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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Caractérisation ultrarapide“
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Dissertationen zum Thema "Caractérisation ultrarapide"
Deffieux, Thomas. „Palpation par force de radiation ultrasonore et échographie ultrarapide : Applications à la caractérisation tissulaire in vivo“. Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005573.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKawtharani, Farah. „Préparation de nanoparticules d’argent stabilisées dans des nanocristaux de zéolithe Beta : caractérisation de la photodynamique plasmonique ultrarapide et de la réactivité vis-à-vis du monoxyde de carbone“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10011.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBEA-type zeolites stabilized in colloidal suspensions were functionalized with silver nanoparticles confined in their microporous volume. Silver was introduced into the zeolitic framework by ion-exchange. Silver nanoparticles were then formed via chemical reduction using triethylamine as a reducing agent. The study was performed on two samples: 1Ag-BEA and 2Ag-BEA, having different Si : Al ratio of 12 and 8.5, respectively. A protocol for the preparation of stabilized silver nanoparticles in BEA zeolite was established. The prepared silver-containing BEA suspensions were characterized by ICP, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The UV-vis absorption spectra of the colloidal suspensions and the HRTEM pictures reveal the formation of ultra-small silver nanoparticles confined in the zeolite nanocrystals. The ultra-fast plasmonic response of the colloidal suspensions was investigated by using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The transient absorption spectra were recorded after excitation of the sample by 100 fs laser pulses at 400 nm inducing the formation of hot electrons in the conduction band. Assignment of the absorption spectra to the steps of hot electron relaxation was identified. The dynamics of electron-phonon coupling was analyzed in the frame of two-temperature model TTM. Results show that, a part of the energy initially injected inside the conduction band doesn’t relax to the phonons of silver nanoparticles. In addition, the reactivity of Ag-BEA to carbon monoxide was characterized by in-situ FTIR spectroscopy. These measurements were used to confirm the dispersion of silver nanoparticles in the matrix of BEA. The photoactivity and reactivity of Ag-BEA samples make them attractive for plasmonic chemistry applications
Finel, Victor. „3D ultrafast echocardiography : toward a quantitative imaging of the myocardium“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC134/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe objectives of this PhD thesis were to develop 3D ultrafast ultrasound imaging of the human heart toward the characterization of cardiac tissues. In order to do so, a customized, programmable, ultrafast scanner built in our group was used. In the first part of this thesis, a real-time imaging sequence was developed to facilitate in-vivo imaging using this scanner, as well as dedicated 3D and 4D visualization tools. Then, we developed 3D Backscatter Tensor Imaging (BTI), a technique to visualize the muscular fibres orientation within the heart wall non-invasively during the cardiac cycle. Applications on a healthy volunteer before and after cardiac contraction was shown. Moreover, the undesired effects of axial motion on BTI were studied, and a methodology to estimate motion velocity and reduce the undesired affects was introduced and applied on a healthy volunteer. This technique may become an interesting tool for the diagnosis and quantification of fibres disarrays in hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. Moreover, 3D ultrafast ultrasound was used to image the propagation of naturally generated shear waves in the heart walls, and an algorithm to determine their speed was developed. The technique was validated in silico and the in vivo feasibility was shown on two healthy volunteers, during cardiac contraction and relaxation. As the velocity of shear waves is directly related to the rigidity of the heart, this technique could be a way to assess the ability of the ventricle to contract and relax, which is an important parameter for cardiac function evaluation. Finally, the transient myocardial contraction was imaged in 3D on isolated rat hearts at high framerate in order to analyse the contraction sequence. Mechanical activation delays were successfully quantified during natural rhythm, pacing and hypothermia. Then, the feasibility of the technique in 2D on human hearts non-invasively was investigated. Applications on foetuses and adults hearts were shown. This imaging technique may help the characterization of cardiac arrhythmias and thus improve their treatment. In conclusion, we have introduced in this work three novel 3D ultrafast imaging modalities for the quantification of structural and functional myocardial properties. 3D ultrafast imaging may become an important non-ionizing, transportable diagnostic tool that may improve the patient care at the bed side
Ayoub, Anas. „Sources laser ultrarapides performantes dans le moyen IR et le Tz“. Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR044.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe atome probe tomography is an instrument for analyzing matter in three dimensions with atomic resolution. This instrument relies on the effect of an electric field generated at the end of a sample cut into the shape of a nanoscale needle to evaporate the surface atoms which are collected by a two-dimensional detector. The measurement of the time of flight of the ions whose evaporation is triggered by an electrical or optical pulse makes it possible to measure the chemical composition in addition to the 3D localization of the atoms. In current atome probes, atomic evaporation is triggered by a high-speed laser emitting in the UV. However, the interaction of UV light with matter induces thermal heating which limits the mass resolution of the instrument and prevents its use for the analysis of fragile materials such as biocompatible components. This thesis work aims to study solutions to promote rapid evaporation while inhibiting unwanted thermal effects of the laser in atome probe. Our approach consists in exploiting ultrashort pulses in the mid-infrared or THz domain due to their high ponderomotive energy associated with low photon energy. This manuscript reports on the development of a bench for the generation and characterization of intense THz pulses. Coupling these radiations with a negatively polarized metallic nanotip has made it possible to characterize the near field induced at the surface of the nanotip, which is strongly modified by the antenna effect. The second part reports on the development of an ultra-fast laser source tunable in the mid-infrared around 3 mm using fluoride glass fibers
Faurie, Julia. „Caractérisation de vortex intraventriculaires par échographie Doppler ultrarapide“. Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23536.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHeart disease is one of the leading causes of death in the world (first cause in North America [192]), and causes high health care costs for society. The prevalence of heart failure increases dramatically with age and, due to the ageing of the population, will remain a major concern in the future, not only for developed countries, but also for developing countries. It is therefore crucial to have a good understanding of its mechanism to obtain an early diagnosis and a better prognosis for patients. Diastolic dysfunction is one of the variations of heart failure and leads to insufficient filling of the ventricle. To better understand the dysfunction, several studies have examined the blood motion in the ventricle. It is known that at the beginning of diastole, the filling flow creates a vortex pattern known as a vortex ring. This development of the ring by blood flow after passage through a valve was first described in 1513 by Leonardo Da Vinci (Fig. 0.1). After molding a glass phantom in an aorta and adding seeds to visually observe the flow through the phantom, he could describe the vortex ring development of the blood coming out of the aortic valve. His work was confirmed 500 years later with the emergence of MRI [66]. The same pattern can be observed in the left ventricle when the flow emerges from the mitral valve, referred to as the diastolic vortex. The flow motion (in our case the blood) is directly related to its environment : shape of the ventricle, shape of the valve, stiffness of the walls... There is therefore a growing interest in further studies on this diastolic vortex that could lead to valuable information on diastolic function. The imaging modalities which can be used to visualize the vortex are MRI and ultrasound. This thesis presents the work carried out to allow a better characterization of the diastolic vortex in the left ventricle by Doppler ultrasound imaging. For temporal monitoring of vortex dynamics, a high temporal resolution is required, since the ventricular diastole is about 0.5 s on average for a resting human heart. The quality of Doppler signals is also of utmost importance to get an accurate estimate of the blood flow velocity in the ventricle. To study this vortex, we focused on evaluating the core vorticity evaluation and especially on its evolution in time. The work is divided in three parts, and for each of them an article has been written : 1. Ultrafast Doppler sequence : The sequence is based on diverging waves, which resulted in a high frame rate. In combination with vortography, a method to locate the vortex core and derive its vorticity, the vortex dynamics could be tracked over time. This ix sequence could establish a proof of concept based on in vitro and in vivo acquisitions on healthy human volunteers. 2. Triplex sequence : Based on the ultrafast sequence, we were interested in adding information on the wall motion. The triplex sequence is able to recover not only the blood motion with a high framerate but also tissue Doppler. In the end, we could derive color, tissue, and spectral Doppler, along with a high quality Bmode by using motion compensation. The interdependence between vortex and walls dynamics could be highlighted by acquiring all the required parameters over a single cardiac cycle. 3. Automatic clutter filter : Vorticity quantification depends directly on the estimation of Doppler velocity. However, due to their low amplitude, blood signals must be filtered. Indeed, acquired signals are actually an addition of tissue and blood signals. Filtering is a critical step for an unbiased and accurate velocity estimation. The last part of this doctoral thesis has focused on the design of an efficient filter that takes advantage of the temporal and spatial dimensions of the acquisitions. Thus the tissue alongside the noise is removed. Particular care was taken to automatize the filter by applying information criteria based on information theory.
Porée, Jonathan. „Évaluation de la biomécanique cardiovasculaire par élastographie ultrasonore non-invasive“. Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18571.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleElastography is an imaging technique that aims to map the in vivo mechanical properties of biological tissues in order to provide additional diagnostic information. Since its introduction in ultrasound imaging in the 1990s, elastography has found many applications. This method has been used for the study of the breast, liver, prostate and arteries by ultrasound imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or optical coherence tomography (OCT). In the context of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), this modality has a high diagnostic potential as atherosclerosis, a common pathology causing cardiovascular diseases, changes the structure of biological tissues and their mechanical properties well before any symptoms appear. Whatever the imaging modality, elastography is based on: the mechanical excitation of the tissue (static or dynamic), the measurement of induced displacements and strains, and the inverse problem allowing the quantification of the mechanical properties of underlying tissues. This thesis presents a series of works in elastography for the evaluation of cardiovascular tissues. It is divided into two parts. The first part, entitled « Vascular elastography » focuses on diseases affecting peripheral arteries. The second, entitled « Cardiac elastography » targets heart muscle pathologies. In the vascular context, atherosclerosis changes the physiology of the arterial wall and thereby its biomechanical properties. The main objective of the first part of this thesis is to develop a tool that enables the segmentation and the mechanical characterization of tissues (necrotic core, fibrous tissues and calcium inclusions) in the vascular wall of the peripheral arteries, to predict the vulnerability of plaques. In a first study (Chapter 5), we propose a new strain estimator, associated with ultrafast plane wave imaging. This new imaging technique can increase the performance of the noninvasive elastography. Building on this first study, we propose a new inverse problem method dedicated to the identification and quantification of the mechanical properties of the vascular wall tissues (Chapter 6). These two methods are validated in silico and in vitro on polymer phantom mimicking arteries. In the cardiac context, myocardial infarctions and ischemia caused by atherosclerosis alter myocardial contractility. In conventional echocardiography, the myocardial function is generally evaluated by analyzing the dynamics of ventricular motions (myocardial velocities and deformations). The abscence of physiological stress acting on the myocardium (as opposed to the blood pressure which acts the vascular wall) do not allow the solving the inverse problem and to find the mechanical properties of the fabric. Elastography thus here refers to the assessment of motion dynamics and deformations and not to the evaluation of mechanical properties of the tissue. The main objective of the second part of this thesis is to develop new ultrafast imaging tools for a better evaluation of the myocardial dynamics. In a first study (Chapter 7), we propose a new approach for ultrafast and high-resolution echocardiography using diverging waves and tissue Doppler. This combination, validated in vitro and in vivo, optimize the contrast in B-mode images and the estimation of myocardial velocities with tissue Doppler. Building on this study, we propose a new velocity vector imaging method (Chapter 8). This approach combines tissue Doppler and ultrafast B-mode of the previous study to estimate 2D velocity fields within the myocardium. This original method was validated in vitro and in vivo on six healthy volunteers.