Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Cellular telephone services industry“

AbstractAnalog cellular telephone service is being phased out in favor of digital wireless services, which are less accessible to people with hearing loss. As a result, audiologists can expect to receive an increasing number of inquiries from clients about using wireless telephones with hearing aids and other assistive technologies. In this article, the underlying transmission technology, telephone handset, roaming, and current solutions to accessibility problems are described. Public policy affecting the accessibility of wireless telephones to people with hearing loss is explained. Alternatives to wireless voice services are explored, and resources for information in a quickly changing industry are provided. Abbreviations: CDMA = code division multiple access, FCC = Federal Communications Commission, GSM = Global System Mobile Communications, HAC = hearing aid compatible, TDMA = time division multiple access, TTY = text telephone

Bharti Airtel Limited was a leading private sector provider of telecommunication services in India, with a customer base of 8.73 million as of July 2004. The company had two branch companies — Bharti Infotel (that dealt with fixed line, long distance, and enterprise services) and Bharti Cellular (that dealt with mobile telephone services). This case is about the six sigma implementation at Bharti Infotel. The case briefly discusses the business imperatives in the fast changing Indian telecommunications industry. The industry was a monopoly for over half a century after independence and had recently been deregulated with the private players competing with the state-owned BSNL. The industry had exploded in the recent years with increasing number of players, falling tariffs, and improving technology. Stiff competition in the industry meant that any competitive action by a company was immediately imitated by others. Therefore the only sources of competitive advantage in the industry were “quality of service” and “speed”. This case discusses the various steps in the implementation of six sigma quality management system in the company. The company had already implemented Business Process Management Systems (BPMS) and had begun monitoring their performance on the Non-Financial Parameters (NFPs). The six sigma initiative was expected to leverage on these initiatives. Following the six sigma initiative was the Knowledge Management (KM) initiative that was intended to help share the best practices and learning from the six sigma projects across the entire organization. This case highlights the contribution of the six sigma quality management initiative to the company's business strategy, and helps students analyze the process of implementing and institutionalizing the six sigma initiative. The case enables the readers to appreciate the business benefits of six sigma implementation and how it fosters innovation.

Along with the global telecom sector, the Indian telecom market has evolved over the past three decades. From the first generation technology in the 1990s, the telecom industry in India offered 4G services in 2012. From microwave technology it has moved into underground fibre optic cables, enhancing the quality and variety of telecom services. Ahead of several emerging markets, subscriber demand in India shifted to data from voice telephony. Subscriber base grew substantially, but average revenue per user (ARPU) has fallen significantly. Intense competition has led to consolidation in the industry. The mobile services faced market disruption from Reliance Jio (R-Jio). The latter launched a strategy of predatory pricing resulting in data wars. R-Jio’s network was based on 4G technology, while other competitors were still offering 2G- and 3G-based services. In comparison to competitors, R-Jio laid more fibre optic cables. Therefore, it could effortlessly upgrade the services offerings to 5G and other future technologies, which competitors could not match so they experienced fall in profits or outright losses. R-Jio also moved into providing fibre-to-the-home technology accompanied with ultra-high-speed internet that could provide a host of entertainment features. As a virtual knee-jerk reaction to the severity of the competitive challenge facing it, Vodafone initiated merger talks with Idea Cellular and soon achieved its culmination. This merger resulted in the largest telecom service company in India. However, Vodafone Idea Ltd.’s balance sheet was over leveraged, rendering it incapable of playing the price cutting game. Besides, it was unclear if it would be able to build the formidable infrastructure required to invest in 5G spectrum, offer superior content as well as smart devices. It soon became obvious that the merger could catapult Vodafone to the pole position in the industry but staying and flourishing there would require it to be more resourceful, imaginative and aggressive. Balesh Sharma, the CEO of Vodafone-Idea Ltd., and his top management team had to respond to the challenges the company was facing and emerge successful.

Continuous evolution of technologies and globalization have enabled international trade to be done via borderless selling and buying activities. This research underlines the relevance of ICT in impacting international trade in early member countries of ASEAN (Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand), in line with the Industry 4.0 Revolution. This study employs the examination of panel data to investigate the access to and use of ICT towards international trade. In accordance to that, the export and import of products and services are used to measure international trade. Mobile cellular subscriptions, Internet users, fixed broadband subscriptions, and fixed telephone subscriptions are all used to quantify ICT access and usage. In addition, control variables include foreign direct investment (FDI), research and development (R&D), real exchange rate, and also inflation. Government policy as the moderating variable on ICT against international trade is also discovered. As a result, this study takes a 10-year period to collect numerical data and analyse it using statistics and mathematical methodologies. Findings from the study are expected to show whether ICT has significant influence in promoting trade activities among the selected ASEAN member countries. Additionally, the study is also expected to bring some clarity on the potential role of government policy in moderating the impacts of ICT towards international trade. Overall, findings from the study would provide some insights to governments and policy makers on the crucial need to adopt ICT in daily operations to sustain trade activities. Future research direction may include expanding the scope of the countries and investigating the impacts of other types of ICT such as ICT skills and adoption.

In recent years, VoIP is a rapidly evolving technology that could possibly revolutionize the telecommunication industry. When implemented on wireless data networks, VoIP could prove to be instrumental in the convergence of existing fixed and cellular telephony networks with the fast growing wired and wireless data networks. Whereas, the growth of the VoIP applications with additional mobile devices in the institution of higher education and increasing number of users led to slow VoIP services. In addition, the throughput and latency (or delay, jitter, and jabber) are two of the most important issues that need to be resolved before the commercial deployment of wireless VoIP. The trace composes of two parts: firstly, collecting of data, secondly, performing the traffics analysis. Therefore, we have analyzed the performance offered by SCTP, TCP and UDP over VoIP at Tikrit University, Iraq. In this paper, we can see that the kind of performance given by SCTP is best then UDP, but the latency is decreased it performance significantly compared to UDP and the SCTP throughput is looks in a better manner. The measurements were verified by simulating the VoIP traffics using Network Simulator 2

The establishment of the Grampians After-Hours Service has led to the development of a quality framework for nurse telephone triage. The service providers believe this framework is the basis for the service?s success. While quality frameworks including critical evaluation and peer review are not new to the health industry, the development of organisational systems to improve quality in afterhours services is innovative. The framework developed is comprehensive, evidenced-based and emphasises training, protocols and documentation. It also involves a continuous and nonpunitive quality review process that operates at the individual, small group, organisation and whole-system level. The framework will continue to improve and at this time provides a foundation for discussion and further application in the pursuit of quality improvement in rural after-hours health services.

Firms engage in foggy pricing when the menu of tariff options aims at profiting from consumer mistakes. The analysis of this paper concludes that the transition from monopoly to competition in the early US cellular telephone industry does not generally foster the use of such deceptive strategies. I offer three alternative measures to account for the fogginess of the menu of options offered by cellular carriers. All results are robust to the existence of uncertainty regarding future consumption at the time of choosing a particular tariff option, as well as to consumers' heterogeneity with respect to cellular telephone usage. (JEL D03, L11, L12, L13, L96)

The cellular phones do not use telephone cables. The cellular phones send radio signals into the air to the nearest transmitter tower called the base station. The transmitter tower will emit the signal to the next station and so on until it reaches the phone that is called. When a new call arrives on the phone number, it will generate a tone until it is picked up, rejected, or the time has been ended to receive this tone (each telephone network provider has different policies related to the time used for this telephone connection so that this causes the number of rings raised to vary). This paper focuses on the missed call services which is one of the features found on the telephone. The tone that has been generated by this calling can emerge ring. This ring can be detected and manipulated to be something useful for controlling devices or making some password.

In recent years, the mobile phone has been used as a tool to conduct business in many areas. The insufficient number of fixed wireless services has created an opportunity for the entry of mobile phone systems into the market to provide telecommunication sevice in Thailand and Hong Kong. Mobile phone use has been growing dramatically during the past ten years as a result of the high rate of economic growth.

The subject of this thesis is a group of emergent leading firms in developing countries pursuing a ‘dual frontier', achieving technology supremacy and establishing market autonomy, and entering a newly emerging market in the context of the latter half of the 20th century. Whilst the previous literature on catching-up and transition generally centres on the area of technological development of latecomer firms, this thesis extends the scope of analysis to a broader issue of technological development and marketing strategies of latecomer firms in transition. The thesis builds upon two different streams of literature: first the catching-up process in latecomer firms for the theoretical and empirical rationales, and second the boundaries of a firm and inter-firm coordination in technological frontier firms for the theoretical guidance to a systematic analysis. Using industry case studies of the Korean mobile handset manufacturers Samsung and LG Electronics, the thesis first shows that there could be windows of opportunity available for international technology transfer to emergent leading firms in the emerging stage of a new industry from competition to achieve a dominant compatibility standard among technology leaders. However, the research stresses that the characteristic of these technologies is cutting-edge but technologically incomplete and commercially unproven, which highlights the importance of previous experience and capacity for successful commercialisation. Moreover, the thesis shows that Korean firms pursuing a dual frontier overcame their uneven development between technological and marketing capabilities through intensive inter-firm collaborations with intermediary users, that is Mobile Network Operators (MNOs). In the thesis, it is stressed that Korean firms competed against technology leaders like Nokia in export markets by complementing weak marketing capabilities based on continuous collaborations with MNOs, evolving from von Hippelian to Teecean inter-firm relationships. Lastly, the thesis introduces to the literature on industry organisation a new form of an outsourcing organisation, termed a ‘contract developer' (CD), which has been identified as a group of firms that is unilaterally specialised in, and that carries out development outsourcing projects for, mobile handset Own Brand Manufacturers (OBMs). The thesis reveals that CDs emerged from the industry shake-out and the co-specialised structure between mobile handset OBMs and MNOs in the industry and served as one of main mechanisms that supported the successful globalisation of the Korean firms. Therefore, the thesis argues that the key strategy that Korean emergent leading firms adopted to compete at the world frontier can be described as a ‘quasi' extension of firm boundaries in terms of development resources (the CDs) and in terms of downstream capabilities (the MNOs).

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Cellular network operators globally loose between 3% and 5% of their annual revenue to telecommunications fraud. Hence it is of great importance that fraud management systems are implemented to detect, alarm, and shut down fraud within minutes, minimising revenue loss. Modern proprietary fraud management systems employ (i) classification methods, most often artificial neural networks learning from classified call data records to classify new call data records as fraudulent or legitimate, (ii) statistical methods building subscriber behaviour profiles based on the subscriber’s usage in the cellular network and detecting sudden changes in behaviour, and (iii) rules and threshold values defined by fraud analysts, utilising their knowledge of valid fraud cases and the false alarm rate as guidance. The purpose of this thesis is to establish a context for and evaluate the performance of well-known data mining techniques that may be incorporated in the fraud detection process. Firstly, a theoretical background of various well-known data mining techniques is provided and a number of seminal articles on fraud detection, which influenced this thesis, are summarised. The cellular telecommunications industry is introduced, including a brief discussion of the types of fraud experienced by South African cellular network operators. Secondly, the data collection process and the characteristics of the collected data are discussed. Different data mining techniques are applied to the collected data, demonstrating how user behaviour profiles may be built and how fraud may be predicted. An appraisal of the performances and appropriateness of the different data mining techniques is given in the context of the fraud detection process. Finally, an indication of further work is provided in the conclusion to this thesis, in the form of a number of recommendations for possible adaptations of the fraud detection methods, and improvements thereof. A combination of data mining techniques that may be used to build a comprehensive fraud detection model is also suggested.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sellulêre netwerk operateurs verloor wêreldwyd tussen 3% en 5% van hul jaarlikse inkomste as gevolg van telekommunikasie bedrog. Dit is dus van die uiterse belang dat bedrog bestuurstelsels geïmplimenteer word om bedrog op te spoor, alarms te genereer, en bedrog binne minute te staak om verlies aan inkomste tot ’n minimum te beperk. Moderne gepatenteerde bedrog bestuurstelsels maak gebruik van (i) klassifikasie metodes, mees dikwels kunsmatige neurale netwerke wat leer vanaf geklassifiseerde oproep rekords en gebruik word om nuwe oproep rekords as bedrog-draend of nie bedrog-draend te klassifiseer, (ii) statistiese metodes wat gedragsprofiele van ’n intekenaar bou, gebaseer op die intekenaar se gedrag in die sellulêre netwerk, en skielike verandering in gedrag opspoor, en (iii) reëls en drempelwaardes wat deur bedrog analiste daar gestel word, deur gebruik te maak van hulle ondervinding met geldige gevalle van bedrog en die koers waarteen vals alarms gegenereer word. Die doel van hierdie tesis is om ’n konteks te bepaal vir en die werksverrigting te evalueer van bekende data ontginningstegnieke wat in bedrog opsporingstelsels gebruik kan word. Eerstens word ’n teoretiese agtergrond vir ’n aantal bekende data ontginningstegnieke voorsien en ’n aantal gedagteryke artikels wat oor bedrog opsporing handel en wat hierdie tesis beïnvloed het, opgesom. Die sellulêre telekommunikasie industrie word bekend gestel, insluitend ’n kort bespreking oor die tipes bedrog wat deur Suid-Afrikaanse sellulˆere telekommunikasie netwerk operateurs ondervind word. Tweedens word die data versamelingsproses en die eienskappe van die versamelde data bespreek. Verskillende data ontginningstegnieke word vervolgens toegepas op die versamelde data om te demonstreer hoe gedragsprofiele van gebruikers gebou kan word en hoe bedrog voorspel kan word. Die werksverrigting en gepastheid van die verskillende data ontginningstegnieke word bespreek in die konteks van die bedrog opsporingsproses. Laastens word ’n aanduiding van verdere werk in die gevolgtrekking tot hierdie tesis verskaf, en wel in die vorm van ’n aantal aanbevelings oor moontlike aanpassings en verbeterings van die bedrog opsporingsmetodes wat beskou en toegepas is. ’n Omvattende bedrog opsporingsmodel wat gebruik maak van ’n kombinasie van data ontginningstegnieke word ook voorgestel.

The structure of the telecommunications industry in Japan has been changing revolutionarily. The changes are observed in five phases: (1) development of competition into the local call market, (2) diffusion of broadband Internet and development of inter-platform competition, (3) rapid growth of cellular services and Internet access via cellular, (4) decline of POTS (plain old telephone service), and (5) structural changes from vertical integration to layered structure and development of media convergence. These changes require total review of the regulatory framework that was formed in the POTS era. In this chapter, I propose to review: (a) essential facilities regulation, (b) a universal service system, and (c) a flat-rate pricing system of the Internet to solve problems that are likely to distort the new industry structure and would stress the importance of a regulatory system that is competition, technology, and content neutral.

The influence of institutional pressures on standards and standardization are readily apparent in their most direct form. For example, in the mid-1990s, both the European Union and the United States issued new wireless communications licenses in the 1.8-2.0 GHz band: the EU countries mandated use of their decade-old communications standard, while the U.S. authorized three competing standards not yet widely used in the U.S. (Mehrotra, 1994). However, institutional pressures can also shape standardization efforts in a less direct fashion. For example, in a regulated industry such as telecommunications, existing economic and political institutions constrain the diffusion of a new technology. Such diffusion mediates the impact of product compatibility standards upon society. If producers adopt standards for their goods and services, and if users adopt the products that incorporate such standards, only then such standards can have an economic or social effect upon society at large. Therefore, it is important to understand the impact of institutional pressures on diffusion of the innovation that incorporates a standard if we wish to explain the eventual success or failure of such a standard. Here a particular standards-based innovation, analog cellular telephone service, provides an opportunity to contrast the effects of institutions on diffusion and thus standardization. Over a four year period, three independent design centers deployed mutually incompatible standards in three continents. While the technical solutions were similar, differences in institutional context between the regions influenced both the nature of the respective standards and their corresponding diffusion. In particular, the systems were deployed in a period of shifting telecommunications competition policies and priorities for radio frequency allocation. Prior research has examined the causal links between standards and institutions, both the institutional context of standards development (e.g., Besen, 1990) and also how established standards themselves function as institutions (Kindleberger, 1983). But rarely do we have the opportunity to examine the diffusion of the same innovation in differing institutional contexts. This paper will focus on the most complex institutional context for the deployment of cellular telephone service, the United States, which despite having invented cellular technology, was the third region to deploy cellular service due to regulatory delays. The experience of Japan and Northern Europe are offered as contrasts to highlight the importance of the institutional context in the adoption of both standards and standardized products.

Abstract Not so long ago, technical standards in the United States telephone industry were determined primarily by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. To be sure, AT&T had to coordinate with foreign telecommunications entities, independent telephone companies, and the United States Department of Defense, but the degree of coordination was relatively minor, and AT&T had substantial latitude in deciding on the standards that would be used. However, three forces have caused this situation to change dramatically. First, because of the entry of large numbers of competing suppliers of equipment and services into the United States telecommunications industry, standard setting has moved from the technical concern of a single firm to a factor with important implications for competition. As a result, the processes by which standards are set are now subject to detailed scrutiny by both the regulatory authorities and the courts. In a sense, telecommunications standards have become too important to leave their determination solely to the telephone companies.

Science and technology are expected to support actual service provision and to create new services to promote service industries’ productivity. However, those problems might not be solved solely in a certain research area. This paper describes that it is necessary to establish transdisciplinary approaches to service design in consideration of consumers’ values and decision making. Recent research trends of services are overviewed. Then a research framework is proposed to integrate computer sciences, human sciences, and economic sciences. Three study examples of services are then presented. The first study is a multi-agent simulation of a cellular telephone market based on results of a psychological survey. The second presents a cognitive model constructed through integration of questionnaire data of a retail business and Bayesian network modeling. The third presents a pricing mechanism design for service facilities––movie theaters––using an economic experiment and agent-based simulation.

This chapter applies the idea of emancipation to apprehend the usage of cellular telephones amongst lady entrepreneurs in city and rural regions related to ICT and era. Data were accumulated via questionnaire and focused on institution discussions and were analysed by SPSS. The findings found that the majority of women from different countries were micro-entrepreneurs. In traditional operations such as marketing and distribution, data inflow, customer service delivery, compounded industry strategies, and revenues, woman marketers earned directly, which promoted improved profitability and organizational change. The look came to conclude that successful girls are beginning something new with a small investment instead of being inactive and searching out a process. It could be best for graduate owners to start their own commercial enterprises in partnership with NGOs and humanitarian resource corporations.

Abstract criticism of the exclusive concession granted to the Hungarian Telecom company Matav following the ending of the state monopoly telephone service in 1993; fierce competition, mergers and strategic alliances as industry prepares for deregulation of telecommunications within the European Union; recognition of the need for an integrated telecom infrastructure and a fight for dominance of such a structure between telephone, cable, and broadcasting companies; the emergence of commercial radio and television stations and a proliferation of channels, most recently pay-TV and a satellite channel following the establishment of the legal preconditions for independent broadcasting; and the emergence of commercial Internet services.

Abstract For almost 100 years, American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT & T) had a monopoly in providing long-distance telephone services. In the late r96os, the long-distance market was opened to competition, and AT & T responded aggressively to new competitors such as MCI by sharply lowering prices. Despite the subsequent divestiture of its local Bell System companies in 1984 and the deregulation of the industry in 1996, which allowed long-distance and local telephone companies to compete in each other’s markets, AT & T has been able to maintain its leadership in the long-distance market, holding steady with market share of about 35 percent in 2003. Its closest rival, MCI, has less than 20 percent of the market.1 General Motors has dominated its industry since r93r, when it moved past Ford Motor Company to become the number I U.S. automobile maker. Between 1976 and 1983, GM products accounted for nearly 60 percent of domestic auto production; over that period, GM engaged in aggressive product proliferation, fully occupying the available product space to discourage entry, and established a ubiquitous, exclusive distribution network that constituted a considerable entry barrier.

In this chapter, the authors discuss innovations associated with the transition from the circuit-switched public telephone network to IP packet-switched networks for the provision of voice services by focusing on research findings in the area of quality of service (QoS). To give a meaningful answer on how this transition affects the telecommunications industry, we elaborate on the frequently-cited concept of disruptive innovations, pioneered by Harvard Professor Clayton M. Christensen.

The evolutions in the field of telecommunications technologies, with the robustness and the fidelity these new systems provide, have significantly contributed in the advancement and development in the field of medicine, and they have also brought forth the need for their utilisation in the healthcare sector. Thus, telemedicine and e-Health have clearly started to become an important issue for implementation, operational deployment of services and a promising market for industry. Recognizing this trend, its importance in the lives of citizens all around the globe and its contribution in the daily healthcare delivery by all actors involved in the procedure, the authors of this chapter attempt to familiarize the readers with the impact that high broadband wireless networks have upon telemedicine services and with the way they facilitate the secure transmission of vital information stemming from bandwidth demanding applications in real time. After providing the readers with an overview of telemedical services and commenting on how they can offer added value to existing healthcare services, they provide an analysis of the wireless infrastructure that has facilitated telemedical services over the years, and point out the significant role that the third generation telecommunications systems can play in the field. After that, follows an analysis of the range of new applications that can be supported by the 3G telecommunications infrastructure, and the related research that has taken place in the European level regarding the utilization of 3G networks for telemedical applications. However, 3G networks are not a panacea; for this reason the limitations of this infrastructure is also stressed out. The authors conclude by discussing whether 3G networks can prove to be an attractive solution for telemedical services to healthcare providers.

As this is the age of technology and every day we are receiving the news about growing popularity of internet and its applications. Cloud computing is an emerging paradigm of today that is rapidly accepted by the industry/organizations/educational institutions etc. for various applications and purpose. As computing is related to distributed and parallel computing which are from a very long time in the market, but today is the world of cloud computing that reduces the cost of computing by focusing on personal computing to data center computing. Cloud computing architecture and standard provide a unique way for delivering computation services to cloud users. It is having a simple API (Application Platform Interface) to users for accessing storage, platform and hardware by paying-as-per-use basis. Services provided by cloud computing is as same as other utility oriented services like electricity bill, water, telephone etc. over shared network. There are many cloud services providers in the market for providing services like Google, Microsoft, Manjrasoft Aneka, etc.

Rapid proliferation and developments in the field of telecommunication have led to a renewed interest in the fifth-generation technology standard for broadband cellular networks. As compared to the previous generations, 5G is capable of connecting numerous nodes simultaneously while offering pathbreaking implementations in enabling time-critical services such as autonomous vehicles, real-time drone manoeuvres, Industry 4.0, virtual reality, augmented reality, etc. Nevertheless, these conveniences may turn out to be security threats or vulnerabilities susceptible to cyberattacks. Apparently, thwarting cyberattacks is a never-ending journey, especially in the major economic sector – healthcare. It is an undeniable fact that healthcare is among the industries underpinning a nation’s economy. Hence, this paper will first forecast the trend of PHI breaches with Holt Winter’s model to emphasise the rise of cyber threats. Next, evaluating the risks of the chosen asset with ISO/IEC 27001 risk matrix. Then, compares the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SP 800-61 Incident Response Lifecycle and John Boyd’s OODA Loop; the latter offers significant advantages over the former concerning the adoption of situational awareness concepts, philosophy, and more. As a result, the number of PHI breaches increase tremendously due to the growth in the number of IT incidents and insider attacks. Keywords: 5G network, Incident response, Agile response, Cyberattack, Information security

Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) are playing an ever-increasing role in everyone's lives, specially thanks to vast range of ICT devices and services which create a lot of opportunities for end-users (access to huge amounts of information, fostered people interaction, …), thereby improving their quality of life. In this context, the role of mobility-related devices (e.g., smartphones) and their use with services (e.g., payment, public services) is key for enabling efficient and secure end-user interaction.Two approaches can support this goal, regarding terminology and language coverage. On the one hand, from the end-user point of view, discovering and understanding the services offered by ICT should not become a challenge, with different device manufacturers and service providers using a divergent set of terms to denominate identical devices and service features: a remedy for diverging denominations of features could be harmonized and user-centered ICT terminologies, facilitating feature recognition by all users, including those with cognitive impairments. On the other hand, harmonized terminologies should be able to support diverse languages, such as those spoken in European Union, in a consistent manner.ETSI, the European Telecommunication Standards Institute, is the home of global telecommunications standards such as 3G, LTE, 5G, and DECT, and its Technical Committee Human Factors is publishing standards documents that aim at increasing the usability and accessibility of ICT. ETSI has developed and published a consistent approach for such harmonized ICT terminologies materializing in a number of publicly and freely standardisation documents.Several ETSI Specifications (ES) have been developed over time. ETSI ES 202 076 is addressing a minimum set of spoken commands required to control the generic and common functions of ICT devices and services that use speaker-independent speech recognition. The related commands have been specified for all the official languages of the European Union (EU) and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). A similar language range is available for the ETSI ES 202 130 which specifies the minimum repertoires and assignments of graphic (letter, digit and special) characters to standard 12-key telephone keypads and specifies their ordering for ICT devices with telephony functionality.Currently, ETSI is developing a harmonized terminology -- published as ETSI Guide EG 203 499 -- covering commonly used, basic ICT features of current and upcoming ICT devices (4 groups, e.g., telephony and photography), services and applications (12 groups, e.g., banking and navigation) focusing on mobile contexts of use. The result is a multilingual terminology supporting over 800 terms.The work has been undertaken in three steps by subsequent ETSI Specialist Tasks Forces with a broadening language support, from 5 languages in the first version up to a coverage of all the official languages of EU and EFTA in the last version to be published in May 2024. The proposed paper will outline the expected benefits of using standardisation in this end-user mobility context, present the methodologies applied and provide examples of the resulting terminologies. It will also discuss the adoption of these specifications and how they support their intended users, i.e., the industry actors (e.g., manufacturers, service providers).

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In recent years, the automotive industry has seen an exponential increase in the replacement of mechanical components with electronic-controlled components or systems. engine, transmission, brake, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), lighting, driver-assist technologies, etc. are all monitored and/or controlled electronically. Connected vehicles are increasingly being used by Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to collect and transmit vehicle data in real-time via the use of various sensors, actuators, and communication technologies. Vehicle telematics devices can collect and transmit data about the vehicle location, speed, fuel efficiency, State Of Charge (SOC), auxiliary battery voltage, emissions, performance, and more. This data is sent over to the cloud via cellular networks, where it can be processed and analyzed to improve their products and services by automotive companies and/or fleet management. This data can also be used for a variety of purposes, including enhancing the driving experience, improving safety, understanding customer driving patterns, vehicle functionality utilization, SOC monitoring, battery thermal monitoring, prognostic health review, and providing new services to drivers and passengers. By collecting and analyzing this data, connected vehicles can provide a wealth of insights that can be used to improve safety, reduce congestion, and risky driving behavior, review pending diagnostics codes in vehicles, and enhance the overall driving experience. This paper investigates and explores the opportunities related to connected vehicle data analytics, vehicle health prognostics, and possible monetization associated scope.</div></div>

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">We developed the AC electric vehicle charging station (EVC-J) and have produced the EVC-J in Japan in Sep. 2009. This product is compliant with IEC61851-1. The EVC-J is the first product, which has an attached supply cable and vehicle connector and allows both Model-EV* and Mode2-EV* to be charged (*Model and Mode2 are defined in IEC61851-1.).</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">We modified EVC-J and contributed 4 items of the 2009 low carbon projects**.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">(** 10 items were adopted by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) as the 2009 model program to demonstrate social system for a low carbon society.)</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The modified EVC-J has additional functions, that is identification and communication, for value added services demonstration (e.g. Billing, Maintenance management). Based on the experience of EVC-J and modified EVC-J, we developed the AC electric vehicle charging station (EVCl) and have produced the EVC1 in Japan in Nov. 2010. The main features of EVCl are as follows: <ol class="list nostyle"><li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">1)</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">EVCl has an attached supply cable and vehicle connector, and can charge EV/PHV in Japan (As of May. '11).</div></li><li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">2)</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">EVCl has a communication function to the maintenance server using the cellular network as its standard function. Charging records, EVC-1 status, error information and etc acquired by the communication function can be monitored and used for maintenance service.</div></li><li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">3)</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">Easy operation flow, VFD (Vacuum Fluorescent Display) and touch panel contribute to EVC1's operability improvement. In the summer of 2011, we plan to introduce EVCl-IC with IC card identification function for the billing service, which may be adopted in the future.</div></li></ol></div></div>

1.1 Macroeconomic summary Economic recovery has consistently outperformed the technical staff’s expectations following a steep decline in activity in the second quarter of 2020. At the same time, total and core inflation rates have fallen and remain at low levels, suggesting that a significant element of the reactivation of Colombia’s economy has been related to recovery in potential GDP. This would support the technical staff’s diagnosis of weak aggregate demand and ample excess capacity. The most recently available data on 2020 growth suggests a contraction in economic activity of 6.8%, lower than estimates from January’s Monetary Policy Report (-7.2%). High-frequency indicators suggest that economic performance was significantly more dynamic than expected in January, despite mobility restrictions and quarantine measures. This has also come amid declines in total and core inflation, the latter of which was below January projections if controlling for certain relative price changes. This suggests that the unexpected strength of recent growth contains elements of demand, and that excess capacity, while significant, could be lower than previously estimated. Nevertheless, uncertainty over the measurement of excess capacity continues to be unusually high and marked both by variations in the way different economic sectors and spending components have been affected by the pandemic, and by uneven price behavior. The size of excess capacity, and in particular the evolution of the pandemic in forthcoming quarters, constitute substantial risks to the macroeconomic forecast presented in this report. Despite the unexpected strength of the recovery, the technical staff continues to project ample excess capacity that is expected to remain on the forecast horizon, alongside core inflation that will likely remain below the target. Domestic demand remains below 2019 levels amid unusually significant uncertainty over the size of excess capacity in the economy. High national unemployment (14.6% for February 2021) reflects a loose labor market, while observed total and core inflation continue to be below 2%. Inflationary pressures from the exchange rate are expected to continue to be low, with relatively little pass-through on inflation. This would be compatible with a negative output gap. Excess productive capacity and the expectation of core inflation below the 3% target on the forecast horizon provide a basis for an expansive monetary policy posture. The technical staff’s assessment of certain shocks and their expected effects on the economy, as well as the presence of several sources of uncertainty and related assumptions about their potential macroeconomic impacts, remain a feature of this report. The coronavirus pandemic, in particular, continues to affect the public health environment, and the reopening of Colombia’s economy remains incomplete. The technical staff’s assessment is that the COVID-19 shock has affected both aggregate demand and supply, but that the impact on demand has been deeper and more persistent. Given this persistence, the central forecast accounts for a gradual tightening of the output gap in the absence of new waves of contagion, and as vaccination campaigns progress. The central forecast continues to include an expected increase of total and core inflation rates in the second quarter of 2021, alongside the lapse of the temporary price relief measures put in place in 2020. Additional COVID-19 outbreaks (of uncertain duration and intensity) represent a significant risk factor that could affect these projections. Additionally, the forecast continues to include an upward trend in sovereign risk premiums, reflected by higher levels of public debt that in the wake of the pandemic are likely to persist on the forecast horizon, even in the context of a fiscal adjustment. At the same time, the projection accounts for the shortterm effects on private domestic demand from a fiscal adjustment along the lines of the one currently being proposed by the national government. This would be compatible with a gradual recovery of private domestic demand in 2022. The size and characteristics of the fiscal adjustment that is ultimately implemented, as well as the corresponding market response, represent another source of forecast uncertainty. Newly available information offers evidence of the potential for significant changes to the macroeconomic scenario, though without altering the general diagnosis described above. The most recent data on inflation, growth, fiscal policy, and international financial conditions suggests a more dynamic economy than previously expected. However, a third wave of the pandemic has delayed the re-opening of Colombia’s economy and brought with it a deceleration in economic activity. Detailed descriptions of these considerations and subsequent changes to the macroeconomic forecast are presented below. The expected annual decline in GDP (-0.3%) in the first quarter of 2021 appears to have been less pronounced than projected in January (-4.8%). Partial closures in January to address a second wave of COVID-19 appear to have had a less significant negative impact on the economy than previously estimated. This is reflected in figures related to mobility, energy demand, industry and retail sales, foreign trade, commercial transactions from selected banks, and the national statistics agency’s (DANE) economic tracking indicator (ISE). Output is now expected to have declined annually in the first quarter by 0.3%. Private consumption likely continued to recover, registering levels somewhat above those from the previous year, while public consumption likely increased significantly. While a recovery in investment in both housing and in other buildings and structures is expected, overall investment levels in this case likely continued to be low, and gross fixed capital formation is expected to continue to show significant annual declines. Imports likely recovered to again outpace exports, though both are expected to register significant annual declines. Economic activity that outpaced projections, an increase in oil prices and other export products, and an expected increase in public spending this year account for the upward revision to the 2021 growth forecast (from 4.6% with a range between 2% and 6% in January, to 6.0% with a range between 3% and 7% in April). As a result, the output gap is expected to be smaller and to tighten more rapidly than projected in the previous report, though it is still expected to remain in negative territory on the forecast horizon. Wide forecast intervals reflect the fact that the future evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic remains a significant source of uncertainty on these projections. The delay in the recovery of economic activity as a result of the resurgence of COVID-19 in the first quarter appears to have been less significant than projected in the January report. The central forecast scenario expects this improved performance to continue in 2021 alongside increased consumer and business confidence. Low real interest rates and an active credit supply would also support this dynamic, and the overall conditions would be expected to spur a recovery in consumption and investment. Increased growth in public spending and public works based on the national government’s spending plan (Plan Financiero del Gobierno) are other factors to consider. Additionally, an expected recovery in global demand and higher projected prices for oil and coffee would further contribute to improved external revenues and would favor investment, in particular in the oil sector. Given the above, the technical staff’s 2021 growth forecast has been revised upward from 4.6% in January (range from 2% to 6%) to 6.0% in April (range from 3% to 7%). These projections account for the potential for the third wave of COVID-19 to have a larger and more persistent effect on the economy than the previous wave, while also supposing that there will not be any additional significant waves of the pandemic and that mobility restrictions will be relaxed as a result. Economic growth in 2022 is expected to be 3%, with a range between 1% and 5%. This figure would be lower than projected in the January report (3.6% with a range between 2% and 6%), due to a higher base of comparison given the upward revision to expected GDP in 2021. This forecast also takes into account the likely effects on private demand of a fiscal adjustment of the size currently being proposed by the national government, and which would come into effect in 2022. Excess in productive capacity is now expected to be lower than estimated in January but continues to be significant and affected by high levels of uncertainty, as reflected in the wide forecast intervals. The possibility of new waves of the virus (of uncertain intensity and duration) represents a significant downward risk to projected GDP growth, and is signaled by the lower limits of the ranges provided in this report. Inflation (1.51%) and inflation excluding food and regulated items (0.94%) declined in March compared to December, continuing below the 3% target. The decline in inflation in this period was below projections, explained in large part by unanticipated increases in the costs of certain foods (3.92%) and regulated items (1.52%). An increase in international food and shipping prices, increased foreign demand for beef, and specific upward pressures on perishable food supplies appear to explain a lower-than-expected deceleration in the consumer price index (CPI) for foods. An unexpected increase in regulated items prices came amid unanticipated increases in international fuel prices, on some utilities rates, and for regulated education prices. The decline in annual inflation excluding food and regulated items between December and March was in line with projections from January, though this included downward pressure from a significant reduction in telecommunications rates due to the imminent entry of a new operator. When controlling for the effects of this relative price change, inflation excluding food and regulated items exceeds levels forecast in the previous report. Within this indicator of core inflation, the CPI for goods (1.05%) accelerated due to a reversion of the effects of the VAT-free day in November, which was largely accounted for in February, and possibly by the transmission of a recent depreciation of the peso on domestic prices for certain items (electric and household appliances). For their part, services prices decelerated and showed the lowest rate of annual growth (0.89%) among the large consumer baskets in the CPI. Within the services basket, the annual change in rental prices continued to decline, while those services that continue to experience the most significant restrictions on returning to normal operations (tourism, cinemas, nightlife, etc.) continued to register significant price declines. As previously mentioned, telephone rates also fell significantly due to increased competition in the market. Total inflation is expected to continue to be affected by ample excesses in productive capacity for the remainder of 2021 and 2022, though less so than projected in January. As a result, convergence to the inflation target is now expected to be somewhat faster than estimated in the previous report, assuming the absence of significant additional outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff’s year-end inflation projections for 2021 and 2022 have increased, suggesting figures around 3% due largely to variation in food and regulated items prices. The projection for inflation excluding food and regulated items also increased, but remains below 3%. Price relief measures on indirect taxes implemented in 2020 are expected to lapse in the second quarter of 2021, generating a one-off effect on prices and temporarily affecting inflation excluding food and regulated items. However, indexation to low levels of past inflation, weak demand, and ample excess productive capacity are expected to keep core inflation below the target, near 2.3% at the end of 2021 (previously 2.1%). The reversion in 2021 of the effects of some price relief measures on utility rates from 2020 should lead to an increase in the CPI for regulated items in the second half of this year. Annual price changes are now expected to be higher than estimated in the January report due to an increased expected path for fuel prices and unanticipated increases in regulated education prices. The projection for the CPI for foods has increased compared to the previous report, taking into account certain factors that were not anticipated in January (a less favorable agricultural cycle, increased pressure from international prices, and transport costs). Given the above, year-end annual inflation for 2021 and 2022 is now expected to be 3% and 2.8%, respectively, which would be above projections from January (2.3% and 2,7%). For its part, expected inflation based on analyst surveys suggests year-end inflation in 2021 and 2022 of 2.8% and 3.1%, respectively. There remains significant uncertainty surrounding the inflation forecasts included in this report due to several factors: 1) the evolution of the pandemic; 2) the difficulty in evaluating the size and persistence of excess productive capacity; 3) the timing and manner in which price relief measures will lapse; and 4) the future behavior of food prices. Projected 2021 growth in foreign demand (4.4% to 5.2%) and the supposed average oil price (USD 53 to USD 61 per Brent benchmark barrel) were both revised upward. An increase in long-term international interest rates has been reflected in a depreciation of the peso and could result in relatively tighter external financial conditions for emerging market economies, including Colombia. Average growth among Colombia’s trade partners was greater than expected in the fourth quarter of 2020. This, together with a sizable fiscal stimulus approved in the United States and the onset of a massive global vaccination campaign, largely explains the projected increase in foreign demand growth in 2021. The resilience of the goods market in the face of global crisis and an expected normalization in international trade are additional factors. These considerations and the expected continuation of a gradual reduction of mobility restrictions abroad suggest that Colombia’s trade partners could grow on average by 5.2% in 2021 and around 3.4% in 2022. The improved prospects for global economic growth have led to an increase in current and expected oil prices. Production interruptions due to a heavy winter, reduced inventories, and increased supply restrictions instituted by producing countries have also contributed to the increase. Meanwhile, market forecasts and recent Federal Reserve pronouncements suggest that the benchmark interest rate in the U.S. will remain stable for the next two years. Nevertheless, a significant increase in public spending in the country has fostered expectations for greater growth and inflation, as well as increased uncertainty over the moment in which a normalization of monetary policy might begin. This has been reflected in an increase in long-term interest rates. In this context, emerging market economies in the region, including Colombia, have registered increases in sovereign risk premiums and long-term domestic interest rates, and a depreciation of local currencies against the dollar. Recent outbreaks of COVID-19 in several of these economies; limits on vaccine supply and the slow pace of immunization campaigns in some countries; a significant increase in public debt; and tensions between the United States and China, among other factors, all add to a high level of uncertainty surrounding interest rate spreads, external financing conditions, and the future performance of risk premiums. The impact that this environment could have on the exchange rate and on domestic financing conditions represent risks to the macroeconomic and monetary policy forecasts. Domestic financial conditions continue to favor recovery in economic activity. The transmission of reductions to the policy interest rate on credit rates has been significant. The banking portfolio continues to recover amid circumstances that have affected both the supply and demand for loans, and in which some credit risks have materialized. Preferential and ordinary commercial interest rates have fallen to a similar degree as the benchmark interest rate. As is generally the case, this transmission has come at a slower pace for consumer credit rates, and has been further delayed in the case of mortgage rates. Commercial credit levels stabilized above pre-pandemic levels in March, following an increase resulting from significant liquidity requirements for businesses in the second quarter of 2020. The consumer credit portfolio continued to recover and has now surpassed February 2020 levels, though overall growth in the portfolio remains low. At the same time, portfolio projections and default indicators have increased, and credit establishment earnings have come down. Despite this, credit disbursements continue to recover and solvency indicators remain well above regulatory minimums. 1.2 Monetary policy decision In its meetings in March and April the BDBR left the benchmark interest rate unchanged at 1.75%.