Zeitschriftenartikel: „Carbonaceous nanomaterial graphene“

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Sajit, Rathin, B. Harinesh, M. P. Jenarthanan, M. Ramachandran und Prasanth Vidhya. „Thermal Characterization of Graphene Based Composites“. 1 8, Nr. 1 (31.01.2022): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/jemm/8/1/2.

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Graphene, an atomic thin two-dimensional carbonaceous nanomaterial, has exceptional electrical, mechanical and chemical properties. There is also great research interest in the development of two technologies. Since the discovery of graphene, this reliable Wide range of material applications Integrated,and many attempts have been made To modify the structure of graphene. Particular attention is paid. Graphene Derivatives Graphene Oxide Hole Graphene / Graphene oxide, recent Developments development of reduced Graphene oxide and graphene quantum points. In this chapter, the inherent properties of the definition and the different approaches to top-down and basically graphene derivatives are discussed below. This includes the formation of derivatives of graphene by chemical oxidation. In addition, the bit and peel-out mechanism for creating graphene derivatives, which leads For a better understanding of Physics of graphene derivatives And chemical properties.

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Machado, Aline Belem, Paula Schmitt, Thuany Garcia Maraschin, Daniela Montanari Migliavacca Osorio, Nara Regina de Souza Basso und Daiane Bolzan Berlese. „Adsorption capacity of pollutants from water by graphene and graphene-based materials: a bibliographic review“. CONTRIBUCIONES A LAS CIENCIAS SOCIALES 17, Nr. 2 (22.02.2024): e4707. http://dx.doi.org/10.55905/revconv.17n.2-285.

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The increase in the contamination of water systems by endocrine disruptive chemicals is of great concern once they pose risk to human and animal lives. The need for materials to adsorb these pollutants are of great concern. Graphene, a newly discovered material from the carbonaceous group, has been demonstrating interesting applications in contaminants removal from water. Therefore, this study aimed to review manuscripts regarding the adsorption capacity of herbicides and pesticides, bisphenol A, and carbamazepine from water using graphene or graphene-based materials as an adsorbent. Research of manuscripts was performed in Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, and Periódicos Capes database regarding the application of this nanomaterial in the removal of these pollutants from water. This review demonstrated that graphene itself or hybrid with other materials is very efficient in removing these contaminants, with high-efficiency rates. However, new studies can be performed to improve graphene applications and effectiveness.

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Hawi, Sara, Somayeh Gharavian, Marek Burda, Saurav Goel, Saeid Lotfian, Tasnuva Khaleque und Hamed Yazdani Nezhad. „Development of carbonaceous tin-based solder composite achieving unprecedented joint performance“. Emergent Materials 4, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2021): 1679–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42247-021-00337-9.

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AbstractWeight reduction and improved strength are two common engineering goals in the joining sector to benefit transport, aerospace, and nuclear industries amongst others. Here, in this paper, we show that the suitable addition of carbon nanomaterials to a tin-based solder material matrix (C-Solder® supplied by Cametics Ltd.) results in two-fold strength of soldered composite joints. Single-lap shear joint experiments were conducted on soldered aluminium alloy (6082 T6) substrates. The soldering material was reinforced in different mix ratios by carbon black, graphene, and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and benchmarked against the pristine C-solder®. The material characterisation was performed using Vickers micro-indentation, differential scanning calorimetry and nano-indentation, whereas functional testing involved mechanical shear tests using single-lap aluminium soldered joints and creep tests. The hardness was observed to improve in all cases except for the 0.01 wt.% graphene reinforced solders, with 5% and 4% improvements in 0.05 carbon black and SWCNT reinforced solders, respectively. The maximum creep indentation was noted to improve for all solder categories with maximum 11% and 8% improvements in 0.05 wt.% carbon black and SWCNT reinforced ones. In general, the 0.05 wt.% nanomaterial reinforced solders promoted progressive cohesion failure in the joints as opposed to instantaneous fully de-bonded failure observed in pristine soldered joints, which suggests potential application in high-performance structures where no service load induced adhesion failure is permissible (e.g. aerospace assemblies). The novel innovation developed here will pave the way to achieving high-performance solder joining without carrying out extensive surface preparations.

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Tran, Hai Nguyen. „Adsorption Technology for Water and Wastewater Treatments“. Water 15, Nr. 15 (07.08.2023): 2857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15152857.

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This Special Issue includes 12 research papers on the development of various materials for adsorbing different contaminants in water, such as Sb, Cr(VI), Cu(II), Zn(II), fluorine, phenol, dyes (indigo carmine, Congo red, methylene blue, and crystal violet), and drugs (dlevofloxacin, captopril, and diclofenac, and paracetamol). The commercial, natural, and synthetic materials used as adsorbents comprise commercial activated carbon, natural clay and montmorillonite, biosorbent based on sugarcane bagasse or algal, graphene oxide, graphene oxide-based magnetic nanomaterial, mesoporous Zr-G-C3N4 nanomaterial, nitrogen-doped core–shell mesoporous carbonaceous nano-sphere, magnetic Fe-C-N composite, polyaniline-immobilized ZnO nanorod, and hydroxy-iron/acid–base-modified sepiolite composite. Various operational conditions are evaluated under batch adsorption experiments, such as pH, NaCl, solid/liquid ratio, stirring speed, contact time, solution temperature, initial adsorbate concentration. The re-usability of laden materials is evaluated through adsorption–desorption cycles. Adsorption kinetics, isotherm, thermodynamics, and mechanisms are studied and discussed. Machine learning processes and statistical physics models are also applied in the field of adsorption science and technology.

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Goncharuk, V. V., I. V. Dubrovin, L. V. Dubrovina, D. D. Kucheruk, O. V. Naboka und V. M. Ogenko. „Carbon-Silica Composites with Cellulose Acetate, Polyisocyanate and Copper Chloride“. Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 17, Nr. 3 (15.09.2016): 407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.17.3.407-411.

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Cellulose acetate and polyisocyanate copolymer synthesized by simultaneous mixing of cellulose acetate and polyisocyanate with acetone solution of Copper chloride and fumed silicon dioxide was carbonized in a silicon dioxide template. The composite structure and composition was studied with SEM, EDS and XRD. It was shown that the porous carbonaceous nanomaterial was synthesized where formed carbon was represented by coating on silicon dioxide and consisted of graphite, graphene and amorphous nonstructured carbon. Crystals of metallic copper with the size up to few µm were formed from Copper chloride after reduction of Cu2+ with products of organic compounds pyrolisis.

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Rivera-Lugo, Yazmín Yorely, Kevin Isaac Pérez-Muñoz, Balter Trujillo-Navarrete, Carolina Silva-Carrillo, Edgar Alonso Reynoso-Soto, Julio Cesar Calva Yañez, Shui Wai Lin, José Roberto Flores-Hernández und Rosa María Félix-Navarro. „PtPd Hybrid Composite Catalysts as Cathodes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells“. Energies 13, Nr. 2 (09.01.2020): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020316.

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In this work, PtPd hybrid cathodic catalysts were prepared for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) application by two different strategies. The first strategy was the physical mixing of bimetallic PtPd onto partially reduced graphene oxide (PtPd/rGO) and PtPd onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PtPd/MWCNT); (PtPd/rGO) + (PtPd/MWCNT). The second strategy was physical mixing of both carbonaceous supports before the PtPd deposition to form PtPd/(rGO:MWCNT). Our experimental results revealed that the PtPd nanomaterial prepared over a mixture of both carbonaceous supports had better oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and PEMFC performances than the individually prepared catalysts. The insertion of MWCNT between rGO sheets prevented their stacking. This promoted the diffusion of oxygen molecules through the interlayer spacing, enhancing the ORR’s electrocatalytic activity. The durability test demonstrated that the hybrid supporting material dramatically improved the catalyst’s stability even after 3000 reaction cycles. This highlighted an increase greater than 100% for hybrid nanocomposites in their electrocatalytic activity as compared with the PtPd/rGO nanocomposite.

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Alfe, M., V. Gargiulo und R. Di Capua. „An Old but Lively Nanomaterial: Exploiting Carbon Black for the Synthesis of Advanced Materials“. Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 21, Nr. 3 (30.09.2019): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj861.

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Carbon black (CB) is an old-concept but versatile carbonaceous material prone to be structurally and chemically modified under quite mild wet conditions. Recently, we exploited the potentiality of CB for the production of a highly varied array of advanced materials with applications in energetics, water remediation and sensoristic. The proposed approaches are devised to meet specific needs: low production costs, scalable synthetic approaches, flexibility i.e. easy tuning of chemico-physical properties of the carbon-based advanced materials. Two main approaches have been exploited: modification of CB at the surface and highly CB de-structuration. The former approach allows obtaining highly homogenous CB-modified nanoparticles (around 160 nm) with tunable surface properties (hydrophilicity, typology of functional groups and surface charge density, pore size distribution), supports for ionic liquid (SILP) and composites (carbon-iron oxide). The latter approach exploiting a top-down demolition of CB produces a highly versatile graphene related material (GRM), made up by stacked short graphene-like layers (GL) particularly suitable for advanced composites synthesis and ultrathin carbon-based films production.

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Wang, Ying, Zoe S. Welch, Aaron R. Ramirez, Dermont C. Bouchard, Joshua P. Schimel, Jorge L. Gardea-Torresdey und Patricia A. Holden. „Effects of carbonaceous nanomaterials on soil-grown soybeans under combined heat and insect stresses“. Environmental Chemistry 16, Nr. 6 (2019): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en19047.

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Environmental contextEngineered nanomaterials have the potential to accumulate in agricultural soils where they may influence crop plants. There is, however, little information about how adverse environmental conditions may interact with nanomaterial effects on plants and plant-microbe interactions. We report the comparative effects of three carbonaceous nanomaterials on the growth, nodulation and foliar health of a globally important legume crop, soybean, under the combined stresses of high temperature and insect pests. AbstractBecause carbonaceous nanomaterials (CNMs) are expected to enter soils, the exposure implications to crop plants and plant–microbe interactions should be understood. Most investigations have been under ideal growth conditions, yet crops commonly experience abiotic and biotic stresses. Little is known how co-exposure to these environmental stresses and CNMs would cause combined effects on plants. We investigated the effects of 1000mgkg−1 multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and industrial carbon black (CB) on soybeans grown to the bean production stage in soil. Following seed sowing, plants became stressed by heat and infested with an insect (thrips). Consequently, all plants had similarly stunted growth, leaf damage, reduced final biomasses and fewer root nodules compared with healthy control soybeans previously grown without heat and thrips stresses. Thus, CNMs did not significantly influence the growth and yield of stressed soybeans, and the previously reported nodulation inhibition by CNMs was not specifically observed here. However, CNMs did significantly alter two leaf health indicators: the leaf chlorophyll a/b ratio, which was higher in the GNP treatment than in either the control (by 15%) or CB treatment (by 14%), and leaf lipid peroxidation, which was elevated in the CNT treatment compared with either the control (by 47%) or GNP treatment (by 66%). Overall, these results show that, while severe environmental stresses may impair plant production, CNMs (including CNTs and GNPs) in soil could additionally affect foliar health of an agriculturally important legume.

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Kwon, Hyuntak, Yongju Park, Euntae Yang und Tae-Hyun Bae. „Graphene Oxide-Based Membranes Intercalated with an Aromatic Crosslinker for Low-Pressure Nanofiltration“. Membranes 12, Nr. 10 (02.10.2022): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12100966.

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Graphene oxide (GO), a carbonaceous 2D nanomaterial, has received significant interest as a next-generation membrane building block. To fabricate high-performance membranes, an effective strategy involves stacking GO nanosheets in laminated structures, thereby creating unique nanochannel galleries. One outstanding merit of laminar GO membranes is that their permselectivity is readily tunable by tailoring the size of the nanochannels. Here, a high-performance GO-based nanofiltration membrane was developed by intercalating an aromatic crosslinker, α,α/-dichloro-p-xylene (DCX), between the layers in laminated GO nanosheets. Owing to the formation of strong covalent bonds between the crosslinker and the GO, the resulting GO laminate membrane exhibited outstanding structural stability. Furthermore, due to the precisely controlled and enlarged interlayer spacing distance of the developed DCX-intercalated GO membrane, it achieved an over two-fold enhancement in water permeability (11 ± 2 LMH bar−1) without sacrificing the rejection performance for divalent ions, contrary to the case with a pristine GO membrane.

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Reinholds, I., I. Pugajeva, E. Bogdanova, J. Jaunbergs und V. Bartkevics. „Recent applications of carbonaceous nanosorbents for the analysis of mycotoxins in food by liquid chromatography: a short review“. World Mycotoxin Journal 12, Nr. 1 (11.02.2019): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2018.2339.

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Carbonaceous nanomaterials (multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), graphene, and graphene oxide (GO)) have attracted attention over the last decade as adsorbents suitable for the analysis of organic and inorganic pollutants. In the present paper we review methods of mycotoxin analysis that involve sample extraction with carbonaceous nanosorbents, reported from 2011 onwards. Recent studies have highlighted the advantages of magnetically modified MWCNTs and GO in mycotoxin analysis, which may enable sample isolation through magnetic separation, reduce the interaction of nanoparticles, and enhance the recovery of analytes. The papers covered in this review point to promising applications of functionalised carbonaceous nanosorbents in mycotoxin analysis. While GO based sorbents can be effective for the adsorption of relatively polar aflatoxins, MWCNTs with high specific surface area and reduced agglomeration achieved through modification with silica and magnetic particles are preferred for the extraction of less polar mycotoxins.

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Nechaev, Yuriy S. „Carbon Nanomaterials, Relevance to Solving the Hydrogen Storage Problem“. Journal of Nano Research 12 (Dezember 2010): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.12.1.

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Empiric evaluations of fundamental characteristics of interactions of gaseous hydrogen with different kinds of graphite and novel carbonaceous nanomaterials and revealing the micromechanisms have been carried out. The approaches used were those of the thermodynamics of reversible and irreversible processes for analysis of the adsorption, absorption, diffusion, TPD and other experimental data and comparing the analytical results with first-principle calculations. Such analysis of a number of the known experimental and theoretical data has shown a real possibility of the multilayer specific adsorption (intercalation) of hydrogen between graphene layers in novel carbonaceous nanomaterials, relevance for solving the bottle-neck problem of the hydrogen on-board storage in fuel-cell-powered vehicles, and other technical applications.

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Jang, Wonjun, Hyun Cho, Kyungwho Choi und Yong Park. „Manipulation of p-/n-Type Thermoelectric Thin Films through a Layer-by-Layer Assembled Carbonaceous Multilayer Structure“. Micromachines 9, Nr. 12 (28.11.2018): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9120628.

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Recently, with the miniaturization of electronic devices, problems with regard to the size and capacity of batteries have arisen. Energy harvesting is receiving significant attention to solve these problems. In particular, the thermoelectric generator (TEG) is being studied for its ability to harvest waste heat energy. However, studies on organic TEGs conducted thus far have mostly used conductive polymers, making the application range of TEGs relatively narrow. In this study, we fabricated organic TEGs using carbonaceous nanomaterials (i.e., graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)) with polyelectrolytes (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly (diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDDA)) via layer-by-layer (LbL) coating on polymeric substrates. The thermoelectric performance of the carbonaceous multilayer structure was measured, and it was confirmed that the thermoelectric performance of the TEG in this study was not significantly different from that of the existing organic TEG fabricated using the conductive polymers. The 10 bilayer SWNT thin films with polyelectrolyte exhibited a thermopower of −14 μV·K−1 and a power factor of 25 μW·m−1K−2. Moreover, by simply changing the electrolyte, p- or n-type TEGs could be easily fabricated with carbonaceous nanomaterials via the LbL process. Also, by just changing the electrolyte, p- or n-type of TEGs could be easily fabricated with carbonaceous nanomaterials with a layer-by-layer process.

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Plachá, Daniela, Alexandra Muñoz-Bonilla, Kateřina Škrlová, Coro Echeverria, Alberto Chiloeches, Martin Petr, Khalid Lafdi und Marta Fernández-García. „Antibacterial Character of Cationic Polymers Attached to Carbon-Based Nanomaterials“. Nanomaterials 10, Nr. 6 (22.06.2020): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10061218.

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The preparation of hybrid polymeric systems based on carbon derivatives with a cationic polymer is described. The polymer used is a copolymer of a quaternizable methacrylic monomer with another dopamine-based monomer capable of anchoring to carbon compounds. Graphene oxide and graphene as well as hybrid polymeric systems were widely characterized by infrared, Raman and photoemission X-ray spectroscopies, electron scanning microscopy, zeta potential and thermal degradation. These allowed confirming the attachment of copolymer onto carbonaceous materials. Besides, the antimicrobial activity of hybrid polymeric systems was tested against Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis and Gram negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The results showed the antibacterial character of these hybrid systems.

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McIntyre, Jennifer, Navin K. Verma, Ronan J. Smith, Caroline Moore, Hannah Nerl, Niall McEvoy, Nina Berner et al. „A comparison of catabolic pathways induced in primary macrophages by pristine single walled carbon nanotubes and pristine graphene“. RSC Advances 6, Nr. 70 (2016): 65299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra02476a.

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Understanding the correlation between the physico-chemical properties of carbonaceous nanomaterials and how these properties impact on cells and subcelluar mechanisms is critical to their risk assessment and safe translation into engineered devices.

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Kausar, Ayesha, und Ishaq Ahmad. „Leading-Edge Polymer/Carbonaceous Nano-Reinforcement Nanocomposites—Opportunities for Space Sector“. Advances in Materials Science 23, Nr. 4 (01.12.2023): 99–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/adms-2023-0025.

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Abstract Carbonaceous or nanocarbon nano-reinforcement nanocomposites have been found as emergent candidates for aerospace industry. Consequently, the multifunctional nanocomposites have been fabricated using marvelous nanocarbon nanostructures like graphene, carbon nanotube, fullerene, carbon black, etc. Manufacturing techniques have also been engrossed for the formation of high performance engineering nanocomposites having fine strength, heat stability, flame resistance, and other space desired features. These practices include solution, in situ, and melt procedures, on top of specific space structural design techniques, for the formation of aerospace structures. The aerospace related material property enhancements using various carbonaceous nano-reinforcements depends upon the type of nanocarbon, dimensionality, as well as inherent features of these nanostructures (in addition to the choice of manufacturing methods). Furthermore, carbon nano-reinforcements have been filled, besides carbon fibers, in the epoxy matrices. Nanocarbon coated carbon fibers have been filled in epoxy resins to form the high performance nanomaterials for space structures. The engineering features of these materials have been experiential appropriate for the aerospace structures. Further research on these nanomaterials may be a key towards future opportunities in the aero systems. Additionally, the explorations on structure-property relationships of the carbonaceous nanocomposites have been found indispensable for the development of advanced aerospace structures.

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Verma, Sakshi, Deeksha Thakur, Chandra Mouli Pandey und Devendra Kumar. „Recent Prospects of Carbonaceous Nanomaterials-Based Laccase Biosensor for Electrochemical Detection of Phenolic Compounds“. Biosensors 13, Nr. 3 (22.02.2023): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13030305.

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Phenolic compounds (PhCs) are ubiquitously distributed phytochemicals found in many plants, body fluids, food items, medicines, pesticides, dyes, etc. Many PhCs are priority pollutants that are highly toxic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic. Some of these are present in body fluids and affect metabolism, while others possess numerous bioactive properties such as retaining antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in plants and food products. Therefore, there is an urgency for developing an effective, rapid, sensitive, and reliable tool for the analysis of these PhCs to address their environmental and health concern. In this context, carbonaceous nanomaterials have emerged as a promising material for the fabrication of electrochemical biosensors as they provide remarkable characteristics such as lightweight, high surface: volume, excellent conductivity, extraordinary tensile strength, and biocompatibility. This review outlines the current status of the applications of carbonaceous nanomaterials (CNTs, graphene, etc.) based enzymatic electrochemical biosensors for the detection of PhCs. Efforts have also been made to discuss the mechanism of action of the laccase enzyme for the detection of PhCs. The limitations, advanced emerging carbon-based material, current state of artificial intelligence in PhCs detection, and future scopes have also been summarized.

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Ewels, C. P., D. Erbahar, Ph Wagner, X. Rocquefelte, R. Arenal, P. Pochet, M. Rayson, M. Scardamaglia, C. Bittencourt und P. Briddon. „Nitrogen segregation in nanocarbons“. Faraday Discuss. 173 (2014): 215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00111g.

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We explore the behaviour of nitrogen doping in carbon nanomaterials, notably graphene, nanotubes, and carbon thin films. This is initially via a brief review of the literature, followed by a series of atomistic density functional calculations. We show that at low concentrations, substitutional nitrogen doping in the sp²-C graphenic basal plane is favoured, however once the nitrogen concentration reaches a critical threshold there is a transition towards the formation of the more thermodynamically-favoured nitrogen terminated ‘zigzag’ type edges. These can occur either via formation of finite patches (polycyclic aromatic azacarbons), strips of sp² carbon with zigzag nitrogen edges, or internal nitrogen-terminated hole edges within graphenic planes. This transition to edge formation is especially favoured when the nitrogen can be partially functionalised with, e.g. hydrogen. By comparison with available literature results, notably from electron energy loss spectroscopy and X-ray spectroscopy, the current results suggest that much of the nitrogen believed to be incorporated into carbon nanoobjects is instead likely to be present terminating the edges of carbonaceous impurities attached to nanoobject's surface. By comparison to nitrogen-doped tetrahedrally amorphous carbon, we suggest that this transition at around 10–20% nitrogen concentration and above towards sp² coordination via internal nitrogen-terminated edge formation may be a general property of nitrogen-doped carbon materials.

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Dorontić, Slađana, Svetlana Jovanović und Aurelio Bonasera. „Shedding Light on Graphene Quantum Dots: Key Synthetic Strategies, Characterization Tools, and Cutting-Edge Applications“. Materials 14, Nr. 20 (17.10.2021): 6153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14206153.

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During the last 20 years, the scientific community has shown growing interest towards carbonaceous nanomaterials due to their appealing mechanical, thermal, and optical features, depending on the specific nanoforms. Among these, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) recently emerged as one of the most promising nanomaterials due to their outstanding electrical properties, chemical stability, and intense and tunable photoluminescence, as it is witnessed by a booming number of reported applications, ranging from the biological field to the photovoltaic market. To date, a plethora of synthetic protocols have been investigated to modulate the portfolio of features that GQDs possess and to facilitate the use of these materials for target applications. Considering the number of publications and the rapid evolution of this flourishing field of research, this review aims at providing a broad overview of the most widely established synthetic protocols and offering a detailed review of some specific applications that are attracting researchers’ interest.

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Araissia, Hanene, Ouanassa GUELLATI, Fatima Abbaci, Aicha Harat, Jamal El-Haskouri, Dominique Begin, Mohamed Guerioune und Assia Nait-Merzoug. „Physico-Chemical Properties of Three Synthesized Carbonaceous Nanomaterials (CNTs, GO, Biochar) for Perspective Application: Water / Soil Treatment and Energy Storage“. ENP Engineering Science Journal 3, Nr. 1 (20.07.2023): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53907/enpesj.v3i1.160.

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Nanotechnology has a more than important role in deducing the materials’ structure, especially carbon-based nanomaterials, including determining their properties and consequently their application field, such as: energy storage, environmental protection, biosensing and soil treatment. In this investigation, we report a comparison of three kinds of nanostructured carbon based smart nanomaterials synthesized at different dimension (1D, 2D and 3D) using physico-chemical growth processes. These carbonaceous products have been characterized in order to identify their attractive properties using different techniques, such as XRD, FT-IR, TGA/DTA, FESEM microscopy, Raman and XSP spectroscopy. These obtained nanostructured carbon have shown structural forms in the case of MWNTs and graphene type having 1D and 2D configuration, respectively, as well as an amorphous form in the case of biochar having 3D porous configuration which contains less cohesive bonds than graphene and MWNTs. These two structured ones have a much more solid and cohesive structure thanks to the strength of their carbon bonds and their graphitization rate is proved from their Raman and XPS-C1s analysis spectra. Moreover, they have shown very interesting characteristics especially their specific surface area in the range 150-2400 m2/g and functional groups; which open up a wide field of application especially environmental protection and biosensing.

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Cancelliere, Rocco, Miriam Cianciaruso, Katya Carbone und Laura Micheli. „Biochar: A Sustainable Alternative in the Development of Electrochemical Printed Platforms“. Chemosensors 10, Nr. 8 (22.08.2022): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10080344.

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Biochar is a pyrolytic material with several environmental benefits such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, sequestering atmospheric carbon and contrasting global warming. However, nowadays, it has moved to the forefront for its conductivity and electron transfer properties, finding applications in the fabrication of electrochemical platforms. In this field, researchers have focused on low-cost biomass capable of replacing more popular and expensive carbonaceous nanomaterials (i.e., graphene, nanotubes and quantum dots) in the realization of sensitive cost-effectiveness and eco-friendly electrochemical tools. This review discusses recent developments of biochar-modified screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). Special attention has been paid to biochar’s manufacturing processes, electron-donating capabilities and sensing applications. Examples of representative works are introduced to explain the distinct roles of biochar in several electro-bioanalytical strategies.

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Cheong, Yuen-Ki, Mariana P. Arce, Alejandro Benito, Daijie Chen, Noemi Luengo Crisóstomo, Laxmi V. Kerai, Guillermo Rodríguez et al. „Synergistic Antifungal Study of PEGylated Graphene Oxides and Copper Nanoparticles against Candida albicans“. Nanomaterials 10, Nr. 5 (25.04.2020): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10050819.

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The coupling reactions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with two different nano-carbonaceous materials, graphene oxide (GO) and expanded graphene oxide (EGO), were achieved by amide bond formations. These reactions yielded PEGylated graphene oxides, GO-PEG and EGO-PEG. Whilst presence of the newly formed amide links (NH-CO) were confirmed by FTIR stretches observed at 1732 cm−1 and 1712 cm−1, the associated Raman D- and G-bands resonated at 1311/1318 cm−1 and 1584/1595 cm−1 had shown the carbonaceous structures in both PEGylated products remain unchanged. Whilst SEM images revealed the nano-sheet structures in all the GO derivatives (GO/EGO and GO-PEG/EGO-PEG), TEM images clearly showed the nano-structures of both GO-PEG and EGO-PEG had undergone significant morphological changes from their starting materials after the PEGylated processes. The successful PEGylations were also indicated by the change of pH values measured in the starting GO/EGO (pH 2.6–3.3) and the PEGylated GO-PEG/EGO-PEG (pH 6.6–6.9) products. Initial antifungal activities of selective metallic nanomaterials (ZnO and Cu) and the four GO derivatives were screened against Candida albicans using the in vitro cut-well method. Whilst the haemocytometer count indicated GO-PEG and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) exhibited the best antifungal effects, the corresponding SEM images showed C. albicans had, respectively, undergone extensive shrinkage and porosity deformations. Synergistic antifungal effects all GO derivatives in various ratio of CuNPs combinations were determined by assessing C. albicans viabilities using broth dilution assays. The best synergistic effects were observed when a 30:70 ratio of GO/GO-PEG combined with CuNPs, where MIC50 185–225 μm/mL were recorded. Moreover, the decreased antifungal activities observed in EGO and EGO-PEG may be explained by their poor colloidal stability with increasing nanoparticle concentrations.

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Nuli, Krishna Chaitanya, Abhinav Omprakash Fulmali, Nagesh, Bhaskar Sen, Kishore Kumar Mahato, Rajesh Kumar Prusty und Bankim Chandra Ray. „Synergetic Impact of Carbon Nanotube and/or Graphene Reinforcement on the Mechanical Performance of Glass Fiber/Epoxy Composite“. Materials Science Forum 978 (Februar 2020): 284–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.978.284.

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The exceptional and distinctive properties of the allotropes of carbonaceous nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes and graphene have attracted many researchers and engineers to enhance the performance of fibrous polymeric composites. This article extrapolates the synergetic impact of carbon nanotube (CNT) and multi-layered graphene (MLG) reinforcement onto the mechanical performance of glass fiber/epoxy composites. Magnetic stirring and ultra-sonication process have been carried out under optimized parameters for incorporation of CNT-MLG into the epoxy polymer. Incorporation of 0.1wt% of carbon nanotube to the glass fiber/epoxy composites enhances a flexural strength of 10% and addition of 0.1 wt. % of multi layered graphene to the glass fiber/ epoxy composites enhances a flexural strength of 6% when differentiated with neat GE. Embodiment of 0.1 wt. % CNT and MLG to the glass fiber/epoxy composites in three different ratios like 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 showcases a 13%, 12.25% and 14.7% enhancement in the flexural strength respectively with respect to the neat glass fiber/epoxy composites when tested at room temperature. Among them, the ratio 2:1(CNT: MLG) contributes higher strength due to the combined action of high aspect ratio of CNT and higher specific surface area of multi-layered graphene thus, facilitating efficient stress transfer from matrix to the reinforcements. Thermal characterizations have been carried out using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The fractography of the samples is examined through the scanning electron microscope.

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Shah, Syed Shaheen, und Md Abdul Aziz. „Agricultural product-derived carbon for energy, sensing, and environmental applications: A mini-review“. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 27, Nr. 2 (11.12.2020): 467–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v27i2.50686.

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Carbon is one of the versatile materials used in modern life for human welfare. It has a wide range of applications such as drug delivery, coatings, energy generation and storage, gas separation, water purification, sensor fabrication, and catalysis. Most of the widely used carbon materials are graphene and carbon nanotubes. Nonrenewable precursors (e.g., natural gas), toxic chemicals, and complex synthesis methods are often required for their preparation, limiting their wide practical applications. Besides these, biomass-derived carbons are attractive materials as they can be prepared simply from renewable biomass. However, their practical applications' success partially depends on their properties like size, shape, porosity, and presence of heteroatoms, which can be controlled by selecting the proper type of biomass, activating agent, and preparation method. It is noted that different species of plants have different chemical compositions and textures. This mini-review summarizes our group's recent sophisticated developments in agricultural-bio-waste-derived carbonaceous materials, including nanomaterials for electrocatalytic water splitting, electrochemical sensors, supercapacitors, water splitting, water treatment, gas separation, and enhance oil recovery. This offers valuable insights and essential guidelines towards the future design of agro-waste derived carbonaceous materials in various applications. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 27(2): 467-478, 2020 (December)

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Cilento, Fabrizia, Claudio Curcio, Alfonso Martone, Angelo Liseno, Amedeo Capozzoli und Michele Giordano. „Effect of Graphite Nanoplatelets Content and Distribution on the Electromagnetic Shielding Attenuation Mechanisms in 2D Nanocomposites“. Journal of Composites Science 6, Nr. 9 (06.09.2022): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6090257.

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Bidimensional nanomaterials, such as graphene, respond to the rising demand for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials, followed by the advancements in wireless technology and increased signal sensitivity in electronic devices, especially for the safety of aircraft and other structures. Lightweight nanocomposites reinforced with 2D carbonaceous nanofillers can replace metals thanks to their ability to attenuate electromagnetic waves and low susceptibility to corrosion. In this work, the EMI shielding properties in the X band (8–12 GHz) of high content graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) nanocomposites have been investigated. Both the effect of filler content and the nanoarchitecture have been studied. For this purpose, two different configurations have been considered, compact and porous, varying the filler content (from 10 wt% to 90 wt%) and the thickness of the samples. Specifically, four different systems have been tested: thin (i) and thick (ii) compact laminates and thin (iii) and thick (iv) porous coatings. The morphology of the material significantly influences its electromagnetic response in terms of reflection and absorption capacity. Maximum effective absorption of 80% was found for disordered structures, while a maximum reflection of about 90% was found for system highly aligned structures.

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Chen, Chaoji, Yanan Chen, Shuze Zhu, Jiaqi Dai, Glenn Pastel, Yonggang Yao, Dapeng Liu et al. „Catalyst-Free In Situ Carbon Nanotube Growth in Confined Space via High Temperature Gradient“. Research 2018 (10.12.2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1793784.

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Carbonaceous materials, such as graphite, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene, are in high demand for a broad range of applications, including batteries, capacitors, and composite materials. Studies on the transformation between different types of carbon, especially from abundant and low-cost carbon to high-end carbon allotropes, have received surging interest. Here, we report that, without a catalyst or an external carbon source, biomass-derived amorphous carbon and defective reduced graphene oxide (RGO) can be quickly transformed into CNTs in highly confined spaces by high temperature Joule heating. Combined with experimental measurements and molecular dynamics simulations, we propose that Joule heating induces a high local temperature at defect sites due to the corresponding high local resistance. The resultant temperature gradient in amorphous carbon or RGO drives the migration of carbon atoms and promotes the growth of CNTs without using a catalyst or external carbon source. Our findings on the growth of CNTs in confined spaces by fast high temperature Joule heating shed light on the controlled transition between different carbon allotropes, which can be extended to the growth of other high aspect ratio nanomaterials.

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Fito López, Carlos, Inmaculada Colmenar González, Oscar Andreu Sánchez, Verónica Vela und Maidá Domat Rodriguez. „Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials at Different Production Scales“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 16 (18.08.2023): 12544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151612544.

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Data on the potential impact on human health of engineered nanomaterials are still scarce, with an evident lack of knowledge on the exposure levels at all stages of the life cycle. By prioritizing the responsible handling of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), companies can promote sustainability by minimizing the risks of occupational exposure, protecting employee well-being, reducing liability, and avoiding costly environmental remediation efforts. This research aims to evaluate the risk in real scenarios involving the use of carbon-based nanomaterials in research laboratories, pilot-scale facilities, and industrial settings. Several online and offline instruments have been employed to characterize the particulate matter present in these environments, including particles in the nanometer range and relevant fractions for risk assessment purposes. Samples collected on polycarbonate filters were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Exposure estimation has been performed by applying a decision based on tier 2 from the nanoGEM methodology, with the weighing and transferring of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) in a pilot plant being the most liberating processes, which are the activities with the highest risk of exposure. In addition, high levels of particle concentration, with peaks up to 1.7 × 105 and 4.7 × 105 part/cm3, have been found for the dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and incorporation of carbonaceous nanoparticles into resins, respectively.

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Silva, Rafael Matias, Alexsandra Dias da Silva, Jéssica Rocha Camargo, Bruna Santos de Castro, Laís Muniz Meireles, Patrícia Soares Silva, Bruno Campos Janegitz und Tiago Almeida Silva. „Carbon Nanomaterials-Based Screen-Printed Electrodes for Sensing Applications“. Biosensors 13, Nr. 4 (03.04.2023): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13040453.

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Electrochemical sensors consisting of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are recurrent devices in the recent literature for applications in different fields of interest and contribute to the expanding electroanalytical chemistry field. This is due to inherent characteristics that can be better (or only) achieved with the use of SPEs, including miniaturization, cost reduction, lower sample consumption, compatibility with portable equipment, and disposability. SPEs are also quite versatile; they can be manufactured using different formulations of conductive inks and substrates, and are of varied designs. Naturally, the analytical performance of SPEs is directly affected by the quality of the material used for printing and modifying the electrodes. In this sense, the most varied carbon nanomaterials have been explored for the preparation and modification of SPEs, providing devices with an enhanced electrochemical response and greater sensitivity, in addition to functionalized surfaces that can immobilize biological agents for the manufacture of biosensors. Considering the relevance and timeliness of the topic, this review aimed to provide an overview of the current scenario of the use of carbonaceous nanomaterials in the context of making electrochemical SPE sensors, from which different approaches will be presented, exploring materials traditionally investigated in electrochemistry, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, and those more recently investigated for this (carbon quantum dots, graphitic carbon nitride, and biochar). Perspectives on the use and expansion of these devices are also considered.

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Liao, Chengzhu, Yuchao Li und Sie Chin Tjong. „Visible-Light Active Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials with Bactericidal Properties“. Nanomaterials 10, Nr. 1 (09.01.2020): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10010124.

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This article provides an overview of current research into the development, synthesis, photocatalytic bacterial activity, biocompatibility and cytotoxic properties of various visible-light active titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) and their nanocomposites. To achieve antibacterial inactivation under visible light, TiO2 NPs are doped with metal and non-metal elements, modified with carbonaceous nanomaterials, and coupled with other metal oxide semiconductors. Transition metals introduce a localized d-electron state just below the conduction band of TiO2 NPs, thereby narrowing the bandgap and causing a red shift of the optical absorption edge into the visible region. Silver nanoparticles of doped TiO2 NPs experience surface plasmon resonance under visible light excitation, leading to the injection of hot electrons into the conduction band of TiO2 NPs to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) for bacterial killing. The modification of TiO2 NPs with carbon nanotubes and graphene sheets also achieve the efficient creation of ROS under visible light irradiation. Furthermore, titanium-based alloy implants in orthopedics with enhanced antibacterial activity and biocompatibility can be achieved by forming a surface layer of Ag-doped titania nanotubes. By incorporating TiO2 NPs and Cu-doped TiO2 NPs into chitosan or the textile matrix, the resulting polymer nanocomposites exhibit excellent antimicrobial properties that can have applications as fruit/food wrapping films, self-cleaning fabrics, medical scaffolds and wound dressings. Considering the possible use of visible-light active TiO2 nanomaterials for various applications, their toxicity impact on the environment and public health is also addressed.

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Cohen, Sarah, Evgeni Zelikman und Ran Yosef Suckeveriene. „Ultrasonically Induced Polymerization and Polymer Grafting in the Presence of Carbonaceous Nanoparticles“. Processes 8, Nr. 12 (19.12.2020): 1680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8121680.

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Nanotechnology refers to technologies using at least one nanometric dimension. Most advances have been in the field of nanomaterials used in research and industry. The vast potential of polymeric nanocomposites for advanced materials and applications such as hybrid nanocomposites with customized electrical conductivity, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-fog properties have attracted considerable attention. The number of studies on the preparation of nanocomposites in the presence of carbon materials, i.e., carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, has intensified over the last decade with the growing interest in their outstanding synergic properties. However, the functionality of such nanocomposites depends on overcoming three key challenges: (a) the breakdown of nanoparticle agglomerates; (b) the attachment of functional materials to the nanoparticle surfaces; and (c) the fine dispersion of functional nanoparticles within the polymeric matrices. Ultrasonic polymerization and grafting in the presence of nanoparticles is an innovative solution that can meet these three challenges simultaneously. These chemical reactions are less well known and only a few research groups have dealt with them to date. This review focuses on two main pathways to the design of ultrasonically induced carbon-based nanocomposites: the covalent approach which is based on the chemical interactions between the carbon fillers and the matrix, and the non-covalent approach which is based on the physical interactions.

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Rayhan, Tara Hafiz, Chi Nam Yap, Arma Yulisa, Rubiyatno, Irina Popescu, Jose Arturo Alvarez und Risky Ayu Kristanti. „Engineered Nanoparticles for Wastewater Treatment System“. Civil and Sustainable Urban Engineering 2, Nr. 2 (10.10.2022): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.53623/csue.v2i2.113.

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Industrial and commercial use of engineered nanoparticles is rising. Less care is given to the negative effects on the environment and wastewater treatment systems, which could release hazardous pathogens and microorganisms and threaten human health. Due to their size and features, artificial nanoparticles can easily enter wastewater systems and impair treatment. This paper aimed to focus on nanoparticle detection limitations and their effects on wastewater treatment technologies. Nanoparticles have the potential to be utilised in the treatment of waste water. By virtue of its exceptionally high surface area, it can effectively remove poisonous metal ions, microorganisms that cause disease, as well as organic and inorganic solutes from water. Various groups of nanomaterials, such as metal-containing nanoparticles, carbonaceous nanomaterials, zeolites, and dendrimers, have been demonstrated to be effective for water purification. Composites are two or more materials assembled synthetically. Nanocomposites are vital for environmental rehabilitation because pollution is one of the world's biggest concerns and polluted water management. Population growth has increased the need for clean water. This includes ceramics, metal-based polymers, carbon, and iron-based graphene. Nanocomposites such as carboxyl methyl may adsorb a heavy metal ion and pesticide at a satisfactory rate. This study found that nanocomposites are good for restoring the environment and can be used in countries with low incomes.

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Hermosa, Glemarie C., Chien-Shiun Liao, Sea-Fue Wang und Aidan An-Cheng Sun. „Methyl Orange Adsorption onto Magnetic Fe3O4/Carbon (AC, GO, PGO) Nanocomposites“. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, Nr. 11 (01.11.2021): 5756–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19494.

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In this study, carbonaceous nanomaterials (Activated Carbon (AC), Graphene Oxide (GO) and Porous Graphene Oxide (PGO)) were synthesized and attached to Fe3O4 magnetic powder for the effective removal of synthetic Methyl Orange (MO). AC and GO were successfully conjugated with Fe3O4 whilst PGO was not due to its surface functional groups. The morphology and chemical structure of the Fe3O4/Carbon nanocomposites were characterized by the N2 adsorption, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Batch adsorption experiments were performed and showed significant removal efficiency of 90% at the first ten minutes for Fe3O4/AC nanocomposite. Analysis of adsorption equilibrium revealed that AC/Fe3O4 is well fitted with Langmuir model, a homogeneous adsorption having an adsorption capacity of 270 mg/g. The GO/Fe3O4 can fit with both Langmuir and Freundlich models indicating multilayer adsorption on the surface of the adsorbent with an adsorption capacity of 81.9 mg/g. In the case of adsorption kinetics, both adsorbents follow the pseudo second order kinetics model showing high F?2 values. Both adsorbents demonstrated advantageous superparamagnetic properties for their easy recovery from aqueous solutions and prospective applications to toxic removal in water and wastewater.

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Hong Van, Bui Thi, Do Thi Thuy, Nguyen Le Huy, Nguyen Thi Tuyet Mai, Tran Dai Lam und Nguyen Tuan Dung. „The role of copper decorating poly(1,8-diaminonaphthalene)/graphene electrodes as a catalyst in the determination of nitrite“. Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 60, Nr. 6 (30.12.2022): 1056–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/16658.

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. Electroactive poly(1,8-diaminonaphthalene) is known to have a high affinity for metal ions thanks to amine and imine groups in the polymer chain. However, electrochemical sensors based on pristine P(1,8-DAN) have a major drawback concerning its poor electrical conductivity. To solve this problem, recently P(1,8-DAN) has been modified with some advanced nanomaterials such as carbonaceous materials or different metallic elements. In this research, we reported the synthesis and electrochemical characterization of a poly(1,8-diaminonaphthalene)/graphene composite film capable of adsorbing Cu2+ ions towards the application of nitrite sensing. P(1,8-DAN) was directly electropolymerized on graphene-coated glassy carbon electrode by a potential cycling between –0.15 and +0.95 V (vs. SCE) at a scan rate of 0.05 V/s, in aqueous solution containing 1.0 M HClO4 and 1.0 mM monomer 1,8-DAN,. The adsorption of Cu2+ ions onto the P(1,8-DAN) thin film was caried out in 0.1 M Cu(NO3)2 solution at 80 oC, followed by electrochemically redution to metal Cu0 by applying -0.4 V. The obtained copper decorating poly(1,8-diaminonaphthalene)/graphene (Gr/P(1,8-DAN)-Cu) electrodes acted as a catalyst in the enhancement of electrochemical signal for the determination of nitrite. The linear voltammetric response to the nitrite concentration was observed by a square wave voltammetric technique in the range of 0.69 to 1.12 mM with a detection limit of 0.13 mM. The results open up the path for designing other nitrite sensing based on our novel approach.

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Tripathy, Divya Bajpai, und Anjali Gupta. „Nanomembranes-Affiliated Water Remediation: Chronology, Properties, Classification, Challenges and Future Prospects“. Membranes 13, Nr. 8 (01.08.2023): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13080713.

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Water contamination has become a global crisis, affecting millions of people worldwide and causing diseases and illnesses, including cholera, typhoid, and hepatitis A. Conventional water remediation methods have several challenges, including their inability to remove emerging contaminants and their high cost and environmental impact. Nanomembranes offer a promising solution to these challenges. Nanomembranes are thin, selectively permeable membranes that can remove contaminants from water based on size, charge, and other properties. They offer several advantages over conventional methods, including their ability to remove evolving pollutants, low functioning price, and reduced ecological influence. However, there are numerous limitations linked with the applications of nanomembranes in water remediation, including fouling and scaling, cost-effectiveness, and potential environmental impact. Researchers are working to reduce the cost of nanomembranes through the development of more cost-effective manufacturing methods and the use of alternative materials such as graphene. Additionally, there are concerns about the release of nanomaterials into the environment during the manufacturing and disposal of the membranes, and further research is needed to understand their potential impact. Despite these challenges, nanomembranes offer a promising solution for the global water crisis and could have a significant impact on public health and the environment. The current article delivers an overview on the exploitation of various engineered nanoscale substances, encompassing the carbonaceous nanomaterials, metallic, metal oxide and metal–organic frameworks, polymeric nano-adsorbents and nanomembranes, for water remediation. The article emphasizes the mechanisms involved in adsorption and nanomembrane filtration. Additionally, the authors aim to deliver an all-inclusive review on the chronology, technical execution, challenges, restrictions, reusability, and future prospects of these nanomaterials.

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Dutta, Vishal, Ritesh Verma, C. Gopalkrishnan, Min-Hao Yuan, Khalid Mujasam Batoo, R. Jayavel, Ankush Chauhan, Kun-Yi Andrew Lin, Ravindran Balasubramani und Suresh Ghotekar. „Bio-Inspired Synthesis of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials and Their Potential Environmental Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review“. Inorganics 10, Nr. 10 (10.10.2022): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10100169.

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Providing safe drinking water and clean water is becoming a more challenging task all around the world. Although some critical issues and limits remain unsolved, implementing ecologically sustainable nanomaterials (NMs) with unique features, e.g., highly efficient and selective, earth-abundance, renewability, low-cost manufacturing procedures, and stability, has become a priority. Carbon nanoparticles (NPs) offer tremendous promise in the sectors of energy and the environment. However, a series of far more ecologically friendly synthesis techniques based on natural, renewable, and less expensive waste resources must be explored. This will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and harmful material extraction and assist the development of green technologies. The progress achieved in the previous 10 years in the fabrication of novel carbon-based NMs utilizing waste materials as well as natural precursors is reviewed in this article. Research on carbon-based NPs and their production using naturally occurring precursors and waste materials focuses on this review research. Water treatment and purification using carbon NMs, notably for industrial and pharmaceutical wastes, has shown significant potential. Research in this area focuses on enhanced carbonaceous NMs, methods, and novel nano-sorbents for wastewater, drinking water, groundwater treatment, as well as ionic metal removal from aqueous environments. Discussed are the latest developments and challenges in environmentally friendly carbon and graphene quantum dot NMs.

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Keawploy, Norawich, Radhakrishnan Venkatkarthick, Panyawat Wangyao und Jiaqian Qin. „Screen printed textile electrodes using graphene and carbon nanotubes with silver for flexible supercapacitor applications“. Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals 30, Nr. 4 (22.12.2020): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v30i4.892.

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The eco-friendly conductive cotton textile is promising alternatives for the flexible substrates in wearable devices since the cotton is as an inexpensive natural fabric material and compatible in modern portable electronics with adequate electrical conductivity. In this work, flexible conductive cotton-based electrodes are prepared via a screen-printing method using the carbonaceous nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene with an additional component of conductive silver (Ag) powder and textile ink. The prepared conductive cotton electrodes exhibit lower sheet resistance (<10 Ω) along with superior mass loading (20-30 mg.cm-2). On the basis of the performance of cotton electrodes prepared, an all-solid-state flexible supercapacitor device was successfully fabricated which exhibits a high specific areal capacitance of 677.12 mF.cm-2 at 0.0125 mA.cm-2 for a suitable electrode composition (60% of Ag and 40% CNTs) using a PVA-KOH gel electrolyte. The flexible device endures a stable electrochemical performance under severe mechanical deformation using different bending angles (0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°) of the device and possesses excellent cyclic stability with the capacitance retention of ~80% even after 3000 CV cycles.

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Samantaray, Manas R., Abhay Kumar Mondal, Govindhasamy Murugadoss, Sudhagar Pitchaimuthu, Santanu Das, Raihana Bahru und Mohd Ambri Mohamed. „Synergetic Effects of Hybrid Carbon Nanostructured Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: A Review“. Materials 13, Nr. 12 (19.06.2020): 2779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122779.

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This article provides an overview of the structural and physicochemical properties of stable carbon-based nanomaterials and their applications as counter electrodes (CEs) in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The research community has long sought to harvest highly efficient third-generation DSSCs by developing carbon-based CEs, which are among the most important components of DSSCs. Since the initial introduction of DSSCs, Pt-based electrodes have been commonly used as CEs owing to their high-electrocatalytic activities, thus, accelerating the redox couple at the electrode/electrolyte interface to complete the circuit. However, Pt-based electrodes have several limitations due to their cost, abundance, complicated facility, and low corrosion resistance in a liquid electrolyte, which further restricts the large-area applications of DSSCs. Although carbon-based nanostructures showed the best potential to replace Pt-CE of DSSC, several new properties and characteristics of carbon-CE have been reported for future enhancements in this field. In this review, we discuss the detailed synthesis, properties, and performances of various carbonaceous materials proposed for DSSC-CE. These nano-carbon materials include carbon nanoparticles, activated carbon, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotube, two-dimensional graphene, and hybrid carbon material composites. Among the CE materials currently available, carbon-carbon hybridized electrodes show the best performance efficiency (up to 10.05%) with a high fill factor (83%). Indeed, up to 8.23% improvements in cell efficiency may be achieved by a carbon-metal hybrid material under sun condition. This review then provides guidance on how to choose appropriate carbon nanomaterials to improve the performance of CEs used in DSSCs.

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Chajanovsky, Itamar, Sarah Cohen, Giorgi Shtenberg und Ran Yosef Suckeveriene. „Development and Characterization of Integrated Nano-Sensors for Organic Residues and pH Field Detection“. Sensors 21, Nr. 17 (30.08.2021): 5842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175842.

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Meeting global water quality standards is a real challenge to ensure that food crops and livestock are fit for consumption, as well as for human health in general. A major hurdle affecting the detection of pollutants in water reservoirs is the lapse of time between the sampling moment and the availability of the laboratory-based results. Here, we report the preparation, characterization, and performance assessment of an innovative sensor for the rapid detection of organic residue levels and pH in water samples. The sensor is based on carbonaceous nanomaterials (CNMs) coated with an intrinsically conductive polymer, polyaniline (PANI). Inverse emulsion polymerizations of aniline in the presence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or graphene were prepared and confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. Aminophenol and phenol were used as proxies for organic residue detection. The PANI/CNM nanocomposites were used to fabricate thin-film sensors. Of all the CNMs, the smallest limit of detection (LOD) was achieved for multi-walled CNT (MWCNT) with a LOD of 9.6 ppb for aminophenol and a very high linearity of 0.997, with an average sensitivity of 2.3 kΩ/pH at an acid pH. This high sensor performance can be attributed to the high homogeneity of the PANI coating on the MWCNT surface.

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Kausar, Ayesha, Ishaq Ahmad, Malik Maaza und M. H. Eisa. „State-of-the-Art of Polymer/Fullerene C60 Nanocomposite Membranes for Water Treatment: Conceptions, Structural Diversity and Topographies“. Membranes 13, Nr. 1 (25.12.2022): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13010027.

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To secure existing water resources is one of the imposing challenges to attain sustainability and ecofriendly world. Subsequently, several advanced technologies have been developed for water treatment. The most successful methodology considered so far is the development of water filtration membranes for desalination, ion permeation, and microbes handling. Various types of membranes have been industrialized including nanofiltration, microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and ultrafiltration membranes. Among polymeric nanocomposites, nanocarbon (fullerene, graphene, and carbon nanotubes)-reinforced nanomaterials have gained research attention owing to notable properties/applications. Here, fullerene has gained important stance amid carbonaceous nanofillers due to zero dimensionality, high surface areas, and exceptional physical properties such as optical, electrical, thermal, mechanical, and other characteristics. Accordingly, a very important application of polymer/fullerene C60 nanocomposites has been observed in the membrane sector. This review is basically focused on talented applications of polymer/fullerene nanocomposite membranes in water treatment. The polymer/fullerene nanostructures bring about numerous revolutions in the field of high-performance membranes because of better permeation, water flux, selectivity, and separation performance. The purpose of this pioneering review is to highlight and summarize current advances in the field of water purification/treatment using polymer and fullerene-based nanocomposite membranes. Particular emphasis is placed on the development of fullerene embedded into a variety of polymer membranes (Nafion, polysulfone, polyamide, polystyrene, etc.) and effects on the enhanced properties and performance of the resulting water treatment membranes. Polymer/fullerene nanocomposite membranes have been developed using solution casting, phase inversion, electrospinning, solid phase synthesis, and other facile methods. The structural diversity of polymer/fullerene nanocomposites facilitates membrane separation processes, especially for valuable or toxic metal ions, salts, and microorganisms. Current challenges and opportunities for future research have also been discussed. Future research on these innovative membrane materials may overwhelm design and performance-related challenging factors.

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Islam, Mahbub, und Rahul Jayan. „Single-Atom Electrocatalyst for Engineered Cathode Interfaces in Sodium-Sulfur Batteries“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, Nr. 46 (07.07.2022): 1963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01461963mtgabs.

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The demand for portable rechargeable energy storage devices is ever increasing, especially because of the advent of electric vehicles and widespread usage of portable electronics. The lithium-ion batteries are currently leading the battery market; however, the high-cost and potentially depleting storage of lithium metals are stimulating the search for alternative technologies. Metal-sulfur batteries are deemed to be promising candidates to supplant the ubiquitously used lithium-ion batteries owing to their high energy density, specific capacity, low cost of sulfur, and environmental benignity. Room temperature sodium sulfur batteries (RT Na-S) is a technologically viable alternative candidate which possesses astounding advantages such as low cost (both sodium and sulfur), non–toxicity, natural abundance, and high theoretical energy density (1274 Whkg-1). However, the inevitable problems such as the solubility of higher order polysulfides to the electrolyte, known as shuttle effect, and the slow kinetics of electrochemical conversion reactions of intermediate sodium polysulfides (Na2Sn) significantly impede the practical realization of Na-S batteries. The conventionally used various forms of carbonaceous nanomaterials for cathode design have floundered to overcome the challenges because their nonpolar nature cannot produce adequate anchoring and enhanced polysulfides reaction kinetics. The polar anchoring materials (AM) have exhibited promising performance to improve sulfur chemistry. It is generally understood that catalytic performance is directly connected to the surface area of catalytic particles, and the single-atomic level provides the maximum surface area, resulting in the highest catalytic efficacy. Herein, we use first principles-based density functional theory (DFT) simulations to investigate the interfacial interactions between Na2Sn and novel transition metal (TM) single-atom catalysts (SACs) embedded on nitrogen doped graphene and various lattice sites of transition metal chalcogenides (TMDC) (chalcogenides- and Metal-substitution, Metal-top sites). For example, the pristine and Mo-sub sites of MoS2 are found to be ineffective for efficient confinement of the polysulfides within the cathode material. We demonstrate that SACs on both S-site and Mo-top sites of MoS2 and on nitrogen doped graphene possess strong adsorption strength with the Na2Sn which are superior to the commonly used ether electrolyte solvents, a requisite to prevent shuttle effect. We illustrate the influence of d-band center of SACs as an important descriptor in describing Na2Sn interactions with them. The underlying anchoring mechanism of polysulfide adsorption over AM is examined through Bader charge, charge density difference and projected density of states (PDOS) analysis. We also investigate the effect of SACs in improving the kinetics of sulfur reduction reactions (SRRs) and catalytic decomposition of short-chain polysulfides which are crucial for achieving excellent rate capability and longer cycle life. Overall, the unprecedented insights obtained on the role of SACs in tailoring the polysulfides redox chemistry at the interfaces and their relation to their TM’s d-band center is an important step towards rational design cathode materials for high-performance Na-S batteries, in particular, but metal-chalcogenide batteries, in general.

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Jing Yao, Sum. „Book Review Advanced Materials for Wastewater Treatment and Desalination: Fundamentals to Applications“. Journal of Applied Membrane Science & Technology 27, Nr. 2 (24.07.2023): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/amst.v27n2.268.

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The book provided a comprehensive overview of the current progress in the development of advanced materials used in wastewater treatment and desalination. It consists of 13 chapters, covering both the fundamentals and applications of advanced materials for the abovementioned application. Six chapters in this book discussed the direct application of advanced materials in wastewater treatment which is working based on adsorption or photocatalytic degradation. Meanwhile, seven chapters in this book revealed the roles of advanced materials in developing membranes for wastewater treatment, desalination and pervaporation. The advanced materials could be incorporated into a polymeric matrix to form mixed matrix membranes or nanohybrid membranes. Meanwhile, the development of inorganic membranes using silica and its derivatives for treating wetland saline water is discussed. Worth mentioning the recently advanced 2D-quasi nanomembranes made from various carbonaceous nanomaterials were highlighted in this book. Overall, this book is divided into two major sections. The first section covers the fundamental of synthesis, modification and characterization of advanced materials, specifically, metal oxide, carbon-based materials, perovskite-based materials, polymer-based composite materials, and advanced nanocomposites. The working principles of these advanced materials in wastewater treatment are elucidated. In the latter section, potential applications of the developed advanced materials in the removal of organic contaminants, discolouration of dye wastewater and agricultural wastewater reclamation are highlighted. Chapter 1 provided an overview of the development of g-C3N4 as a visible light-sensitive photocatalyst. It covers the synthesis approaches, working mechanism and application of this carbon-based materials in photocatalytic degradation to remove various types of pollutants. Chapter 2 discussed the synthesis and modification of metal-organic frameworks (MOF) in various forms of structure. It provided an overview of the functionalization of MOF with amine (-NH2) and hydroxyl (-OH) to improve the selectivity of adsorption towards dyes, heavy metals, and porous coordination polymers (PPCPs). Chapter 3 addressed the utilization of metal oxides such as titanium oxide (TiO), copper oxide (CuO), zinc oxide (ZnO) and iron oxide as photocatalytic and adsorptive materials. The mechanism of adsorptive removal and photocatalytic degradation is illustrated. Chapter 4 highlighted the recent advances and future outlooks of 2D-quasi nanomembrane. Several materials are deployed for the fabrication of membranes, for instance, graphene-based materials, transition metallic dichalcogenide (TMDCs) and MXenes. The emergence of 2D-quasi nanomembranes could be a solution to the conventional RO membranes that have high energy consumption and low permeability. Chapter 5 demonstrated the development of a polyamide thin film composite membrane through interfacial polymerization of mixed piperazine and 1,3-phenylenediamine (MPD) with trimesoyl chloride (TMC) on nylon 66 substrate for isopropanol dehydration. An extensive characterization of the physicochemical properties of the membrane was conducted to explain the findings obtained during the pervaporation process. Chapter 6 gave an overview of the carbonaceous nanomaterials such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene in wastewater treatment. Several mechanisms of solute removal in wastewater were elucidated, including adsorption, disinfections, advanced oxidation process and filtration. Chapter 7 provided insights into the development of magnetic materials for water treatment. The types of magnetic materials, synthesis routes and useful characterization techniques to study their magnetic properties have been provided. The second section of the book compiled the application of advanced materials in wastewater treatment. Chapter 8 summarized various types of direct membrane filtration for wastewater treatment. In this chapter, the driving forces, modules, and configuration of the membrane are described, followed by the challenges associated with membrane filtration and how the operating variables influence separation efficiency. In the following chapter, 3D printing technology in the development of a greener membrane was highlighted. The authors addressed the challenges of 3D printing in membrane engineering, including the poor material thermal stability and difficulty in fabricating membranes of pore below micrometer scale. Chapter 10 addressed the development of nanohybrid membranes for natural rubber wastewater treatment. This chapter summarizes the types of nanofillers used to develop nanohybrid membranes, characterization techniques and the evaluation of the filtration performance in treating the effluent discharged from natural rubber processing. The authors proposed integrated membrane process and photocatalytic membrane filtration as approaches to improve the productivity, product quality, energy consumption, environmental aspect, safety, and operational cost of membrane filtration. Chapter 11 addressed the application of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) in the agriculture industry. This chapter categorized the types of fillers that can be incorporated into a membrane matrix. The developed MMMs have huge potential to be applied in the purification of virgin coconut oil and the treatment of palm oil wastewater. Chapter 12 probed the applicability of organo-silica membranes for wetland saline water desalination. The authors highlighted the membrane fouling and mitigate it through hybridization with adsorption and coagulation as a pretreatment. The development of a photocatalytic integrated membrane was recommended to address the fouling issue. Chapter 13 highlighted doped metal oxides for photocatalytic degradation of dyes. Several types of metal oxides were discussed in this chapter, for instance, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, tin (IV) oxide and copper oxide. This book gathered valuable opinions from experts around the world in the relevant research field. Insightful information is provided based on the current advancement, challenges and future outlooks of advanced materials in wastewater treatment. The review was done based on the recently reported studies where the research was mostly conducted in the laboratory. These preliminary studies proved that advanced materials offer advantages over typical materials used in wastewater treatment with their high flexibility, application potential, smart characteristics and tailorable properties. It also serves as an important guideline for upscaling these technologies to an industrial level in the nearest future. The opinion can inspire the researchers involved in additive manufacturing, which is important in the era of Industrial Revolution 4.0. It also fills in the knowledge gaps and set up a clear direction for future research in advanced materials.

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Novoselova, Inessa, Serhii Kuleshov und Anatoliy Omel'chuk. „Peculiarities of Partial and Joint Electroreduction of Carbon and Tungsten Oxyanions in Chloride Melt“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, Nr. 55 (09.10.2022): 2084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02552084mtgabs.

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High-temperature electrochemical synthesis (HTES) in molten salts allows one to produce a wide range of interesting in the application terms chemicals: single-phase carbon nanomaterials of various structures and morphologies, as well as carbides, borides, and silicides of refractory metals [1]. A necessary condition for the successful implementation of the synthesis is a detailed study of the electrochemical behavior of the synthesis precursors - compounds of carbon and refractory metal. This work presents the results of studies on the mechanism of carbon and tungsten electrodeposition reactions from their oxide compounds (СО2; Li2СО3; Na2WO4: Na2W2O7; Na3WO3F3) in their partial and joint presence in a chloride melt. The possibility of controlling the mechanisms of electrode processes by changing the acid-base properties of melts is shown. The research algorithm was as follows. At the first stage, a thermodynamic analysis of possible pathways for the electroreduction of precursors and the choice of optimal systems and conditions for the synthesis were carried out. The next step was a voltammetric study of the electrochemical behavior (partial and joint) of synthesis precursors and the establishment of the electrode processes mechanism. After analysis of the obtained results, electrolyzes were performed in potentio- and galvanostatic modes to obtain phases of carbon, tungsten (partial reduction of precursors) and tungsten carbides (joint reduction of precursors) of various compositions. Finally, the optimal synthesis conditions were determined. Based on the analysis of thermodynamic calculations and published data, we have chosen CO2 and Li2CO3 compounds as carbon precursors, and Na2WO4, Na2W2O7, Na3WO3F3 as tungsten precursors. An equimolar mixture of NaCl and KCl was chosen as the supporting electrolyte, since the cathodic decomposition potentials of NaCl and KCl are more negative than the potentials of carbon and tungsten evolution. In addition, these chlorides are cheap and highly water-soluble salts that simplify the washing of the final product. The optimum temperature is 750 °C. For the synthesis of tungsten carbides, the following 7 compositions of electrolytic baths were chosen: (1) Na,K|Cl – Na2WO4 – CO2; (2) Na,K|Cl – Na2WO4 – NaPO3 - CO2; (3) Na,K|Cl – Na2WO4 – MgCl2 - CO2; (4) Na,K|Cl – Na2W2O7 – CO2; (5) Na,K|Cl – Na2W2O7 – Li2CO3; (6) Na,K|Cl – Na2W2O7 – Li2CO3 – CO2; (7) Na,K|Cl – Na3WO3F3 – CO2. The partial electrochemical reduction of the synthesis precursors (СО2; Li2CO3; Na2WO4; Na2WO4 – xMgCl2; Na2WO4 – xNaPO3; Na2W2O7; Na3WO3F3) in a chloride melt NaCl-KCl (1:1) was studied by cyclic voltammetry at different depolarizer concentrations, potential scan rates (0.02-10 Vs-1), reverse potentials and gaseous media in the cell. Based on the cycle voltammogram diagnostics and analysis of the products obtained by the potentiostatic electrolysis mode, the mechanisms of electrode reactions are proposed and the areas of potentials and current densities of the carbon and tungsten deposition are determined. The data obtained made it possible to purposefully select the concentrations of precursors for the electrochemical synthesis of tungsten carbides. A voltammetric study of the joint deposition of tungsten and carbon was carried out. The synthesis of nano-sized powders of carbon, tungsten, tungsten carbides of various compositions and structures (C; W; W|W2C|; W|W2C|WC|; W2C|WC; WC|C) has been implemented. The properties of electrolytic products have been studied by XRD, SEM, BET, and Raman spectroscopy. The influence of the synthesis parameters and conditions on their phase composition, morphological and structural features has been established. The electroreduction of CO2 and Li2CO3 to carbon in molten chlorides can be taken as the basis of high-temperature electrochemical synthesis of various carbonaceous nano-scaled inorganic materials: carbon films and powders of different structures and morphology (carbon nanofibres; nanotubes, graphene oxide, amorphous carbon). Joint electroreduction of CO2 and Li2CO3 with various tungsten oxyanions makes it possible to obtain a whole range of composite electrolytic materials based on tungsten carbides. The morphology and properties of the obtained products can be changed cardinally depending on the nature of the chosen precursors and synthesis conditions. Tungsten carbides have an average particle size of ~ 10 – 30 nm and consist of hollow mesoporous spherical structures with a specific surface area of ~140 m2g-1. The electroreduction of carbon and tungsten anions in molten salts presented in this work providing a promising route for the synthesis of various carbonaceous materials with great application opportunity. It was shown that the use of obtained electrolytic nano-sized powder composites WC|C as cathode material for the hydrogen evolution in sulfuric acid solutions is to be promising. [1] Shapoval VI, Malyshev VV, Novoselova IA, Kushkhov KhB (1995) Modern problems of HTES of transition metal compounds. Russ Chem Rev 64:125–132.

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Latorre, Nieves, Fernando Cazaña, Víctor Sebastián, Carlos Royo, Eva Romeo und Antonio Monzón. „Effect of the Operating Conditions on the Growth of Carbonaceous Nanomaterials over Stainless Steel Foams. Kinetic and Characterization Studies“. International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 15, Nr. 6 (14.10.2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2017-0121.

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Abstract This work is an advance on the development of structured catalytic reactors. Here, we present the results of the effect of the main operational variables (reaction temperature, % H2 and % C2H6) on the kinetics of carbonaceous nanomaterials (CNMs) formation by catalytic decomposition of ethane over stainless steel foams. Some of the main drawback problems that occur during the operation of chemical structured reactors are related to the preparation of long term stable coatings. The washcoating is the most used technique to deposit the catalytic layer over the substrate. The application of this procedure is quite complex in the case of geometries such as foams or cloths. In the case of the deposition of layers of carbonaceous nanomaterials, an alternative route, avoiding the washcoating, is their direct growth by catalytic decomposition of light hydrocarbons over the surface of the metallic substrate. In the case of structured steel foams, the substrate already contains the catalytic active phases for this reaction, like Fe and Ni, among of the minor components (Cr, Mn, Mo) that can act as promotors/stabilizers. The nanomaterials obtained after reaction were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The characterization results indicate that there is a maximum, obtained at ca. 900 °C, 33.3 % of C2H6 and 1.7 % of H2, in the quality of the carbonaceous nanomaterials grown. Under these conditions, the CNMs consist mainly of few layer graphene (FLG) and graphite nanolayers (GNL) encapsulating the metallic nanoparticles. In addition, the kinetic results indicate the existence of another optimum, at ca. 800 °C, 33.3 % of C2H6 and 1.7 % of H2, in the productivity to the carbonaceous nanomaterials. The existence of these optimums is due to the driving force for the diffusion of the carbon atoms through the Fe-Ni nanoparticles (NPs) obtained at high temperatures (e. g. above 800 °C) caused by the competence between two opposite phenomena: the increase of the rate of carbon diffusion through the metallic nanoparticles of Fe-Ni and the deactivation of these nanoparticles. The deactivation is the consequence of the encapsulation and reconstruction of the nanoparticles during the formation of the several types of CNMs. The evolution of the carbon mass during the reaction time was analyzed using a phenomenological kinetic model that takes into account the main stages involved during the formation of carbonaceous nanomaterials: hydrocarbon decomposition, carburization, diffusion, precipitation and deactivation. The results obtained from the kinetic model, along with the characterization results, enable quantify the influence of the operating variables on each stage of the carbonaceous nanomaterial formation and therefore open the way to optimize the process.

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Danielsen, Pernille Høgh, Katja Maria Bendtsen, Kristina Bram Knudsen, Sarah Søs Poulsen, Tobias Stoeger und Ulla Vogel. „Nanomaterial- and shape-dependency of TLR2 and TLR4 mediated signaling following pulmonary exposure to carbonaceous nanomaterials in mice“. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 18, Nr. 1 (30.10.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12989-021-00432-z.

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Abstract Background Pulmonary exposure to high doses of engineered carbonaceous nanomaterials (NMs) is known to trigger inflammation in the lungs paralleled by an acute phase response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), particularly TLR2 and TLR4, have recently been discussed as potential NM-sensors, initiating inflammation. Using Tlr2 and Tlr4 knock out (KO) mice, we addressed this hypothesis and compared the pattern of inflammation in lung and acute phase response in lung and liver 24 h after intratracheal instillation of three differently shaped carbonaceous NMs, spherical carbon black (CB), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene oxide (GO) plates and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as positive control. Results The LPS control confirmed a distinct TLR4-dependency as well as a pronounced contribution of TLR2 by reducing the levels of pulmonary inflammation to 30 and 60% of levels in wild type (WT) mice. At the doses chosen, all NM caused comparable neutrophil influxes into the lungs of WT mice, and reduced levels were only detected for GO-exposed Tlr2 KO mice (35%) and for CNT-exposed Tlr4 KO mice (65%). LPS-induced gene expression was strongly TLR4-dependent. CB-induced gene expression was unaffected by TLR status. Both GO and MWCNT-induced Saa1 expression was TLR4-dependent. GO-induced expression of Cxcl2, Cxcl5, Saa1 and Saa3 were TLR2-dependent. NM-mediated hepatic acute phase response in terms of liver gene expression of Saa1 and Lcn2 was shown to depend on TLR2 for all three NMs. TLR4, in contrast, was only relevant for the acute phase response caused by CNTs, and as expected by LPS. Conclusion TLR2 and TLR4 signaling was not involved in the acute inflammatory response caused by CB exposure, but contributed considerably to that of GO and CNTs, respectively. The strong involvement of TLR2 in the hepatic acute phase response caused by pulmonary exposure to all three NMs deserves further investigations.

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Saha, Sanjit, Pritishma Lakhe, Matthew J. Mason, Bryan J. Coleman, Kailash Arole, Xiaofei Zhao, Sergey Yakovlev, Sundararajan Uppili, Micah J. Green und Rohan A. Hule. „Sustainable production of graphene from petroleum coke using electrochemical exfoliation“. npj 2D Materials and Applications 5, Nr. 1 (23.08.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41699-021-00255-8.

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AbstractPetroleum coke is a solid, carbonaceous by-product of oil refining and is normally used for heating or as an anode in aluminum and steel production. These applications contribute to carbon emissions, but here we show that petroleum coke has another potential avenue: as a precursor for graphene production. This path presents an environmentally and economically sustainable use for a low-value industrial stream. Electrochemical exfoliation is used to produce graphene nanosheets from petroleum coke, rather than graphite. The final product is separated from the unreacted material by a two-step centrifuging process. SEM and TEM images confirm that the final product contains few-layered nanosheets, and the Raman spectra confirm that the exfoliated coke product is indeed graphene. Post-annealing of this product substantially increases the electrical conductivity. This new finding holds potential for the petroleum industry to produce a value-added nanomaterial and enhance the economic impact of slurry oil and slurry oil-derived coke streams by orders of magnitude; this route also allows these streams to be directed away from high-emissions uses.

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Bosco, Chiara Dal, Massimo Giuseppe De Cesaris, Nina Felli, Elena Lucci, Salvatore Fanali und Alessandra Gentili. „Carbon nanomaterial-based membranes in solid-phase extraction“. Microchimica Acta 190, Nr. 5 (06.04.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00604-023-05741-y.

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AbstractCarbon nanomaterials (CNMs) have some excellent properties that make them ideal candidates as sorbents for solid-phase extraction (SPE). However, practical difficulties related to their handling (dispersion in the atmosphere, bundling phenomena, reduced adsorption capability, sorbent loss in cartridge/column format, etc.) have hindered their direct use for conventional SPE modes. Therefore, researchers working in the field of extraction science have looked for new solutions to avoid the above-mentioned problems. One of these is the design of CNM-based membranes. These devices can be of two different types: membranes that are exclusively composed of CNMs (i.e. buckypaper and graphene oxide paper) and polysaccharide membranes containing dispersed CNMs. A membrane can be used either as a filter, operating under flow-through mode, or as a rotating device, operating under the action of magnetic stirring. In both cases, the main advantages arising from the use of membranes are excellent results in terms of transport rates, adsorption capability, high throughput, and ease of employment. This review covers the preparation/synthesis procedures of such membranes and their potential in SPE applications, highlighting benefits and shortcomings in comparison with conventional SPE materials (especially, microparticles carbonaceous sorbents) and devices. Further challenges and expected improvements are addressed too. Graphical Abstract

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BORAN, Filiz, Omer CAVUS und Erol ALVER. „A Brief Overview of the Synthesis of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials from Biomass“. European Journal of Science and Technology, 25.10.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1184035.

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Biomass from agricultural waste offers an abundant, natural and affordable carbon source for the synthesis of value-added carbonaceous materials. The conversion of these agricultural wastes into nanoscale products relies on the development of environmentally friendly, affordable, simple and scalable new synthesis methods for commercial production of graphene-type nanomaterials. However, all agricultural waste acts as a carbonaceous product required for GO production. Based on this, in this study, new biomass materials and economical approaches were proposed to prepare GO. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of graphene synthesis methods were discussed and green nanotechnology was examined. Some studies on the synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials from biomass were examined and the place of graphene in health applications was investigated. How lignocellulosic biomass was converted into carbon-based nanomaterials was investigated and its mechanism was discussed.

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Noor, Saima, Shamaila Sajjad, Sajjad A. K. Leghari, Cristina Flox, Tanja Kallio, Esko Kauppinen und Saeed Ahmad. „Electronic transitions of SWCNTs in comparison to GO on Mn3O4/TiO2 nanocomposite for hydrogen energy generation and solar photocatalysis“. New Journal of Chemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj05120a.

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The conductivity of metal/metal oxide-doped TiO2 nanomaterials is enhanced by incorporation of carbonaceous materials e.g. single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and graphene oxide (GO). Here, a comparative study was conducted for...

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Gupta, Tanisha, Bhakti Pawar, Nupur Vasdev, Vinayak Pawar und Rakesh Kumar Tekade. „Carbonaceous Nanomaterials for Phototherapy of Cancer“. Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 22 (Januar 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15330338231186388.

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Carbonaceous nanomaterials (CNMs) have drawn tremendous biomedical research interest because of their unique structural features. Recently, CNMs, namely carbon dots, fullerenes, graphene, etc, have been successful in establishing them as considerable nanotherapeutics for phototherapy applications due to their electrical, thermal, and surface properties. This review aims to crosstalk the current understanding of CNMs as multimodal compounds in photothermal and photodynamic therapies as an integrated approach to treating cancer. It also expounds on phototherapy’s biomechanics and illustrates its relation to cancer biomodulation. Critical considerations related to the structural properties, fabrication approaches, surface functionalization strategies, and biosafety profiles of CNMs have been explained. This article provides an overview of the most recent developments in the study of CNMs used in phototherapy, emphasizing their usage as nanocarriers. To conquer the current challenges of CNMs, we can raise the standard of cancer therapy for patients. The review will be of interest to the researchers working in the area of photothermal and photodynamic therapies and aiming to explore CNMs and their conjugates in cancer therapy.

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Kausar, Ayesha. „Evolving scientific aptitude of poly(ethylene glycol) filled with carbonaceous nanofillers“. Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting, 27.02.2021, 875608792199909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756087921999094.

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There is rising interest in the development of poly(ethylene glycol) based nanocomposites. Poly(ethylene glycol) is a synthetic water soluble polyether polymerized from ethylene glycol monomer. Poly(ethylene glycol) matrix has been reinforced with various carbonaceous nanofillers such as graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotube, and nanodiamonds to form nanocomposites. In this state-of-the-art review, poly(ethylene glycol)/carbonaceous nanofiller nanocomposites and progress concerning the derived high performance nanomaterials are presented. The morphology, thermal, mechanical, electrical, and other characteristics are enhanced with the nanocarbon nanofillers. Modifying the poly(ethylene glycol) backbone and functionalizing the carbonaceous nanofiller improve the anticipated nanocomposite. Moreover, better nanoparticle dispersion and interaction with the poly(ethylene glycol) have been focused in this regard. Up till now, poly(ethylene glycol) nanocomposites have been researched for lithium ion battery, sensor, and biomedical applications particularly drug delivery and tissue engineering. Future research on poly(ethylene glycol)/carbonaceous nanofiller nanocomposites may help to overcome the challenges related to nanocomposite design and high performance, and may also open new application areas.

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You, Yaqi, Patricia Kerner, Sudha Shanmugam und Mariya Khodakovskaya. „Emerging investigator series: Differential effects of carbon nanotube and graphene on the tomato rhizosphere microbiome“. Environmental Science: Nano, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2en01026g.

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Application of carbonaceous nanomaterials (CNMs) to the soil-plant system can affect plant physiology, with positive results ranging from enhanced seed germination and root system development to improved stress tolerance. The...

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