Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Carotenoids Physiological effect“

Cassava tubers suffer from postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) which normally sets in within 72 hours of harvest. This study examines the role of scopoletin and carotenoids in the onset or delay in PPD in two transgenic varieties EC20-7 and EC20-8 compared to a wild variety TME-7. Scopoletin and carotenoids were quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The scopoletin content (0.10 – 0.20 nmol/g) in the fresh varieties was not significantly (P>0.05) different from the amount in stored cassava roots (12.58 – 14.90 nmol/g). The carotenoid content values in EC20-7 variety were 6.66 µg/g (α-carotene), 80.45 µg/g (β-carotene) and 5.98 µg/g (lutein). As for EC20-8, α-carotene, β-carotene and lutein values were 6.19 µg/g, 69.11 µg/g and 3.12 µg/g, respectively. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference between the varieties in α-carotene content but in their lutein content. The results indicate that carotenoids are more relevant in the delay of PPD and scopoletin content is not a major factor in PPD vascular streaking or discolouration. Hence scopoletin content of cassava varieties may not be considered as a chemical marker for determining the potential of PPD in cassava tubers.

Blood cholesterol levels are affected by diet and in particular by the type and amount of fat intake. In recent years, vegetable oil spreads containing plant sterols/stanols (as their fatty acid esters) have been developed. Numerous clinical trials on spreads with added plant sterols/stanols have shown that they have much greater cholesterol-lowering properties than conventional vegetable oil spreads. Plant sterols decrease both dietary and biliary cholesterol absorption in the small intestine, with a consequential increase in excretion of cholesterol. It is also recognized that plant sterol/stanol-enriched, cholesterol-lowering spreads, if consumed regularly, may induce a 10–20% decrease in plasma carotenoids, adjusted for changes in plasma lipids. A 10–20% decrease in plasma carotenoids falls well within the seasonal variation observed in individuals. Our current understanding of the physiological functions of carotenoids does not indicate any health risk associated with the slight decrease in their blood levels due to the intake of plant sterol/stanol. The questions that have been raised, though, are how plant sterols/stanols affect plasma carotenoid levels, and in addition, what quantity of fruits and vegetables (the richest dietary sources of carotenoids) would have to be consumed to improve plasma carotenoid levels? The current mini-review covers the cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols, their mechanisms of action and effect on blood carotenoids, and concludes with the potential heath benefits of daily intake of plant sterol-enriched spreads.

Supplemental lighting with light-emitting diode (LED) lamps and/or high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps was applied to increase the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus and thus productivity of greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in a high-wire growing system. The colocalisation of the chlorophyll of PSII (located mainly in grana) and carotenoid fluorescence signals in chloroplasts of cucumber leaves was studied under confocal microscopy. Leaf anatomy and some chemical quality traits (dry matter, chlorophyll, carotenoids, total soluble solids, total sugars and nitrate reductase activity) as well as selected chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were also investigated and subjected to the multidimensional principal component analysis together with the data on fruit yield. Under LED lighting, a lower correlation between the occurrence of chlorophyll and carotenoid fluorescence signals was observed, especially in older (lower-located) leaves, which may have resulted from changes in the distribution of carotenoids within chloroplasts and/or relative concentrations of chlorophyll and carotenoids. Compared to toplighting with HPS lamps, most commonly used in commercial greenhouse cucumber production, the application of LED interlighting, especially in combination with LED toplighting, led to the increase in chlorophyll and carotenoid content and photosynthetic performance index in older leaves, which was related to the increased cucumber productivity.

Lutein is assumed to protect the human retina from blue light and oxidative stress and diminish the incidence of age-related macular degeneration. This antioxidant is commonly ingested with other dietary antioxidants. The aim of the present study was to assess whether the main dietary antioxidants, i.e. carotenoids, polyphenols and vitamins C and E, affect lutein absorption. We measured the effect of adding a mixture of antioxidants (500 mg vitamin C, 67 mg (100 IU) vitamin E and 1 g polyphenols) to a lutein-containing meal (18 mg) on the postprandial lutein response in the chylomicron-rich fraction in eight healthy men. Lutein response was weakest ( − 23 %;P = 0·07) after ingestion of the meal containing antioxidants (21·9 (sem4·6)v.28·4 (sem7·2) nmol × h/l). To assess the effect of each class of antioxidants and potential interactions, we subsequently evaluated the effect of various combinations of antioxidants on lutein uptake by human intestinal Caco-2 TC-7 cells. A full factorial design showed that both a mixture of polyphenols (gallic acid, caffeic acid, (+)-catechin and naringenin) and a mixture of carotenoids (lycopene plus β-carotene) significantly (P < 0·05) impaired lutein uptake by ( − 10 to − 30 %), while vitamins C and E had no significant effect. Subsequent experiments showed that the aglycone flavanone naringenin was the only polyphenol responsible for the effect of the polyphenol mixture, and that the carotenoid effect was not carotenoid species-dependent. Taken together, the present results suggest that lutein absorption is not markedly affected by physiological concentrations of vitamins C and E but can be impaired by carotenoids and naringenin.

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) is a substance used in a finished pharmaceutical product, intended to furnish pharmacological activity or contribute direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease. It also provides a direct effect in restoring, correcting or modifying physiological functions in human beings. Macroalgae, also known as seaweed, are plant-like organisms that can be found in a marine habitat. Macroalgae has been given huge concern because of its high nutritional value and short-term growth, which is only 45 days per cycle. Therefore, three red macroalgae species of Eucheuma denticulatum, Gracilaria tikvahiae and Kappaphycus striatum), as well as green and brown macroalgae species of Caulerpa lentillifera and Padina pavonica were selected to determine their carotenoids content and composition by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and HPLC analysis. The main carotenoids identified in red, green and brown macroalgae species were zeaxanthin, lutein, ?-carotene and violaxanthin. Marked differences were observed between red, green and brown macroalgae carotenoids content and composition. Zeaxanthin and ?-carotene were detected in all red, green and brown macroalgae ranged from 3.61 to 21.30 ?g/g DW and 2.44 to 10.70 ?g/g DW respectively. Violaxanthin was found only in green macroalgae (8.93 ?g/g DW) whereas lutein was found only in red macroalgae (9.57 to 38.60 ?g/g DW). In terms of total carotenoid content, green macroalgae contained the highest amount of carotenoid (100.89 ± 14.71 ?g/g DW). The significant outcome of the research will be new natural carotenoid pigment sources as potential active pharmaceutical ingredients which can be beneficial to halal health-promoting products industry.

Mycorrhizal inoculations were investigated to reveal their effects on the growth and productivity of processing tomato grown under field conditions. Plants inoculated at sowing (M1), sowing + transplanting (M2) and non-inoculated plants (M0) were grown under regularly irrigated (RI), deficit irrigated (DI), and non-irrigated (I0) conditions. In dry years, under non-irrigated conditions (M2) treatment significantly decreased the canopy temperature, improved the photosynthetic efficiency expressed by chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and the fruit setting, significantly increased the total carotenoids and lycopene concentration of fruits but increased the ratio of green yield. Using deficit irrigation, (M2) plants produced more and larger weighed red fruits than (M1) plants but the β carotene, lutein and lycopene concentration of fruits, except for the vitamin C, decreased. Under severe drought conditions the mycorrhizal inoculations positively influenced the all carotenoids and lycopene concentration of fruits (r = 0.8150, r = 0.7837), but their impact was negative under deficit irrigation. Under water deficiency (I0, DI) the mycorrhizal symbiosis increased the marketable yield and resulted in a 33% increase in green yield and an 18 % increase in the total carotenoids content in dry years but the unmarketable yield decreased. Under water deficiency (M2) treatment produce more marketable yield resulting in 9.8% higher total carotenoids in the tomato fruits than (M1) treatment under field conditions.

Skin colouration appears to play a pivotal part in facial attractiveness. Skin yellowness contributes to an attractive appearance and is influenced both by dietary carotenoids and by melanin. While both increased carotenoid colouration and increased melanin colouration enhance apparent health in Caucasian faces by increasing skin yellowness, it remains unclear, firstly, whether both pigments contribute to attractiveness judgements, secondly, whether one pigment is clearly preferred over the other, and thirdly, whether these effects depend on the sex of the face. Here, in three studies, we examine these questions using controlled facial stimuli transformed to be either high or low in (a) carotenoid colouration, or (b) melanin colouration. We show, firstly, that both increased carotenoid colouration and increased melanin colouration are found attractive compared to lower levels of these pigments. Secondly, we show that carotenoid colouration is consistently preferred over melanin colouration when levels of colouration are matched. In addition, we find an effect of the sex of stimuli with stronger preferences for carotenoids over melanin in female compared to male faces, irrespective of the sex of the observer. These results are interpreted as reflecting preferences for sex-typical skin colouration: men have darker skin than women and high melanization in male faces may further enhance this masculine trait, thus carotenoid colouration is not less desirable, but melanin colouration is relatively more desirable in males compared to females. Taken together, our findings provide further support for a carotenoid-linked health-signalling system that is highly important in mate choice.

Water supply is a primary contributor to the growth and phytonutrient composition in chili peppers. Several physiological stress factors can influence phytonutrients in chili peppers, resulting in their differential synthesis. Maintaining the right and exact amount of water through a drip system can promote an effective fruit set and crop quality. Four pepper cultivars (‘Hetényi Parázs’; HET, ‘Unikal’; UNIK, ‘Unijol’; UNIJ and ‘Habanero’; HAB) were investigated under different water supply treatments: RF or rain-fed, DI or deficit irrigation, and OWS or optimum water supply. The two-year experiment was carried out in May 2018 and 2019 under open field conditions. Physiological parameters (relative chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, and canopy temperature) were measured during the growth stage and phytonutrients (vitamin C, capsaicinoids and carotenoids) analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at harvest in September. The study revealed that, due to higher precipitation and rainfall interruption, increased water supply affected physiological response and phytonutrients in the cultivars. HAB under OWS had a lower response during the growth period when compared to HET, UNIK, and UNIJ. As water supply increased, measured individual carotenoid concentration increased in some cultivars. On the other hand, as water supply decreased, vitamin C and capsaicinoids concentration increased. Even though cultivars responded to the water supply treatments differently, HET exhibited a more uniform and stable composition in all treatments.

The effects of field dodder on physiological processes and the anatomy of alfalfa plants were examined under controlled conditions. The experiment included the following variants: N - noninfested alfalfa plants (control); I - infested alfalfa plants (untreated); T - infested plants treated with imazethapyr. Imazethapyr application rate was 100 g a.i. ha-1. The following parameters were checked: physiological - pigment content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total carotenoids); anatomical - stem parameters: thickness of epidermis and cortex, and diameter of stem and central cylinder; leaf parameters: thickness of epidermis, parenchyma and spongy tissue, mesophyll and underside leaf epidermis, and diameter of bundle sheath cells in alfalfa plants. Pigment contents and anatomical parameters were measured: prior to herbicide treatment (0 assessment), then 7 (I assessment), 14 (II assessment), 21 (III assessment), 28 (IV assessment) and 35 (V assessment) days after application (DAA). Field dodder was found to affect the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a and carotenoids in untreated alfalfa plants, causing significant reductions in pigment content. Conversely, percent reduction in the treated plants decreased 22-5% for chlorophyll a, 25-1%, for chlorophyll b, and 21-11% for carotenoids, while a stimulating effect of 1-6% was observed for the contents of chlorophyll b and carotenoids 35 DAA. Plants infested (untreated) by field dodder had lower values of most anatomical parameters, compared to noninfested plants. The measured anatomical parameters of alfalfa stems and leaves had significantly higher values in noninfested plants and plants treated with imazethapyr than in untreated plants.

Aim. Study the effect of sodium chloride on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of wheat and maize genotypes, to identify varieties tolerant to salinity. To create new salt-tolerant varieties of wheat and maize, a comparative analysis of the physiological and biochemical parameters of the parental and hybrid plants was carried out. Methods. Physiological parameters such as chlorophyll content, relative water content, and PSII activity have been studied in parental forms and hybrids. Results. When studying salt-tolerance of hybrids and parental forms, differences were detected in the relative amounts of chlorophyll (a+b), carotenoids, RWC, as well as the photochemical activity of chloroplasts. The effect of salt on the amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, which are the main physiological indicators, is manifested in different ways in both hybrids and parental forms. Conclusions. Based on the physiological indices determined during the grain filling stage, the highest tolerance was manifested by the parental forms, Garabagh, Gobustan, and the hybrids, ♀Garabagh×♂Gobustan, ♀Garabagh×♂Mirbashir, ♀Garabagh×♂Sharg. Under the action of salt in all genotypes of corn found a slight increase in the content of soluble sugars. The highest sugar content was observed in the hybrid Zagatala 68 x Gurur.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-194). Genetic and non-genetic factors affecting fat colour in cattle were examined in biopsy and carcass samples of Jersey and Limousin cattle in their F1 and backcross progeny.

Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Plants cannot avoid stress and must therefore be capable of rapidly responding to extreme environmental changes. An inability to control and regulate the photosynthetic process during stress conditions will lead to the formation of highly reactive oxygen species that concomitantly causes photo-oxidative damage to the pigments and proteins of the photosynthetic apparatus. Since light is the primary source of energy for the photosynthetic process, it is clear that plants are continuously required to balance the light energy absorbed for the photochemical reactions against photoprotection in a dynamic way in order to survive. Carotenoids are precursors of abscisic acid, but more importantly structural components of the photosynthetic apparatus. During photosynthesis carotenoids function as accessory light-harvesting pigments, and also fulfil a photoprotective function by quenching the reactive molecules formed during conditions that saturate the photosynthetic process. Due to the importance of carotenoids to plant fitness and human health (as Vitamin A precursors) this study has attempted to isolate and characterise genes that are directly, or indirectly involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in Vitis vinifera. In total eleven full-Iength- and eight partial genes have been isolated, cloned and sequenced. These genes can be grouped into the following pathways: (i) the 1- deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DOXP)/2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway (i.e. the plastidic isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic pathway); (ii) the mevalonate pathway (i.e. the cytosolic/mitochondrial IPP biosynthetic pathway); (iii) the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway; (iv) the abscisic acid biosynthetic pathway (as a degradation product of carotenoids); and general isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways (as precursors of carotenoids). The full-length genes (i.e. from the putative ATG to the STOP codon) of DOXP synthase (DXS), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase (lytB), IPP isomerase (IPI), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase (HMGS), phytoene synthase (PSY), Iycopene ~-cyclase (LBCY), ~-carotene hydroxylase (BCH), zeaxanthin epoxidase (lEP), 9-cis-epoxy carotenoid dioxygenase (NCED), farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPS) have been isolated from cDNA. In addition, the full-length genomic copy and putative promoters of DXS, PSY, LBCY, BCH, NCED and lEP have also been isolated from genomic DNA by the construction and screening of sub-genomic libraries. Alignments of the genomic copies of these genes to the corresponding cDNA sequences have provided useful information regarding the genomic organisation of these genes, including the intron-exon junction sites in V. vinifera. The copy number of the DXS, PSY, LBCY, BCH, NCED and lEP encoding genes in the Vitis genome have been determined. DXS, PSY, BCH and lEP are single copy genes, whereas LBCY and NCED have two and three copies, respectively. The transcriptional activity of the putative promoters of six of the isolated genes (i.e. DXS, PSY, LBCY, BCH, lEP and NCED) were tested with a transient reporter gene assay. None of the putative promoters tested showed any transcriptional activity of the reporter gene. The transcription of these genes, has however been shown using northern blot analysis and/or RT-PCR. Preliminary expression profiles for PSY, LBCY, BCH, and lEP were determined in different plant organs and the expression of these genes was generally higher in photosynthetically active tissues. The expression of these genes following different treatments (abscisic acid, NaCI and wounding) was also assayed. The functionality of five of the isolated full-length genes (IPI, GGPS, PSY, LBCY and BCH) has been shown in a bacterial colour complementation assay. In silica analysis of the predicted protein sequences of all eleven isolated genes revealed that they are conserved and share a high degree of homology to the corresponding proteins in other plant species. The sequences were further analysed for conserved domains in the protein sequences, and these proteins typically demonstrated similar domain profiles to homologues in other species (plant, bacteria and algae). The predicted protein sequences were further analysed for transit peptides, the presence of which would provide evidence for the sub-cellular localisation of the mature peptides. Since these genes are involved in biosynthetic pathways that are active in discrete organelles, the sub-cellular localisation of most of these proteins is known. The carotenoid biosynthetic genes (PSY, LBCY, BCH and ZEP), the abscisic acid biosynthetic gene, NCED, as well as the DOXP/MEP pathway genes (DXS, lytB and IPI) were all localised to the chloroplast. The mevalonate pathway gene, HMGS, was localised to both the cytosol and the mitochondria, and the general isoprenoid precursor genes, FPS and GGPS, were localised to the cytosol and the chloroplast, respectively. All these results are in agreement with the localisation of the respective pathways. In order to increase our understanding of carotenoid biosynthesis and functions in plants, we constitutively overexpressed one of the isolated genes (BCH) in the model plant, Nicotiana tabacum. Plants expressing the BCH gene in the sense orientation maintained a healthy photosynthetic rate under stress conditions that typically caused photoinhibition and photodamage in the untransformed control plants. This result was inferred using chlorophyll fluorescence and confirmed using CO2 assimilation rates and stomatal conductance. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements indicated that the photo protective non-photochemical quenching ability of the BCH-expressing plants increased, enabling the plants to maintain photosynthesis under conditions that elicited a stress response in the untransformed control plants. An integral photosynthetic protein component, the D1 protein, was specifically protected by the additional zeaxanthin in the BCH sense plants. Plants expressing an antisense BCH proved the converse, i.e. lower levels of BCH resulted in decreased zeaxanthin levels and made the transgenic plants more susceptible to high-light induced stress. These results have shown the crucial role of carotenoids (specifically the xanthophylls) in the photoprotective mechanism in plants. The increased photoprotection provided by the BCH expressing plants suggests that the scenario in plants is not optimal and can be improved. Any improvement in the photoprotective ability of a plant will affect both the fitness and productivity of the plant as a whole and will therefore find application in a number of crop plants on a global scale. This study has resulted in the successful isolation and characterisation of genes involved in the direct, or indirect, carotenoid biosynthetic pathways. The further study and manipulation of these genes in model plants will provide useful insights into the physiological role of specific carotenoids in photosynthesis and in plants as a whole.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Plante het nie die vermoë om stres te ontwyk nie en moet dus vinnig op veranderinge in hulomgewingstoestande kan reageer. Indien hulle nie die fotosinteseproses kan kontroleer en reguleer tydens streskondisies nie, sal dit tot die vorming van hoogs reaktiewe suurstofspesies lei, wat beide die pigmente en proteiene van die fotosintetiese apparaat sal beskadig. Lig is die primêre energiebron vir fotosintese en daarom is dit noodsaaklik dat plante deurgaans 'n dinamiese balans tussen fotosintese en fotobeskerming moet handhaaf. Karotenoiëde is voorlopers vir die vorming van absisiensuur, maar meer belangrik vir die plant, ook integrale komponente van die fotosintetiese apparaat. Tydens fotosintese word karotenoiëde vir die opneem van lig benodig, terwyl dit ook die fotosintetiese apparaat beskerm wanneer lig 'n versadigingspunt bereik vir fotosintese. Weens die belang van karotenoiëde vir plant- en menslike gesondheid (as Vitamiene A voorlopers), het hierdie studie beoog om gene te isoleer en karakteriseer wat direk of indirek 'n rol in karoteenbiosintese in Vitis vinifera speel. Elf vollengte- en agt gedeeltelike gene is geïsoleer, gekloneer, en gekarakteriseer. Hierdie gene kan in die volgende biosintetiese paaie gegroepeer word: (i) die 1- deoksi-D-xilulose 5-fosfaat (DOXP)/2-C-metiel-D-eritritol-4-fosfaat (MEP) pad (d.w.s. die plastiediese isopenteniel difosfaat biosintetiese pad); (ii) die mevalonaat pad (d.w.s. the sitosoliese/mitokondriale IPP biosintetiese pad); (iii) die karotenoiëd biosintetiese pad; (iv) die absisiensuur biosintetiese pad (as 'n afbraak produk van karotenoiëde) en die algemene isoprenoïed bisintetiese paaie (as voorlopers van karotenoiëde ). Die vollengte gene (d.w.s. vanaf die geskatte ATG tot die STOP kodon) van DOXP-sintase (DXS), 4-hidroksi-3-metielbut-2-eniel difosfaatreduktase (lytB), IPPisomerase (IPI), 3-hidroksi-3-metielglutariel koensiem A sintase (HMGS), fitoeën sintase (PSY), likopeen p-siklase (LBCY), p-karoteen hidroksilase (BCH), zeaxantien oksidase (ZEP), 9-cis-epoksi karotenoiëd dioksigenase (NCED), farnesiel difosfaat sintase (FPS)en geranielgeraniel difosfaat sintase (GGPS) is met behulp van. RTPKR vanaf eDNA geïsoleer. Die vollengte genomiese kopieë en die verwagte promotors van die DXS, PSY, LBCY, BCH, NCED and ZEP gene is ook geïsoleer d.m.v. die opstel en sifting van subgenomiese biblioteke. Vergelykende analises van die genoom- en eDNA kopieë het insiggewende data oor die genomiese rangskikking van die gene, insluitende die intron-ekson setels in V. vinifera gelewer. Die kopiegetalle van DXS, PSY, LBCY, BCH, NCED en ZEP is bepaal. DXS, PSY, BCH en ZEP is in die Vitis-genoom as enkel kopieë teenwoordig, terwyl LBCYen NCED twee en drie kopieë, repektiewelik, beslaan. Die transkipsionele aktiwiteit van die verwagte promotors van ses van die geïsoleerde gene (naamlik DXS, PSY, LBCY, BCH, ZEP en NCED) is d.m.v. 'n tydelike verklikkergeentoets ondersoek. Geeneen van die promotors het die transkripsie van die verklikkergeen bemiddel nie. Die transkripsie van die gene is egter wel bewys deur van northernhibridisasies en/of RT-PKR gebruik te maak. Die promotors van hierdie gene kan dus as transkipsioneel aktief beskou word. Voorlopige uitdrukkingsprofiele van PSY, LBCY, BCH, en ZEP is in verskillende plantorgane bepaal; die profiele was deurgaans hoër in fotosinteties aktiewe weefsels. Die uitdrukkingsprofiele van die gene is verder ook in reaksie op verskillende induktiewe behandelings (absisiensuur, NaCI en beskadiging) bepaal. Vyf van die vollengte gene (IPI, GGPS, PSY, LBCYen BCH) is funksioneel bewys in 'n bakteriese funksionele kleurkomplementasiesisteem. In silico analises van die afgeleide proteïene van al elf geïsoleerde gene het 'n hoë vlak van homologie met ooreenstemende proteiene van ander plantspesies getoon. Gekonserveerde domeine is ook in die proteïensekwense van die geïsoleerde gene teenwoordig. Hierdie proteïene het deurgaans dieselfde domeinprofiele vertoontoon as homoloë in ander spesies (bakterieë, alge en plante). Die sub-sellulêre teikening van die gene kon voorspel word deur die seinpeptiede in die proteiensekwense te eien. Aangesien hierdie gene betrokke is by biosintetiese paaie wat in diskrete kompartemente plaasvind; is die sub-selluiêre lokalisering van hierdie proteïene voorspelbaar. Die karotenoïed biosintetiese gene (PSY, LBCY, BCH en ZEP), die absisiensuur biosintetiese geen, NCED, sowel as die DOXP/MEP pad se gene (DXS, lytB en IPI) kom almal in die chloroplast voor. Die mevalonaatpadgeen, HMGS, word na beide die sitosol en die mitokondria geteiken, terwyl die algemene isoprenoïed voorlopergene, FPS en GGPS, onderskeidelik na die sitosol en die chloroplast geteiken word. Die verkreë voorspellings stem met die lokalisering van die biosintetiese paaie in die selooreen. Om ons kennis rakende karotenoïed biosintese en veral hulle funksie(s) in plante te verbreed, het ons een van die geïsoleerde gene, BCH, in die model plant, Nicotiana tabacum, konstitutief ooruitgedruk. Plante wat die BCH geen in die "sense" orientasie uitgedruk het, kon normale fotosintetiese aktiwiteit handhaaf onder kondisies wat foto-inhibisie en foto-osidatiewe skade in die ongetransformeerde kontrole plante veroorsaak het. Hierdie resultaat is met chlorofil fluoresensie analises aangetoon terwyl dit met CO2 assimilasie- en huidmondjie geleidingseksperimente bevestig is. Chlorofil fluoresensie metings het aangetoon dat die beskermingsvermoë van die transgeniese plante verhoog is, en dit dan die plante in staat stelom fotosintetese te handhaaf onder streskondisies van hoë lig. Proteïen analises het aangetoon dat 'n integrale fotosintetiese proteien, die 01 proteïen, word veral deur die verhoogde zeaxantien vlakke in die BCH transgeniese plante beskerm. Plante wat verminderde zeaxantien vlakke gehad het, weens die konstitutiewe ooruitdrukking van die BCH geen in die anti-"sense" orientasie, het die teenoorgestelde bewys. Met ander woorde. laer BCH vlakke (en dus laer zeaxantien vlakke) het tot plante wat meer vatbaar was vir hoë lig geïnduseerde stress gelei. Hierdie resultate het die essensiële beskermende rol wat karotenoiede tydens fotosintese speel, uitgelig. Die vermoë om hierdie beskermende meganisme te manipuleer in transgenies plante het aangetoon dat die sisteem in plante, alhoewel effektief, nie optimaal is nie. Enige verbetering in 'n plant se inherente vermoë om streskondisies te weerstaan sal die plant se algemene gesondheid en dus produktiwiteit beïnvloed. As sulks sal hierdie in meeste gewasspesies toepassing vind. Hierdie studie beskryf die isolering en karakterisering van gene wat direk, of indirek, by karotenoïedbiosintese betrokke is. Verdere studies, en veral die manipulering van hierdie gene in model plante, sal die fisiologiese rol van spesifieke karotenoïeede in fotosintese, en die plant as 'n geheel, ontrafel.

Human peripheral blood monocytes provide a model for the in vivo exposure to, and immune functional damage caused by chronic UVB exposure at the skin surface. Retinoids and carotenoids are known immune function enhancers; they can also prevent cellular toxic product formation caused by UVB exposure. Application of these compounds in vitro may prevent functional damage to monocytes. Monocytes were exposed in vitro to UVB, then assayed for cytotoxic, phagocytic, and antigen presenting abilities. Phagocytic activity was protected from UVB damage by exposure to these compounds; cytotoxic activity was not altered by UVB exposure, but increased by retinoid or carotenoid exposure. Antigen presentation was not affected by either the UVB or these compounds. Protection of phagocytic function was not due to release of activating monokines or prostaglandins. Instead, the cell membrane antioxidant properties of these retinoids or carotenoids were the factors that protected the monocyte from phagocytic damage caused by UVB exposure.

Alpine zooplankton are exposed to a variety of stressors in their natural environment including ultraviolet radiation. Physiological coping mechanisms such as the accumulation of photoprotective compounds provide these zooplankton protection from many of these stressors. Elevated levels of carotenoid compounds such as astaxanthin have been shown to help zooplankton survive longer when exposed to ultraviolet radiation presumably due to the strong antioxidant properties of carotenoid compounds. This antioxidant capacity is important because it may ameliorate natural and anthropogenic stressor-induced oxidative stress. While previous researchers have shown carotenoid compounds impart increased resistance to ultraviolet radiation in populations of zooplankton, little work has focused on the toxicological implications of PAH induced phototoxicity on zooplankton containing high levels of carotenoid compounds. This thesis discusses research studying the role that carotenoid compounds play in reducing PAH induced phototoxicity. By sampling different lakes at elevations ranging from 9,500' to 12,700' in the front range of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, copepod populations containing different levels of carotenoid compounds were obtained. These populations were then challenged with fluoranthene and ultraviolet radiation. Results discussed include differences in survival and levels of lipid peroxidation among populations exhibiting different levels of carotenoid compounds, and the toxicological and ecological implications of these results.

This study was designed to assess the relationship of dietary and serum beta-carotene to the development of oral lesions in smokeless tobacco users. Eighty eight smokeless tobacco users without oral lesions and 18 with lesions participated in the study. Dietary intake of beta-carotene, personal health habits and selected dietary intake were analyzed by questionnaire. Serum levels were assessed by high pressure liquid chromotography. No correlation between dietary beta-carotene intake and serum beta-carotene levels was observed. Results of t-test analysis indicated no significant difference in the mean serum or dietary intake of beta-carotene between the groups. Mean serum beta-carotene for group-I, users without oral lesions and group-2, users with oral lesions were 12.3 ug/dl(I.02 SE), and 10.6 ug/dl(1.59 SE), respectively. Stepwise regression techniques were employed to assess the influence of selected variables on serum beta-carotene. The effects of smoking, smokeless tobacco exposure, alcohol consumption, and age as well as other dietary indices were evaluated. Age (O.015,pMaster of Science

CNPQ
A exposição aguda, sub-crônica ou crônica ao etanol está envolvida com diversos problemas que afetam o cérebro e o sistema nervoso central, provocando déficits de aprendizagem e memória de curto ou longo prazo. Compostos bioativos como carotenoides, são novas opções terapêuticas capazes de reduzir os déficits de memória e atuar na redução do risco de doenças e manutenção da saúde. Neste sentido, a luteína, um carotenoide que contribui contra o estresse oxidativo, pode atuar como uma droga capaz de modificar ou atenuar os danos neuronais e os déficits de memória induzidos por etanol. Assim, no presente estudo foi avaliado o efeito da luteína sobre os déficits de memória induzidos por etanol em ratos na tarefa de reconhecimento de objetos. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que a administração de luteína (100 mg/kg) melhorou a memória dos ratos na tarefa de reconhecimento de objetos [F(3,34) = 7,13; p < 0,05], enquanto as doses de 15 ou 50 mg/kg não apresentaram efeito; a administração sub-crônica de etanol (3 g/kg) causou déficit de memória em ratos na tarefa de reconhecimento de objetos [F(3,37) = 3.06; p < 0.05]; e a de luteína (50 mg/kg) preveniu o déficit de memória induzido pelo etanol [F(3,39) = 7.64; p < 0.05]. Além disso, a administração de luteína, etanol e a combinação luteína e etanol não alteraram os parâmetros de estresse oxidativo avaliados no córtex e hipocampo. Sugerindo que a prevenção do déficit de memória induzido por etanol não envolve estresse oxidativo no córtex e hipocampo. Assim, baseado nos resultados obtidos, a luteína pode ser considerada uma alternativa no tratamento dos déficits de memória induzidos por etanol, entretanto, mais estudos são necessários para avaliar o mecanismo envolvido neste efeito.
The acute exposure, sub-acute or chronic is involved with various problems affecting the brain and central nervous system, resulting in learning deficits and short or longterm memory. Bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, are new therapeutic options able to reduce memory deficits and act in reducing the risk of diseases and health maintenance. In this sense, lutein, a carotenoid that contributes against oxidative stress, can act as a drug able to modify or reduce neuronal damage and memory deficits induced by ethanol. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of lutein on memory deficits in rats induced by ethanol in the object recognition task. The results showed that lutein administration (100 mg/kg) improved the memory of rats in the recognition task objects [F(3,34) = 7.13; p < 0.05], while doses of 15 or 50 mg / kg showed no effect; the sub-chronic administration of ethanol (3 g/kg) caused memory deficit in rats recognition task objects [F(3,37) = 3.06; p < 0.05]; and lutein (50 mg/kg) prevents the memory deficit induced by ethanol [F(3,39) = 7.64; p < 0.05]. Furthermore, lutein administration, ethanol and combination lutein and ethanol did not change the parameters of oxidative stress evaluated in the cortex and hippocampus. This suggests that the prevention of memory deficits induced by ethanol does not involve oxidative stress in the cortex and hippocampus. Thus, based on the results obtained, lutein may be considered an alternative in the treatment of memory deficits induced by ethanol, however, more studies are needed to evaluate the mechanism involved in this effect.

Whole grain wheat has a diverse supply of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants which include phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins which are present only in pigmented wheat, alkylresorcinols, and to a lesser extent proanthocyanidins), carotenoids (mainly lutein and zeaxanthin) and tocochromanols (α, β, γ and δ - tocopherols and tocotrienols). This diversity of antioxidants function to protect consumers from radical-induced oxidative damage caused by various free radicals produced endogenously from metabolic processes and exogenously from sunlight and other chemicals and environmental pollutants. They also chelate metal ions which could catalyze oxidation reactions in the physiological system, thereby providing antioxidant protection. However, phenolic compounds might exert pro-oxidant effect when bound to heavy metal ions. This effect could be prevented by the diverse antioxidant system in wheat.