Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Central business districts – united states – planning“

New Orleans is justly famous for its vast inventory of historical architecture, representing scores of stylistic influences dating to the French and Spanish colonial eras. Less appreciated is the fact that the Crescent City also retains nearly original colonial urban designs. Two downtown neighborhoods, the French Quarter and Central Business District, are entirely undergirded by colonial-era planning, and dozens of other neighborhoods followed suit even after Americanization. New Orleanians who reside in these areas negotiate these colonial planning decisions in nearly every movement they make, and they reside in a state with as many colonial-era land surveying systems as can be found throughout the United States. This article explains how those patterns fell in place.

Abstract A multistudy research program has investigated how consumers respond to the urban forest in central business districts of cities of various sizes. Trees positively affect judgments of visual quality but, more significantly, may influence other consumer responses and behaviors. Survey respondents from all regions of the United States favored trees in business districts, and this preference was further reflected in positive district perceptions, patronage behavior, and product pricing. An overview of the research is provided, with implications for the economics of local communities.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Exploring changes in land use and land cover (LULC) in the city area and its surrounding is important to understand the variation of surface urban heat island (SUHI) and surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII). The SUHII can be calculated based on the local climate zone by using land use and land cover compossition of the city and based on the urban rural zone . The objective of this research is to examine the spatiotemporal changes of LULC and the impact of its composition for the formation of SUHI in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia based on the urban rural zones.</p><p> The mean center of the central business district of the Addis Ababa City was considered as the central point of the study area. We represented the 30&amp;thinsp;km&amp;thinsp;&amp;times;&amp;thinsp;30&amp;thinsp;km geographical area as a study area with a 15km radius from the central point. As data sources, multi-temporal satellite data provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) were used in respect to the years of 1986, 2001, and 2016. In the methodology, we first completed the classification of LULC by using pixel-oriented method for the three years and the validation of the classification has been made. For the classification five LULC classes were identified such as forest, impervious surface, grass land, bare land and crop land. Afterward, land surface temperature (LST) has been computed for three years respectively. Finally, urban rural gradient zones (URGZs) have been generated as a set of polygons with 210m distance in each zone from the central point of the study area. In order to evaluate the SUHII along the URGZs in respect to the LULC, the following analyses were accomplished: (i) the relationship between mean LST and composition of the LULC was computed, (ii) the SUHII was calculated based on the LST variation of main LULC categories and the temperature difference between URGZs, (iii) multi-temporal and multi-directional SUHII was computed, and (iv) linear regression analyses were used to assess the correlations of the mean LST with composition of LULC.</p><p> The results of the analyses show that (i) distribution pattern of SUHII has changed over the study period as results of changes in LULC, and (ii) mean LST gradually declines from city centre to outside of the city , then it can be seen increasing trends due to the effect of bare lands in rural area. This pattern can be seen over the three years as the result of multi-directional approach. The methodology presented will be able to apply other cities which are showing similar growth pattern by making necessary calibration, and our finding can be used as a proxy indicator to introduce appropriate landscape and town planning in a sustainable viewpoint in Addis Ababa City.</p>

Abstract: The concept of the Central Business District is somewhat new due to that there is a lack of Central Business Districts in India. In the early ages when the concept was introduced at that time this concept was mainly focused on the United States of America and the European countries which are developed now. To increase the development speed of the country Central Business Districts should be introduced to create more job opportunities which will help to decrease the unemployment rate of the country. In Vasai-Virar Municipal Area, there is a lack of commercial spaces, affecting the city's employment opportunities. The idea of the Central Business District will help to develop the city and increase the revenue of the municipality. Vasai-Virar Central Business District will soon be established as a strong alternative to Mumbai and an economically developed or developing city in terms of employment and will help create sustainable employment opportunities for the economically backward Vasai-Virar and the people living nearby. This project mainly focuses on the potential of Central Business District development in Vasai-Virar city to overcome the unemployment and revenue generation options for Municipality. Keywords: Central Business District, Unemployment, Mumbai Metropolitan Region, Vasai-Virar city, Commercial and Trade activity

Currently, the topic of discussion in most developed countries is the urban regeneration project to prevent local extinction and urban decline. Unlike the resumption of the resumption and reconstruction of the urban regeneration in the improvement of the physical environment, the urban regeneration is aimed at the purpose of activating the central market, activating the central market, activation of the center of the right, It is a large-scale business that is done. Existing urban regeneration projects were planned by the government and implemented by local governments. However, the New Deal policy for urban regeneration implemented under the Moon Jae-in administration is a local government that is not the central government but is promoted by local governments together with local residents. It aims to revitalize and revitalize the city center. This study compares the cases of the United States and Japan, where urban regeneration projects were implemented before Korea, with those of Korea. Urban regeneration projects and policies of each country, enhancement of regional economic vitality through revitalization of commercial districts, support from local governments, participation methods of each project entity, and performance and continuity after the completion of the urban regeneration project were analyzed. However, since this study only compared public data published by each country with previous studies in related fields, it is insufficient to listen to opinions from stakeholders or analyze follow-up management. It is expected that better results will be obtained if interviews with related parties and on-site investigations are conducted in parallel.

Starting in 1975, Los Angeles attracted what would become, within a decade, the largest concentration of resettled Vietnamese refugees in the United States. A combination of legacies led to the concentration of Vietnamese in Los Angeles: decades of U.S. involvement in Vietnam; Cold War foreign policy; domestic urban planning; and public housing policies born of the city’s history of racial segregation. These structural forces also drew many other immigrant groups to Los Angeles during the same period, as Koreans, Thais, Mexicans, and Central Americans likewise concentrated in L.A., each developing their own distinctive enclaves in the same districts and neighborhoods as the Vietnamese refugees. Refugee resettlement in Los Angeles in the 1970s and ’80s meant that the Vietnamese benefited from services and institutions established earlier for prior immigrant and refugee groups who had made their way to L.A., but also competition and conflict over space, markets, services, and resources, as well as cross-cultural cooperation and convergence. However, unlike some other newcomer groups, Vietnamese refugees had access to specific government-funded resources and opportunities, in addition to personal, professional, and military-related connections, that stemmed from the United States’ decades-long imperialist project in Vietnam. This article examines the settlement and placemaking experiences of Vietnamese refugees among other immigrant groups—overlap, similarities, and differences—in Los Angeles in this era.

The aim in this paper is to present a systematic treatment of the tax and benefit effects of central (or federal), state and local governments on business. A base model is constructed which reduces all tax and benefit regimes to influences on the user costs of capital. This model is specified for the intergovernmental regimes which apply in the USA, the United Kingdom, and West Germany, for the case of sole traders, partnerships, and corporations. Indications of extensions of the model are given for nonmarginal situations, investments at different levels of risk and uncertainty, and the consequences of tax and benefit shifting away from the point of legal incidence. The resulting model provides a general framework for comparison of tax and benefit regimes between states and localities in one country, between state and local governments in one country, or between state and local governments in one country and those in another.

Entrepreneurship research is widely regarded as an important basis for competitive advantage in a rapidly changing international business environment, enhancing capacities for sustainable business growth, economic activity, and the wealth of nations. In recent years, international cooperation has been considered to be one of the key factors promoting the sustainable development of entrepreneurial research. However, the evolution of the cooperative network of entrepreneurial research and the relationship between international cooperation and entrepreneurial research performance has not received the attention of most researchers. Therefore, we used a multilevel collaborative analysis method, i.e., country, city, institution and scholar, analyzing 2037 studies in this area from 2009 to 2018 from the Business Source Complete database by collaboration network analysis and bibliometric analysis. Our study tracked the evolution and cooperation trends in entrepreneurship research and detailed characteristics of international academic cooperation over the past decade, and we found the following: (1) The four types of cooperative networks have evolved over time, and generally conform to the distribution characteristics of the core periphery; cities, institutions, and researchers from central countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France and Germany occupy central positions in cooperation; they are scale-free networks and subject to the principle of priority connection. (2) The evolution of cooperative networks at different levels are non-conformal, there is a subtle relationship between micro-networks that can explain the distribution and changes in macro-networks. (3) International academic cooperation can promote the performance of entrepreneurial research, and cooperation has become the main theme of entrepreneurial research. These findings can help researchers to better study cooperative relationships in entrepreneurship research. Moreover, they can provide entrepreneurial decision support for national and local governments and contribute to the sustainable development of entrepreneurial research.

ERP technology has been embraced as an enterprise-wide package to integrate all necessary business functions into a single system with a shared database. It enhances decision making in business process and systemically harmonizes the activities of sales and marketing, manufacturing processes, operational management, product and service logistics, product purchasing, financial management, product development, and management of human resources. The study examined organizational attributes influencing implementation of enterprise resource planning in a medical research institute in Kenya. The study sought to explore the influence of top management support, implementation team, user support and resource availability on ERP implementation at KEMRI-Wellcome Trust research programme. The study used descriptive survey as research design. The target population was employees of KEMRI Wellcome Trust and Technobrain Kenya, the consulting firm. Data collection methods used were questionnaires. A preliminary study was carried out to test the rationality and reliability of the questionnaire. Considering the study was be descriptive in nature, data was analysed using descriptive statistics like frequencies and tables. Linear regression model was also used to validate if the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable is statistically important. The regression indicated that ERP implementation (the dependent variable) was highly influenced by top managements support, implementation team, user support and resource availability (the independent variable). Conclusively, the findings suggested that user support, resource availability, and top management had a central role in implementing effective ERP plans. This is an open-access article published and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License of United States unless otherwise stated. Access, citation and distribution of this article is allowed with full recognition of the authors and the source.

Central Business Area Revitalization Planning theory and practice has evolved from a concern with physical revitalization to an emphasis on a comprehensive approach which includes areas such as housing and recreation, which had not in most past cases been viewed as relevant to the undertaking. The current thinking views all aspects of town planning as inter-related and approaches the task in a holistic manner. The methodologies utilized in Planning for Central Business Area Revitalization have evolved as well. Detached consultant planning, which included little or no public involvement and which produced inflexible plans which outlined the way to revitalization, has evolved to a flexible, dynamic approach, which involves those responsible for implementation at all stages of planning; thereby, reflecting their beliefs, attitudes and values and having high probability of implementation. Successful efforts to revitalize the central business areas of rural towns require an informed leader who will function as an educator, and a planning and design process which leads to implementation through its participant centered, incremental, multiple objective approach.
M.L. Arch.

This analysis of the Downtown areas in US- Mexico Border Cities such as Brownsville, McAllen, Laredo, and San Diego will chronicle the history and foundation of each city and also the current revitalization efforts underway in many of these cities. Brownsville, Texas is one of those cities located along the border with a rich history and a unique downtown that some have called the New Orleans on the Rio Grande. The architecture has a heavy New Orleans influence thereby making this downtown the most unique in the Rio Grande Valley. Revitalization Efforts in Brownsville continuously resurface only to be unsuccessful due to many variables including the lack of political will to take on perhaps the biggest challenge to face Brownsville. Nonetheless, revitalization of this area must occur and in order to fully understand the intricacies of Downtown Brownsville one must look back in time to see what exactly made Downtown Brownsville so special. This report will seek those answers and give positive and realistic recommendations that could assist in the revitalization of Downtown Brownsville.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Performing arts centers have been touted as a strategy for revitalizing downtowns by increasing activities that bring in residents with higher incomes, tourists, arts employees, educated workers, and housing. Despite their popularity, civic leaders have encountered complexity in these projects, from financial challenges, to delayed openings and operating deficits. Previous downtown studies examine public facilities, such as stadiums and cultural institutions, through essays, surveys, case studies, or by quantifying transactions exchanged between the public and the facility. This dissertation focuses solely on performing arts centers, excluding all other forms of public facilities and cultural venues, by examining self-collected data on literature-based characteristics of 218 downtowns with and without performing arts centers, all over a seven-year period of time. It was hypothesized that the presence of a performing arts center would contribute to increases in the values of all downtown revitalization characteristics, and community characteristics, as well as organizational attributes of the performing arts center itself (age, size, and revenue types) would in turn, increase the values of the overall health of the performing arts center. Through the use of multiple linear regressions, this research shows that performing arts centers can play a role in revitalizing downtowns. This research also shows that a single characteristic is not solely responsible for revitalizing downtowns; rather, the increased vitality results from a confluence of the characteristics. Endogeneity tests show that a performing arts center is less likely to enter a deserted downtown bereft of vitality. Instead, performing arts centers serve as harbingers of revitalization, confirming the presence of downtown vitality, before they proceed to activate vitality further. Finally, through the use of binary logistic regressions, community characteristics are identified in order to determine the conditions of downtowns that would be most equipped to open a performing arts center, as compared with downtowns that could not.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
During the latter half of the nineteenth and in the early twentieth century, the Indianapolis Wholesale District (IWD) operated as a local and regional commercial hub. Analysis of the IWD’s relationship with the railroad network in Indiana points to a widening of trade, yet regional focus due to transportation restrictions. The growth and subsequent specialization of wholesale trading in the district catered to primarily local and regional audiences. Examining the physical presence of the IWD in downtown Indianapolis uncovers the built environment of a midwestern business district. This research project argues for the local and regional significance of the Indianapolis Wholesale District. Additionally, this thesis demonstrates the need to pursue the overlap in specialization, the morphology of warehouses, and transportation development to understand a business district as part of a larger process of American economic development.

Abstract In the beginning, inner-city neighborhoods in the United States were not disaster areas, but vital parts of the cities to which they belonged. America’s great cities, perhaps excepting Washington, D.C., arose as places where goods were shipped, processed, and traded. With their accessible ocean harbors, east coast cities such as New York and Boston became great ports. Goods moved to and from Chicago via Lake Michigan and the Chicago River and later by rail. Atlanta, located not on a body of water but at the site of a railroad junction (one of its early names was Terminus), became a central trade depot for the South. Los Angeles at first used the Los Angeles River, then acquired an ocean port, railroads, and finally a highway network to become the dominant port of the Southwest. To finance, sell, and distribute the goods the port brought in, each city developed business districts whose main streets— Wall Street, State Street, Peachtree Street—became synonymous with finance and commerce. Along the water and near railroad depots entrepreneurs built factories to process the goods streaming in and out of the city. Industrial areas, such as the stockyard district in Chicago and the Alameda corridor in Los Angeles, became almost as famous as the downtown business districts. After all, the commercial and industrial businesses that grew out of the port trade were the lifeblood of the country’s lusty young urban centers.

Abstract Geologic mapping provides many types of information essential both in exploration for new mineral deposits and during subsequent mining. Geologic mapping of outcrops is used to describe the primary lithology and morphology of rock bodies as well as age relationships between rock units. This information allows delineation of ore-bearing host rocks and postore rocks that obscure or truncate ores. Mapping gathers structural information, including attitudes of veins and postore faults that can be used to predict the geology in the subsurface or laterally under postore rocks, and improves the utility of geophysical data for refinement of subsurface targets. Mapping of the mineralogy of hydrothermal alteration zones, ore minerals, igneous rocks hosting ores, and oxidized and leached rocks that commonly occur at the surface above sulfide-bearing ores can be used in conjunction with geochemical data to produce zonation patterns to target potential ore or to define prospective corridors of exotic mineralization. Similarly, regional geologic mapping in regions with both Paleozoic-Mesozoic overthrusts and Cenozoic normal faults such as the Paleozoic and Mesozoic thrust belt of the United States Cordillera and Basin and Range Province can define prospective windows into basement where mineralization such as Carlin-type gold deposits may occur. In general, geologic mapping underpins the construction of three-dimensional geologic models or hypotheses that guide exploration and discovery and, when geologic time is considered, produces the fourdimensional space-time models necessary for understanding of primary ore formation processes and postdepositional modification by secondary surficial and tectonic processes. Geologic mapping has been used extensively for exploration for more than 100 years and we predict it will continue to be essential although the tools for recording, compiling, and synthesizing data are evolving rapidly and improve data integration in the office and most recently in the field. Both traditional and future methods rely on field identification skills of the geologist to record salient new geologic data. This review describes the traditional paper- and pencil-based mapping system developed and used extensively by the Anaconda Company from 1900 to 1985 and, because of its versatility, adapted by many other geologists in industry and academia. This and similar systems allow geologically complex and diverse data to be recorded and plotted on a base map, including lithology, rock alteration and mineralization features, relative age relationships, and structural features such as faults and veins. Traditional paper-recorded geologic mapping data are now commonly converted to digital format in the office. We document use of mapping at different stages of the mine-life cycle from general regional-scale geologic mapping to regional- to district-scale exploration targeting, to deposit assessment and ore-reserve definition, through mine planning and production. Examples of mapping described herein include the Ann Mason porphyry copper deposit, Yerington district, Nevada; the Bajo de la Alumbrera mine; Argentina; the El Abra-Fortuna-Chuquicamata districts of Chile; and the Pioneer Mountains of Montana. Beyond the use of traditional paper-based mapping methods, recent technological advances include global positioning systems, pen tablet computers, palm computers, and laser ranging devices that all support direct (paperless) field-based digital geologic mapping. Improvements in computation speed, memory, data storage, battery life, durability, screen visibility, and portability have made digital mapping practical in general field mapping, mine sites, and advanced projects. Portable digital-electronic instrumentation allows the field geologist rapid access to digital data bases that include geologic maps and photographic and remotesensing imagery with automatic registration and scale independence. Another example described here, using digital mapping systems in the heavily forested portions of the Pioneer Mountains of Montana, shows how on-line GPS communicating directly to the pc tablet and digital orthophotographs made mapping sufficiently effective so as to discover a previously unknown granitic pluton with a concentric breccia zone. These new digital mapping tools may thus improve the efficiency of mapping and support a scientist in the field with unprecedented opportunities to map where field work has been difficult before. Visualization of geophysical or geochemical data together with geology and synoptic aerial imagery at any scale while mapping provides an integrated data base that facilitates identification of crucial geologic relationships. Digital techniques improve the potential for making conceptual leaps by exploring the available integrated data sets as a field geologist maps, and may in the future lead to more comprehensive three-dimensional geologic models for mineral deposits by effectively using information technology. The authors conclude that both paper and digital systems are powerful and each has certain advantages. However, the central challenge remains the training and nurturing of highly skilled field geologists motivated to practice their profession, welcoming both the rigors of intensive field work and the excitement of scientific discovery. It is surmised here that digital mapping technology may help attract an increasingly computer-literate cadre of new practitioners of mapping into mineral resource exploration.

The pedestrian mall became a fixture in declining American cities from the 1960s to the 1980s when landscape architects, municipal officials, and business associations created it as a design strategy to help downtown business districts compete with ascendant suburban malls, importing many of their spatial and programmatic strategies into the fabric of the city. Recent reassessments of pedestrian malls in planning journals have argued that factors such as tourism, climate, and even length contribute significantly to their ultimate success or failure. However, few have historically situated the mall-building phenomenon explicitly within the context of the civil rights movement, urban renewal, desegregation, and white flight—all factors that underwrote suburbanization and urban decline. This paper reads one pedestrian mall—the Mid-America Mall in Memphis, TN (1976)—within the context of the city’s racial politics. The Mall was one of the longest in the United States at its construction, stretching ten blocks along the city’s Main Street and terminating at the pedestrianized Civic Center plaza. Utilizing abstract, repetitive forms first popularized by the landscape architect Lawrence Halprin, Memphis architects Gassner, Nathan and Browne designed the mall with a block-long water feature at its center, surrounded by “performance platforms” of varying sizes and heights.

When people talk about the Metropolitan Area (MA), they mean differently in different parts of the world with different contexts. Based on its spatial extent, internal structure, socio-economic function, and network characteristics, an MA can refer to various entities from a metropolis to a Megacity-region. In an effort to clarify the MA concept, we review the origin of the MA concept and its development in various parts of the world, especially the United States, Japan and China, so as to propose a spectrum of MAs, and their relationship with specific human and natural geographical contexts. Particularly, we find MAs in China typically have a unique three-circle structure, which is composed of a core circle, a commuting circle, and a functional metropolitan circle. By international comparable standards which include factors such as population density, facility density, and economic activity intensity, and adjusted with reasonable context-dependent considerations in China, the three circles are designated as follows: the spatial extent with the highest development intensity and assuming a central regional role is identified as the core circle; the districts and counties around the core circle with a commuting rate greater than 10% are identified as the commuting circle; and the districts and counties within an one-hour accessible zone are identified as the functional metropolitan circle. To test the model, we utilize eight sources of big data covering ecological background, population, economy, transportation, real estate, land use, infrastructure, and culture characteristics, and with a fusion analysis of the data we show how the factors combined give rise to the three-circle structure in typical Chinese MAs, and why the combination of the same factors in the US and Japanese contexts works otherwise to fill different niches in the spectrum of MAs mentioned above. For a further inquiry, within the framework of the same model and using the same dataset, we identify 32 cities from all 338 prefecture-level cities in China that would qualify as an MA or potential MA, which we call “the Metropolitan Areas with Chinese Characteristics”, and designate the spatial extent of the three circles within each of the MAs. Additional analyses are also conducted to locate the main development corridors, key growth poles, and currently underdeveloped regions in each of the MAs. We conclude the paper with discussions of potential challenges of MA development in China vis-a-vis current policies, such as cross-administration collaboration between jurisdictions within the same MA, and cross-scale collaboration between MAs, cities, and city groups. Placing the research in the global context, and considering the vast similarities between China and other developing countries in terms of population density, land resources, urbanization level, and socio-economic development status in general, we argue that China’s model of MAs may be also applicable to other developing countries. Therefore, this research may shed lights to planning researchers and practitioners around the world, especially in developing countries in understanding the development conditions of MAs in their own contexts, and also in methods for identifying and planning potential MAs to achieve their specific policy objectives.