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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Cattle Physiology":
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Allen Garverick, H., und Michael F. Smith. „Female Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology of Cattle“. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 9, Nr. 2 (Juli 1993): 223–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30643-5.
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Beagley, J. C., K. J. Whitman, K. E. Baptiste und J. Scherzer. „Physiology and Treatment of Retained Fetal Membranes in Cattle“. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 24, Nr. 2 (März 2010): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0473.x.
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Loor, Juan J., Massimo Bionaz und James K. Drackley. „Systems Physiology in Dairy Cattle: Nutritional Genomics and Beyond“. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 1, Nr. 1 (Januar 2013): 365–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-031412-103728.
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Bova, Toree L., Ludovica Chiavaccini, Garrett F. Cline, Caitlin G. Hart, Kelli Matheny, Ashleigh M. Muth, Benjamin E. Voelz, Darrel Kesler und Erdoğan Memili. „Environmental stressors influencing hormones and systems physiology in cattle“. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 12, Nr. 1 (2014): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-12-58.
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Sha, Yuzhu, Jiang Hu, Bingang Shi, Renqing Dingkao, Jiqing Wang, Shaobin Li, Wei Zhang, Yuzhu Luo und Xiu Liu. „Characteristics and Functions of the Rumen Microbial Community of Cattle-Yak at Different Ages“. BioMed Research International 2020 (04.03.2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3482692.
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A cattle-yak, which is a hybrid between a yak (Bos grunniens) and cattle (Bos taurus), is an important livestock animal, but basic questions regarding its physiology and environmental adaptation remain unanswered. To address this issue, the present study examined the species composition and functional characteristics of rumen microorganisms in the cattle-yak of different ages (2 and 3 years old) by metagenomic analysis. We found that rumen microbial community composition was similar at the two ages. Firmicutes, Fibrobacteres, Euryarchaeota, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were the predominant phyla, with Firmicutes accounting for the highest percentage of bacteria in 2-year-old (48%) and 3-year-old (46%) animals. Bacterial species involved in lignocellulose degradation were detected in the rumen of adult cattle-yaks including Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus albus, Fibrobacter succinogenes, and Prevotella ruminicola, with F. succinogenes being the most abundant. A total of 145,489 genes were annotated according to the Carbohydrate-active Enzyme database, which identified glycoside hydrolases as the most highly represented enzyme family. Further functional annotation revealed specific microflora and genes in the adult rumen that are potentially related to plateau adaptability. These results could explain the heterosis of the cattle-yak and provide insight into mechanisms of physiologic adaptation in plateau animals.
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Baylis, M., und C. O. Nambiro. „The effect of cattle infection by Trypanosoma congolense on the attraction, and feeding success, of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes“. Parasitology 106, Nr. 4 (Mai 1993): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000067093.
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SUMMARYAn incomplete ring of electric nets was placed around uninfected cattle and cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense. The numbers of fed and unfed Glossina pallidipes caught on the nets were used to estimate the attractiveness of infected and uninfected cattle to tsetse, and the feeding success of tsetse on the cattle. There was no difference in the attractiveness of infected and uninfected cattle to G. pallidipes. However, the feeding success of G. pallidipes on infected cattle was 75 % greater than on uninfected cattle. This suggests that certain effects of T. congolense on cattle behaviour or physiology act to increase the probability of transmission of the parasite by increasing the feeding success of the vector. The nature of the effects of T. congolense on cattle which caused this result is unknown, but several possibilities are discussed.
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Santos, Jep, RS Bisinotto, ES Ribeiro, FS Lima, LF Greco, CR Staples und WW Thatcher. „Applying nutrition and physiology to improve reproduction in dairy cattle“. Reproduction in Domestic Ruminants 7, Nr. 1 (01.12.2010): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5661/rdr-vii-387.
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Indarjulianto, Soedarmanto, Alrarisa Nururrozi, Dwi Sunu Datrianto, Tan Yun Fen, Topas Wicaksono Priyo Jr und Erif Maha Nugraha Setyawan. „Physiology Value of Breath, Pulse and Body Temperature of Cattle“. BIO Web of Conferences 49 (2022): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224901007.
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Body temperature, respiratory rate, and pulse rate are required as the basis for determining the health status of cows. This study aims to measure the respiratory rate, pulse rate and body temperature of healthy beef cattle. A total of 25 mixed-breed beef cattle aged more than 1.5 years were used in this study. All cows were physically examined, their breath, and pulse frequency per minute were calculated, and their body temperature was measured by measuring rectal and vaginal temperature. The results showed that all the cows examined were in good health, characterized by a good appetite, and had normal activities. Cows had a respiratory rate of 20 ‒ 44 times/minute with an average of 32.6 ± 6.8 times/minute, and a pulse frequency of 76 ‒ 96 times/minute with an average of 84.2 ± 5.4 times/minute. Measurement of body temperature of cows per vagina was 37.9 ‒ 39.4 °C with a mean of 38.53 ± 0.42 °C, while per rectal showed 37.7 ‒ 39.2 °C with a mean of 38.49 ± 0.38 °C. The results of temperature measurements using the two methods did not show a significant difference. It was concluded that the respiratory rate of 20 ‒ 44 times/minute, pulse frequency of 76 ‒ 96 times/minute, and body temperature of 37.7 ‒ 39.4°C were the physiological parameters of the healthy mixed-breed cow.
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Hwang, S., N. J. Lee, J. S. Hwang, B. C. Yang, G. S. Im, Y. G. Ko, E. W. Park, S. B. Park, J. K. Kang und H. H. Seong. „Effects of cloned-cattle meat on reproductive physiology in rats“. Animal 4, Nr. 2 (2010): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1751731109990966.
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McCool, Colin. „Buffalo and Bali cattle—Exploiting their reproductive behaviour and physiology“. Tropical Animal Health and Production 24, Nr. 3 (September 1992): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02359609.
Beatty, David Thomas. „Prolonged and continuous heat stress in cattle: physiology, welfare, and electrolyte and nutritional interventions“. Thesis, Beatty, David Thomas (2005) Prolonged and continuous heat stress in cattle: physiology, welfare, and electrolyte and nutritional interventions. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/258/.
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The live export of cattle is an important industry for Australia. Concerns have arisen about animal welfare and in particular heat stress which may cause production losses and death. Cattle shipped live to the Middle East from a southern Australian winter can face continuous and prolonged periods of high heat and humidity as they cross the equator and arrive into a northern hemisphere summer, leading to heat stress and excessive heat load. Some live animal exporters treat heat stressed cattle with electrolyte supplements, but no scientific data exists as to whether this is beneficial to cattle in these unique environmental conditions.
In response to industry's concerns, the experiments described here monitored the physiological responses of Bos taurus and Bos indicus to conditions similar to those experienced by cattle being shipped from southern Australian to the Middle East. Initial experiments were conducted in climate controlled rooms at Murdoch University where intensive monitoring was possible. In the Bos taurus, increases in core body temperature, reductions in feed intake, and increased water intake were measured. There were also changes in blood gas variables consistent with the observed panting causing a compensated respiratory alkalosis. Following the heating period, there were decreases in blood and urinary pH. Bos indicus showed similar responses to the heat, but the changes were less pronounced at the temperatures tested. A pair feeding experiment was conducted to separate the effects of heat from the reductions in feed intake, and this indicated that the major measured effects were due to the responses to heat. On the basis of the measured responses, an electrolyte supplement was formulated and tested on Bos taurus, in the climate controlled rooms, and then on a commercial live export vessel. Results from these experiments indicated improved buffering capacity and a weight advantage for supplemented cattle, even in the absence of extreme heat stress.
A final experiment investigated the effects of amount and quality of roughage in a pelleted feed on core and rumen temperature and feed intakes in Bos taurus subjected to hot environmental conditions in climate controlled rooms at Murdoch University. Both pelleted feeds had approximately the same metabolisable energy and crude protein but differed in content and type of roughage. There were no differences in feed intake, core temperature or rumen temperature between diets.
This work has led to a greater understanding of the physiological responses of cattle to prolonged and continuous high heat and humidity, the requirements and effects of supplemental electrolytes in these conditions, and the effect of manipulating export diets. The demonstration of advantages in weight and buffering capacity with the electrolyte supplement highlights future areas of research to investigate electrolyte doses, route and types of supplementation, and dietary manipulation.
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Beatty, David Thomas. „Prolonged and continuous heat stress in cattle : physiology, welfare, and electrolyte and nutritional interventions /“. Beatty, David Thomas (2005) Prolonged and continuous heat stress in cattle: physiology, welfare, and electrolyte and nutritional interventions. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/258/.
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Annotation:
The live export of cattle is an important industry for Australia. Concerns have arisen about animal welfare and in particular heat stress which may cause production losses and death. Cattle shipped live to the Middle East from a southern Australian winter can face continuous and prolonged periods of high heat and humidity as they cross the equator and arrive into a northern hemisphere summer, leading to heat stress and excessive heat load. Some live animal exporters treat heat stressed cattle with electrolyte supplements, but no scientific data exists as to whether this is beneficial to cattle in these unique environmental conditions.
In response to industry's concerns, the experiments described here monitored the physiological responses of Bos taurus and Bos indicus to conditions similar to those experienced by cattle being shipped from southern Australian to the Middle East. Initial experiments were conducted in climate controlled rooms at Murdoch University where intensive monitoring was possible. In the Bos taurus, increases in core body temperature, reductions in feed intake, and increased water intake were measured. There were also changes in blood gas variables consistent with the observed panting causing a compensated respiratory alkalosis. Following the heating period, there were decreases in blood and urinary pH. Bos indicus showed similar responses to the heat, but the changes were less pronounced at the temperatures tested. A pair feeding experiment was conducted to separate the effects of heat from the reductions in feed intake, and this indicated that the major measured effects were due to the responses to heat. On the basis of the measured responses, an electrolyte supplement was formulated and tested on Bos taurus, in the climate controlled rooms, and then on a commercial live export vessel. Results from these experiments indicated improved buffering capacity and a weight advantage for supplemented cattle, even in the absence of extreme heat stress.
A final experiment investigated the effects of amount and quality of roughage in a pelleted feed on core and rumen temperature and feed intakes in Bos taurus subjected to hot environmental conditions in climate controlled rooms at Murdoch University. Both pelleted feeds had approximately the same metabolisable energy and crude protein but differed in content and type of roughage. There were no differences in feed intake, core temperature or rumen temperature between diets.
This work has led to a greater understanding of the physiological responses of cattle to prolonged and continuous high heat and humidity, the requirements and effects of supplemental electrolytes in these conditions, and the effect of manipulating export diets. The demonstration of advantages in weight and buffering capacity with the electrolyte supplement highlights future areas of research to investigate electrolyte doses, route and types of supplementation, and dietary manipulation.
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Hayes, Marianne Kay. „Bovine testicular cells in vitro: establishment of primary cultures and investigations of secretory functions : a thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Adelaide“. Title page, contents and summary only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh4178.pdf.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-128). Investigates protein secretion by bovine Sertoli cells in culture. Cultures were obtained from bulls at all stages of post natal development and from sexually mature animals.
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Theurer, Miles E. „Objective monitoring of cattle“. Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32794.
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Doctor of Philosophy Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology Robert L. Larson Bradley J. White There are multiple modalities available to evaluate health or stress status of animals. The objective of my research was to evaluate different modalities including behavior, rectal and nasal temperature, and blood samples to determine the relationship with these outcomes of interest in bovine respiratory disease (BRD) events, environmental conditions, transportation, and Mannheimia haemolytica challenge model. The objective for the final project was to determine whether diagnostic sensitivity or specificity resulted in greater economic value for the industry using simulation models for identification of BRD.
There was a positive association with rectal temperature and probability of not finishing the production cycle normally, but this relationship was not linear. Rectal temperature of feedlot calves at first treatment for BRD had limited value as a prognostic indicator of whether those calves would finish the production cycle normally. A positive association between rectal temperature and ambient temperature and temperature-humidity index was determined. Environmental conditions must be considered when rectal temperature is used as a diagnostic tool.
At 48 hours after initiation of transportation there were no differences in body weight, rectal temperature, and time spent at various locations in the pen detected between transported and non-transported control heifers. Transportation of heifers during periods of high ambient temperatures caused transient changes in physiologic and behavioral indices of heifers. Calves challenged with Mannheimia haemolytica had more changes in behavior, body weight, and blood biomarkers during high ambient temperatures compared to control calves. Results of this study may guide research in development of objective assessment tools for identification and management of cattle affected with BRD during extreme summer conditions.
For both low and high apparent prevalence cohorts, increasing diagnostic specificity resulted in more rapid, positive change in net returns compared to change in increasing sensitivity. Improvement of diagnostic specificity, perhaps through a confirmatory test or pen-level diagnostics, can increase diagnostic value. Mortality risk was the primary driver for net returns. Results from this study are important for determining future research priorities to analyze diagnostic techniques for BRD and provide a novel way for modeling diagnostic tests.
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Collinder, Eje. „Intestinal functions in animals : an experimental study on horses, pigs, cows and fish /“. Stockholm : Karolinska Univ. Press, 2001. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2001/91-7349-066-0/.
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Kruk, Zbigniew Antoni. „Genetic and non-genetic factors affecting carotenoid concentration in cattle tissues : a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Adelaide in the Department of Animal Science“. Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk94.pdf.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-194). Genetic and non-genetic factors affecting fat colour in cattle were examined in biopsy and carcass samples of Jersey and Limousin cattle in their F1 and backcross progeny.
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Mena, Humberto 1959. „Factors affecting uptake of gossypol in cattle“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288761.
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Experiments were conducted to determine effects of feeding whole cottonseed (WCS), expander solvent cottonseed meal (CSM), or a combination of these, as well as other factors on blood gossypol concentrations in cattle. In an 84 d trial, lactating cows were fed zero, 900 or 1800 ppm total gossypol (TG) in diets from WCS and/or CSM. Plasma gossypol (PG) in cows receiving 1800 ppm TG plateaued at 3.28 μg/ml after 28 d. However, by 28 d, erythrocyte fragility increased for cows receiving WCS diets. Plasma chemistry, vitamin A, body temperatures, and respiration rates were within normal ranges. Serum vitamin E levels increased with cottonseed in diets. Milk yield and FCM higher (P < 0.05) for cows fed 13.5% WCS and 7% CSM diet than controls. Feed efficiency and milk fat and protein percentages were not influenced by diets. In another study, young Holstein steers were fed diets during five consecutive treatment periods of 28 d each. The following was shown: (1) A basal diet with 15% Upland WCS resulted in average TG intakes of 9.08 g/d. (2) When varying concentrations of dietary iron (5 treatments) were fed with 15% WCS, PG and plasma total gossypol response (PG/TG intake) decreased as iron in diets increased. (3) Five diets with 15% cottonseed in the whole, cracked, roasted, roasted and cracked, or extruded forms showed that roasting or excluding WCS reduced FG in seed up to 86%. The PG concentration was higher (P < 0.05) for the whole and cracked diets, but plasma total gossypol response (PTGR) increased over controls for the cracked and roasted treatments. (4) When varying amounts of WCS and CSM (6 treatments) were fed up to 14 and 9% of the diet, respectively, PG concentration was higher (P for diets with 14% than 7% WCS. The PTGR was not affected by CSM supplementation for the 7% WCS treatments. (5) When feeding of four diets with 15% cottonseed as whole Upland, cracked Upland, whole Pima, or cracked Pima seed, PG and PTGR were higher for the Pima than Upland diets. Performance for the 28 d periods was not altered by treatments.
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Lomas, Caroline Anne. „The effect of supplementary light on the behaviour, physiology and productivity of cattle“. Thesis, Bangor University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239841.
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Nguyen, Quant. „The myofibrillar and connective tissue content of selected bovine muscles and porcine cardiac and skin tissues /“. Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66137.
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Harstine, Bo R. „Novel Approaches to Positively Impact the Early Life Physiology, Endocrinology, and Productivity of Bulls“. The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1480521360099455.
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Gates, Norman. Preventive health management for beef calves. Pullman, Wash: Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture & Home Economics, Washington State University, 1991.
Cele, Jen, und Colleen T. Downs. „Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis Linnaeus, 1758).“ In Invasive birds: global trends and impacts, 138–43. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242065.0138.
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Abstract This chapter describes the terminology, nomenclature, morphology, geographical distribution, diet, physiology, reproduction, behaviour, ecology, habitats, invasion patterns, environmental impact, control and human use of the cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis).
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Fitzsimons, Claire, Mark McGee, Kate Keogh, Sinéad M. Waters und David A. Kenny. „Molecular Physiology of Feed Efficiency in Beef Cattle“. In Biology of Domestic Animals, 122–65. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2017. | "A science publisher's book.": CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315152080-6.
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Smith, John R., und J. P. Harner. „Strategies to Reduce the Impact of Heat and Cold Stress in Dairy Cattle Facilities“. In Environmental Physiology of Livestock, 267–88. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119949091.ch15.
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Van Eetvelde, Mieke, Sonia Heras, J. L. M. R. Leroy, Ann Van Soom und Geert Opsomer. „The Importance of the Periconception Period: Immediate Effects in Cattle Breeding and in Assisted Reproduction Such as Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer“. In Periconception in Physiology and Medicine, 41–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62414-3_3.
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Cecava, Michael J. „Rumen Physiology and Energy Requirements“. In Beef Cattle Feeding and Nutrition, 3–24. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012552052-2/50004-4.
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Pohler, Ky G., Gessica A. Franco, Sydney T. Reese und Michael F. Smith. „Physiology and pregnancy of beef cattle“. In Animal Agriculture, 37–55. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-817052-6.00003-3.
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Dahl, Geoffrey E. „Physiology of lactation in dairy cattle—challenges to sustainable production“. In Animal Agriculture, 121–29. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-817052-6.00007-0.
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Hall, Jennifer, Emily Barker, Adam Best und Catrin Sian Rutland. „Evaluation of Current and Future Diagnostic and Prognostic Techniques for Traumatic Pericarditis in Cattle“. In Veterinary Medicine and Science. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106576.
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Pericarditis in cattle can be classified as traumatic pericarditis (TP), idiopathic haemorrhagic, secondary to neoplasia or septic pericarditis due to haematogenous spread of organisms, such as Colibacilli or Pasturella. In cattle, pericardial disease most commonly develops from traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP). Bovine cardiac disease often has a poor prognosis, and this is worsened when clinical manifestations of heart failure are present. Euthanasia is the treatment of choice in many cases, but for pregnant or high value animals, treatment of disease is often the preferred option and an early diagnosis can provide a better prognosis in these cases. This chapter looks at the anatomy, physiology and presentation of TP. In addition, a more in depth look at cardiac troponin is presented alongside present and future diagnostic and prognostic methods, in addition to treatment options surrounding this clinically important problem.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Cattle Physiology":
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Aritonang, S. B., R. Yuniati, Abinawanto, M. Imron und A. Bowolaksono. „Physiology response of the indigenous cattle breeds to the environment in West Sumbawa, Indonesia“. In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CURRENT PROGRESS IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCES 2016 (ISCPMS 2016): Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Current Progress in Mathematics and Sciences 2016. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4991202.
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Naumov, M. М. „ANALYSIS OF INDICATORS A.Ya. ANIMAL VARIATION PULSE DROP“. In DIGEST OF ARTICLES ALL-RUSSIAN (NATIONAL) SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE "CURRENT ISSUES OF VETERINARY MEDICINE: EDUCATION, SCIENCE, PRACTICE", DEDICATED TO THE 190TH ANNIVERSARY FROM THE BIRTH OF A.P. Stepanova. Publishing house of RGAU - MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1853-9-2021-14.
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The article reveals the possibilities of cardiointervalometry using the modern complex electrophysiological laboratory "CONAN - 4.5". In modern economic conditions, the intensification of animal husbandry requires deep and comprehensive knowledge of many sciences, especially biology and physiology. The body of an animal consistently undergoes interrelated morphological, biochemical and functional changes that provide functional reserves such as energy, metabolic and informational resources. The adaptation mechanisms and the duration of the economic use of cattle in modern conditions of industrial production of livestock products depend on the nature and severity of these reserves. The estimation of the slow and fast-wave components of the variability of the cardiointervals is carried out - the numerical values of A.Ya. Kaplan indicators of heart rate variability (respiratory modulation index (IDM), sympathoadrenal tone index (ISAT), slow wave arrhythmia index (IMA)) of Jersey cows, which reflect the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system. The work used the mathematical processing of HRV using the method of R.M. Baevsky. In this work, the analysis of the obtained numerical values of the indicators of A.Ya. Kaplan and considered the relationship between the initial vegetative tone of Jersey cows and the obtained values.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Cattle Physiology":
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Bazer, Fuller W., Arieh Gertler und Elisha Gootwine. Role of Placental Lactogen in Sheep. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7574339.bard.
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Central problems in sheep and dairy cattle production are reproductive failure due to embryonic/fetal mortality and low birth weights, especially in prolific breeds, and reduced milk yields which adversely affect neonatal survival and economy of production. The sheep placenta expresses lactogenic (ovine placental lactogen, oPL) and somatogenic (ovine placental growth hormone, oGH) hormones. Our research has focused on the biological roles of oPL and oGH in function of the uterine endometrium during gestation and the mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation. Major conclusions were that: ( 1 ) immunization of prepubertal ewes against oPL resulted in increased birth weights of their lambs and their milk production during lactation; (2) neither oPL nor oGH had an antiluteolytic effect on uterine endometrium to affect lifespan of the corpus luteum; (3) only sequential exposure of the progesterone stimulated uterus to oIFNt and oPL or oGH increased endometrial gland proliferation and secretory protein gene expression; (4) oPL signals through a homodimer of ovine prolactin receptor (PRL-R) and heterodimer of oPRL-R and growth hormone receptor (GH-R); (5) exogenous recombinant oPL and oGH stimulated mammogenesis and milk yield during lactation; and (6) mutation of oPL and oGH was used to define specific biological effects and a rational basis for design of a specific receptor agonists or antagonists. This project was very productive in elucidating basic biological effects of oPL and oGH on intracellular signal transduction pathways, uterine development and secretory function, as well as mammogenesis and lactogenesis. We determined that immunization of prepubertal ewes against roPL increased birth weights of their lambs, especially those born as twins and triplets, as well as enhanced lactational performance. These studies significantly extended our knowledge of uterine and fetal-placental physiology and provided a foundation for new strategies to enhance reproductive and lactation efficiency. Based on these results, the major achievements were: 1) creation of a practical and cost effective management tool for producers to increase reproductive performance, neonatal survival, and milk yield of ewes in commercial flocks; and 2) define, for the first time, biological effects of oPL on endometrial functions and gene expression by uterine gland epithelium.
