Dissertationen zum Thema „Caractérisation des objets“
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Delsanti, Audrey. „Les Objets Trans-Neptuniens : détection et caractérisation physique“. Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066372.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHuchard, Mathieu. „Caractérisation et Conception d'Antennes Isotropes Miniatures pour Objets Communicants“. Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00389796.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHan, Dong. „Caractérisation des objets enfouis par les méthodes de traitement d'antenne“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30003/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis is devoted to the study of the localization of objects buried in underwater acoustic using array processing methods and acoustic waves. We have proposed a appropriate model, taking into account the water/sediment interface. The propagation modeling thus combines the reflected wave and the refracted wave to determine a new directional vector. The directional vector developed by acoustic scattering model is used in the MUSIC method instead of the classical plane wave model. This approach can estimate both of the object coordinates (angle and distance sensor-object) of known form, in near field or far field. We propose some fast algorithms without eigendecompostion. We combine DIRECT algorithm with spline interpolation to cope with the distorted antennas of many sensors, while maintaining a low computation time. To decorrelate the received signals, we firstly use a bilinear operator. We propose a method for the case of independent groups of correlated signals using the cumulants. Then we present a method using the cumulants matrix to eliminate Gaussian noise. But in practice, the noise is not always Gaussian or the characteristics are not always known. We develope two iterative methods to estimate the interspectral matrix of noise. The first algorithm is based on an optimization technique to extract iteratively the interspectral matrix of noise. The second algorithm uses the technique of maximum likelihood to estimate the signal parameters and the noise. Finally we test the proposed algorithms with experimental data. The results quality is very good
Luxey, Cyril. „Solutions antennaires pour petits objets communicants et techniques de caractérisation associées“. Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00342422.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBourtoutian, Rafi. „Objets communicants : miniaturisation des frontaux RF par co-conception“. Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT2043.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWith the recent technological advances, the concept of smart communicating object has become a reality. Currently, two technical constraints reduce the deployment in our societies of these smart objects or wireless sensor networks : their size and consumption. The antenna constitutes one the most cumbersome parts of such an object. The miniaturization of the antenna by conventional methods leads to increased consumption. The aim of the thesis is to explore the potentials offered by the co-design of miniature antennas and radio frequency components in order to reduce the size of these devices and achieve a fabrication near to the integrated circuits. Thus, multifunction antennas have been achieved by co-designing the antenna with other features of the radio interface (filters, baluns, low noise amplifiers …)
R'mili, Badr. „Développement de méthodes de caractérisation physico-chimique et morphologique des nano-objets manufacturés“. Amiens, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AMIE0116.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNanostructured materials with remarkable properties are being developed from manufactured nano-objects such as nanoparticles or nanofibers. Their production volume is growing rapidly given the potentialities in terms of application and economic gain. However, the risk of personnel involved in the production process requires the development of appropriate detection tools to characterize nano-objects. In this context two measurement techniques have been developed, evaluated and characterized. The first technique consists in sampling particles by filtration through a porous grid TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy). Analysis by scanning or transmission electron microscopy coupled with EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray) provides access to the morphology and chemical composition of particles. The first experiments showed that the device, easy to implement, allows a homogeneous and reproductible sampling. The collection efficiency of porous TEM grids was evaluated and compared to a numerical tool for quantitative results. The second technique named LIBS (Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) provides access to the elemental chemical composition of an object (solid, liquid, gaseous or aerosol), in-situ and in real time, without sample preparation. The aim was to apply this technique to detect emissions of manufactured nano-objects. The LIBS technique has been optimized and implemented in a measurement campaign in an industrial laboratory (Arkema) producing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and compared to other techniques for real-time measurements (counter, size speciation, …). Meanwhile, samples from TEM grids were made. By overlap with the results of sampling, the LIBS technique showed a potential to detect in real time CNTs bundle. Indeed, it has been shown that it is possible to detect CNTs bundle and to differentiate them from ambient air particles (carbon soot and other particles) through the amount of metal elements (aluminium and iron). Moreover, the sampling results showed emission of isolated NTC fiber in the case of accidental spillage of NTC powders
Basly, Brice. „Conception et caractérisation de nano-objets magnétiques pour l’imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM)“. Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/BASLY_Brice_2010.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFunctionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted an increasing interest as contrast agents for MRI. However, challenges remain to overcome: to optimize the functionalization of nanoparticles without affecting their magnetic properties while ensuring their biocompatibility and stealth in the human body, to prevent desorption of the grafted molecules under in vivo conditions, to ensure a small particle size distribution below 100 nm… In this context, we propose a novel strategy which involves the grafting, at the surface of NPs, of dendritic molecules (favoring the suspensions stability by steric hindrance and constituting a platform for the grafting of functional molecules) via a phosphonate coupling agent (allowing a direct grafting and a stronger binding) to develop innovative and competitive contrast agents. Thus, NPs with an average size of 10 nm were synthesized by two methods: co-precipitation and thermal decomposition. Three hydrophilic oligoethyleneglycol-based dendrons displaying a phosphonic acid at the focal point and three biocompatible chains (oligoethylene glycol) bearing functional groups such as COOH or NH2 were designed. The grafting conditions have been adapted according to the NPs and dendron natures. Numerous characterizations of the nanoparticles and their suspensions showed the preservation of the NPs magnetic and structural properties after the grafting step. Relaxivity measurements, in vivo tests and MRI measurements have shown the great potential of these dendronized nanoparticles for MRI
Robail, Frédéric. „Ondelettes et diagraphies : un outil de détection et de caractérisation des objets géologiques“. Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20199.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLe, Maire Pauline. „Caractérisation des anomalies magnétiques, approches théoriques et expérimentales : applications à des objets anthropiques et géologiques“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAH006/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMagnetic anomalies recorded outside bodies provide high quality information relative to buried structures. By using theoretical and experimental developments, this thesis aims to improve the characterization of the source inducing the magnetic anomaly. Firstly, some properties of three dimensional magnetic functions are presented, for example the presence of several maxima of the analytic signal operator (3D) is demonstrated. The Nabighian (1972) equation is generalized, which imply a new process to study potential method in two dimensions. These developments enable a new visualization of the anomaly in the complex field. The second approach is experimental. Synthetic cases are used to estimate the contribution of different configurations of magnetic data acquisitions at different altitudes to characterize the magnetic source. Theoretical and experimental developments are finally applied to two field examples: oceanic magnetic anomalies and archaeological magnetic prospection
Chimi, Chiadjeu Olivier. „Caractérisation probabiliste et synthèse de surfaces agricoles par objets structurants à partir d'images haute résolution“. Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00795582.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDerville, Alexandre. „Développement d'algorithmes de métrologie dédiés à la caractérisation de nano-objets à partir d'informations hétérogènes“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAM082/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis is included in the technical and economical context of nanomaterials, more specifically nanoparticles and block copolymer. Today, we observe a technological revolution with the introduction of these materials into matrices more or less complex present in our daily lives (health, cosmetics, buildings, food ...). These materials yield unique properties to these products (mechanical, electrical, chemical, thermal ...). This omnipresence associated with the economic stakes generates two problems related to the process control and associated metrology. The first is to ensure traceability of these nanomaterials in order to prevent any health and environmental risks and the second is to optimize the development of processes in order to sustain profitable economic sectors. For this, the two most common metrology techniques used are: scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).The first phase of the work is devoted to the development of a data fusion methodology that automatically analyzes data from each microscope and uses their respective strengths to reduce measurement uncertainties in three dimensions. A first part was dedicated to the correction of a major defect of the AFM which generates drifts and / or jumps in the signals. We present a data-driven methodology, fast to implement and which accurately corrects these deviations. The proposed methodology makes no assumption on the object locations and can therefore be used as an efficient preprocessing routine for signal enhancement before object analysis.The second part is dedicated to the development of a method for automatic analysis of spherical nanoparticle images coming from an AFM or a SEM. In order to develop 3D traceability, it is mandatory to identify and measure the identical nanoparticles that have been measured on both AFM and SEM. In order to obtain two estimations of the diameter on the same physical particle, we developed a technique that allows to match the particles. Starting from estimates for both types of microscopy, with particles present in both kinds of images or not, we present a technique that allows the aggregation of estimators on diameter populations in order to obtain a more reliable value of properties of the particle diameter.The second phase of this thesis is dedicated to the optimization of a block copolymer process (lamellar structures) in order to capitalize on all the characteristic quantities used for the validation of the process (line width, period, roughness, defects rate) in particular from SEM images for the purpose of matching them with a set of process parameters.Indeed, during the development of a new process, an experimental plan is carried out. The analysis of the latter makes it possible to manually estimate a more or less precise process window (estimate related to the expertise of the materials engineer). The step is reiterated until the desired characteristics are obtained. In order to accelerate the development, we have studied a way of predicting the result of the process on the parameter space. For this, we studied different regression techniques that we present to propose an automatic methodology for optimizing the parameters of a process powered by AFM and / or SEM image characteristics.This work of estimator aggregation and process window optimization makes it possible to consider the development of a standardization of automatic analysis of SEM and AFM data for the development of a standard for traceability of nanomaterials
Chimi, Chiadjeu Olivier. „Caractérisation probabiliste et synthèse de surfaces agricoles par objets structurants à partir d’images haute résolution“. Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0058.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOur aim is to propose a probabilistic characterization and the synthesis of agricultural surfaces by structuring objects (aggregates, clods and wholes) from high resolution images. We propose to describe agricultural surfaces by two levels of roughness: The first one corresponding to clods, aggregates and wholes and, the second being the substrate on which were placed these objects. Having a segmentation algorithm by Hierarchy Contours (HC) for objects identification, we have highlighted the influence of the gradient estimation method on that algorithm. We have also adapted a mathematical morphology approach – Watershed – for objects identification. To improve the boundaries of the detected objects, we developed an algorithm to move the clod boundaries using simulated annealing algorithm. We show that semi-ellipsoid is the mathematical shape which model well objects. Having estimated the probability lows of the semi-ellipsoid parameters (orientation, major and minor axis, high), and studied their dependence, we developed a procedure to generate objects on a plane surface. We show that generated objects have the same statistics that identified objects on the high resolution images. We show that isotropy of the surface is related to orientation of the objects and that there exists a high correlation between substrate and objects placed on the plane
Achrait-Furlan, Latifa. „Contribution à la caractérisation non destructive d'objets enfouis par des techniques micro-ondes“. Lille 1, 2002. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2002/50376-2002-181.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMouri, Abdelkader. „Optimisation, caractérisation et comportement physico-chimique dans les milieux modèles de nano-objets en phase inverse“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT207.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis project, carried out in collaboration with Medesis Pharma laboratory, is about the development of two pharmaceutical formulations, a reverse microemulsion and a colloidal gel, based on Pécéol®, lécithine, ethanol and water. The indicated lithium in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases has been used as a hydrophilic principal active model for this project. This work started with the study of the phase behavior of the four component system Pécéol®/lecithin/éthanol/water, focusing primarily on the various parameters involved in phase transitions in order to determine the role of Pécéol® and lecithin in the structuring of the system.- The study of the structural properties of the reverse microemulsion, in the Pécéol® rich domain, showed that the system structure is not coherent with a classical model of spherical micelles, a hypothesis of a local lamellar structure was proposed. The solubilization properties of the microemulsion were evaluated following the development of a series of pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, by varying the ethanol/lecithin ratio. Optimal efficiency was obtained for an ethanol/lecithin ratio of 40/60. The optimized formulation is capable of effectively incorporating lithium (Li) to acceptable concentrations without altering the stability of the system. The study of the incorporation properties of Li in the microemulsion has shown that the encapsulation mechanism is compatible with drug-surfactant binding model. The results of the stability studies of the free and Li loaded microemulsion, conducted according to ICH conditions, are satisfactory.- The gel structuring was followed, in the lecithin rich domain, through rheological and optical microscopy analyses, according to lecithin/Pécéol® ratio. Results showed that the rheological properties of the gel can be modified by adjusting the lecithin/Pécéol® ratio. Moreover, the characterization of the gel structure through Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) and Freeze Fracture-Transmission Electron Microscopy (FF-TEM) showed an inverse hexagonal phase H2. While, in the water rich region, an inverse hexagonal H2 and lamellar Lα phases were identified. The adjustable rheological properties of the clear gel, and its great water solubilisation capacity, are particularly interesting for the application of the gel in pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic fields
Mouri, Abdelkader. „Optimisation, caractérisation et comportement physico-chimique dans les milieux modèles de nano-objets en phase inverse“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT207.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis project, carried out in collaboration with Medesis Pharma laboratory, is about the development of two pharmaceutical formulations, a reverse microemulsion and a colloidal gel, based on Pécéol®, lécithine, ethanol and water. The indicated lithium in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases has been used as a hydrophilic principal active model for this project. This work started with the study of the phase behavior of the four component system Pécéol®/lecithin/éthanol/water, focusing primarily on the various parameters involved in phase transitions in order to determine the role of Pécéol® and lecithin in the structuring of the system.- The study of the structural properties of the reverse microemulsion, in the Pécéol® rich domain, showed that the system structure is not coherent with a classical model of spherical micelles, a hypothesis of a local lamellar structure was proposed. The solubilization properties of the microemulsion were evaluated following the development of a series of pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, by varying the ethanol/lecithin ratio. Optimal efficiency was obtained for an ethanol/lecithin ratio of 40/60. The optimized formulation is capable of effectively incorporating lithium (Li) to acceptable concentrations without altering the stability of the system. The study of the incorporation properties of Li in the microemulsion has shown that the encapsulation mechanism is compatible with drug-surfactant binding model. The results of the stability studies of the free and Li loaded microemulsion, conducted according to ICH conditions, are satisfactory.- The gel structuring was followed, in the lecithin rich domain, through rheological and optical microscopy analyses, according to lecithin/Pécéol® ratio. Results showed that the rheological properties of the gel can be modified by adjusting the lecithin/Pécéol® ratio. Moreover, the characterization of the gel structure through Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) and Freeze Fracture-Transmission Electron Microscopy (FF-TEM) showed an inverse hexagonal phase H2. While, in the water rich region, an inverse hexagonal H2 and lamellar Lα phases were identified. The adjustable rheological properties of the clear gel, and its great water solubilisation capacity, are particularly interesting for the application of the gel in pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic fields
Menad, Samia. „Assemblage permanent de micro-objets par diélectrophorèse associée à une méthode de couplage covalent“. Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECDL0037/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe design of micro and nanomaterials with controlled properties requires the development of new bottom- up assembly approaches. The work presented in this manuscript aims to control the formation of aggregates of colloidal particles and cells, with potential applications in the fields of biosensors, microelectronics, optics and tissue engineering. The proposed approach for assembling colloids into organized structures is based on the use of dielectrophoresis, a phenomenon observed when polarizable particles are placed in a non-uniform electric field. One of the drawbacks of this technique is the reversibility of the assemblies thus formed, the cancellation of the electric field causing the redispersion of the colloids. As a solution to this problem, we proposed to use a coupling agent to maintain the cohesion of the structures formed in the liquid medium. In order to better control the dielectrophoretic behavior and the chemical reactions exploited, electrical and chemical characterizations of the manipulated particles were carried out. Moreover, different types of microelectrodes have been studied for the generation of the electric field required for the assembly. A new approach has been developed for the fabrication of transparent micro patterned ITO microelectrodes and their integration in microfluidic systems, based on the exploitation of a thin micro-structured PDMS membrane used as an insulating layer. The method has been applied to the fabrication of "vertical" microelectrodes and of quadrupolar electrode arrays. The latter were used to obtain permanent assemblies of carboxylic acid functionalized, fluorescent, polystyrene particles, by combining negative dielectrophoresis with the use of a chemical coupling agent (Jeffamine). HEK 293 cell aggregates were also produced by negative dielectrophoresis. We have demonstrated that it was possible, under certain conditions, to preserve the permanent character of the cell aggregates after field removal
Matioszek, Dimitri. „Conception de nouvelles espèces divalentes du groupe 14 (Ge, Sn) : réactivité et synthèse contrôlée de nano-objets“. Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1438/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work concerns the synthesis of single-element (Ge, Sn) and alloys (SiGe, GeSn, SnSi) nano-objects from group 14 derivatives specifically designed for this purpose. These species present a double challenge: they have to be stable enough to be handled easily and to remain labile to decompose in mild conditions of temperature. For this, two sets of low-coordinate germanium compounds (oxidation state II) have been prepared and characterized. The first one contains N-chelating ligands (aminotroponiminate and amidinate) which allow stabilization by intramolecular complexation. The oxidative reaction with an ortho-quinone and the complexation reaction with transition metals have confirmed their specific character of divalent sites. Their thermolysis in solution led to photoluminescent nanoparticles with a size in the range of 2. 5 to 5 nm surrounded by an organic layer that protected them from oxidation. The second set was devoted to the synthesis of di- and poly-metallated group 14 complexes (hypermetallyl-germylenes and -stannylenes) stabilized by inter- or intra-molecular complexation. They are potential precursors for group 14 nanoscale alloys with totally unique properties
Perrusson, Gaële. „Caractérisation électromagnétique de structures au sein d'un sous-sol proche ou profond“. Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00837975.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCarmignani, Corentin. „Conception, réalisation et caractérisation des propriétés électriques d'un capteur silicium micro-nano permettant une Co intégration CMOS / nano objets“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT043/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSince the beginning of the third millennium, domains such as automotive, medical, food industry or consumer electronics (smartphone, computer, Hi-Fi etc.) are increasingly demanding more electronics chips. Needs have evolved so that, chips have to embed multiple function and diversification has become the new paradigm of electronics researches. At the same time, new biological objects with very specific and diverse properties are discovered and studied. Some are considered as ultimate solution to answer new microelectronics challenges. Moreover, there is a scale similarity between the finest transistors and biological objects. We asked ourselves the question: Can we use this similarity to create hybrid device? First, we investigated the application of nano biological object as interconnections. Despite of research the electrical characterization of biological object is still difficult to manage unlike standard materials as semi-conductors, so we developed an easy to use electrical characterization platform. Some biological object naturally reacts with dangerous or pathogenic agents and could be custom manufactured as proteins. This kind of object can be useful to create new hybrid sensors. We worked on design, manufacturing and characterization of 3D hybrid sensors based on silicon nanowires driven by a CMOS circuit. Then we investigated, with a simulation study, the possibility to detect a fine electric charge with a silicone nanowire which is a current area of interest in sensors research
Noudohouenou, José. „Prédiction de performance utilisant une caractérisation des applications orientée codelet“. Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0030.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUnderstanding the interaction between applications, compilers, and architecture is a fundamental issue to generate better products: applications, compilers, and processors. One of the traditional tools to approach this problem is benchmarking. However, this approach through full applications has several key drawbacks. First, full applications are complex and hard to use as test codes for simulation, or detailed performance analysis. Second, dealing with full applications does not allow having an accurate view of the interaction. In the end, it is fairly hard to predict the performance for another application, which is not present in the original benchmark suite. This thesis performs a systematic characterization of applications in four steps: code extraction, performance analysis, memory characterization, and hardware performance prediction. In order to predict a code's performance at another frequency, this thesis combines static and dynamic analysis with memory characterization to propose the Capacity tool, a framework for hardware performance prediction and knowledge discovery. The proposed tool is more accurate and faster than simulations, more informative than simple benchmarking, or micro-benchmarking. Furthermore, it is useful and enlightening for a range of performance investigations. Currently, the framework is used by the Intel Cape-sim technology to simulate a software system's performance at another frequency
Raffournier, Christel. „Objets bicompartimentaux huile/eau : étude de mécanismes pouvant présider à leur formation : caractérisation des lipides impliqués : quantification liposomes-globules huileux“. Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA114813.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMahboubi, Amal Kheira. „Méthodes d'extraction, de suivi temporel et de caractérisation des objets dans les vidéos basées sur des modèles polygonaux et triangulés“. Nantes, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NANT2036.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMarengo, Stéphanie. „Une porte optique intensificatrice picoseconde à gain élevé caractérisation et application potentielle en imagerie de petits objets placés dans des milieux diffusants“. Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2003. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4183.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCapri, Arnaud. „Caractérisation des objets dans une image en vue d'une aide à l'interprétation et d'une compression adaptée au contenu : application aux images échographiques“. Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE2020.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNadir, Zia. „Caractérisation de plusieurs méthodes d'essais utilisées en compatibilité électromagnétique à partir de mesures pratiquées sur des objets respectant les propriétés des lignes de transmission couplées“. Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-257.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChabernaud, Camille. „Caractérisation des troubles cognitifs dans la neurofibromatose de type 1 : étude des relations avec les hamartomes cérébraux“. Thesis, Tours, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUR3128/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAllabouche, Kaoutar. „Étude, conception et caractérisation de nouvelles topologies d’antennes à résonateurs diélectriques : application aux nouveaux systèmes de communications sans fil“. Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4119/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNowadays, the constant increase of information traffic leads to a spectacular technological development in the field of telecommunications, whether it is cellular network, television, satellite, WIFI or other applications. This revolution is creating new needs and is inspiring a phenomenal technological evolution in the field of antenna design. Modern antennas in fact must meet increasingly harder requirements in terms of compactness, electromagnetic interference reduction, robustness to environment, increased gain, broadband bandwidth, intelligence, etc. The work carried out in this thesis mainly focuses on the design of new simple antenna topologies of small size, intelligent, insensitive to environment, broad and ultra-wide band. In particular, our interest focused on antennas based on Dielectric Resonators (DRs). In the field of the Internet of Things (IoT), we designed and realized a high-Q filter antenna based on a slot loaded rectangular dielectric resonator suitable for integration in compact IoT devices. We also designed and characterized an antenna based on a cylindrical shaped dielectric resonator (CDR). This antenna, which has been proposed to be integrated in smart meter devices, where interference sources are very present, has shown a great robustness to the surrounding environment. In addition, we proposed two new broadband and ultra-wideband antenna topologies. The first one is based on a cylindrical ring resonator, divided in four quarters characterized by two different permittivities. An air gap was inserted separating the resonator in two parts. This innovative structure gives our antenna a wide band behavior and stability in terms of radiation pattern. This structure has been used in an array configuration to achieve a reconfigurable radiation pattern. Starting from this work, the second antenna achieves an ultra-wideband behavior by adopting a new feeding technique as well as a reduced ground plane
Al, Hayek Marianne. „Modélisation optique de signatures spectrales et polarimétriques d'objets pour augmenter les performances d'un système de reconnaissance“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023BRES0101.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleConventional imaging, limited to object shapes and colors, faces limitations in object recognition. To enhance imaging system performance, hyperspectral and polarimetric imaging provides a wealth of information, includingchallenging-to-obtain physical parameters. This facilitates improved object detection, quantitative characterization, and classification. However, the processing of complex data from these modalities remains a challenge. The aim of this work is to propose a generic methodology for the analysis of optical signals, with a primary focus on hyperspectral imaging (HSI). An original classification of invertible physics-based hyperspectral models is presented, along with descriptions of recent diverse models for various applications: MPBOM for algae and bacteria biofilm, MARMIT for soil, PROSPECT for plant leaves, Farrell for turbid biological tissues, Schmitt for human skin, and Hapke for objects in the solar system. A convergence between the PROSPECT and Farrell models for intermediate objects (green apple and leek) paves the way for the development of a new generic and comprehensive modeling approach.Particularly in the field of biology, in collaboration with the ANSES laboratory, we conducted early detection ollowed by quantification of biofilms forming in fish farming basins using hyperspectral and polarimetric imaging. This is crucial as the current visual detection method is not efficient in preventing biofilm accumulation and implementingcleaning and disinfection procedures. Hence, an initial version of a dedicated physical modeling approach called "DNA-HSI" has been established
Superina, Giulia. „Observation de noyaxu actifs de galaxies de type "blazar" avec les téléscopes H. E. S. S. : caractérisation de la variabilité au TeV du blazar PKS 2155-304“. Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EPXX0068.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFarhat, Hadi. „Dispositif de détection et localisation basé sur un système RFID UHF intelligent : application au domaine de la grande distribution“. Thesis, Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I025.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUHF RFID technology, also known as RAIN RFID, is a passive technology that enables the automatic identification of items. Thus, it bridges the gap between the physical and digital worlds by allowing an item to become alive on the Internet of things thanks to inexpensive and battery-free RFID tags. Passive UHF RFID technology has witnessed a significant development due to the accelerated growth of sophisticated technological devices. This development is largely driven by the supply chain and the retail industries. Passive UHF RFID Gen2, among other tracing and identification solutions, is the logical choice given the low costs of large-volume tags, ease of printing and being battery-free, the need for maintenance is completely eliminated.The main concern of resellers, the withdrawal of the product, is mainly affected by errors related to visibility (stock gap, theft, loss) and human errors. It is, therefore, necessary to improve visibility and automate the process. Despite its advantages, RFID deployment in supermarkets is still facing many obstacles and challenges. In this thesis, we focus on technological availability by defining and analyzing the different challenges and possibly proposing the appropriate solutions.First, the maximum reading distances of passive tags are evaluated in different environments in order to identify the factors impacting them. At the end of this study, an alternative characterization method is proposed to control tag performance and identify tagged objects with poor performance. Secondly, we will use this method to propose a new solution to improve detection. The algorithms behind this solution allow readers to negotiate their configurations with the environment and with each other. Finally, a new location algorithm is proposed to improve accuracy. This algorithm is based on the exploitation of the answers of the reliable tags of the medium. The proposed solutions are universal, compatible with market readers and add no cost to the hardware used for detection
Nowik, Witold. „Mise au point d’une démarche analytique de caractérisation de mélanges naturels complexes à l’aide de méthodes chromatographiques sélectives et complémentaires : application à l’analyse des colorants anthraquinoniques présents sur les objets du patrimoine“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112196.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work contributes to the improvement in the separation of anthraquinoids by reversed phase high performance chromatography, the final target being setting down the detection limits and improving the characterisation of separated components of anthraquinoid dyes from the cultural heritage artefacts.A series of 40 standards representing large range of existing anthrquinoid structures was used for the modelling of chromatographic behaviour of that family of compounds.First part of that research show the comparative study of the performances of alkyl (C18) bonded stationary phases. These performances are expressed by number of critical pairs as well as by symmetry of peaks. Considering the dispersion of values of symmetry of various peaks on different stationary phases, we introduced a novel symmetry parameter d(TF;1), which allowed to range all stationary phases according to their “global” symmetry and to determine the most satisfactory ones.The selectivity of octadecyl bonded phases was little different each other, so it was decided to test the functionalised phases which could offer complementary retention mechanisms in the separation of anthraquinoid dyes in reversed phase systems.The separation efficiency of these phases was evaluated as before, and the most efficient phases were selected.The general comparison of all studied stationary phases, bonded with octadecyl and functionalised, was done with the column suitability coefficient (CSc), an univocal ranking parameter containing both descriptors: number of critical pairs and peaks’ symmetry. The diagrams obtained by projection of co-ordinates corresponding to the critical pairs’ coefficient (CPc) and symmetry coefficient (Sc) gives a choice of particular properties of phases.The different selectivity of several studied phases driven us to check out their orthogonality in the aim to built bi-dimensional separation systems. Using the separation efficiency criterion, we employed a minimal distances computation method as well as the arithmetic and harmonic means describing the extension and homogeneity of dispersion of peaks on 2D separation surface. This approach was compared with several other classical or recent methods of the evaluation of peak dispersion. It was demonstrated that our method is particularly useful in the comparison of separation power of 2D systems.The experimental work, mainly done with standards of anthraquinone derivatives, was illustrated by some applications to the real samples of dyestuffs found in historical textiles.The results of this research are directly transferable to the application laboratories involved in the analysis of anthraquinoids for the identification of sources of dyestuffs presents in cultural heritage artefacts, but also for their characterisation in phytochemistry, phytopharmacology and other research
Dillmann, Philippe. „Diffraction X, microdiffraction X et microfluorescence X sous rayonnement synchrotron et analyses comparées pour la caractérisation des inclusions : application à l'étude de l'évolution historique des procédés d'élaboration des objets ferreux (procédés direct et indirect)“. Compiègne, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998COMP1109.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDefraiteur, Rémi. „Évaluation de systèmes d'aide à la conduite. Génération automatique de vérité terrain augmentée à partir d’un capteur haute résolution et d’une cartographie sémantique et 3D ; Evaluation de fonctions de perception tierces“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASG040.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAutonomous driving is one of the current major technological challenges in the automotive sector. Vehicles are becoming more complex and are integrating new systems relying on key functionalities such as perception. Perception is used in various ways to ensure safer mobility, allowing the main inboard system to understand the environment in which the vehicle evolves. Perception plays a critical role in the proper behavior of an autonomous vehicle. It is necessary to ensure that the embedded perception solutions are effective enough to meet safe driving requirements. However, the evaluation of such solutions remains a complex and little explored task. One of the critical issues is the difficulty of generating and having sufficient reference data to conduct relevant evaluations. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a new validation tool to evaluate the performances and error levels of different perception solutions, while minimizing the manual annotations. With this tool, it will be possible to lead benchmark studies on different solutions based on common criteria. The development of this tool is split into two main parts: the automated production of reference data and the evaluation method of the tested perception solutions
Talmoudi, Hanen. „Elaboration et caractérisation de nanofibres obtenues par l'électrofilage de mélanges polymère/nano-objet“. Thesis, Mulhouse, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MULH2299/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLn the last decade, a novel class of coordination compounds comprising metal-based nodes and bridging organic linkers known as «Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) » has been extensively studied. These compounds were popularized by Yaghi et al. around 1995 and have attracted enormous attention due to their highly designable structure, their wide range of pore sizes with a large surface area and their easily tailorable functionalities. These materials offer a great potential for various applications especially in the field of catalysis, gas storage and gas separation. Despite the huge potential especially in the gas separation, there are few reports about the growth of MOFs as thin films or synthetic membranes.In this work, we describe the use of electrospinning for building hierarchical structures and auto-supported membranes of MOFs. ln fact, the electrospinning is a simple and versatile technique to produce continuous fibers with average diameters in the range of nanometers to a few micrometers.Two strategies were adopted: for producing auto-supported membranes, different polymer/MOF composites were firstly electrospun, then, the obtained nanofibers were exposed to solutions containing different cation/linker mixtures. Accordingly, after the MOFs' growth, auto-supported membranes were obtained with the nanofibers serving as backbone. ln another hand, for building hierarchical structures, polymer/cation mixtures were electrospun and the obtained nanofibers were immersed in linkers' solutions for growing different MOFs on the fibers. The described methods were successfully tested using 1\\0 polymers (PVA,P/\N) and different metal organic frameworks (MOF-5. I IKUST- 1 and ZIF-8). Indeed, these MOFs are among the most representative metal organic frameworks. Finally, the different obtained materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis
Reguer, Solenn. „Phases chlorées sur les objets archéologiques ferreux corrodés dans les sols : caractérisations et mécanismes de formation“. Paris 11, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011748v2.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFor restoration and conservation of metallic artefacts of the cultural heritage, investigation of iron corrosion process in soil related to the presence of chloride was based on local and structural characterization of chlorinated corrosion products formed on archaeological artefacts. To unambiguously identify these corrosion products, some high-resolution techniques as µ-Raman spectroscopy and X Ray synchrotron radiation micro beam techniques, such as micro X-Ray Diffraction and micro X-Ray Absorption experiments, were used to obtain structural micro scale information. A second part of the study concern discussion on the exact location of chlorine anions in akaganeite beta-FeOOH structure. The fundamental results help to gain new insights concerning the influence of such phases in iron corrosion mechanism within their precise characterisation
Bayle, Marine. „Déchloruration des objets archéologiques ferreux par le processus de stabilisation subcritique. Caractérisations physico-chimiques des systèmes transformés“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066656/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIron archaeological artefacts from submarine and terrestrial origins have developed reactive and chlorinated corrosion systems. After excavation, their transformations in contact with air involve severe damages to the artefacts. In order to extract the chlorine and to maintain the artefacts’ integrity, stabilization processes are used. The subcritical treatment (NaOH, 180°C, 35 bars) accelerates the dechlorination process. Several artefacts are studied before and after treatment with subcritical techniques. The multi-scale description of heterogeneous and complex corrosion system shows that the phase precipitation in subcritical conditions depends on the precursor chemistry. The study of model systems (synthetic and archaeological iron oxyhydroxides) shows that particle sizes and shapes, specific surface area, chemical composition change their reactivity. The application of a heating ramp leads to the precipitation of goethite/hematite below 150°C and hematite above. The study of akaganeite at various stages of its treatment shows that the adsorbed chlorides and part of the structure ones are first removed. Then, a dehydroxylation under the effect of temperature leads to the phase dissolution. These results allowed to identify the nature of phase transformations and to propose mechanisms in order to improve stabilization protocols of archaeological artefacts by subcritical treatment
Bayle, Marine. „Déchloruration des objets archéologiques ferreux par le processus de stabilisation subcritique. Caractérisations physico-chimiques des systèmes transformés“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066656.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIron archaeological artefacts from submarine and terrestrial origins have developed reactive and chlorinated corrosion systems. After excavation, their transformations in contact with air involve severe damages to the artefacts. In order to extract the chlorine and to maintain the artefacts’ integrity, stabilization processes are used. The subcritical treatment (NaOH, 180°C, 35 bars) accelerates the dechlorination process. Several artefacts are studied before and after treatment with subcritical techniques. The multi-scale description of heterogeneous and complex corrosion system shows that the phase precipitation in subcritical conditions depends on the precursor chemistry. The study of model systems (synthetic and archaeological iron oxyhydroxides) shows that particle sizes and shapes, specific surface area, chemical composition change their reactivity. The application of a heating ramp leads to the precipitation of goethite/hematite below 150°C and hematite above. The study of akaganeite at various stages of its treatment shows that the adsorbed chlorides and part of the structure ones are first removed. Then, a dehydroxylation under the effect of temperature leads to the phase dissolution. These results allowed to identify the nature of phase transformations and to propose mechanisms in order to improve stabilization protocols of archaeological artefacts by subcritical treatment
Rantoson, Rindra. „Numérisation 3D d'objets transparents par polarisation dans l'IR et par triangulation dans l'UV“. Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00692460.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVauchamp, Stéphane. „Contribution à la caractérisation de sources fortes puissances : mesure instantanée de champ électromagnétique par signature d'un objet neutre (méthode MICHELSON)“. Limoges, 2008. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/d0e6ae06-4109-48b1-9899-638d37f17210/blobholder:0/2008LIMO4038.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis document presents the development of a new method for the high electromagnetic field measurement, called MICHELSON method. This study was supported by the French armament agency (DGA). This method is based on a simple equipment which is composed of a passive target and a classical receiving antenna. The target is illuminated by the field to measure and diffracts it in different directions, the receiving antenna measures the diffracted field in a given location; the purpose is to get the incident field from the receiving antenna output voltage. The fact to move the measurement permits to recover only a fraction of the incident field, permits to measure high fields from a low level instrumentation. Collaborations with the Centre d’Etudes de Gramat (CEG) and with the Laboratory of Electrical Engineering (LGE) of Pau have been led to validate the method on narrow band and wide band high power microwave sources. These high level experimentations have permitted to establish the performances of the MICHELSON method, which have been compared to those of the specific existing sensors
Camors, Damien. „Vision périphérique, caractérisation et suppléance de ses fonctions spatiales“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30115/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe loss of peripheral vision (tunnel vision) leads to numerous deficits, reducing both independence and quality of life. These deficits reflect spatial cognition impairments, and highlight the close relationship between peripheral vision and spatial representations. This thesis has two main objectives: reaching a better understanding of the nature of these relationships, and using the acquired knowledge in order to propose adaptive, performant and innovative assistive devices able to overcome the peripheral loss. At first, I address the role of peripheral vision in egocentric space coding. I collaborated in a psychophysics experiment, involving detection of visual objects placed in peripheral vision. The visual objects formed similar images on the retina and differed only with respect to their egocentric location: either straight-ahead or eccentric with respect to the head/body midline. We found that straight-ahead objects elicit consistently shorter behavioral responses than eccentric objects. I took in charge a second study evaluating the link between the privileged sensory processing of the straight ahead direction and the dynamic of ocular saccades. Comparison between centripetal and centrifugal pro-saccades and anti-saccades revealed that the superior dynamic of centripetal saccades comes from both sensory and oculomotor factors. These works reveal the early integration of both visual and oculomotor signals in peripheral vision, leading to egocentric representations in which the straight ahead direction is highlighted. Secondly, I investigated the influence of peripheral vision in extracting allocentric spatial representations. In order to assess the role of peripheral vision in allocentric coding, I performed a memory-based pointing task toward previously gazed targets, which were briefly superimposed with visual cues placed at different eccentricities. The results showed that visual cues in peripheral (>10°) vision can contribute to the allocentric coding of a fixated target. A complementary experiment showed that these peripheral allocentric cues play a functional role, notably by facilitating visual searches. These works highlight the importance of peripheral vision in extracting functional spatial relationships between distant elements of the visual environment. Finally, I wanted to promote the development of new assistive devices, able to substitute both egocentric and allocentric spatial functions of the peripheral vision. As a proof of concept, I designed and evaluated a tactile interface mounted on wrist, communicating the spatial location of specific objects and facilitating visual search. Results showed that healthy subjects with artificial tunnel vision (10°) were able to increase by three visual search speeds thank to this tactile interface. Similar results were obtained on a glaucoma subject (field of view 10x15°). My multidisciplinary thesis highlights new roles of peripheral vision in spatial representations and proposes an innovative solution to develop assistive device for tunnel vision
Bellón, de la Cruz Beatriz. „Une approche multiscalaire par télédétection pour la cartographie et la caractérisation des systèmes agricoles à l’échelle régionale“. Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AGPT0002.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle: In a context of regional land-use planning, agricultural systems’ mapping - crop types and cropping practices – allows monitoring of what is being produced, where and how, and therefore represents a key element for regional assessment of the agricultural production and its environmental impact. The production of information on agricultural systems generally requires a lot of data and expertise. This information is thus very heterogeneous in quantity and quality in space and time, the availability and updates being extremely variable between countries and regions. Remote sensing, through its ability to retrieve synoptic spatial information on the state and dynamics of vegetation from satellite images, represents a valuable tool for agricultural monitoring. However, the conversion of images into regional-scale map products remains a field of research for many applications. This thesis presents original methodological developments in a semi-automatic multiscale approach based on the processing and analysis of optical satellite imagery for the mapping and characterization of agricultural systems at regional scale. The approach is composed of two main methods: (i) regional stratification into landscape units and classification of these units to produce a map of agricultural land-use systems; (ii) field-level segmentation and unsupervised classification of the segments by a “landscape-clustering” method to produce a cropping systems’ map. The methods were developed on a region of intensive agriculture, the Brazilian state of Tocantins, where the cultivated area, as well as the main agricultural land-use systems and cropping systems were successfully mapped from an annual NDVI-MODIS time series and a mosaic of Landsat images. The reproducibility of the approach was then assessed in Burkina Faso, where landscapes are shaped by the smallholder agriculture. Only the cultivated area could be mapped with satisfactory results, highlighting the limitations of these methods and the current offer in satellite imagery given the challenging specificities of this type of agriculture for remote sensing. The resulting maps were assessed with ground-truth data and agricultural statistics, and compared to other existing maps. The results of this thesis show the potential of the new method of regional stratification into landscape units which, based on NDVI time series and combined to the unsupervised “landscape-clustering” classification method, contributes to significantly improve discrimination of crop types and agricultural practices, and allows representing the agricultural systems at different levels of spatial organization. The originality of the developed methods lies mainly in the simplicity of their implementation. They are almost exclusively based on satellite data and require little “expert” intervention and external data, which gives them a high reproducibility potential. Thereupon, this thesis contributes, with these novel methods, to the development of generic tools to support large-scale monitoring of agriculture and to provide decision-support products for reasoned land-use planning
Flasseur, Olivier. „Object detection and characterization from faint signals in images : applications in astronomy and microscopy“. Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSES042.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDetecting and characterizing objects in images in the low signal-to-noise ratio regime is a critical issue in many areas such as astronomy or microscopy. In astronomy, the detection of exoplanets and their characterization by direct imaging from the Earth is a hot topic. A target star and its close environment (hosting potential exoplanets) are observed on short exposures. In microscopy, in-line holography is a cost-effective method for characterizing microscopic objects. Based on the recording of a hologram, it allows a digital focusing in any plane of the imaged 3-D volume. In these two fields, the object detection problem is made difficult by the low contrast between the objects and the nonstationary background of the recorded images.In this thesis, we propose an unsupervised exoplanet detection and characterization algorithm based on the statistical modeling of background fluctuations. The method, based on a modeling of the statistical distribution of patches, captures their spatial covariances. It reaches a performance superior to state-of-the-art techniques on several datasets of the European high-contrast imager SPHERE operating at the Very Large Telescope. It produces statistically grounded and spatially-stationary detection maps in which detections can be performed at a constant probability of false alarm. It also produces photometrically unbiased spectral energy distributions of the detected sources. The use of a statistical model of the data leads to reliable photometric and astrometric accuracies. This methodological framework can be adapted to the detection of spatially-extended patterns in strong structured background, such as the diffraction patterns in holographic microscopy. We also propose robust approaches based on weighting strategies to reduce the influence of the numerous outliers present in real data. We show on holographic videos that the proposed weighting approach achieves a bias/variance tradeoff. In astronomy, the robustness improves the performance of our detection method in particular at close separations where the stellar residuals dominate. Our algorithms are adapted to benefit from the possible spectral diversity of the data, which improves the detection and characterization performance. All the algorithms developed are unsupervised: weighting and/or regularization parameters are estimated in a data-driven fashion. Beyond the applications in astronomy and microscopy, the signal processing methodologies introduced are general and could be applied to other detection and estimation problems
Sanders, Rindra. „Numérisation 3D d'objets transparents par polarisation dans l'IR et par triangulation dans l'UV“. Thesis, Dijon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DIJOS039/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTwo non-conventional methods for the 3D digitization of transparent objects via non-contact measurement are reported in this thesis. 3D digitization is a well acknowledged technique for opaque objects and various commercial solutions based on different measurement approaches are available in the market offering different types of resolution at different prices. Since these techniques require a diffused or lambertian surface, their application to transparent surfaces fails. Indeed, rays reflected by the transparent surface are perturbed by diverse inter-reflections induced by the refractive properties of the object. Therefore, in industrial applications like quality control, the transparent objects are powder coated followed by their digitization. However, this method is expensive and can also produce inaccuracies. Among the rare methods suggested in the literature, shape from polarization provides reliable results even though their accuracy had to be improved by coping with the inter-reflections. The two proposed solutions handle the extension of the existing methods to wavelengths beyond visible ranges: - shape from polarization in Infra Red (IR) range to deal with the above-mentioned inter-reflections; - scanning by Ultra Violet (UV) laser (based on triangulation scheme) to overcome the refraction problem that can be feasibly applied in industrial applications. The characteristic physical properties of transparent objects led us to explore the IR and UV ranges; since, transparent glass has strong absorption bands in the IR and UV ranges and therefore has opaque appearance. The first approach exploits the specular reflection of the considered object surface in IR and the second one exploits the fluorescence property of the object when irradiated with UV rays. Shape from polarization traditionally based on telecentric lenses had to be adapted with non-telecentric lenses to be used in the IR range. Thus, an approximation of the orthographic model is developed in this thesis while a validation method is implemented and integrated in the reconstruction process after Stokes parameters estimation, in order to improve the accuracy of the results. Some results of digitized objects are presented, which prove the feasibility of the shape from polarization method in the IR range to be used for transparent objects. A total of four configurations of the triangulation system are implemented in this thesis to exploit fluorescence produced by the UV laser scanning of the second approach. Experimental investigations aimed at characterizing the fluorescence are done. A specific fluorescence tracking method is carried out to deal with the inherent noise in the acquisitions. The uniqueness of the method relies on the criteria that are derived from the analysis of spectroscopic results. A validation method is made to optimize the configuration system while reducing the accuracy of reconstruction error. The results of some object digitization are presented with accuracies better than previously reported works
Saglam, Ayse. „Les équations différentielles en mathématiques et en physique : étude des conditions de leur enseignement et caractérisation des rapports personnels des étudiants de première année d'université à cet objet de savoir“. Grenoble 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE10160.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEstablished at the 17th century, differential equations are among the most important ones which form the relationships between mathematics and physics. This thesis aims to clarify the characteristics of these relationships in the current teaching. The main focus is on the teaching and learning conditions of this concept in first year of the university. First, a brief historical study which aims at distinguishing the role played by the physical sciences during the emergence of this concept and throughout its historical evolution has been done. Then, the "institutional relation" to differential equations is analysed based on the anthropological theory of didactics. For this purpose, both ecological and praxeological analyses are performed based on the handboobs of the last year of the secondary science teaching (in France). Furthermore, handouts and lecture notes from mathematics and physics courses of the first year of the university has been also used. This study enabled us to describe the general characteristics of the teaching of this concept in the two disciplines. Finally, this study is completed by an analysis of the "personal relation" of students to the differential equation. For this purpose, we analysed their score to some mathematics and physical science tests provided them. The so-called tests ask students to both consider the "object" and the "model" status of the differential equations, respectively in mathematics and physical sciences
Andia, Vera Gianfranco. „Analyse et exploitation des non linéarités dans les systèmes RFID UHF passifs“. Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT052/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePowered by the exploding popularity of the Internet-of-Things (IoT), the demand for tagged devices with labels capable to ensure a reliable communication with added functions beyond the identification, such as sensing, location, health-care, among others, is growing rapidly. Certainly this growing is headed by the well-established Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology, and the use of wireless low-cost self-powered tags, in other words passive RFID tags, is the most widespread used alternative. In the constant evolution on this field, usually new software treatments are offered at the application layer with the objective to processing data to produce some new information. Further works aimed at improving the physical layer around the tag antenna miniaturization and matching techniques. So far, little or no work had been done on the exploitation of the communication channel, and certainly none has been done on the exploitation of the non-linear behavior of RFID chips.After presenting the RFID technology and phenomena produced by Radio Frequency (RF) non-linear devices, and leaning in some nearby works on the field, the core of this thesis starts by exposing two characterization platforms for the evaluation of non-linear phenomena presented during the reader-tag communication. One is specialized in radiating measurements considering the whole tag (antenna and chip) under test. The other is specialized in conducted measurements directly over RFID chips, allowing performing different parametric studies (power dependency, impedance, harmonic production, sensitivity). The characterization results show that harmonic signals generated from the passive RFID chip carry information.By exploiting the characterization results and to verify the hypothesis of exploitation of non-linearities in RFID, i.e. the use of harmonic signals, the research is pursued by designing, fabricating, and measuring four different configurations of RFID tags. The new RFID tags operate at the fundamental frequency in the UHF band and at its $3^{rd}$ harmonic in the microwave band. Antenna design policies, fabrication details, and parametric studies on the performance of the new prototypes are presented. The parametric study takes special care in the antenna structure, kind of chip used, received power, and read range.Finally, some alternatives approaches for the exploitation of non-linear effects generated by rectifying devices are presented. Some theoretical aspects and experimental results are discussed linking the passive RFID technology to the theories of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) and Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting (EEH). The solution takes advantage of the non-linear nature of rectifying elements in order to maximize the RF-to-DC conversion efficiency of EEH devices and increase the read range of passive RFID tags. The solution triggers on the design of a RF multi-device system. The design procedure and tests consider three non-linear phenomena: (1) the impedance power dependency, (2) the harmonic production, and (3) the rectifying dependence on the RF waveform
Ruiz-Dominguez, German. „Caractérisation de l'activité de conception collaborative à distance : étude des effets de synchronisation cognitive“. Phd thesis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00429652.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRuiz-Dominguez, German Alonso. „Caractérisation de l'activité de conception collaborative à distance :Etude des effets de synchronisation cognitive“. Phd thesis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00221509.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBélanger, Mathieu. „Les objets logiques et l'invariance : le statut du programme d'Erlangen dans les approches contemporaines“. Thèse, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14279.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIngraham, Patrick. „Détection et caractérisation de naines brunes et exoplanètes avec un filtre accordable pour applications dans l'espace“. Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9194.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis determines the capability of detecting faint companions in the presence of speckle noise when performing space-based high-contrast imaging through spectral differential imagery (SDI) using a low-order Fabry-Perot etalon as a tunable filter. The performance of such a tunable filter is illustrated through the Tunable Filter Imager (TFI), an instrument designed for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Using a TFI prototype etalon and a custom designed test bed, the etalon’s ability to perform speckle-suppression through SDI is demonstrated experimentally. Improvements in contrast vary with separation, ranging from a factor of 10 at working angles greater than 11 lambda/D and increasing up to a factor of 60 at 5 lambda/D. These measurements are consistent with a Fresnel optical propagation model which shows the speckle suppression capability is limited by the test bed and not the etalon. This result demonstrates that a tunable filter is an attractive option to perform high-contrast imaging through SDI. To explore the capability of space-based SDI using an etalon, we perform an end-to-end Fresnel propagation of JWST and TFI. Using this simulation, a contrast improvement ranging from a factor of 7 to 100 is predicted, depending on the instrument’s configuration. The performance of roll-subtraction is simulated and compared to that of SDI. The SDI capability of the Near-Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS), the science instrument module to replace TFI in the JWST Fine Guidance Sensor is also determined. Using low resolution, multi-band (0.85-2.4 um) multi-object spectroscopy, 104 objects towards the central region of the Orion Nebular Cluster have been assigned spectral types including 7 new brown dwarfs, and 4 new planetary mass candidates. These objects are useful for determining the substellar initial mass function and for testing evolutionary and atmospheric models of young stellar and substellar objects. Using the measured H band magnitudes, combined with our determined extinction values, the classified objects are used to create an Hertzsprung-Russell diagram for the cluster. Our results indicate a single epoch of star formation beginning 1 Myr ago. The initial mass function of the cluster is derived and found to be consistent with the values determined for other young clusters and the galactic disk.
Saglam-Arslan, Aysegul. „Les Équations Différentielles en Mathématiques et en Physique: Étude des conditions de leur enseignement et caractérisation des rapports personnels des étudiants de première année d'université à cet objet de savoir“. Phd thesis, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00271402.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNous menons tout d'abord une brève étude historique qui vise à déceler le rôle joué par les sciences physiques lors de l'émergence de ce concept et tout au long de son évolution historique.
En nous plaçant dans le cadre de la théorie d'anthropologique de la didactique, nous étudions, dans un deuxième temps, le rapport institutionnel aux équations différentielles grâce à une analyse (écologique et praxéologique) des manuels scolaires de la classe de Terminale S et des polycopiés et des notes d'observation de cours de mathématiques et d'électrocinétique, en première année universitaire. Cette analyse nous a permis de décrire les caractéristiques générales de l'enseignement de ce concept dans les deux disciplines.
Cette étude est complétée par une analyse des rapports personnels d'étudiants au concept d'équation différentielle en première année de l'université, via l'analyse de leurs productions à des tests que nous avons proposés en mathématiques et en sciences physiques. Les tâches proposées dans ces tests invitent les étudiants à travailler à la fois le statut "objet" et le statut "modèle" des équations différentielles respectivement en mathématiques et en sciences physiques.