Dissertationen zum Thema „Castles – Europe“

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries tens of thousands of Castilians initiated lawsuits at the royal appellate courts to gain recognition of the status of hidalgo and enjoyment of legal privileges associated with this status. Appealing to a diversity of laws and customs these litigants claimed that the status of hidalgo provided such privileges as exemption from taxation, freedom from judicial torture, right to public office, and immunity from debtor's prison. Historians frequently characterize pre-modern European society as one in which the ruling classes enjoyed legal privileges on the basis of their social status or estate. Nevertheless in these contests the success or failure of litigants did not depend on the individual's ancestry or the objective application of existing laws governing privilege and status. In Early Modern Castile litigants intensely disputed one another's claims to and about privilege, and their respective definitions of status. Sources from the period reveal that royal and municipal authorities granted and recognized possession of legal privileges based on status. Paradoxically these authorities frequently denied the status of these same individuals and resisted their claims to privilege. In this dissertation I analyze disputes over privilege as a means for understanding how legal inequality actually functioned in Early Modern Castile. The responses of monarchs, royal officials, and municipal councils to claims concerning privilege (at times in the form of judicial rulings) reflected contingent factors typically shaped by their own immediate interests. Consequently both claimants to privilege and the opposing sides in these cases used available rules and procedures as resources to advance their respective causes.

Widows as individuals and as a social group held fundamental importance to both the family and civic life of early modern Castile. Archival sources indicate that widows' influence throughout all levels of Castilian society was magnified by their relative degree of legal autonomy, combined with a tacit acceptance of women's activities in many areas of familial and municipal life. The use of documents more closely reflecting women's daily activities allows for contextualization of the complex impact of moral and legal rhetoric on the social construction of widowhood, providing concrete examples of widows' practical and often highly tactical employment, evasion, and/or manipulation of patriarchal and moral norms. The experience of widowhood both forces a re-examination of gender boundaries by questioning current theories of female enclosure and demands a re-evaluation of gendered patterns in expressions of patronage and parentage. Marital status and social class become more important that the gendered moral and legal strictures of an apparently patriarchal society in terms of early modern women's ability to take part in a wide range of activities normally not considered possible for their sex. Toledo's widows challenge public/private spheres models by giving evidence of the public nature of private lives and the private ends of public acts. Examining widows' lives provides insight into the complex mechanisms lying behind the formulation of gender boundaries in the early modern world and the pragmatic politics of everyday life at the nexus of family and community.

xiii, 322 p. : col. ill.
Before Spain encountered the Americas, it first encountered the sea. This dissertation explores the roots of that encounter by examining perceptions of the sea in late medieval Castile-Leon reflected in art, literature, and law. It analyzes the changing attitudes of the Castilians towards the sea through an examination of its perceived place in their world, underscoring the complexity of Castilian attitudes toward the dangers and opportunities presented by the marine environment. Conceptual separation and union serve as the two foundational concepts employed for the analysis of evidence from each of the three genres under examination. Each genre highlights in various ways either the strong contrast drawn between land and sea or their seeming union conceptually. These complexities are manifest in a broad variety of sources, from collections of miracle tales to fifteenth century romances. Analysis of legal distinctions between land and sea reveal significant differences in perception regarding the nature of each environment and the rights and responsibilities of Castilians acting in either. Findings include that artistic sources reveal that a fearful attitude toward the sea accentuated by helplessness before its power dominated thirteenth century imagery, contrasting with the greater unity of land and sea reflected in miniatures from fifteenth century sources. A similar pattern of separation and union emerges in the literary evidence, where fear of the loss of agency when traveling at sea in early sources gives way to fifteenth century examples that praise its value. A comparison of the laws contained in the Siete Partidas with the late medieval records of the Cortes of Castile-Leon reveals that while the Castilian monarchs tended to consider the sea as firmly outside of their realm throughout the majority of the period of this study, strategic necessity led to an inexorable growth in the importance of the sea in the affairs of the kingdom generally. Together, the evidence supports the conclusion that by the mid-fourteenth century the view of the sea as other, typical of all early Castilian sources, gave way to a fifteenth century perspective that welcomed it in many respects, laying the foundation for the development of a great maritime empire.
Committee in charge: Lisa Wolverton, Chairperson; Robert Haskett, Member; David Luebke, Member; David Wacks, Outside Member

Medieval cartularies have been the focus of many studies in the past few decades. Rather than simply repositories for charter texts, cartularies are now regarded by those who study them as carefully curated collections of texts whose contents and arrangement reflect the immediate concerns and archival environment of the communities that created them. One feature of cartularies which has not received attention is the ‘growth’ of their manuscripts beyond the initial phase of creation. This growth refers not only to the addition of fresh gatherings but also to the piecemeal addition of texts into the available spaces, often in a haphazard order and by many scribes working across a number of decades. ‘Manuscript growth’ is not an uncommon feature of cartularies from the central middle ages, particularly from the thirteenth century onwards. As a phenomenon, however, it has not been recognised or studied, for the good reason that it is difficult to discuss haphazard manuscript growth in a systematic way. This thesis offers a new methodology which engages with multi-scribe contributions to ‘active’ cartularies. It takes a holistic approach which integrates the textual and ‘physical’ evidence of cartularies, and embraces all forms of scribal activity. By studying the growth of cartulary manuscripts, we can gain significant insights into the contemporary use and perception of these valuable objects. This thesis therefore takes a fresh look at the ‘genre’ of medieval cartularies through the eyes of the manuscript evidence itself, and what this can reveal about its medieval scribes and readers. Two manuscripts are taken as the basis of this study: the older cartulary of Glasgow Cathedral (AUL SCA MS JB 1/3) and the older cartulary of Lindores Abbey (in private ownership in Caprington Castle). Chapter 1 introduces the field of cartulary studies, with reference to new work in this area (particularly in relation to cartularies in France and England). Central questions in this field are introduced, such as the definition of a cartulary, their creation and function. It also discusses approaches to analysing complex codices and multi-scribe activity within other manuscript genres. In Chapter 2, a new methodology will be introduced for analysing manuscript growth. This involves rethinking our approach to some familiar elements of manuscripts: their codicology, binding history, the scribes, as well as the challenge of dating the various contributions to the cartularies. New concepts and terminology will be introduced (such as ‘relative dating’ and ‘series’) that have been developed in response to these two complex cartularies. By applying this new methodology, the creation and subsequent growth of each manuscript can be examined in detail in Chapter 3 (for Glasgow Cathedral’s cartulary) and Chapter 4 (for Lindores Abbey’s). It is shown that the contemporary experience of these two cartularies was as a collection of simultaneously ‘active’ units (either unbound or in temporary bindings), offering new scribes a choice of where to place their material. Chapter 5 draws together the analysis, and focuses on the initial creation of the cartularies, the nature of their growth by piecemeal additions, and the reasons for this growth. This reveals two communities that took an active approach to reading and extending their cartularies, treating these manuscripts as a shared space. The vexed question of ‘repeated’ texts within cartularies is reconsidered in this light. The analysis allows us to develop a deeper understanding of the cartularies’ function and the role of their scribes as primarily readers, whose interactions with the manuscript were responsive and dynamic. The institutional setting is also discussed. The thesis concludes by considering the implications of this study for our understanding of the function and typology of cartularies, their relationship to archives of single-sheet documents, and as sources for institutional identity, as well as the potential of the methodology to act as a starting point for studying scribal interactions and scribes as readers in other manuscript genres with multi-scribe growth.

Anglo-Indians, a designation acquired in the 1911 Indian Census, had previously been known as Eurasians, East Indians, Indo-Britons and half-castes. ‘Anglo-Indian’ had previously denoted, and among some scholars continues to denote, Britons long resident in India. We will define Anglo-Indians as a particular mixed race Indo-European population arising out of the European trading and imperial presence in India, and one of several constructed categories by which transient Britons sought to demarcate racial difference within the Raj’s socio-racial hierarchy. Anglo-Indians were placed in an intermediary (and differentially remunerated) position between Indians and Domiciled Europeans (another category excluded from fully ‘white’ status), who in turn were placed below imported British superiors. The domiciled community (of Anglo-Indians and Domiciled Europeans, treated as a single socio-economic class by Britons) were relied upon as loyal buttressing agents of British rule who could be deployed to help run the Raj’s strategically sensitive transport and communication infrastructure, and who were made as a term of their service to serve in auxiliary military forces which could help to ensure the internal security of the Raj and respond to strikes, civil disobedience or crises arising from international conflict. The thesis reveals how calls for Indianisation of state and railway employment by Indian nationalists in the assemblies inaugurated by the 1919 Government of India Act threatened, through opening up their reserved intermediary positions to competitive entry and examination by Indians, to undermine the economic base of domiciled employment. Anglo-Indian leaders responded with varying strategies. Foremost was the definition of Anglo-Indians as an Indian minority community which demanded political representation through successive phases of constitutional change and statutory safeguards for their existing employment. This study explores various strategies including: deployment of multiple identities; widespread racial passing by individuals and families; agricultural colonisation schemes; and calls for individual, familial or collective migration.

Suite aux sécheresses, à la fin de l'Etat providence, etc. , de nombreux Sénégalais se sont retrouvés face au choix de migrer. Cette situation s'est surtout développée dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal où les populations ne se résignent pas à leur sort car la migration, en majorité masculine, se présente comme une protestation contre les conditions de vie difficiles. Notre recherche s'est réalisée dans la société haalpulaar où il existe des serviteurs, des esclaves et des hommes libres ainsi qu'une suprématie foncière détenus par ces derniers. L'accentuation des migrations a modifié les destinations aujourd'hui plus complexes et plus lointaines. Ces nouvelles formes migratoires ainsi que le capital économique amassé affecte au pays de départ la structure sociale. L'intérêt de cette recherche est de visibiliser les stratégies circulatoires des migrants et le réajustement des formes de sociabilités au sein des villages d'origine où sont ressentis de plus en plus les effets des absences masculines, et où se recomposent les rôles familiaux
Following the repeated droughts, the end of the welfare system. . . , many Senegalese citizens choose to expatriate. This situation is increased in the valley of the Senegalese river where the inhabitants don't resign to their fate for the leading majority of the male migration can be seen as a protest against the hard living conditions. Our research was carried out in the Haalpulaar society where there are free men, servants and slaves as well as a land supremacy of free men. Yet, with the increasing migration, new complex and remote destinations are defined for many reasons while making it possible to the migrant to acquire economic ressources. We would like to show the circulatory strategies through the country of settlement and the adjustement of ways of sociability in the native villages. Thus, from the emerging constructions of individual and collective identities, the aim of this research is to explain the effects of the male absence on the reconstruction of the family role and to assess the importance of capital in the Haalpulaar social structure

Thesis (M.A.)--Florida State University, 2005.
Advisor: Dr. John O. Perpener III, Florida State University, School of Visual Arts and Dance, Dept. of Dance. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 8, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 87 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

No
Following Wheeler's excavations at Maiden Castle, the multivallate hillforts of Wessex came to be seen as responses to a specific form of warfare based around the massed use of slings. As part of the wider post-processual 'rethink' of the British Iron Age during the late 1980s and 1990s, this traditional 'military' interpretation of hillforts was increasingly subject to criticism. Apparent weaknesses in hillfort design were identified and many of the most distinctive features of these sites (depth of enclosure, complexity of entrance arrangements, etc) were reinterpreted as symbols of social isolation. Yet this 'pacification' of hillforts is in many ways as unsatisfactory as the traditional vision. Both camps have tended to view warfare as a detached, functional, and disembedded activity which can be analysed in terms of essentially timeless concepts of military efficiency. Consideration of the use of analogous structures in the ethnographic record suggests that, far from being mutually exclusive, the military and symbolic dimensions are both essential to a more nuanced understanding of the wider social role of hillforts in Britain and beyond.

abstract: The constructing of visitor expectations and memory of historic sites is an important aspect of the heritage industry. This study examines the creation and change of dominant historical memories at four British palaces and ancestral homes. Through the close analysis of a variety of guidebooks beginning in the eighteenth century as well as other promotional materials such as websites and films, this study looks at which historical memories are emphasized for visitors and the reasons for these dominant memories. Place theorists such as Yi-Fu Tuan and Michel de Certeau as well as memory theorists such as Maurice Halbwachs, Pierre Nora, and Eric Hobsbawm have influenced the analysis of the project's sources. This inquiry focuses on four palaces: Hampton Court Palace outside London; Edinburgh Castle in the heart of Edinburgh, Scotland; Cardiff Castle in Cardiff, Wales; and Chatsworth House in Devonshire, England. The Victorians have played a large role in determining dominant memories at these sites through their interest in and focus on both the medieval period and objects in the home. Dominant memories discussed focus on the Tudors, medieval military importance, the myth and imagining of the Victorian medieval, the Regency period of Jane Austen, and elite family-home relationships. This study argues that the emphases on certain subjects allow us glimpses into the national spirit (past and present) of the peoples of Britain.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis History 2015

Durante a Idade Média, o papel e poder da mulher como rainha não é só ambíguo e limitado mas também em permanente fluxo de transformação. Para rainhas do século XI e XII, como Emma da Normandia (Emma Ælgifu), Urraca de Leão e Castela e Teresa de Portugal, a afirmação do seu status, tanto real como social, dependia, não só da sua identidade como individuo consagrado e detentor de um cargo, mas também do ofício desempenhado ao lado do elemento masculino. Os mecanismos regentes visavam, em última instância, uma partilha de poder e, porém, os percursos de vida de Emma, Urraca e Teresa e as acções tomadas pelas mesmas afirmaram-nas como autoridades individuais, gerando conflito com o entendimento intelectual e governativo na época, de maioria (se não inteiramente) masculina. Dificuldades de análise e a multiplicidade de papéis e facetas das rainhas da Idade Média tornam necessárias abordagens inovadoras para decorrer sobre esta discussão sobre poderes e títulos. Os estudos de género oferecem possibilidade para construir pontes de diálogo entre culturas, espaços e tempos. As três personagens referidas são precisamente exemplo desta interação. Foram três mulheres, filhas, mães, esposas e rainhas que colocaram modelos e realidades em debate, compelindo a mudanças e/ou adaptações nas regras impostas ao seu género pelos cargos e papéis desempenhados. A fim de melhor compreender o poder destas mulheres e a sua importância para a história e para o género, propomo-nos analisar e contextualizar as várias identidades que se agruparam no título de cada uma das rainhas - domina, mater regis, regina, conlaterana regis, imperatrix - com o objectivo de as enquadrar num espaço de diálogo e interdisciplinaridade entre o mundo Anglo-Saxónico e o Ibérico. Pretende-se igualmente compreender a relação que estabeleceram com os seus filhos como suas genitrix, por modo a verificar qual o contributo e reconhecimento inegável que tiveram na transmissão e legitimação de poderes de gerações futuras.
Abstract: During the middle Ages, the role and powers of women as queens suggested not only ambiguity and limitation, but also a permanent flux of transformations. For queens of the eleventh and twelfth-century like Emma of Normandy (Emma Ælgifu), Urraca of Leon-Castile and Teresa of Portugal, the confirmation of their status, both royal and social, relied not only on their identity as consecrated individuals and owners of an office, but it also depended on how that office was carried out beside its masculine counterpart. The current mechanisms were designed ultimately for a share in power, and yet the life paths of Emma, Urraca and Teresa and the actions they took confirmed them as individual authorities, generating a conflict with the intellectual and government understanding of their time, in its majority (if not entirely) masculine. Difficulties of analysis and the multiplicity of roles and faces of middle ages’ queens call out for creative approaches especially in discussions concerning powers and titles. Gender studies offer the possibility to build communicational bridges between culture, time and space. These three characters in this study are examples of this interaction. They were three women, daughters, mothers, wives and queens, that forced models and realities into debate, and called out for changes and /or adaptations to rules imposed to their gender by their performed offices and roles. Aiming for a better understanding of the power of these women and its importance to history and to gender, we propose to analyze and contextualize their lives and the various identities that were gathered in the title of each one of the queens – domina, mater regis, regina, conlaterana regis, imperatrix –with the intend to create a space where dialogue and interdisciplinarity between the Anglo-Saxon world and the Iberian can converge. Furthermore, it is our purpose to understand the relationship they established with their sons as their genitrix, and thus verify their part in the transmission of powers and legitimacy to future generations.

A presente dissertação pretende estudar a história da origem e crescimento da fé cristã, bem como as alterações e conflitos sócio-culturais-espirituais provocados em Malabar, Índia (atual estado de Kerala). A fé cristã, de acordo com a tradição em Malabar, possui raízes no primeiro século de Nosso Senhor. De acordo com estudos históricos, bem como com a tradição, foi S. Tomé Apóstolo quem trouxe a fé aos povos de Malabar. Estes tornaram-se historicamente conhecidos como “Cristãos de Tomé”. A fé cristã em Malabar enfrentou três tipos de inculturações sociais e atravessou vários conflitos sociopolíticos: (a) a chegada do Apóstolo, em 52 AD., (b) a migração de cristãos persas (siríacos/caldaicos), em 345 AD., e (c) o aparecimento dos primeiros europeus, portugueses, em 1498.Três capítulos deste trabalho abordam detalhadamente cada um destes aspetos. Uma origem, crescimento e sustentabilidade do cristianismo na Índia possui variados fenómenos históricos. Esta história encontra-se abundantemente relacionada com a Teologia e Espiritualidade da fé cristã em Malabar e ainda mais com o modo de vida do povo da região. Como sociedade ancestral, com muitas tradições culturais e sociais e com um sistema de castas, Malabar aceitou uma religião como o cristianismo, à época da sua origem, muito recente e dissemelhante das suas crenças. Diferentes nações chegaram a Malabar e transformaram as convicções e modo de vida dos nativos. A Pérsia e Portugal deram-lhes diferentes Ritos de rituais e devoções, da mesma fé cristã. Mas, não obstante, o cristianismo em Malabar é forte e encontra-se em crescimento. Existem três Ritos católicos: latino, sírio-Malabar e sírio-Malankara.
This dissertation intends to study the history of origin and growth of Christian faith and the socio-cultural-spiritual changes and conflicts which made in Malabar, India (now state of Kerala). The Christian faith, according to the tradition in Malabar, has a root from the first century of our Lord. According to the historical studies and tradition St. Thomas the Apostle has given faith to the people of Malabar. They became known in the history as ‘Thomas Christians’. Christian faith in Malabar faced three kinds of social inculturations and passed through many socio-political wars. (a) The arrival of Apostle in 52 AD., (b) the migration of Persian Christians (Syriac/Chaldaic) in 345 AD., and (c) the arrival of first Europeans, Portuguese in 1498. Three chapters of this work consider each of these aspects in detail. An origin, growth and sustainability of Christianity in India had many historical phenomena. This history has many things to relate with Theology and Spirituality of Christian faith in Malabar and more over the way of life of people in the land. As an ancient society with many cultural and social customs, and caste systems, Malabar received a religion like Christianity in its time of origin, which was very new and different from their thoughts. Different nations came to Malabar and changed the convictions and way of life of natives. Persia and Portugal have given them different Rites of rituals and devotions of same Christian faith. But even though Christianity in Malabar is strong and growing. There exists three Catholic Rites: Latin, Syro-Malabar, and Syro-Malankara.

The thesis casts new light on the activities of the London-based Arundel Society (1848–1897). It examines the watercolours and chromolithographs produced for the Society made after pre-Renaissance frescoes and Northern altarpieces, the discourse around them, and the ways the prints were collected by organisations and individual subscribers. The Society’s commercial and ideological strategies, its didactic and archival programs, as well as the multi-faceted nature of its authorship are analysed. Using the notion of translation, this thesis explores how mediation affects the reception and meaning of a work of art. The Arundel Society, or Society for Promoting the Knowledge of Art, was one of the first entities to issue high-quality colour reproductions of works of art. Through an investigation of the impact of these colour images on art writing, and the ways in which they helped give visual form to ideas about art, this thesis proposes new value for the Society’s publications. The prints, sculptural casts and texts issued over fifty years were an important contribution to art history in a period when the discipline was developing; they were distributed around the world, bringing popular awareness to the art of earlier times. By examining subscriber lists and exploring the connections between the Society’s members, this thesis demonstrates the ubiquity of the chromolithographs. By considering the prints in a range of domestic and religious spheres, within museums and other institutional contexts, the thesis challenges the idea that reproductive prints are by nature unilateral and poses further complexities about the original, its image and the viewer—it asks questions about what happens if works of art look back. This thesis is the first to examine the Arundel Society’s contribution to a nascent art history and only the second, since Tanya Ledger’s more than forty years ago, to assess its activities in depth. Initially the Society aimed to record and spread knowledge of important monuments. Later it placed greater emphasis on recording works of art to which general access was difficult, and those threatened by decay or destruction; the function of the watercolours and prints as a ‘condition report’ was recognised at the time. In 1860s and 1870s, at the height of the Society’s popularity, the chromolithographs were also used as home furnishings, while in various churches they remain as items for devotion. By surveying extant holdings, this thesis assesses the role of the Society’s publications in the development of museum collections in Britain, the colonies and further afield, and reconsiders the possibilities for these works in the twenty-first century.