Bücher: „Change trajectory“

1

Agostinho, Issau. Democratization's trajectory through change and continuity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Roma: Edizioni Nuova cultura, 2017.

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2

Tüselmann, Heinz. Employee relations in Germany in transition: A path dependent trajectory change? Manchester: Graduate Business School, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2000.

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3

Tüselmann, Heinz-Josef. Employee relations in Germany in transition: A path dependent trajectory of change?. Manchester: Business School, 2000.

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4

Dumont, André. Trajectoire d'un géant, Ubald Villeneuve: L'homme qui a changé notre regard sur la toxicomanie. Sillery, Québec: A. Sigier, 2002.

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5

Balili, Alexandros. Spatial Disparities In Affordable Housing Development Across Local Geographies: Contextual Changes In The Urban Framework Of Housing And The Trajectory Of Affordable Housing Development Of Brooklyn As It Relates To Three Local Neighborhoods. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2020.

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6

Russo, Richard. Trajectory. 2017.

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7

Bronner, Dale C., und T. D. Jakes. Change Your Trajectory: Make the Rest of Your Life Better. Whitaker House, 2015.

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8

Albert, Michael. The Trajectory of Change: Activist Strategies for Social Transformation. South End Press, 2002.

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9

Hudson, Donald R., und Lester M. Cox. Broken to Win: Change the Trajectory of Your Life! Salem Author Services, 2022.

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10

Albert, Michael. The Trajectory of Change: Activist Strategies for Social Transformation. South End Press, 2002.

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11

Guha, Ayan. Curious Trajectory of Caste in West Bengal Politics: Chronicling Continuity and Change. BRILL, 2022.

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12

Simpson, Cicely. Pull up Your Chair: Five Strategies to Change the Trajectory of Your Career. Forbes Books, 2022.

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13

Santmyrie, Aaron, und Jackie Chapman. Caring Life: How Each of Us Can Change the Trajectory of an Uncaring World. Clarity Podcast, The, 2022.

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14

Enochs, Tim, Tim Hill und Adam Enochs. 49 Days Back to Better: Change Your Trajectory for a New Outlook on Life. Morgan James Publishing, 2021.

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15

The new "Animal Spirits" in India's economy and how it will change India's growth trajectory. New Delhi: MasterCard Worldwide, 2010.

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16

Duncan, Joshua C. Lessons from the Back of the Line: How Teachers Change the Trajectory of Lower Income Students. Inspired Forever Books, 2020.

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17

Duncan, Joshua C. Lessons from the Back of the Line: How Teachers Change the Trajectory of Lower Income Students. Inspired Forever Books, 2020.

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18

McCray, Ken, und KDC Publishing. In Search of a Faith Mentor: The Discovery Will Change the Trajectory and Quality of Your Life. KDC Enterprises LLC, 2022.

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19

Guise, Stephen. Magic of Momentum: Escape Any Rut. Build Winning Streaks. Use Forward Motion to Change the Trajectory of Your Life. Selective Entertainment LLC, 2022.

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20

Lainez, Vivan. Improve Your Life and Youthful : Change the Trajectory of Your Life : Healthy Lifestyle: 5 Keys to a Longer Life. Independently Published, 2021.

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21

Guise, Stephen. The Magic of Momentum: Escape Any Rut. Build Winning Streaks. Use Forward Motion to Change the Trajectory of Your Life. Selective Entertainment LLC, 2022.

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22

Magee, Jeffrey. Your Trajectory Code: How to Change Your Decisions, Actions, and Directions, to Become Part of the Top 1% High Achievers. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2015.

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23

Magee, Jeffrey. Your Trajectory Code: How to Change Your Decisions, Actions, and Directions, to Become Part of the Top 1% High Achievers. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2015.

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24

Guise, Stephen. The Magic of Momentum: Escape Any Rut. Build Winning Streaks. Use Forward Motion to Change the Trajectory of Your Life. Selective Entertainment LLC, 2022.

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25

Magee, Jeffrey. Your Trajectory Code: How to Change Your Decisions, Actions, and Directions, to Become Part of the Top 1% High Achievers. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2015.

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26

Basanez, Miguel, und Neil Nevitte. The North American Trajectory: Cultural, Economic, and Political Ties Among the United States, Canada, and Mexico (Social Institutions and Social Change). Aldine Transaction, 1996.

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27

Basanez, Miguel, und Neil Nevitte. The North American Trajectory: Cultural, Economic, and Political Ties Among the United States, Canada, and Mexico (Social Institutions and Social Change). Aldine Transaction, 1996.

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28

Tourism, climate change and the geopolitics of arctic development: the critical case of Greenland. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789246728.0000.

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Abstract This book focuses on the context, nature and role of tourism in Greenland, and is set within an overlapping geopolitical frame of: (a)the heightening climate crisis; (b)Greenland's trajectory towards political independence from Denmark; (c)its concept of economic 'self-sustainability' in supporting this trajectory; and (d)growing international interest in, and competition for, Greenland's natural resources and infrastructure projects. The last in its turn partly reflects improving land and sea accessibility afforded by climate change, which paradoxically both challenges and encourages Greenland's concepts of sustainable development, within which tourism plays an ambivalent role: while elements of global and local tourism have been seeking to create a more responsible sector, within Greenland's development trajectory tourism appears to be supporting a sustainability ideology that ignores, or at best camouflages, the climate crisis. The central themes of this book therefore employ the role of tourism and travel as a lens through which to examine climatic, societal, economic and geopolitical change in the Arctic as specifically articulated in the experience of Greenland. The 'critical' situations in which Greenland finds itself reflect external perceptions of the global climate crisis and geostrategic maneuvering over Arctic resources, and domestic considerations of socio-economic development and increased sovereignty. The volume thereby highlights the close and often critical interrelationships between the local, regional and global. A recurring observation is the paradox, one of several of a region hitherto regarded as peripheral but which is becoming increasingly central to global concerns, with tourism-related dynamics reflecting such centrality. In this way, this book aims to: (1) emphasise the critical role of change in the Arctic in general and in Greenland in particular; (2) highlight critical interrelationships between tourism, climate change and the geopolitics of Arctic development, where 'geopolitics' is interpreted as applying at a number of scales from the interpersonal and quotidian to the global geostrategic; and (3) provide a critical examination of Greenland's post-colonial tourism development path, as the territory becomes the focus of increasing global interest. This book is organised into three parts with a total of 13 chapters.

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29

Liu, James H., und Felicia Pratto. Colonization, Decolonization, and Power: Ruptures and Critical Junctures Out of Dominance. Herausgegeben von Phillip L. Hammack. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199938735.013.11.

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Colonization and decolonization are theorized at the intersection of Critical Junctures Theory and Power Basis Theory. This framework allows human agency to be conceptualized at micro-, meso-, and macro-levels, where individuals act on behalf of collectives. Their actions decide whether critical junctures in history (moments of potential for substantive change) result in continuity (no change), anchoring (continuity amid change with new elements), or rupture. We apply this framework to European colonization of the world, which is the temporal scene for contemporary social justice. Several critical junctures in New Zealand history are analyzed as part of its historical trajectory and narrated through changes in its symbology (system of meaning) and technology of state, as well as the identity space it encompasses (indigenous Māori and British colonizers). The impact of this historical trajectory on the social structure of New Zealand, including its national identity and government, is considered and connected to the overarching theoretical framework.

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30

Menz, Georg. Labour Markets and their Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199579983.003.0004.

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This first empirical chapter provides an in-depth analysis of changes to the models of industrial relations in six countries, considering general patterns of change, their sources, and their precise impact. A general trend towards liberalization plays out differently depending on power resources, institutional constellations, and historical trajectory. Societal trends, including increasing female and ethnic minority labour market participation and increases in atypical forms of employment, present challenges for trade unions. Employer associations are losing members, but can wield the powerful threat of outsourcing abroad. Finally a tour d’horizon of education and training systems establishes how they link into the structure of labour markets.

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31

Klemperer, Paul. Making a Living, Making a Life. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190658397.003.0012.

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To be a professional musician in today’s marketplace, regardless of musical style or tradition, is largely a balancing act. Time allocated to artistic development or career development all too often involves sacrificing one for the other. Faced with major economic, demographic, and technological changes in the twenty-first century, it falls to the musician to develop a multifaceted career trajectory. This includes a diverse skill set including not only fluency in various musical traditions but expertise in business, computer software, sound engineering, and copyright law as well. The musician’s balancing act thus involves choosing which educational programs will be of most help within realistic time constraints. Professional musicians who return to academia often bring a creative and practical approach to curriculum change based on their real world experiences.

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32

Connelly, Stephen. Leibniz: A Contribution to the Archaeology of Power. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474418065.001.0001.

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The concept of power has been a major feature of natural law theories. It evolved over the course of several centuries and was arguably the defining notion in both Hobbes’ and Spinoza’s doctrines of natural right. Yet Leibniz appears to effect a reversal in this millennium-long trajectory and demotes power to a derivative term of his philosophy. What was the rationale behind this radical change? And what does this reversal mean for the philosophy that follows?

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33

Sherman, Kerry A., und Laura-Kate E. Shaw. Body Image and the Cancer Treatment Trajectory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190655617.003.0006.

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Abstract: The chapter “Body Image and the Cancer Treatment Trajectory” provides an overview of body image–related concerns and challenges that can arise throughout the cancer journey, from cancer detection and diagnosis through to active treatment and cancer survivorship. The chapter examines how body image concerns can serve as a significant barrier to cancer detection, including self- and physician examination, routine screening, and diagnostic tests. It then reviews the impact of cancer surgery and treatment-related side effects (such as physical disfigurement, hair loss, skin irritations, weight loss or gain, changes to bodily functions, premature menopause, and lymphedema) on an individual’s body image, self-concept, and overall psychosocial well-being in both the short and longer term. Finally, the chapter discusses body image concerns arising from risk-reducing or prophylactic surgery to minimize hereditary risk of cancer occurrence.

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34

Hughes, Christopher W. Japan’s Remilitarization and Constitutional Revision. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037894.003.0007.

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This chapter reevaluates the use of remilitarization in order to understand the contemporary trajectory of Japanese security policy and to demonstrate its strengths. The application of the term “remilitarization” can provide a powerful analytical and theoretical framework to discern the nature and significance of Japan's changing security policy. First, the concept of remilitarization assists in identifying those military components present in all societies, including Japan, that are subject to contestation and thus open the way to substantive change in military security policy. Second, the concept of remilitarization as a dynamic process over time is an important reminder to search for the possibilities of significant change in a society's military stance.

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35

Rich Dorman, Sara. Understanding Zimbabwean Politics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190634889.003.0001.

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This chapter introduces the book’s central project – to understand Zimbabwe’s politics as a trajectory, taking seriously material, discursive and historical dynamics. It positions the study of Zimbabwe firmly within the field of African politics, and as a contribution to debates about the methodology of political science, the epistemology of studying political change, and the importance of interpretation and understanding. The chapter critically engages with other contributions to the study of Zimbabwe’s politics, and also acknowledges the debts owed to other disciplinary approaches. The chapter concludes by sketching out the book’s structure, and reflecting upon the scope and limitations of the text.

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36

Staszak, Sarah. Law and Courts. Herausgegeben von Orfeo Fioretos, Tulia G. Falleti und Adam Sheingate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662814.013.19.

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In recent years, scholars have begun to employ a more robust historical institutional perspective when studying law and courts. Central features of this perspective include a focus on the role that legal actors play in policy implementation and reform, attention to the ways private litigation is used in lieu of traditional bureaucratic enforcement, and a much more nuanced account of legal change. Working from this perspective, scholars increasingly approach the judiciary as a distinct institution in its own right that has played a significant role in the trajectory of American state-building, rather than simply an agent of the elected branches.

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37

Rolston, Holmes. The Anthropocene! Herausgegeben von Stephen M. Gardiner und Allen Thompson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199941339.013.7.

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We are now entering the Anthropocene Epoch—so runs a recent enthusiastic claim. Humans can and ought go beyond the natural and powerfully engineer a better planet, managing for climate change and building new ecosystems for a more prosperous future. Perhaps the Anthropocene is inevitable. But: Rejoice? Accommodate? Accept it, alas? Perhaps the wiser, more ethical course is not so much going “beyond” the natural as “keeping the natural in symbiosis” with humans, maintaining a tapestry of cultural and natural values, not a trajectory even further into the Anthropocene. Keep the urban, rural, and wild. Enter the Semi-Anthropocene! Basically Natural! Carefully!

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38

Grayson, Hannah, und Nicki Hitchcott, Hrsg. Rwanda Since 1994. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786941992.001.0001.

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Over the past 25 years, Rwanda has undergone remarkable shifts and transitions: culturally, economically, and educationally the country has gone from strength to strength. While much scholarship has understandably been retrospective, seeking to understand, document and commemorate the Genocide against the Tutsi, this volume gathers diverse perspectives on the changing social and cultural fabric of Rwanda since 1994. Rwandan Since 1994 considers the context of these changes, particularly in relation to the ongoing importance of remembering and in wider developments in the Great Lakes and East Africa regions. Equally it explores what stories of change are emerging from Rwanda: creative writing and testimonies, as well as national, regional, and international political narratives. The contributors interrogate which frameworks and narratives might be most useful for understanding different kinds of change, what new directions are emerging, and how Rwanda's trajectory is ongoingly shaped by other global factors. The international set of contributors includes creative writers, practitioners, activists, and scholars from African studies, history, anthropology, education, international relations, modern languages, law and politics. As well as delving into the shifting dynamics of religion and gender in Rwanda today, the book brings to light the experiences of lesser-discussed groups of people such as the Twa and the children of perpetrators.

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39

Rohling, Eelco J. Rebalancing Our Climate. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197502556.001.0001.

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Over recent decades, a wide variety of studies and assessment reports has portrayed a stark picture of humanity’s detrimental impacts on our planet’s life and environmental health. Climate change is at the heart of many of these impacts. This cannot be allowed to continue, given the relentless human population growth and ever-expanding energy and resource consumption. We have but one planet, and its ecosystem services are essential to our survival. As Rebalancing Our Climate reports, the doomsday scenario can still be averted; humanity stands at a crossroads where it must take the route of sustainable behavior. Decisive action can still make a significant difference to climate change. This is humanity’s greatest challenge. To have any chance of success, however, the time to act can be delayed no longer. Instead, it is right now: today is the future. This book documents a wealth of ways to adjust the trajectory of climate change. It outlines measures to drive massive reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, and to reflect part of the incoming energy from the Sun. For all measures, the book evaluates both advantages and disadvantages. Finally, it discusses the need to protect ourselves from impacts that have become inevitable already and looks at how society may be driven to get the job done. In short, this book provides powerful facts and arguments to support informed choices.

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40

Lewis, Peter M. Africa’s Political Economy in the Contemporary Era. Herausgegeben von Carol Lancaster und Nicolas van de Walle. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.013.36.

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This article discusses Africa’s political economy in the contemporary era. It begins with an overview of various theories, models and debates that address African economic performance before turning to a discussion of the interrelationships between institutions, politics, and economic change. It then proceeds with an analysis of the politics of economic change in Africa following years of colonization; how the development strategies charted at independence came under stress from internal and global factors in the 1970s; the shifts in development strategy and policy orientation that African states went through in the 1980s; the influence of political reform and democratization on the trajectory of African economies during the 1990s; and the acceleration of economic growth in many African countries in the twenty-first century. Finally, the article assesses African economies under the contemporary period in which enhanced performance and a more propitious context create opportunities for a shift in developmental trajectories.

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41

Minkenberg, Michael. Religion and the Radical Right. Herausgegeben von Jens Rydgren. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.19.

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Religion is on the rise again in the West and specifically “secular” Europe, mostly due to the influx of new religions via migration, new political conflicts, and the growing (re)assertion of the Christian heritage among domestic actors. This chapter discusses the extent to which religions provide an ideological component of the radical right, what kind of religion is at play, and whether and how religion can be used to explain the radical right’s successes. It looks at religion in the development and organizational profile of major radical right actors, explores the relevance of religion in the far right, and places the radical right trajectory into a larger context of societal and political change. It concludes that religion functions as a relevant context factor and frame for political mobilization, even in secularized societies, against the perceived threat of rapid sociocultural change and its (alleged) agents and protagonists.

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42

Mirowski, Philip, und Edward Nik-Khah. Hayek Changes His Mind. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190270056.003.0006.

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One of the greatest errors in the history of economics is to presume Hayek had a single stance toward the epistemology of the market and of agents. We report on recent research that argues for three different positions over the course of his life: Knowledge dispersed, tacit, and impersonal. This trajectory will prove significant for the rest of our narrative.

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43

Lodhi, Tahira I., und Tania Alchalabi. Long-Term Care/Residential Care. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466268.003.0028.

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Given the increase in the geriatric population, the norms of long-term care systems will be forced to change in societies all over the world. This chapter provides an overview of the different levels of care available, from independent living to inpatient, subacute, rehab, assisted living facilities, group homes, and long-term care. A case study is provided of a couple’s declining health trajectory and worsening functional status, identifying resources that pay for various levels of care. Given that care plans must be tailored to the patient’s needs and circumstance, this review provides the foundation to build the structure of a transition or discharge plan. The use of complementary and alternative medicine in long-term care facilities is briefly covered.

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44

McCarty, Laura T. Coretta Scott King. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400632228.

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Coretta Scott was committed to social justice long before she met and married Martin Luther King, Jr. She shared in all the dangers that King's prominence in the civil rights movement brought, and she saw herself as full partner in the movement. Yet she generally remained in the background, supporting King's work and caring for their children, until his assassination transformed her into a movement leader in her own right: founder of the King Center, leader of a mass demonstration for a renewed national commitment to nonviolent social change, force behind the establishment of the national holiday bearing her husband's name. This book follows the trajectory of Coretta Scott King's tumultuous life at the heart of the most important American social movement of the 20th century.

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45

Rich Dorman, Sara. The Politics of Exclusion (2000–2008). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190634889.003.0006.

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These are years of uncertainty and crisis for many in rural and urban parts of Zimbabwe, as land reform is expanded and political violence is deployed against opponents. While this period is often seen as a "rupture" in Zimbabwe’s political trajectory, the chapter argues that there are in fact strong continuities which reveal the reproduction of practices and norms from earlier years. The chapter charts efforts by the regime to rebuild and remobilize the nationalist coalition, after the loss of the constitutional referendum and the emergence of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), which shapes the new opposition’s experience of fighting elections. It then demonstrates the ways in which state institutions and resources were used in this process, despite the economic crisis precipitated by hyperinflation. We see that despite attempts by the nascent and fragmented opposition to generate alternative discourses, the regime’s control of coercion and state institutions, and a powerfully resonant rhetoric gave it the power to resist demands for change.

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46

Deruelle, Nathalie, und Jean-Philippe Uzan. Vector geometry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0002.

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This chapter defines the mathematical spaces to which the geometrical quantities discussed in the previous chapter—scalars, vectors, and the metric—belong. Its goal is to go from the concept of a vector as an object whose components transform as Tⁱ → 𝓡ⱼ ⁱTj under a change of frame to the ‘intrinsic’ concept of a vector, T. These concepts are also generalized to ‘tensors’. The chapter also briefly remarks on how to deal with non-Cartesian coordinates. The velocity vector v is defined as a ‘free’ vector belonging to the vector space ε‎3 which subtends ε‎3. As such, it is not bound to the point P at which it is evaluated. It is, however, possible to attach it to that point and to interpret it as the tangent to the trajectory at P.

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47

McWilliams, Monica, und Avila Kilmurray. Northern Ireland. Herausgegeben von Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Naomi Cahn, Dina Francesca Haynes und Nahla Valji. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199300983.013.43.

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Women’s activism played an important role in conflict transformation in Northern Ireland, from the early civil rights activists to the development of the Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition political party. This chapter follows the history of activism in Northern Ireland, using the trajectory to illustrate how the exclusion of women from formal institutions resulted in a women’s movement that became an alternative means for creating change. It identifies important characteristics of women’s activism, including a willingness to build broad alliances in civil society and framing tactics that brought gender-specific interests to the peace process and the Good Friday peace agreement. As the chapter examines the successes and challenges of the post-conflict women’s movement in Northern Ireland, it reflects on the power of creativity and innovation in altering institutional dynamics during times of transition.

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48

Novkov, Julie. Identity and Law in American Political Development. Herausgegeben von Richard Valelly, Suzanne Mettler und Robert Lieberman. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697915.013.003.

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Recently, scholars studying American law and identity have adopted American Political Development (APD)’s focus on institutions in generating, shaping, and thwarting change. Their work has informed APD by emphasizing legal institutions as developmental factors and by highlighting how political struggles over identity influence the course of development. Studies of identity and law fill in missing parts of developmental stories. Developmental accounts recognize the importance of significant identity-based institutions like slavery or immigration regimes, but often they ignore impacts of these institutions on development. Further, some significant institutions like marriage and family that implicate identity are often omitted from debates over developmental questions. Overlooking these struggles impoverishes the account by distorting developmental narratives or disabling them from explaining the timing, process, and trajectory of changes. Focusing on identity and law also illustrates the significance of law and legal institutions in development. Moments in constitutional development turn on questions of identity, and struggles over equality and inclusion that influence the course of political development occur on legal terrain. Constitutional and legal development intersect with political development as legal struggles spill over onto political ground and vice versa. Law and legal discourse bridge between broader cultural concerns and the institutions and practices that comprise the state.

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49

Rizzo, Matteo. Public Transport in Dar es Salaam. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794240.003.0002.

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This chapter analyses the changing face of public transport in Dar es Salaam from independence (1961) to the present. It focuses on the structural forces that influenced the demand for, and supply of, public transport over time. The chapter will also show the way in which the trajectory of change and policymaking in public transport in Dar es Salaam mirrors the broader picture of Tanzania, and much of Africa as a whole, in its transition from developmentalism to neoliberalism. The chapter reviews a number of initiatives on urban public transport adopted by the state since the very late 1990s, as they reveal the contradictory stance of the government towards economic deregulation, the tensions that it generated, and the winding down of the socialist agenda that it entailed. As such, they enable appreciation of the politics, tensions, and path dependency of one instance of ‘actually existing neoliberalism’.

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50

Schaefer, Donovan O. The Science of Life. Herausgegeben von Joel D. S. Rasmussen, Judith Wolfe und Johannes Zachhuber. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198718406.013.28.

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This chapter examines broad transformations in Christian thought that came to pass over the course of the nineteenth century through exposure to new developments in the life sciences. Taking William Paley’s Natural Theology (1802) as a starting point, it shows how a conception of an unchanging God that could be demonstrated through rational proof was affected by the new emphasis on change in the biological sciences, especially in the aftermath of Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species in 1859. Rather than suggesting that these new themes weakened Christian faith, however, a close examination of Christian thought in the latter half of the nineteenth century shows that encounters with science energized Christian theology, philosophy, and practice. This trajectory culminated with the development of the psychology of religion, as exhibited by the American pragmatists William James and Charles S. Peirce. George Eliot’s Middlemarch serves as a guide to the complexity of these transformations.

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