Zeitschriftenartikel: „Car sensor“

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Li, Nan, und Cun Fu He. „Capacitive Sensor Design for an Automatic Car-Wiper System“. Advanced Materials Research 211-212 (Februar 2011): 798–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.211-212.798.

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A structure of capacitance sensor used for an automatic car-wiper system is presented. It aims to develop a low-cost sensor with high sensitivity and robustness. Firstly, two kinds of sensing technique based on optical and piezoelectric sensors for an automatic car-wiper system are introduced respectively. Then, three types of capacitance sensors of different shapes are designed. The parameters which affecting the sensor signal strength and measurement sensitivity are discussed. Thirdly, the electric field distributions of the sensors are simulated, and the fringe capacitance of the sensors are measured and analyzed. Finally, the optimum excitation frequency of designed sensor is determined, and the sensor noise is discussed in this paper. The experimental results indicate the validity and importance of the capacitance-based sensing technique which can be used for liquid detection on windshield of vehicles.

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Riccardi, D., und D. Maldonado-Perez. „The calcium-sensing receptor as a nutrient sensor“. Biochemical Society Transactions 33, Nr. 1 (01.02.2005): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0330316.

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Critical to cell fate in many cell types is the ability to sense and respond to acute changes in free ionized extracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]o). Such tight control is mediated by the activation of a protein known as the extracellular-calcium-sensing receptor (CaR). CaR belongs to the ‘family C’ of G-protein-coupled receptors and was the first G-protein-coupled receptor to be identified to have an inorganic cation, calcium, as its ligand. While calcium is the physiological agonist of the receptor, several other polyvalent cations and polycations can also modulate CaR function as do certain L-aromatic amino acids, polyamines, salinity and pH. This feature renders the CaR uniquely capable of generating cell- and tissue-specific responses, and of integrating inputs deriving from changes in the Ca2+o concentration with signals deriving from the local metabolic environment. Here we address the role of the CaR in physiology and disease, the range of CaR modulators and the potential roles of the CaR as a metabolic sensor in a variety of physiological (and pathological) scenarios.

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Nasir, M. Z. M., S. Salimin, B. Chan und S. A. Jumaat. „Prototype development of smart parking system powered by solar photovoltaic“. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 18, Nr. 3 (01.06.2020): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v18.i3.pp1229-1235.

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This paper proposed the prototype of smart car parking powered by photovoltaic. There is probability that cars will hit the wall or car out from the parking lot. The main objectives of this research are to determine the power rating and sizing of PV panel suitable for smart car parking system and design an ultrasonic parking sensor circuit to alert any obstacle while parking and development the prototype of smart car parking using PV. Smart car parking consists of distance sensors, LED, Arduino UNO potentiometer, resistors, and Node MCU. Where, Arduino UNO as a microcontroller was coding to receive the signal from the sensor and transmit signal to LED to display the car distance condition. To measure the distance between sensor positions to a car, HC-SR04 ultrasonic distance sensor is used. Whenever a car come near to the sensor within range specified, the red, yellow or green LED will light up and send the condition happening to the smartphone application. The application build-up can display the real situation and the PV system can supply enough electricity to the smart car parking.

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Handlogten, Mary E., Naoki Shiraishi, Hisataka Awata, Chunfa Huang und R. Tyler Miller. „Extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptor is a promiscuous divalent cation sensor that responds to lead“. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 279, Nr. 6 (01.12.2000): F1083—F1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2000.279.6.f1083.

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The extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaR) responds to polycations, including Ca2+ and neomycin. This receptor is a physiological regulator of systemic Ca2+ metabolism and may also mediate the toxic effects of hypercalcemia. A number of divalent cations, including Pb2+, Co2+, Cd2+, and Fe2+, are toxic to the kidney, brain, and other tissues where the CaR is expressed. To determine which divalent cations can activate the CaR, we expressed the human CaR in HEK-293 cells and measured activation of phospholipase A2(PLA2) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase p42ERK in response to potential agonists for the receptor. HEK-293 cells expressing the nonfunctional mutant CaR R796W served as controls. Extracellular Ca2+, Ba2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Gd3+, Ni2+, Pb2+, and neomycin activated the CaR, but Hg2+and Fe3+ did not. We analyzed the kinetics of activation of p42ERK and PLA2 by the CaR in response to Ca2+, Co2+, and Pb2+. The EC50 values ranged from ∼0.1 mM for Pb2+ to ∼4.0 mM for Ca2+. The Hill coefficients were >3, indicating multiple cooperative ligand binding sites or subunits. Submaximal concentrations of Ca2+ and Pb2+ were additive for activation of the CaR. The EC50 for Ca2+ or Pb2+ was reduced four- to fivefold by the presence of the other ion. These divalent cations also activated PLA2 via the CaR in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells that stably express the CaR. We conclude that many divalent cations activate the CaR and that their effects are additive. The facts that the CaR is a promiscuous polycation sensor and that the effects of these ions are additive to activate it suggest that the CaR may contribute to the toxicity of some heavy metals such as Pb2+, Cd2+, Co2+, and Fe2+ for the kidney and other tissues where it is expressed.

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Babu, Dr K. Ramesh. „Automatic Car Parking with Arduino, LDR Sensor“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, Nr. VI (25.06.2021): 2238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35474.

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Now days it is very important to save the time, money in terms of travelling and parking too. If any one goes to the shopping, people didn’t know, is there any space to the vehicle parking or not,in such a cases to save the public time, automatic car parking helps. Working principle is depends on the sensors which is already arranged in the parking area and LDR sensor which is at the entrance of car parking. It’s all manage with LDR sensors and Arduino micro controller .the simulated results with proteus software pursued .

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Susanto, Rudy, Yohannes Kristanto, Sonny Ridwanto und Diptyo Hisnuaji. „PERANCANGAN DAN IMPLEMENTASI SENSOR PARKIR PADA MOBIL MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR ULTRASONIK“. CommIT (Communication and Information Technology) Journal 1, Nr. 1 (31.05.2007): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/commit.v1i1.464.

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A car driver often had trouble to park his car a narrow location, caused by a narrow parking area on the wane.Also, cars had often crashed the electric pillar or scratched the car on the wall while retreat. The problem was the driverdidn’t know condition behind vehicle because of limited of view. The research aimed to make a system that can easily helpdriver in parking his car, by using of ultrasonic parking sensor. The method used in sensor scheme parks is ultrasonicisensor to detect and measure car and balk distance by utilising of 851 family microcontroller as the main system. Theresult indicates that ultrasonic censor effective deep measurement was on distance of 2 cm – 30 m. It is that enoughultrasonic censor is effective to be implemented on censor parks.

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Emura, Takashi, Masaaki Kumagai und Lei Wang. „A Next-Generation Intelligent Car for Safe Drive“. Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 12, Nr. 5 (20.10.2000): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2000.p0545.

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This paper describes the fundamental development of an intelligent car whose safety is improved by using environment-sensors. Because the most important key parts in this intelligent car are environment-sensors, we developed mainly two kinds of sensors. One is a compact scanning laser range finder whose makdng cost is sufficiently low. The other is a new type ultrasonic sensor whose detectable range is very long. Because this ultrasonic sensor is a nonscanning type and detects the position of object from the phase differences of sound waves that arrive at four microphones, the detection time is short enough. We used a CCD camera together with those sensors for rapid recognition of objects and canied out basic experiments of an intelligent car.

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Kim, H., K. Choi und I. Lee. „IMPROVING CAR NAVIGATION WITH A VISION-BASED SYSTEM“. ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-3/W5 (20.08.2015): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-3-w5-459-2015.

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The real-time acquisition of the accurate positions is very important for the proper operations of driver assistance systems or autonomous vehicles. Since the current systems mostly depend on a GPS and map-matching technique, they show poor and unreliable performance in blockage and weak areas of GPS signals. In this study, we propose a vision oriented car navigation method based on sensor fusion with a GPS and in-vehicle sensors. We employed a single photo resection process to derive the position and attitude of the camera and thus those of the car. This image georeferencing results are combined with other sensory data under the sensor fusion framework for more accurate estimation of the positions using an extended Kalman filter. The proposed system estimated the positions with an accuracy of 15 m although GPS signals are not available at all during the entire test drive of 15 minutes. The proposed vision based system can be effectively utilized for the low-cost but high-accurate and reliable navigation systems required for intelligent or autonomous vehicles.

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Kim, H., und I. Lee. „LOCALIZATION OF A CAR BASED ON MULTI-SENSOR FUSION“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-1 (26.09.2018): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-1-247-2018.

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Abstract. The vehicle localization is an essential component for stable autonomous car operation. There are many algorithms for the vehicle localization. However, it still needs much improvement in terms of its accuracy and cost. In this paper, sensor fusion based localization algorithm is used for solving this problem. Our sensor system is composed of in-vehicle sensors, GPS and vision sensors. The localization algorithm is based on extended Kalman filter and it has time update step and measurement update step. In the time update step, in-vehicle sensors are used such as yaw-rate and speed sensor. And GPS and vision sensor information are used to update the vehicle position in the measurement update step.We use visual odometry library to process vision sensor data and generate the moving distance and direction of the car. Especially, when performing visual odometry we use georeferenced image database to reduce the error accumulation. Through the experiments, the proposed localization algorithm is verified and evaluated. The RMS errors of the estimated result from the proposed algorithm are about 4.3m. This result shows about 40% improvement in accuracy even in comparison with the result from the GPS only method. It shows the possibility to use proposed localization algorithm. However, it is still necessary to improve the accuracy for applying this algorithm to the autonomous car. Therefore, we plan to use multiple cameras (rear cameras or AVM cameras) and more information such as high-definition map or V2X communication. And the filter and error modelling also need to be changed for the better results.

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Conigrave, Arthur D., und Edward M. Brown. „Taste Receptors in the Gastrointestinal Tract II.l-Amino acid sensing by calcium-sensing receptors: implications for GI physiology“. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 291, Nr. 5 (November 2006): G753—G761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00189.2006.

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The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) is a multimodal sensor for several key nutrients, notably Ca2+ions and l-amino acids, and is expressed abundantly throughout the gastrointestinal tract. While its role as a Ca2+ion sensor is well recognized, its physiological significance as an l-amino acid sensor and thus, in the gastrointestinal tract, as a sensor of protein ingestion is only now coming to light. This review focuses on the CaR’s amino acid sensing properties at both the molecular and cellular levels and considers new and putative physiological roles for the CaR in the amino acid-dependent regulation of gut hormone secretion, epithelial transport, and satiety.

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Kumar, G. Pavan. „Speed Sensing Machine using Arduino“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, Nr. VI (30.06.2021): 4394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36064.

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There are certain rules that some authorities have introduced in case of violation of fastmoving vehicles. Most importantly determine any country regulation on certain roads that is, you will be breaking the law if the speed of your car exceeds this the limit. IR sensors are a large part of a project that detects car speed. Generally, you will be able to use set up IR Sensors on many ways but during this project, we used 2 IR Sensors models and set them 10cm apart. When the moving vehicle reaches the main sensor, the IR Sensor is activated. From this moment on, the timer has been started and can still save time until the car reaches the 2nd IR sensor. By imitating the gap in the middle 2 sensors at 5 meters, you will count the speed at which the vehicle has moved from 1st IR Sensor to 2nd IR Sensor as expected to verify the detection in kmph. All statistics and data collection are done in Arduino and therefore the end is shown in the 16X2 LCD display. This route was introduced to detect the speed of the car or a person in general and a warning to people who go along with providing an automatic buzzer. Currently, a RADAR gun or LIDARs are widely used to speed up the acquisition but require someone to pull the impact of finding speed. during this work it has been proven that automation provides better performance than human management system.

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Ruan, Guan Qiang, Jian Cun Liu und Wen Chao Cheng. „The Research on Electronic Smart Clutch Operating System“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.520.

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Today, the sensors are used in the different fields, especially in the automobiles and Aeronautics and Astronautics industry. Speed sensor in the car is very useful . The engine speed sensor and speed sensor are used to collect the movement of the car, which Can intelligently judge drivers true intentions of the operation, in accordance with a set of systems, intelligently solve the problem that driver can not reasonably Use the clutch. Through intelligent systems, controlling the clutch can effectively reduce the fuel consumption of the car.The system enables more intelligent operation of the vehicle, improved shift quality of the car, to improve vehicle handling and stability. Operating system with high intelligent and saving fuel is easy to operate. The operating system can effectively prevent the occurrence of car flameout. The operating system can adapt to all kinds of driver to use, especially for beginners and handicapped people to bring the gospel.

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Liu, Shu, Kevin Koch, Zimu Zhou, Simon Föll, Xiaoxi He, Tina Menke, Elgar Fleisch und Felix Wortmann. „The Empathetic Car“. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 5, Nr. 3 (09.09.2021): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3478078.

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An empathetic car that is capable of reading the driver's emotions has been envisioned by many car manufacturers. Emotion inference enables in-vehicle applications to improve driver comfort, well-being, and safety. Available emotion inference approaches use physiological, facial, and speech-related data to infer emotions during driving trips. However, existing solutions have two major limitations: Relying on sensors that are not built into the vehicle restricts emotion inference to those people leveraging corresponding devices (e.g., smartwatches). Relying on modalities such as facial expressions and speech raises privacy concerns. By contrast, researchers in mobile health have been able to infer affective states (e.g., emotions) based on behavioral and contextual patterns decoded in available sensor streams, e.g., obtained by smartphones. We transfer this rationale to an in-vehicle setting by analyzing the feasibility of inferring driver emotions by passively interpreting the data streams of the control area network (CAN-bus) and the traffic context (inferred from the front-view camera). Therefore, our approach does not rely on particularly privacy-sensitive data streams such as the driver facial video or driver speech, but is built based on existing CAN-bus data and traffic information, which is available in current high-end or future vehicles. To assess our approach, we conducted a four-month field study on public roads covering a variety of uncontrolled daily driving activities. Hence, our results were generated beyond the confines of a laboratory environment. Ultimately, our proposed approach can accurately recognise drivers' emotions and achieve comparable performance as the medical-grade physiological sensor-based state-of-the-art baseline method.

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Srijith, Biyyala. „Gesture Controlled Robot using Arduino“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, Nr. VI (25.06.2021): 2758–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35555.

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A Gesture Controlled Car is a robot that can be controlled with a simple human touch. The user only needs to wear a touch device where the sensor is installed. The sensor will record the movement of the hand in a certain direction that will lead to the movement of the robot in the right places. The robot and the touch device are connected wirelessly with radio waves. The user can communicate with the robot in a very friendly way due to wireless communication. We can control the car using accelerometer sensors that are connected to our hand glove. Sensors are designed to replace the remote control commonly used to drive a car. It will allow the user to control the forward, backward, left and right, while using the same accelerometer sensor to control the car's steering wheel. The movement of the car is controlled by the separation method. The machine involves rotating both front and rear wheels on the left or right side to move the non-clockwise side and another pair around the clock causing the car to rotate with its axis without going forward or backward. The main advantage of this machine is that the car with this method can take sharp turns without difficulty. The design and use of a robotic control arm using a flex sensor is suggested. The robot arm is designed to consist of four moving fingers, each with three connectors, an opposing thumb, a round wrist, and an elbow. The robot arm is designed to mimic the movements of a human hand using a hand glove.

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Sujarwata, Sujarwata. „Car Robots of Line Followers and False Detections Using Microcontroller of BS2SX Basics Tamp“. Journal Of Natural Sciences And Mathematics Research 3, Nr. 1 (25.08.2017): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/jnsmr.2017.3.1.1693.

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<div style="text-align: justify;">This study aims to design a robot car that can follow the line and can avoid obstacles if it detects objects. The movement of the robot car is equipped with light sensor (LDR) and ultrasonic as its navigation system. Automation system navigation settings using BS2SX Basic Stamp microcontroller hardware, while the software with Pbasic programming language. The program is written on the Basic Stamp Editor already installed on the PC, then downloaded to EEPROM. Ultrasonic sensors are utilized as a detection of obstacles and light sensor sensors (LDR) as a tracked line detector. The robot will follow the designed line, if there are obstacles in front of it the robot will avoid and run back if the ultrasonic sensor does not detect obstacles in front of it. With the PWM signal input setting (Pulse Width Modulation) from the microcontroller, the robot car can walk straight, turn and will avoid when detecting obstacles. ©2017 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved</div>

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Ye, Meng Jun, und Chang Hui Hu. „Design of Electromagnetic Smart Car System“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (Oktober 2011): 343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.343.

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The document introduces the self-tracing smart car system based on Fressscale MC9S12XS128 as the core control unit. Focus on the design of electromagnetic sensor unit, describe in detail differential electromagnetic sensor unit and position electromagnetic sensor unit, and then describe the speed adjusting system. Test shows that smart car based on position sensor unit have good forward-looking, real-time and accurate response.

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F., Maysoon, Amani Aldahiri, Hanin Alkhatabi, Hala Alonezi, Lujain Mulla und Somia Razzaq. „Sensor based Hyperthermia Alert Car Application“. Communications on Applied Electronics 5, Nr. 2 (24.05.2016): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/cae2016652232.

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Li, Zhonghao, Da Wang und Qiao Kang. „The Development of Data Acquisition System of Formula SAE Race Car Based on CAN Bus Communication Interface and Closed-Loop Design of Racing Car“. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (26.08.2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4211010.

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This paper is mainly based on the college formula race car, through the application of CAN bus communication interface settings, the layout and adjustment of the car sensors, and then carry out the data collection and analysis of the car. CAN bus is the local area network of controller and is one of the field bus which is put forward by German Bosch company and applied most widely in the world. The development of the data analysis system is mainly based on the MoTeC i2 data analysis software. MoTeC i2 data analysis software has been developed for many years under the continuous research of professional teams all over the world. According to the data analysis requirement of FSAE undergraduate Formula 1 teams, this paper introduces a series of data analysis methods closely related to FSAE, mainly including data channel research. This paper expounds the reliability, suspension, tire temperature, steering, and braking data analysis, respectively. Based on the data analysis template created by Motec i2, this paper conducts analysis and basic application according to the data of the real car, so as to meet the requirements of verifying design made by simulation model and tuning the real car scientifically. By means of wheel speed sensor, acceleration sensor, displacement sensor, multichannel temperature sensor, and so on, we conduct a series of tests on 2020 season car, including endurance test, linear acceleration experiment, steady rotation, etc., evaluate the data collected, and then carry on a reasonable set-up of racing, ultimately improving lap speed.

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Ankamma rao, B., M. Harika Devi und Krishna Veni Kommuri. „Development of cognitive vehicle assistance and driver safety control management“. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, Nr. 2.7 (18.03.2018): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.7.11426.

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In this paper we present new approach for automobiles safety driving system involving the multiple sensor monitoring an area around vehicle and conveying alert the driver. There is some distance between two vehicles if apply break we can lose the control our vehicle. The proposed system works like that it has the four Ultrasonic sensors are fixed four sides of car they will detect the cars and obstacles within in the monitored area based on how much distance they are near to car and alert the driver via leds.an alcohol sensor fixed in the steering if he driver drink alcohol it will detect and switch off the vehicle ignition. The IR sensor monitors the eye blinks the driver. If the driver sleeps it makes ring the buzzer.

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Abdulhamid, Mohanad, und Otieno Amondi. „Collision Avoidance System Using Ultrasonic Sensor“. Land Forces Academy Review 25, Nr. 3 (01.09.2020): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raft-2020-0031.

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AbstractThis paper describes automobile collision avoidance system by using of an ultrasonic sensor for a vehicle. We utilize the electronic systems application embedded in car that is anticipated to minimize the disaster of car accident. This paper is concentrating on developing a model of rear end car collision avoidance system that detects the gap among motors moving in the identical lane, inside the identical direction and alert the driver each time she or he is in danger range by using a microcontroller. The gap is measured via an ultrasonic sensor used to experience the obstacle beforehand.

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Mola, S., M. Magini und C. Malvicino. „Equivalent Temperature Estimator Using Mean Radiant Temperature Sensor“. Measurement and Control 34, Nr. 6 (Juli 2001): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002029400103400603.

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Air conditioning in transport vehicles is becoming more and more a standard equipment rather than an optional one. Therefore, to assure better comfort conditions in rather non- homogeneous environments like a car cabin becomes a primary task. Since human thermal comfort is the result of the combined effect of several physical quantities, there is the need for new sensors to evaluate real comfort conditions in cars, so to have reliable feedback for a climate control. The present paper describes an equivalent temperature estimator which makes use of a mean radiant temperature sensor. A prototype car has been set up to perform on road and subjective tests.

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Barzdžiukas, Julius, Stasys Vygantas Augutis und Rimvydas Povilas Žilinskas. „THE PRECISE MEASUREMENT OF CAR VELOCITY“. TRANSPORT 27, Nr. 2 (26.06.2012): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2012.690346.

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The system for precise measurement of car velocity is using lasers and reference distance fixed on the car. Primary application for this system is verification and calibration of stationary velocity meters without the need for disassembling or transporting them to testing area. Velocity measurements can be performed under the real traffic conditions. Principle of operation, calibration of the measurement system and uncertainties are provided. Some solutions used in this system operate in a wide range of possible environmental conditions. Additionally, ABS sensors were used for dynamic car velocity evaluation. Possibilities of this system, when used in combination with optical measurements, are provided. Experimental data demonstrates ABS sensor applicability in measurements with different road types, tire pressures and temperatures.

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Rindhe, Chaitanya. „Smart Car Parking System using IR Sensor“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 8, Nr. 5 (31.05.2020): 2460–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.5405.

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Shah, M. G. Shahril, A. B. Elmi, A. Nazir und S. Shukri. „Photoelectric Sensor Based Intelligent Track Racing Car“. Procedia Engineering 41 (2012): 588–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.216.

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Köhler, U., S. Dolenec, L. Hanschmann, T. Lorenz und J. Waßmuth. „Novel 3D Hall Sensor Based Position Sensor for Intelligent Car Headlamp“. Sensor Letters 7, Nr. 3 (01.06.2009): 416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2009.1070.

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Rabiei, E., U. Haberlandt, M. Sester und D. Fitzner. „Rainfall estimation using moving cars as rain gauges – laboratory experiments“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, Nr. 11 (28.11.2013): 4701–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4701-2013.

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Abstract. The spatial assessment of short time-step precipitation is a challenging task. Low density of observation networks, as well as the bias in radar rainfall estimation motivated the new idea of exploiting cars as moving rain gauges with windshield wipers or optical sensors as measurement devices. In a preliminary study, this idea has been tested with computer experiments (Haberlandt and Sester, 2010). The results have shown that a high number of possibly inaccurate measurement devices (moving cars) provide more reliable areal rainfall estimations than a lower number of precise measurement devices (stationary gauges). Instead of assuming a relationship between wiper frequency (W) and rainfall intensity (R) with an arbitrary error, the main objective of this study is to derive valid W–R relationships between sensor readings and rainfall intensity by laboratory experiments. Sensor readings involve the wiper speed, as well as optical sensors which can be placed on cars and are usually made for automating wiper activities. A rain simulator with the capability of producing a wide range of rainfall intensities is designed and constructed. The wiper speed and two optical sensors are used in the laboratory to measure rainfall intensities, and compare it with tipping bucket readings as reference. Furthermore, the effect of the car speed on the estimation of rainfall using a car speed simulator device is investigated. The results show that the sensor readings, which are observed from manual wiper speed adjustment according to the front visibility, can be considered as a strong indicator for rainfall intensity, while the automatic wiper adjustment show weaker performance. Also the sensor readings from optical sensors showed promising results toward measuring rainfall rate. It is observed that the car speed has a significant effect on the rainfall measurement. This effect is highly dependent on the rain type as well as the windshield angle.

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FUNDA BUYUK, MAZARI, MAZARI ADNAN, HAVELKA ANTONIN und GLOMBIKOVA VIERA. „Novel portable device to analyze the moisture permeability of car seat“. Industria Textila 69, Nr. 03 (01.07.2018): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.069.03.1455.

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The comfort performance of car seat is important factor while producing car seats, each layer of the car seat is tested separately on classical testing machines, which lacks the real car seat performance when all layers are sandwiched. The complication of car seat design and the testing method bring a great demand of portable device which can measure the comfort performance of the real car seat. In this research a novel portable device is designed which work with special heat flux sensor and the device is connected to computer by USB port and values of heat flux temperature of the water and temperature of the surface is provided by the software. Heat flux sensors measure the heat transfer through a surface, and are expressed in kw/m2. The software controls the heating plate adjustment using PID controller. The device is tested with real car seat and shows repeatable and reproducible results.

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Wang, Chun Lin. „The Vehicle Control Unit Selection of Microprocessor and Main Circuit Design“. Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (Juni 2014): 840–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.840.

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Through to the domestic and foreign automobile electronic control technology, fuel injection control, automatic control, security control, electric sunroof turn signal control and data about the development of the automatic door lock control system is analyzed, combined with the actual situation, system with the method of multiple sensor information fusion, through the intake manifold absolute pressure (MAP), rotational speed sensor and crankshaft position sensor (CPS), the coolant temperature sensor (CTS), the inlet temperature sensor (IAT), throttle position sensor (TPS), oxygen sensor, infrared sensor, cylinder signal sensor, Angle sensors, skylight, start signal signal the various states, such as electric control unit of the collected signal filtering, processing, drive actuators, implementation of fuel injection, skylight, anti-theft, turn signal, the control of car door lock.

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Lin, Mei, Yu Mei Zhang und Li Gong Cui. „Design and Implementation of SCM-Based Smart Cars“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 187 (Juni 2012): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.187.281.

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With the background of the higher vocational college students' innovative of 2010 national test plan, This paper introduces an intelligent controlling system of smart car. Which takes the STC89C52 single-chip Microcomputer as the core of control and black and white line sensors as sensing component. At the same time, the light signal is transmited by using sensors and voltage comparator lm393 to detect the black line on the road; meanwhile this detection signal is transmited to microcontroller signal port, with analysising by Microprocessor control . The smart car can travel by black line. This project involves control technology, the sensor technology, computer and power electronics and other professional domain knowledge, make the car can imitate human thought complete scheduled tasks.

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Lee, Choong Hoon. „Transient Fuel Injection Rate and Fuel Economy Prediction for a Vehicle Driven with FTP-75 Mode Using an ECU HILS“. Advanced Materials Research 772 (September 2013): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.772.543.

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A fuel injection system which is operated with ECU HILS was used to evaluate the transient fuel injection rate and fuel economy. Several sensor signals from a car such as the engine speed, car speed, cam position, crank position, air mass flow, throttle position and several other sensor signals are measured and recorded as a data file with DAQ-system for a vehicle driven in FTP-75 mode in a chassis dynamometer. Electric signals that are equivalent to the sensor signals from the car are reconstructed from the recorded data file using DAQ boards and a computer. All the reconstructed sensor signals are provided to the ECU with synchronized timing. Injectors were connected to the ECU output pins and were driven by the system to measure the quantity of injected fuel. The ECU HILS show that the transient fuel injection rate and fuel economy for the car driving mode could be successfully predicted. Also, the repeatability of the generation of sensor signals can enhance the accuracy of a range of experiments related to cars fuel injection experiment.

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Et. al., M. Hyndhavi,. „DEVELOPMENT OF VEHICLE TRACKING USING SENSOR FUSION“. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY 9, Nr. 2 (01.04.2021): 731–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/itii.v9i2.406.

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The development of vehicle tracking using sensor fusion is presented in this paper. Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are becoming more popular in recent years. These systems use sensor information for real-time control. To improve the standard and robustness, especially in the presence of environmental noises like varying lighting, weather conditions, and fusion of sensors has been the center of attention in recent studies. Faced with complex traffic conditions, the single sensor has been unable to meet the security requirements of ADAS and autonomous driving. The common environment perception sensors consist of radar, camera, and lidar which have both pros and cons. The sensor fusion is a necessary technology for autonomous driving which provides a better vision and understanding of vehicles surrounding. We mainly focus on highway scenarios that enable an autonomous car to comfortably follow other cars at various speeds while keeping a secure distance and mix the advantages of both sensors with a sensor fusion approach. The radar and vision sensor information are fused to produce robust and accurate measurements. And the experimental results indicate that the comparison of using only radar sensors and sensor fusion of both camera and radar sensors is presented in this paper. The algorithm is described along with simulation results by using MATLAB.

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Kim, Dong-Hyung, Kyoosik Shin, Chang-Soo Han und Ji Yeong Lee. „Sensor-based navigation of a car-like robot based on Bug family algorithms“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 227, Nr. 6 (12.09.2012): 1224–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406212458202.

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This article presents a sensor-based navigation algorithm for 3-degree-of-freedom car-like robots with a nonholonomic constraint. Similar to the classical Bug family algorithms, the proposed algorithm enables the car-like robot to navigate in a completely unknown environment by only using range sensor information. The car-like robot uses the local range sensor view to determine the local path so that it moves toward the goal. To guarantee that the car-like robot can approach the goal, the two modes of motion are repeated, termed as motion-to-goal and wall-following. The motion-to-goal behavior lets the robot directly move toward the goal and the wall-following behavior makes the car-like robot circumnavigate the obstacle boundary until it meets the leaving condition. For each behavior, the nonholonomic motion for the car-like robot is planned in terms of the turning radius at each step. The proposed algorithm is implemented with a real robot and the experimental results show the performance of the proposed algorithm.

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Brown, Alan S. „Hiding in Plain Sight“. Mechanical Engineering 133, Nr. 02 (01.02.2011): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2011-feb-3.

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This article presents an overview of Google's autonomous car. There are three components that make Google’s driverless cars go: sensors, software, and Google’s mapping database. Most of these sensors are neatly tucked away in the car’s body rather than mounted, laboratory-style, on a roof rack. The exception is the rotating sensor mounted on the roof. It is a Velodyne high-density LIDAR—light detection and ranging—that combines 64 pulsed lasers into a single unit. The system rotates 10 times per second, capturing 1.3 million points to map the car’s surroundings with centimeter-scale resolution in three dimensions. This lets it detect pavement up to 165-feet ahead or cars and trees within 400 feet. Automotive radars, front and back, provide greater range at lower resolution. A high-resolution video camera inside the car detects traffic signals, as well as pedestrians, bicyclists, and other moving obstacles. The cars also track their positions with a GPS and an inertial motion sensor.

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Park, Sung Bum, Hyeok Chan Kwon und Dong Hoon Lee. „Sensor Fusion Algorithm that Has Resilience under Autonomous Driving Conditions: A Survey“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 865 (Juni 2017): 429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.865.429.

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Autonomous cars recognize the surroundings through multiple sensors and make decisions to control the car in order to arrive at destination without driver's interventions. In such environment, if sensor data forgery occurs, it could lead to a big (critical) accident that could threaten the life of the driver. In the paper, a research on a way to get accurate driving information through sensor fusion algorithm that has resilience against data forgery and modulation will be discussed.

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Alam, Ashraful, Anik Das, Md Shahriar Tasjid und Ahmed Al Marouf. „Leveraging Sensor Fusion and Sensor-Body Position for Activity Recognition for Wearable Mobile Technologies“. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 15, Nr. 17 (06.09.2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i17.25197.

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Smart devices like smartphones and smartwatches have made this world smarter. These wearable devices are created through complex research methodologies to make them more usable and interactive with its user. Various interactive mobile applications such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR) or mixed reality (MR) applications solely depend on the in-built sensors of the smart devices. A lot of facilities can be taken from these devices with sensors such as accelerometer and gyroscope. Different physical activities such as walking, jogging, sitting, etc., can be important for analysis like health state prediction and duration of exercise by using those sensors based on artificial intelligence. In this paper, we have implemented machine learning and deep learning algorithms to detect and recognize eight activities namely, walking, jogging, standing, walking upstairs, walking downstairs, sitting, sitting-in-a-car and cycling; with a maximum of 99.3% accuracy. A few activities are almost similar in action, such as sitting and sitting-in-a-car, but difficult to distinguish; which makes it more challenging to predict tasks. In this paper, we have hypothesized that with more sensors (sensor fusion) and data collection points (sensor-body positions) a wide range of activities can be recognized and the recognition accuracies can be increased. Finally, we showed that the combination of all the sensors data of both pocket/waist and wrist can be used to recognize a wide range of activities accurately. The possibility of using the proposed methodologies for futuristic mobile technologies is quite significant. The adaptation of most recent deep learning algorithms such as convolutional neural network (CNN) and bi-directional Long Short Time Memory (Bi-LSTM) demonstrated high credibility of the methods presented as experimentation.

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Jia, Chao, Wen Qian An, Xu Fang Bo und Xiao Fang Chen. „Methods of Path Identification and Processing in Freescale Intelligence Car“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 631-632 (September 2014): 606–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.631-632.606.

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It is based on the Eighth National College "Freescale" intelligent vehicle competition, this contest requirements to make a model car which can identify the road on the model vehicle platforms independently. If the model car completes contest in accordance with the line for the shortest time that it is winning. Therefore, researching various types of track and the path tracking approach of each group model car is particularly important. First it describes the various types of track, and then describes track recognition principle of each group by using corresponding sensors in detail, finally it analysis how to use sensor to deal with all kinds of circuit method, so that the model car can be quickly and securely through a variety of track, and in the shortest time to reach the end.

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Wang, Tong, Geng Tian und Cong Han. „Route Identification in Intelligent Traffic System Based on CMOS Image Sensor“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 1202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.1202.

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This paper introduces a method based on image processing technology, which allows model car to identify the route on a white board. Our system uses MC9S12XS128 as the control unit, CMOS camera is applied to capture data, and H-bridge driver circuit supports the motor. In addition, we use the ultrasonic to calculate the distance and wireless data transmission module to protect the car from a crash. Finally, we establish an algorithm which controls the car and recognize dotted lines in order to overtake the other model car at speed-change area.

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Soon, Chin Fhong, Siti Hajar Aminah Ali, See Khee Ye, Munzilah Md Rohani, Kian Sek Tee, Marlia Morsin, Nafarizal Nayan und Chiok Chuan Lim. „Investigation of wireless magnetometer in sensing magnetic field changes at different car direction and speed“. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, Nr. 2 (01.04.2021): 668–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i2.2707.

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The embedment of induction loop underground for traffic volume monitoring caused damaging effects to the road and reduced road surface aesthetics. A wireless magnetometer implanted underground in a small uniform area was developed to detect three-axis magnetic flux changes due to the perturbation of vehicle passing over the sensor. In this project, a wireless magnetometer sensor system operating at a radio frequency of 2.4 GHz for detecting and transmitting Z-field data has been developed to investigate the patterns of magnetic field associated with the car directions and speed. This is the first report in revealing the responses of the sensor to different car speed and sensing directions. Field tests were conducted by car passes over in a direction in-line or countering the X and Y axes of the magnetometer. The results showed that the strong magnetic field density as low as -100 to -230 μT could be generated when a car passed over the sensor in a direction countering X and Y axes. The speed detection limit of the sensor is 60 kmph. The X, Y and Z flux patterns obtained is import in designing an algorithm for accurate detection and counting of vehicles.

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Rabiei, E., U. Haberlandt, M. Sester und D. Fitzner. „Rainfall estimation using moving cars as rain gauges – laboratory experiments“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, Nr. 4 (04.04.2013): 4207–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-4207-2013.

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Abstract. The spatial assessment of short time step precipitation is a challenging task. Low density of observation networks, as well as the bias in radar rainfall estimation motivated the new idea of exploiting cars as moving rain gauges with windshield wipers or optical sensors as measurement devices. In a preliminary study, this idea has been tested with computer experiments (Haberlandt and Sester, 2010). The results have shown that a high number of possibly inaccurate measurement devices (moving cars) provide more reliable areal rainfall estimations than a lower number of precise measurement devices (stationary gauges). Instead of assuming a relationship between wiper frequency (W) and rainfall intensity (R) with an arbitrary error, the main objective of this study is to derive valid W–R relationships between sensor readings and rainfall intensity by laboratory experiments. Sensor readings involve the wiper speed, as well as optical sensors which can be placed on cars and are usually made for automating wiper activities. A rain simulator with the capability of producing a wide range of rainfall intensities is designed and constructed. The wiper speed and two optical sensors are used in the laboratory to measure rainfall intensities, and compare it with tipping bucket readings as reference. Furthermore, the effect of the car speed on the estimation of rainfall using a car speed simulator device is investigated. The results show that the sensor readings, which are observed from wiper speed adjustment according to the front visibility, can be considered as a strong indicator for rainfall intensity. Also the optical sensors showed promising results toward measuring rainfall rate. It is observed that the car speed has a significant effect on the rainfall measurement. This effect is highly dependent on the rain type as well as the windshield angle.

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TOBITA, Yuki, Yohei MICHITSUJI, Ikunori HISADA und Kensuke NAGASAWA. „Velocity estimation of subway car using inertial sensor“. Proceedings of Conference of Kanto Branch 2018.24 (2018): OS0411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekanto.2018.24.os0411.

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Yin, Qun, Jianbo Zhang, Xinkai Wang und Si Liu. „The video intelligent car based on wireless sensor“. Cluster Computing 22, S3 (22.08.2017): 5135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10586-017-1100-4.

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Han, Yong Qi, Yi Liu und Nan Lin. „Automatic Navigation of Intelligent Vehicle Control System Based on Laser Sensor“. Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050 (Oktober 2014): 661–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.661.

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This smart car control system by MC9S12G128 controller as the core, the use of a row of 18 laser tubes and 6 receiving tube as the path recognition sensor, through MC9S12G128 I / 0 interface for sensor signal, and use the feature extraction method to extract the track type, realization of the starting line, cross line recognition. According to road information, the design adopts fuzzy control algorithm of output PWM wave to control the gear steering, complete control of the direction of the car, the car speed extracted with the use of photoelectric encoder, comparing with the current set point to get speed deviation, and output PWM pulse is obtained by using the PID algorithm to control the motor to adjust the car speed, complete the closed-loop control of the car movement speed. Through the experiment, the system is designed to achieve the desired effect.

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Zhang, Yun Zuo, und Qiu Ming Zhao. „The Optimize Design of the Intelligent Electric Mini-Car“. Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (Februar 2011): 1882–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.1882.

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In the fields of auto-control, the requirement for dependability and intelligence of the instrument is often to be considered seriously. Since the capability of the electronic sensor and affect of the ambient temperature, the high dependability and intelligence is a hard aim to be reached. And the error through normal methods to design may be very large. The intelligence is poor. The article introduces the project process of making an Intelligent Electric Mini-car with high dependability and intelligence: which is consisted of SCM (single-chip microcomputer) SPCE061A, multiple kinds of sensors and some modules to support. Base on the SCM SPCE061A, the mini-car can identify different voice, record & play, race intellectually by the order of voice, dodge the barriers automatically and measure the distance accurately while running at different speed by introducing the PWM and the HALL speed sensor. At the same time, it has radar of backing a car, GPS (Global Position System) and the ability to detect alcohol in a motorman. To enhance the function of the mini-car, radiogram, MTV and LED of kinds of color is added, too. With the information displayed on the LCD and the voice register, it is easier to communicate with the mini-car. With the separate of circuit of controlling and electromotor, the stability of the system has improved. It has made good use of power to adopt 3.3V for the switch circuit and high efficiency PWM. Under the control of the voice order, it also can detect the real time and temperature meticulously. The project is adopting intelligent sensor and new SCM, which combined the multiple kinds of new intelligent electronic device, not only to measure the data for the system accurately, but also to communicate with us. At last the actual data of speed and distance is given to prove the feasibility of the project.

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Conigrave, A. D., H. C. Mun und S. C. Brennan. „Physiological significance of L-amino acid sensing by extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptors“. Biochemical Society Transactions 35, Nr. 5 (25.10.2007): 1195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0351195.

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The calcium-sensing receptor is a multimodal, multimetabolic sensor that mediates the feedback-dependent control of whole body calcium metabolism. Remarkably, in addition to its role in Ca2+o (extracellular Ca2+) sensing, the CaR (Ca2+-sensing receptor) also responds to L-amino acids. L-amino acids appear to activate, predominantly, a signalling pathway coupled with intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, require a threshold concentration of Ca2+o for efficacy and sensitize the receptor to activation by Ca2+o. Here, we review the evidence that the CaR, like other closely related members of the class 3 GPCR (G-protein-coupled receptor) family including GPRC6A, is a broad-spectrum amino acid-sensing receptor, consider the nature of the signalling response to amino acids and discuss its physiological significance.

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Zheng, Fu. „Design of Auto Route Identified Vehicle Model Based on MC9S12XS128“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 187 (Juni 2012): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.187.146.

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A vehicle based on automatic route identification technology by using modulated infrared photoelectric sensors was introduced. Circuits for path detecting , motor drive, speed sensor and servo drive were designed. And the controlling strategy was introduced. At last, the assembled model car could run along the black line stably and fast.

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Schön, S. „INTEGRITY – A TOPIC FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRY ?“ ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B1-2020 (06.08.2020): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b1-2020-565-2020.

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Abstract. Photogrammetric methods and sensors like LIDAR, RADAR and cameras are becoming more and more important for new applications like highly automatic driving, since they enable capturing relative information of the ego vehicle w.r.t its environment. Integrity measure the trust that we can put in the navigation information of a system. The concept of integrity was first developed for civil aviation and is linked to reliability concepts well known in geodesy and photogrammetry. Currently, the navigation community is discussing how to guarantee integrity for car navigation and multi-sensor systems.In this paper, we will give a short review on integrity concepts and on the current discussion of how to apply it to car navigation. We will discuss which role photogrammetry could play to solve the open issues in the integrity definition and monitoring for multi-sensor systems.

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Susanti, Roza, und Budhi Bakhtiar. „PENGATURAN PORTAL PADA PENGURUTAN PARKIR MOBIL DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN RFId DAN PC“. Elektron : Jurnal Ilmiah 1, Nr. 2 (18.12.2009): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/eji.1.2.22.

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The number of vehicles increasing day by day. It will trigger the demand of parking area, especially for car park. To overcome this problem, we offer a solution, by creating a miniatur car parking. This Car park only for members whose can park their car in it. Each car will be equiped by a RFId tag (RFid card) and the RFId sensor (Radio Frequency Identification) which will detecting this card . The main function of the RFid card is to detecting every car come and go from the car parking area. The data are readed from the card need to be checked and verified with the database of member identification (Id) by using Visual Basic 6.0 as the interface. The serial port RS 232 used as the interface to connect RFId sensor and Personal computer. The program in AT89S51 microcontroller will control the motor rotation for opening or closing the parking area gate.

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Sathish, M., V. K. Harikrishnan und Prof A. RamaKrishan P. Kavin. „Automatic Car Window Opening System by using Oxygen and Sound Sensor“. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-3 (30.04.2018): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd10892.

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M. Keong, L., A. S. Jamaludin, M. N. M. Razali, A. N. S. Z. Abidin und M. R. M. Yasin. „Modelling of PID Speed Control Based Collision Avoidance System“. Journal of Modern Manufacturing Systems and Technology 4, Nr. 2 (30.09.2020): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmmst.v4i2.5182.

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Nowadays, the vehicle’s accident occurring rate is high in Malaysia especially during the period of festival celebrations. Thus, it is necessary to develop a low cost and high effectiveness collision avoidance system that is affordable for every vehicles. Therefore, this research focus on to design and model a collision avoidance system that can slow down when approaching obstacles. The effectiveness of this collision avoidance system is evaluated based on its effectiveness of slowing down when it is approaching obstacles as well as when there is sudden obstacles appear in front of it. In this research, the collision avoidance system will be tested on a modelling car that is built with robot car chassis. The Arduino Nano is the controller for this system while there are ultrasonic sensor and encoder sensors to detect the obstacle distance and speed of the wheel respectively. The Arduino board will be programmed with PID control algorithm to allow the modelling car to slow down when approaching obstacle and stop before colliding with the obstacles. According to the result obtained, the most suitable PID constants for this collision avoidance system is Kp = 0.7, Ki = 0.7 and Kd = 0.07. The collision avoidance system is sensitive to sudden obstacle as it can stop the modelling car in just 0.3 second when the sensor detect sudden obstacle. To conclude, this collision avoidance system can slow down and prevent the modelling car crashing to the front obstacle while ensuring the safety and comfortable of the passengers.

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Itoh, Toshio, Yutaro Koyama, Woosuck Shin, Takafumi Akamatsu, Akihiro Tsuruta, Yoshitake Masuda und Kazuhisa Uchiyama. „Selective Detection of Target Volatile Organic Compounds in Contaminated Air Using Sensor Array with Machine Learning: Aging Notes and Mold Smells in Simulated Automobile Interior Contaminant Gases“. Sensors 20, Nr. 9 (08.05.2020): 2687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092687.

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We investigated the selective detection of target volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are age-related body odors (namely, 2-nonenal, pelargonic acid, and diacetyl) and a fungal odor (namely, acetic acid) in the presence of interference VOCs from car interiors (namely, n-decane, and butyl acetate). We used eight semiconductive gas sensors as a sensor array; analyzing their signals using machine learning; principal-component analysis (PCA), and linear-discriminant analysis (LDA) as dimensionality-reduction methods; k-nearest-neighbor (kNN) classification to evaluate the accuracy of target-gas determination; and random forest and ReliefF feature selections to choose appropriate sensors from our sensor array. PCA and LDA scores from the sensor responses to each target gas with contaminant gases were generally within the area of each target gas; hence; discrimination between each target gas was nearly achieved. Random forest and ReliefF efficiently reduced the required number of sensors, and kNN verified the quality of target-gas discrimination by each sensor set.

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