robust. They nevertheless indicate a marked variability at the decadal timescale partly associated with the AMO
Flaounas, Emmanouil. „Analyse de la mise en place de la mousson Africaine : dynamique régionale ou forçage de grande échelle ?“ Phd thesis, Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066625.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBisore, Simon. „Mécanisme pour un développement propre (MDP) du protocole de Kyoto: barrières et opportunités pour les pays moins avancés d'Afrique :cas du Burundi“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209646.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleParmi les problèmes posés par ce mécanisme de compensation, il y a des disparités observées dans la répartition géographique de sa mise en œuvre, alors qu’il est censé contribuer au développement de nombreux pays non-Annexe I. Parmi ceux-ci, les Pays les Moins Avancés (PMA) en général et ceux d’Afrique en particulier restent largement sous-représentés. Pourtant, le MDP a été adopté à la fois comme une contribution innovatrice à l’atténuation des changements climatiques et comme un moteur de promotion du développement durable dans les pays en développement.
Dans ce contexte, l’objectif général de cette thèse est triple. Primo, elle vise à étudier en profondeur cet instrument en dégageant ses principales caractéristiques, y compris les disparités d’implantation d’activités de projets qui lui sont liées. Secundo, elle en examine les causes par une analyse des barrières ou freins à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP dans ces PMA d’Afrique en général et au Burundi en particulier. Tertio, elle révèle les opportunités (avantages/bénéfices) potentielles qui restent toujours non valorisées par l’implémentation d’activités de projets éligibles au titre du MDP.
L’analyse menée montre que les disparités susmentionnées jouent essentiellement en faveur des grands pays émergents d’Asie et d’Amérique latine, ce qui va à l’encontre du principe d’équité. En effet, en décembre 2011, le Brésil, la Chine et l’Inde détenaient 72,7 % de toutes les activités de projets du MDP et 75,8 % de crédits-carbone attendus en 2012. A l’opposé, les PMA ne disposaient dans le même temps que de 1,3 % de toutes les activités de projets du MDP et 1,2 % de leurs crédits attendus d’ici 2012. Les PMA d’Afrique ne restent qu’avec des parts de l’ordre de 0,8 % et 0,9 % respectivement. Cette situation reste si drastiquement critique qu’il importe d’en déceler les raisons.
Des caractéristiques de l’instrument, des expériences menées jusqu’ici et de la situation dans des pays hôtes, il ressort que les barrières sont de deux types. D’une part, les barrières endogènes, c'est-à-dire les barrières liées à l’organisation interne des pays. D’autre part, les barrières exogènes qui sont liées essentiellement à l’organisation générale du processus du MDP. L’étude a permis ainsi de montrer que les barrières endogènes constituent le nœud du problème en termes de visibilité des pays hôtes dans le marché du MDP. Celle-ci reste largement limitée dans ce marché international du carbone.
Les barrières identifiées dans ce travail, en particulier les barrières endogènes, risquent de se révéler difficiles à lever, car elles exigent des réformes structurelles au sein de l’organisation politique, institutionnelle, économique, et juridique du pays hôte. En outre, l’intégration de ces barrières dans un système unique d’interrelations constitue un des points originaux du travail. Ces interrelations ne sont pas négligeables et complexifient l’application du mécanisme, car, dans la plupart des cas, une action amorcée pour lever une barrière peut s’avérer inefficace si d’autres barrières associées ne sont pas prises en compte.
L’étude s’est également attachée à évaluer les retombées potentielles liées à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP au Burundi. Les principales opportunités perdues jusqu’ici se situent dans quelques secteurs socioéconomiques du pays, essentiellement dans la gestion des déchets et l’énergie. L’étude en a ainsi retenu des options technologiques susceptibles de contribuer à des solutions à la problématique de la gestion des déchets et de l’approvisionnement énergétique au Burundi, tout en favorisant la stabilisation d’émissions de GES. Il s’agit de technologies adaptées de compostage et de bio-méthanisation dans le secteur de la gestion des déchets et les technologies de production d’énergies à partir de sources renouvelables (hydro, solaire, biogaz) et d’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique de la biomasse (foyers améliorés, carbonisation) dans le secteur de l’énergie.
Ces opportunités ont également été analysées suivant des critères et indicateurs de durabilité (matrice de développement durable du Gold Standard). Les résultats montrent que ces options technologiques peuvent apporter une contribution au développement durable du pays. En effet, les opportunités se rencontrent à la fois dans le développement social (création d’emplois, moyens de subsistance des pauvres, accès aux énergies propres, renforcement des capacités), le développement écologique (réduction des émissions de GES, amélioration de la qualité de l’air, de l’eau et du sol, sauvegarde de la biodiversité), et le développement économique et technologique (rémunération d’emplois créés, augmentation des investissements, transfert et autonomie technologiques).
Afin de faire bénéficier le pays des retombées des activités de projets du MDP, il est proposé des solutions qui peuvent contribuer à une levée/atténuation de ces barrières. Ces propositions forment une combinaison d’actions à mener au niveau international, régional et surtout local/national. Au niveau international, des organes habilités devraient apporter des réformes profondes au MDP. Au niveau régional, le renforcement des capacités par des actions de coopération pourrait favoriser l’échange d’expériences en la matière. Au niveau local/national, l’adoption des réformes profondes aux niveaux institutionnel, législatif et juridique, dans une logique d’améliorer les politiques de planification du développement socioéconomique et environnemental, rendrait le pays naturellement plus attractif. En particulier, la mise en place et la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie nationale du MDP pourrait contribuer à relever le défi.
Les propositions de solutions pour réduire les barrières à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP sont susceptibles de stimuler l’investissement en général. Ainsi, toute stratégie adoptée dans cette logique peut contribuer non seulement à la participation du pays au processus du MDP, mais aussi à favoriser la mise en œuvre d’autres projets conventionnels de développement au niveau national. Finalement, la considération de ces différentes opportunités associées à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP au niveau du pays par des instances habilitées (décideurs politiques, acteurs institutionnels et économiques) conduirait à faire de ce mécanisme une contribution utile au développement du pays/The Kyoto Protocol has established a series of targets for reducing GHG emissions. The fulfilment of these objectives may result in heavy costs for the economies of developed countries engaged in the fight against climate change. To minimize the costs imposed by these targets, economic instruments were developed, notably with the creation of carbon markets. The three flexible mechanisms of Kyoto Protocol are involved in this, one of which being the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
Among the problems posed by this offset mechanism, disparities can be observed in regional distribution after it has been implemented, when it ought to be contributing towards the development of a number of Non-Annex I countries. Among these countries, the least developed ones (LDCs) in general and Africa ones in particular are largely under-represented. However, the CDM was adopted both as an innovative solution to mitigate climate change and as an engine to promote sustainable development in developing countries.
Within this context, the overall objective of this thesis is threefold. First of all, it aims to study this instrument in depth, by picking out its main characteristics, including the disparities in project activities implementation related to it. Secondly, it examines the causes for these disparities by analyzing the barriers or restrictions preventing implementation of CDM project activities in these African LDCs in general and in Burundi in particular. Its third purpose is to reveal the potential opportunities (advantages/benefits) which have yet to be developed by setting up eligible CDM project activities.
The analysis carried out shows that the aforementioned disparities come out in favor of the large emerging countries in Asia and Latin America primarily, which goes against the principle of equity. In fact, in December 2011, Brazil, China and India held 72.7% of all CDM project activities and 75.8% of carbon emission credits expected in 2012. On the contrary, for the same time period, the LDCs had only 1.3% of all CDM project activities and 1.2% of their carbon emission credits expected up until 2012. The African LDCs are left only with shares of 0.8% and 0.9% respectively. This situation is extremely critical. It is crucial to discover the reasons for it.
The instrument’s features, experiments carried out so far and the situation in host countries all reveal that the barriers fall into two categories. On the one hand, there are endogenous barriers, i.e. barriers related to the internal organization of countries. On the other hand, exogenous barriers are related to the general running of the CDM process especially. The study has thus revealed that the endogenous barriers are the crux of the problem where the presence of host countries is concerned in the CDM market. The visibility of host countries is rather limited in this international carbon market.
The barriers identified in this thesis, particularly endogenous ones, may be difficult to remove because they demand structural reforms in the political, institutional, economical and legal organization of the host country. In addition, the integration of these barriers into a single system of interrelationships is one of the original points of this thesis. These interrelationships are not insignificant and complicate the mechanism’s application, because in most cases, initiating an action to remove a barrier may be ineffective if other associated barriers are not taken into account.
The study has also focused on evaluating the potential impacts linked to the implementation of CDM project activities in Burundi. The main opportunities lost up to date are in some socioeconomic sectors in the country, particularly in the waste management and energy sectors. The study has therefore identified technological options that are likely to bring solutions to the question of waste management and energy supply in Burundi, while at the same time contributing to the stabilization of greenhouse gas emissions. These options are notably composting and anaerobic digestion technologies in the area of waste management, and energy generation technologies from renewable sources (hydro, solar, biogas) and improved energy efficiency of biomass (better households, carbonization) in the energy sector.
These opportunities were also analyzed in accordance with sustainability criteria and indicators (Gold Standard sustainable development matrix). The results show that these technological options may contribute to sustainable development in the country. Indeed, the opportunities can be seen at the same time in social development (job creation, means of subsistence for the poor, clean energy access, capacity building); ecological development (reducing GHG emissions, improvement in quality of air, water and soil, preservation of biodiversity) and economic & technological development (better pay for jobs created, increased investment, technology transfer and technological autonomy).
In order to allow the country to take advantage of these opportunities through CDM project activities, it has been proposed solutions that can help raise/mitigate these barriers. These proposals are a combination of actions to be taken at international and regional levels and above all at a local/ national level. In the international arena, authorized bodies should make major reforms to the CDM. At a regional level, capacity building through joint actions could encourage the exchange of expertise in the field. Locally/nationally, adopting major reforms at institutional, legislative and legal levels, with a view to improving planning policies in socioeconomic and environmental development, would make the country naturally more attractive. In particular, establishing and implementing a national CDM strategy could also contribute towards taking up the challenge.
Proposals of solutions for mitigating barriers to implement CDM project activities are likely to stimulate investment in general. Thus, any strategy adopted along these lines can contribute not only to the country’s participation in the CDM process, but also to favoring implementation of other conventional projects for development at national level. Finally, considering these different opportunities associated with implementing CDM project activities in the country via authorized bodies (policymakers, institutional and economic actors) would lead to this mechanism being a useful contribution towards national development.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished