Thematische Bibliographien / Car sensor

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Car sensor“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 28. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 18. Februar 2022

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Car sensor"

Li, Nan, und Cun Fu He. „Capacitive Sensor Design for an Automatic Car-Wiper System“. Advanced Materials Research 211-212 (Februar 2011): 798–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.211-212.798.

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A structure of capacitance sensor used for an automatic car-wiper system is presented. It aims to develop a low-cost sensor with high sensitivity and robustness. Firstly, two kinds of sensing technique based on optical and piezoelectric sensors for an automatic car-wiper system are introduced respectively. Then, three types of capacitance sensors of different shapes are designed. The parameters which affecting the sensor signal strength and measurement sensitivity are discussed. Thirdly, the electric field distributions of the sensors are simulated, and the fringe capacitance of the sensors are measured and analyzed. Finally, the optimum excitation frequency of designed sensor is determined, and the sensor noise is discussed in this paper. The experimental results indicate the validity and importance of the capacitance-based sensing technique which can be used for liquid detection on windshield of vehicles.

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Riccardi, D., und D. Maldonado-Perez. „The calcium-sensing receptor as a nutrient sensor“. Biochemical Society Transactions 33, Nr. 1 (01.02.2005): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0330316.

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Critical to cell fate in many cell types is the ability to sense and respond to acute changes in free ionized extracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]o). Such tight control is mediated by the activation of a protein known as the extracellular-calcium-sensing receptor (CaR). CaR belongs to the ‘family C’ of G-protein-coupled receptors and was the first G-protein-coupled receptor to be identified to have an inorganic cation, calcium, as its ligand. While calcium is the physiological agonist of the receptor, several other polyvalent cations and polycations can also modulate CaR function as do certain L-aromatic amino acids, polyamines, salinity and pH. This feature renders the CaR uniquely capable of generating cell- and tissue-specific responses, and of integrating inputs deriving from changes in the Ca2+o concentration with signals deriving from the local metabolic environment. Here we address the role of the CaR in physiology and disease, the range of CaR modulators and the potential roles of the CaR as a metabolic sensor in a variety of physiological (and pathological) scenarios.

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Nasir, M. Z. M., S. Salimin, B. Chan und S. A. Jumaat. „Prototype development of smart parking system powered by solar photovoltaic“. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 18, Nr. 3 (01.06.2020): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v18.i3.pp1229-1235.

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This paper proposed the prototype of smart car parking powered by photovoltaic. There is probability that cars will hit the wall or car out from the parking lot. The main objectives of this research are to determine the power rating and sizing of PV panel suitable for smart car parking system and design an ultrasonic parking sensor circuit to alert any obstacle while parking and development the prototype of smart car parking using PV. Smart car parking consists of distance sensors, LED, Arduino UNO potentiometer, resistors, and Node MCU. Where, Arduino UNO as a microcontroller was coding to receive the signal from the sensor and transmit signal to LED to display the car distance condition. To measure the distance between sensor positions to a car, HC-SR04 ultrasonic distance sensor is used. Whenever a car come near to the sensor within range specified, the red, yellow or green LED will light up and send the condition happening to the smartphone application. The application build-up can display the real situation and the PV system can supply enough electricity to the smart car parking.

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Handlogten, Mary E., Naoki Shiraishi, Hisataka Awata, Chunfa Huang und R. Tyler Miller. „Extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptor is a promiscuous divalent cation sensor that responds to lead“. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 279, Nr. 6 (01.12.2000): F1083—F1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2000.279.6.f1083.

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The extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaR) responds to polycations, including Ca2+ and neomycin. This receptor is a physiological regulator of systemic Ca2+ metabolism and may also mediate the toxic effects of hypercalcemia. A number of divalent cations, including Pb2+, Co2+, Cd2+, and Fe2+, are toxic to the kidney, brain, and other tissues where the CaR is expressed. To determine which divalent cations can activate the CaR, we expressed the human CaR in HEK-293 cells and measured activation of phospholipase A2(PLA2) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase p42ERK in response to potential agonists for the receptor. HEK-293 cells expressing the nonfunctional mutant CaR R796W served as controls. Extracellular Ca2+, Ba2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Gd3+, Ni2+, Pb2+, and neomycin activated the CaR, but Hg2+and Fe3+ did not. We analyzed the kinetics of activation of p42ERK and PLA2 by the CaR in response to Ca2+, Co2+, and Pb2+. The EC50 values ranged from ∼0.1 mM for Pb2+ to ∼4.0 mM for Ca2+. The Hill coefficients were >3, indicating multiple cooperative ligand binding sites or subunits. Submaximal concentrations of Ca2+ and Pb2+ were additive for activation of the CaR. The EC50 for Ca2+ or Pb2+ was reduced four- to fivefold by the presence of the other ion. These divalent cations also activated PLA2 via the CaR in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells that stably express the CaR. We conclude that many divalent cations activate the CaR and that their effects are additive. The facts that the CaR is a promiscuous polycation sensor and that the effects of these ions are additive to activate it suggest that the CaR may contribute to the toxicity of some heavy metals such as Pb2+, Cd2+, Co2+, and Fe2+ for the kidney and other tissues where it is expressed.

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Babu, Dr K. Ramesh. „Automatic Car Parking with Arduino, LDR Sensor“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, Nr. VI (25.06.2021): 2238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35474.

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Now days it is very important to save the time, money in terms of travelling and parking too. If any one goes to the shopping, people didn’t know, is there any space to the vehicle parking or not,in such a cases to save the public time, automatic car parking helps. Working principle is depends on the sensors which is already arranged in the parking area and LDR sensor which is at the entrance of car parking. It’s all manage with LDR sensors and Arduino micro controller .the simulated results with proteus software pursued .

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Susanto, Rudy, Yohannes Kristanto, Sonny Ridwanto und Diptyo Hisnuaji. „PERANCANGAN DAN IMPLEMENTASI SENSOR PARKIR PADA MOBIL MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR ULTRASONIK“. CommIT (Communication and Information Technology) Journal 1, Nr. 1 (31.05.2007): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/commit.v1i1.464.

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A car driver often had trouble to park his car a narrow location, caused by a narrow parking area on the wane.Also, cars had often crashed the electric pillar or scratched the car on the wall while retreat. The problem was the driverdidn’t know condition behind vehicle because of limited of view. The research aimed to make a system that can easily helpdriver in parking his car, by using of ultrasonic parking sensor. The method used in sensor scheme parks is ultrasonicisensor to detect and measure car and balk distance by utilising of 851 family microcontroller as the main system. Theresult indicates that ultrasonic censor effective deep measurement was on distance of 2 cm – 30 m. It is that enoughultrasonic censor is effective to be implemented on censor parks.

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Emura, Takashi, Masaaki Kumagai und Lei Wang. „A Next-Generation Intelligent Car for Safe Drive“. Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 12, Nr. 5 (20.10.2000): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2000.p0545.

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This paper describes the fundamental development of an intelligent car whose safety is improved by using environment-sensors. Because the most important key parts in this intelligent car are environment-sensors, we developed mainly two kinds of sensors. One is a compact scanning laser range finder whose makdng cost is sufficiently low. The other is a new type ultrasonic sensor whose detectable range is very long. Because this ultrasonic sensor is a nonscanning type and detects the position of object from the phase differences of sound waves that arrive at four microphones, the detection time is short enough. We used a CCD camera together with those sensors for rapid recognition of objects and canied out basic experiments of an intelligent car.

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Kim, H., K. Choi und I. Lee. „IMPROVING CAR NAVIGATION WITH A VISION-BASED SYSTEM“. ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-3/W5 (20.08.2015): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-3-w5-459-2015.

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The real-time acquisition of the accurate positions is very important for the proper operations of driver assistance systems or autonomous vehicles. Since the current systems mostly depend on a GPS and map-matching technique, they show poor and unreliable performance in blockage and weak areas of GPS signals. In this study, we propose a vision oriented car navigation method based on sensor fusion with a GPS and in-vehicle sensors. We employed a single photo resection process to derive the position and attitude of the camera and thus those of the car. This image georeferencing results are combined with other sensory data under the sensor fusion framework for more accurate estimation of the positions using an extended Kalman filter. The proposed system estimated the positions with an accuracy of 15 m although GPS signals are not available at all during the entire test drive of 15 minutes. The proposed vision based system can be effectively utilized for the low-cost but high-accurate and reliable navigation systems required for intelligent or autonomous vehicles.

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Kim, H., und I. Lee. „LOCALIZATION OF A CAR BASED ON MULTI-SENSOR FUSION“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-1 (26.09.2018): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-1-247-2018.

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Abstract. The vehicle localization is an essential component for stable autonomous car operation. There are many algorithms for the vehicle localization. However, it still needs much improvement in terms of its accuracy and cost. In this paper, sensor fusion based localization algorithm is used for solving this problem. Our sensor system is composed of in-vehicle sensors, GPS and vision sensors. The localization algorithm is based on extended Kalman filter and it has time update step and measurement update step. In the time update step, in-vehicle sensors are used such as yaw-rate and speed sensor. And GPS and vision sensor information are used to update the vehicle position in the measurement update step.We use visual odometry library to process vision sensor data and generate the moving distance and direction of the car. Especially, when performing visual odometry we use georeferenced image database to reduce the error accumulation. Through the experiments, the proposed localization algorithm is verified and evaluated. The RMS errors of the estimated result from the proposed algorithm are about 4.3m. This result shows about 40% improvement in accuracy even in comparison with the result from the GPS only method. It shows the possibility to use proposed localization algorithm. However, it is still necessary to improve the accuracy for applying this algorithm to the autonomous car. Therefore, we plan to use multiple cameras (rear cameras or AVM cameras) and more information such as high-definition map or V2X communication. And the filter and error modelling also need to be changed for the better results.

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Conigrave, Arthur D., und Edward M. Brown. „Taste Receptors in the Gastrointestinal Tract II.l-Amino acid sensing by calcium-sensing receptors: implications for GI physiology“. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 291, Nr. 5 (November 2006): G753—G761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00189.2006.

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The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) is a multimodal sensor for several key nutrients, notably Ca2+ions and l-amino acids, and is expressed abundantly throughout the gastrointestinal tract. While its role as a Ca2+ion sensor is well recognized, its physiological significance as an l-amino acid sensor and thus, in the gastrointestinal tract, as a sensor of protein ingestion is only now coming to light. This review focuses on the CaR’s amino acid sensing properties at both the molecular and cellular levels and considers new and putative physiological roles for the CaR in the amino acid-dependent regulation of gut hormone secretion, epithelial transport, and satiety.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Car sensor"

Dedic, Haris. „Humidity sensor for car seat“. Thesis, University West, Department of Technology, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-785.

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Bahrieh, Sara. „Sensor Central / Automotive Systems“. Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-6012.

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How to display objects which were detected from different devices in one coordinate system? Nowadays most vehicles are equipped with front and back sensors to help the driver in driving process. Companies who provide this technology need to have an application which enables them for easy data fusion from these sensors and recording the process. Besides sensor’s design, programming of them is an important aspect. BASELABS Connect has the solution in a user friendly way. Creating Sensor Central component for BASELABS Connect is the main goal of this thesis. Sensor Central from BASELABS Connect requires six variables of sensor’s position for each sensor to demonstrate the objects from all sensors to one unique coordinate system. In this thesis, it was intended to create such a component which was mounted between all the sensors and the charting component to convert the objects location from different sensor’s position to one coordinate system and to be usable from other vehicles too.
www.baselabs.de

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Wallin, Jonas, und Joakim Zachrisson. „Sensor Fusion in Smartphones : with Application to Car Racing Performance Analysis“. Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Reglerteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-94170.

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Today's smartphones are equipped with a variety of different sensors such as GPS receivers, accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers, making smartphones viable tools in many applications. The computational capacity of smartphones allows for software applications running advanced signal processing algorithms. Thus, attaching a smartphone inside a car makes it possible to estimate kinematics of the vehicle by fusing information from the different sensors inside the smartphone. Fusing information from different sources for improving estimation quality is a well-known problem and there exist a lot of methods and algorithms in this area. This thesis approaches the sensor fusion problem of estimating kinematics of cars using smartphones for the purpose of analysing driving performance. Different varieties of the coordinated turn model for describing the vehicle dynamics are investigated. Also, different measurement models are evaluated where bias errors of the sensors are taken into consideration. Pre-filtering and construction of pseudo-measurements are also considered which allow for use of state space models with a lower dimension.
Dagens smartphones är utrustade med en rad olika typer av sensorer såsom GPS mottagare, accelerometrar, gyroskop och magnetometrar vilket medför ett stort användningsområde. Beräkningskapaciteten hos smartphones gör det möjligt för mjukvaruapplikationer att använda sig av avancerade algoritmer för signalbehandling. Det är därför möjligt att placera en smartphone inuti en bil och skatta bilens kinematik genom att kombinera informationen från de olika sensorerna. Att fusionera information från olika källor för att erhålla bättre skattningar är ett välkänt område där det finns många metoder och algoritmer utvecklade. Detta examensarbete behandlar sensorfusionsproblemet att skatta bilars kinematik med hjälp av smartphones för syftet att kunna analysera körprestanda. Olika varianter av en coordinated turn modell för att beskriva bilens dynamik undersöks. Dessutom testas olika modeller för sensorerna där hänsyn till exempelvis biasfel tas. Förbehandling av data och pseudomätningar testas också vilket gör det möjligt att använda tillståndsmodeller med låg dimension.

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Bränn, Jesper. „Smartphone sensors are sufficient to measure smoothness of car driving“. Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-208895.

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This study aims to look at whether or not it is sufficient to only use smartphone sensors to judge if someone who is driving a car is driving aggressively or smoothly. To determine this, data were first collected from the accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer and GPS sensors in the smartphone as well as values based on these sensors from the iOS operating system. After this the data, together with synthesized data based on the collected data, were used to train an artificial neural network.The results indicate that it is possible to give a binary judgment on aggressive or smooth driving with a 97% accuracy, with little model overfitting. The conclusion of this study is that it is sufficient to only use smartphone sensors to make a judgment on the drive.
Den här studien ämnar till att bedöma huruvida smartphonesensorer är tillräckliga för att avgöra om någon kör en bil aggressivt eller mjukt. För att kunna avgöra detta så samlades först data in från accelerometer, gyroskop, magnetometer och GPS-sensorerna i en smartphone, tillsammans med värden baserade på dessa data från iOS-operativ-systemet. Efter den datan var insamlad tränades ett artificiellt neuronnät med datan.Resultaten indikerar att det är möjligt att ge ett binärt utlåtande om aggressiv kontra mjuk körning med 97% säkerhet, och med liten överanpassning. Detta innebär att det är tillräckligt att enbart använda smartphonesensorer för att avgörande om körningen var mjuk eller aggressiv.

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Toldra, Reig Fidel. „Development of electrochemical devices for hydrocarbon sensing purposes in car exhaust gases“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/110968.

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En la presente tesis doctoral se han desarrollado dispositivos electroquímicos de estado sólido para la detección selectiva de hidrocarburos en los gases de escape de coches. Diversos materiales fueron empleados para ello. También se llevó a cabo la activación catalítica del electrodo de trabajo para mejorar la reacción electroquímica del analito objetivo. El etileno fue seleccionado como el analito objetivo para cuantificar la cantidad total de hidrocarburos ya que es uno de los hidrocarburos más abundantes en un gas de escape. Pero el dispositivo no solo debe proporcionar una respuesta selectiva al etileno, sino que también debe tener una baja sensibilidad cruzada a otros compuestos también abundantes en un gas de escape como monóxido de carbono, agua, dióxido de nitrógeno, etc. El dispositivo consiste en un sensor potenciométrico de estado sólido en el que óxido de zirconio estabilizado con 8% de óxido de itrio (8YSZ) es empleado como electrolito. Dos electrodos son impresos en la superficie de cada cara. Primero, diversos óxidos fueron empleados como electrodo de trabajo utilizando a su vez platino como electrodo de referencia a 550ºC. Muchos de los materiales fueron descartados por su falta de selectividad al etileno, su alta sensibilidad cruzada al monóxido de carbono o por su respuesta no estable. Finalmente, Fe0.7Cr1.3O3 mezclado con 8YSZ fue seleccionado como el material más prometedor dada su buena selectividad al etileno con baja sensibilidad cruzada al monóxido de carbono. Esta configuración fue expuesta a agua como a fenantreno y metilnaftaleno. Esto produjo un aumento de la sensibilidad cruzada del dispositivo al monóxido de carbono, motivo por el que el sensor no sea adecuado para los objetivos de esta tesis. La estrategia adoptada consistió en actuar sobre el electrodo de referencia. El Platino, empleado habitualmente en la bibliografía como electrodo de referencia, fue cambiado por un conductor mixto iónico-electrónico activo al oxigeno: La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 mezclado con 8YSZ (LSM/8YSZ). Desgraciadamente, esto provocó un aumento de la sensibilidad cruzada al monóxido de carbono. Diversas nanopartículas fueron añadidas en el electrodo de trabajo para mejorar la actividad catalítica y aumentar la reacción electroquímica al etileno. Níquel, titanio y aluminio (especialmente la combinación de los dos últimos con níquel) dieron la mejor respuesta: el sensor era selectivo al etileno con baja sensibilidad cruzada al monóxido de carbono, agua y fenantreno. El efecto del espesor del electrolito en la respuesta del sensor también fue evaluado en un rango de 0.1 a 1.2 mm. Aunque no había una gran diferencia en la respuesta, la sensibilidad cruzada al monóxido de carbono era menor en el caso del dispositivo más fino. Otras alternativas al 8YSZ como electrolito también fueron evaluadas para trabajar a menores temperaturas (400 a 550ºC): oxido de cerio dopado con gadolinio (CGO) y óxido de zirconio estabilizado con un 10% de óxido de escandio (ScSZ). El dispositivo basado en ScSZ mostró un buen comportamiento a etileno a bajas temperaturas y en condiciones secas pero la adición de agua provocaba un aumento de la sensibilidad cruzada al monóxido de carbono. Una vez infiltrado el electrodo de trabajo con níquel, ambos dispositivos mostraron un buen comportamiento a bajas temperaturas en condiciones secas para concentraciones de etileno inferiores a 100 ppm, aunque la mejor respuesta fue obtenida a 550ºC. Ambos dispositivos mostraron una respuesta selectiva al etileno con baja sensibilidad cruzada al monóxido de carbono, agua y fenantreno. Se estudió también el efecto de mezclar el electrodo de trabajo con un conductor iónico (8YSZ). Se mezcló La0.87Sr0.13CrO3 (LSC) con 8YSZ sin observarse un cambio en la respuesta comparado con el electrodo solo. Además la mejor configuración Fe0.7Cr1.3O3/8YSZ//8YSZ//LSM/8YSZ (infiltrado con níquel) fue expuesto a dioxide de nitr
The present thesis is focused on the development of solid-state electrochemical devices for the selective detection of hydrocarbons in car exhaust gases. For this purpose, several materials were tested as electrodes and electrolytes. Catalytic activation of the working electrode has also been taken into account to boost the electrochemical reaction of the target analyte. Ethylene is one of the most abundant hydrocarbons in an exhaust gas and was selected as the target analyte to quantify the total amount of hydrocarbons. Not only the device has to be selective to ethylene but it must also have a low cross-sensitivity toward other pollutants abundant in an exhaust gas such as carbon monoxide, water, other hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide, etc. Thus, a solid-state potentiometric sensor was selected based on 8% Ytria-stabilized Zirconia (8YSZ) as electrolyte. Two electrodes were screen-printed on top of each face. First, several metal oxides were tested as working electrode with platinum (Pt) as reference electrode at 550ºC. Most of the materials were discarded because of their lack of selectivity to ethylene, high cross-sensitivity toward carbon monoxide or problems regarding stability. Fe0.7Cr1.3O3 mixed with 8YSZ was finally selected as the most promising material because of its selective response to ethylene with relatively low cross-sensitivity toward carbon monoxide. This sensor configuration was then exposed to water and phenanthrene and methylnaphthalene. This led to an increase of the cross-sensitivity of the device toward carbon monoxide making the device not suitable for the purposes of the present thesis. The approach to improve the sensor performance was to modify the reference electrode. Platinum, usually employed in literature as reference electrode, was exchanged for a mixed ionic-electronic conductor active to oxygen: La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 mixed with 8YSZ (LSM/8YSZ). Unfortunately, this increases the device activity toward carbon monoxide increasing its cross-sensitivity. Several nanoparticles were added onto the working electrode to improve the catalytic activity and boost the electrochemical reaction of ethylene. Nickel, titanium and aluminum (the last two elements combined with nickel) provided the best performance: selectivity to ethylene with low cross-sensitivity toward carbon monoxide, water and phenanthrene. The effect of the electrolyte thickness was also checked in the range from 0.1 to 1.2 mm. Although there was not a huge difference between them, the cross-sensitivity toward carbon monoxide was slightly lower for the thinnest sensor. Other alternatives to 8YSZ electrolyte were tested at lower working temperatures (400 to 550ºC) with the same electrodes materials: gadolinium-doped cerium oxide (CGO) and 10% scandia-stabilized Zirconia (ScSZ). ScsZ-based device showed a good performance in dry conditions but the addition of water decreased its suitability. Once improved the catalytic activity of the working electrode, both devices showed a good performance at lower temperature in dry conditions for ethylene concentration above 100 ppm but the best response was achieved at 550ºC. Both devices were selective to ethylene with low cross-sensitivity toward carbon monoxide, water and phenanthrene. The effect of mixing the working electrode with an ionic conductor (8YSZ) was also tested by mixing La0.87Sr0.13CrO3 (LSC) with 8YSZ and no change in response was observed when compared to the bare electrode. Finally, the best sensor configuration Fe0.7Cr1.3O3/8YSZ//8YSZ//LSM/8YSZ (after infiltration with nickel) was exposed to nitrogen dioxide to check the cross-sensitivity. The response was still selective to ethylene even with the addition of nitrogen dioxide plus water.
En la present tesi doctoral s'han desenvolupat dispositius electroquímics d'estat sòlid per a la detecció selectiva d' hidrocarburs als gasos d'escapament dels automòbils. Diversos materials van ser empleats per a tal fi. També es va dur a terme l'activació catalítica de l'elèctrode de treball per a millorar la reacció electroquímica al anàlit objectiu. L' etilè va ser seleccionat com anàlit objectiu per a quantificar la quantitat total d' hidrocarburs, ja que és un dels hidrocarburs més abundants en un gas d'escapament. Però el dispositiu no ha de ser tan sols selectiu a l'etilè, sinó que també deu proporcionar una baixa sensibilitat creuada a altres elements força abundants en un gas d'escapament com són el monòxid de carboni, l'aigua, el diòxid de nitrogen, etc. Així, el dispositiu consisteix en un sensor potenciomètric d'estat sòlid en el que l'òxid de zirconi estabilitzat amb un 8% d'òxid d'itri (8YSZ) és empleat como a electròlit. Els elèctrodes van impresos a cadascuna de les superfícies del dispositiu. Primer, diversos òxids es van emprar com a elèctrode de treball fent servir platí com elèctrode de referència a 550ºC. Molts dels materials van ser descartats per motiu de la seva manca de selectivitat al etilè, la seva alta sensibilitat creuada al monòxid de carboni o perquè la resposta no era estable. Finalment, el Fe0.7Cr1.3O3 mesclat amb 8YSZ va ser seleccionat com el material més prometedor atès a la selectivitat a l'etilè i la baixa sensibilitat creuada al monòxid de carboni. Aquesta configuració és doncs exposada tant a l'aigua com al fenantrè i al metilnaftalè. Això va produir un increment de la sensibilitat creuada al monòxid de carboni, fent que el dispositiu no resulti idoni per als objectius de la present tesi. Es va adoptar com a estratègia modificar l'elèctrode de referència. Platí, empleat sovintment com a elèctrode de referència a la bibliografia, va ser canviat per un conductor mixt iònic-electrònic actiu a l'oxigen: La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 mesclat amb 8YSZ (LSM/8YSZ). Malauradament, això va provocar l'augment de la sensibilitat creuada al monòxid de carboni. Diverses nanopartícules van ser afegides al elèctrode de treball per tal de millorar la seva activitat catalítica i així augmentar la reacció electroquímica de l'etilè. Níquel, titani i alumini (especialment la combinació dels dos darrers amb níquel) van donar la millor resposta: el sensor era selectiu a l¿etilè amb una baixa sensibilitat creuada al monòxid de carboni, l'aigua i al fenantrè. L'efecte del espessor del electròlit a la resposta del sensor també va ser avaluada en un rang de 0.1 a 1.2 mm. Malgrat que no hi ha una gran diferència en la resposta, la sensibilitat creuada al monòxid de carboni és menor en el cas del dispositiu més prim. Altres alternatives al 8YSZ com a electròlit van ser també avaluades per tal de treballar a temperatures menors (400 a 550ºC): òxid de ceri dopat amb gadolini (CGO) i òxid de zirconi estabilitzat amb un 10% d'òxid d'escandi (ScSZ). El dispositiu basat en ScSZ va mostrar un bon comportament a l'etilè a baixes temperatures en condiciones seques, però la adició d'aigua provocava un augment de la sensibilitat creuada al monòxid de carboni. Una vegada que l'elèctrode de treball es infiltrat amb níquel, ambdós dispositius mostraren un bon comportament a baixes temperatures en condicions seques per a concentracions d'etilè menors de 100 ppm, encara que la millor resposta fou obtinguda a 550ºC. La resposta era selectiva a l'etilè amb una baixa sensibilitat creuada al monòxid de carboni, l'aigua i el fenantrè. Es va comprovar també l'efecte de mesclar l'elèctrode de treball amb un conductor iònic (8YSZ). Es va mesclar La0.87Sr0.13CrO3 (LSC) amb 8YSZ sense observa cap canví en la resposta comparada amb l'electrode sense 8YSZ. la millor configuració Fe0.7Cr1.3O3/8YSZ//8YSZ//LSM/8YSZ (infiltrado con níquel) fou exposada
Toldra Reig, F. (2018). Development of electrochemical devices for hydrocarbon sensing purposes in car exhaust gases [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/110968
TESIS

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Wingbrant, Helena. „Studies of MISiC-FET sensors for car exhaust gas monitoring“. Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tillämpad Fysik, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-4674.

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The increasing size of the car fleet makes it important to find ways of lowering the amounts of pollutants from each individual diesel or gasoline engine to almost zero levels. The pollutants from these engines predominantly originate from emissions at cold start, in the case when gasoline is utilized, and high NOx emissions and particulates from diesel engines. The cold start emissions from gasoline vehicles are primarily due to a high light-off time for the catalytic converter. Another reason is the inability to quickly heat the sensor used for controlling the air-to-fuel ratio in the exhausts, also called the lambda value, which is required to be in a particular range for the catalytic converter to work properly. This problem may be solved utilizing another, more robust sensor for this purpose. One way of treating the high NOx levels from diesel engines is to introduce ammonia in the exhausts and let it react with the NOx in a special catalytic converter to form nitrogen gas and water, which is called SCR (selective catalytic reduction). However, in order to make this system reduce NOx efficiently enough for meeting future legislations, closed loop control is required. To realize this type of system an NOx or ammonia sensor is needed. This thesis presents the efforts made to test the SiC-based field effect sensor device both as a cold start lambda sensor for gasoline engines and as an NH3 sensor for SCR systems in diesel engines. The MISiC (metal insulator silicon carbide) lambda sensor has proven to be both sensitive and selective to lambda, and its properties have been studied in lambda stairs both in gasoline engine exhausts and in the laboratory. There is, however, a small cross-sensitivity to CO. The influence of metal gate restructuring on the linearity of the sensor has also been investigated. The metal tends to form islands by time, which decreases the catalytic activity and thereby gives the sensor, which is binary when fresh, a linear behavior. Successful attempts to prevent the restructuring through depositing a protective layer of insulator on top of the metal were made. The influence of increasing the catalytic activity in the measurement cell was also studied. It was concluded that the location of the binary switch point of MISiC lambda sensors could be moved towards the stoichiometric value if the consumption of gases in the measurement cell was increased. The MISiC NH3 sensor for SCR systems has been shown to be highly sensitive to ammonia both in laboratory and diesel engine measurements. The influence of other diesel exhaust gas components, such as NOx, water or N2O has been found to be low. In order to make the ammonia sensor more long-term stable experiments on samples with different types of co-sputtered Pt or Ir/SiO2 gas-sensitive layers were performed. These samples turned out to be sensitive to NH3 even though they were dense and NH3 detection normally requires porous films. The speed of response for both sensor types has been found to be fast enough for closed loop control in each application.
On the day of the ublic defence of the doctoral thesis, the status of article IV was: accepted, article V was: submitted and article VII was: manuscript.

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Malmberg, Mats. „Sensor Fusion of GPS andAccelerometer Data for Estimation of Vehicle Dynamics“. Thesis, KTH, Optimeringslära och systemteori, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-143801.

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Connected vehicles is a growing market. There are currently several such services available, but many of them are constrained in the sense that they are bound to recently produced cars and either expensive or strongly limited in the services that they provide. In this master thesis we investigate the possibility to implement a generic platform that is of low cost and simple to install in any vehicle, but that still has the ability to provide a wide range of services. It is proposed that a crucial step in such a system is to reconstruct the vehicle’s kinematics, as this enables the possibility to developed a wide range of services by feature extraction and interpret the result from a dynamics perspective. A mathematical model that describes how the kinematics can be reconstructed is proposed, and a filter that performs such reconstruction is implemented. Based on this reconstruction, two filters that interpret the output are implemented as a proof of concept for the proposed mathematical model. The complete implemented filter solution is tested on measurement data from actual driving scenarios and it is seen that we can identify when the vehicle makes a hard turn, and find where the surrounding road conditions are poor.
Uppkopplade fordon är en växande marknad. I dagsläget finns flera sådana tjänster, men ofta är dessa begränsade i den meningen att de antingen endast finns tillgängliga för nyproducerade fordon eller bara erbjuder ett smalt utbud av tjänster. I detta examensarbete undersöker vi möjligheten att utveckla en generisk plattform för uppkopplade fordon som är billig och enkel att installera, men som också kan erbjuda ett stort urval av tjänster. Det föreslås att ett viktigt steg i en sådan lösning är att rekonstruera fordonets kinematik, då detta möjliggör utvecklandet av ett brett urval av tjänster genom att identifiera karakteristiska egenskaper i kinematiken, samt göra tolkningar utifrån dynamikbetraktelser. En matematisk modell för att beskriva hur kinematiken kan rekonstrueras från givna indata presenteras, och ett filter som utför denna rekonstruktion implementeras. Ytterligare två filter implementeras för att påvisa att den rekonstruerade kinematiken samt den föreslagna matematiska modellen kan användas till att identifiera olika scenarion ur verkligheten. Den kompletta filterlösningen testas på mätdata från faktiska körningar och vi ser att vi kan identifiera när fordonet gör skarpa svängar, samt när vägförhållandena är dåliga.

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Andersson, Naesseth Christian. „Vision and Radar Sensor Fusion for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems“. Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Reglerteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-94222.

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The World Health Organization predicts that by the year 2030, road traffic injuries will be one of the top five leading causes of death. Many of these deaths and injuries can be prevented by driving cars properly equipped with state-of-the-art safety and driver assistance systems. Some examples are auto-brake and auto-collision avoidance which are becoming more and more popular on the market today. A recent study by a Swedish insurance company has shown that on roadswith speeds up to 50 km/h an auto-brake system can reduce personal injuries by up to 64 percent. In fact in an estimated 40 percent of crashes, the auto-brake reduced the effects to the degree that no personal injury was sustained. It is imperative that these so called Advanced Driver Assistance Systems, to be really effective, have good situational awareness. It is important that they have adequate information of the vehicle’s immediate surroundings. Where are other cars, pedestrians or motorcycles relative to our own vehicle? How fast are they driving and in which lane? How is our own vehicle driving? Are there objects in the way of our own vehicle’s intended path? These and many more questions can be answered by a properly designed system for situational awareness. In this thesis we design and evaluate, both quantitatively and qualitatively, sensor fusion algorithms for multi-target tracking. We use a combination of camera and radar information to perform fusion and find relevant objects in a cluttered environment. The combination of these two sensors is very interesting because of their complementary attributes. The radar system has high range resolution but poor bearing resolution. The camera system on the other hand has a very high bearing resolution. This is very promising, with the potential to substantially increase the accuracy of the tracking system compared to just using one of the two. We have also designed algorithms for path prediction and a first threat awareness logic which are both qualitively evaluated.

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Sachdeva, Arjun. „Collective Enrichment of OpenStreetMap Spatial Data Through Vehicles Equipped with Driver Assistance Systems“. Master's thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-163050.

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Navigation systems are one of the most commonly found electronic gadgets in modern vehicles nowadays. Alongside navigation units this technology is made readily available to individuals in everyday devices such as a mobile phone. Digital maps which come preloaded on these devices accommodate within them an extensive dataset of spatial information from around the globe which aids the driver in achieving a well guided driving experience. Apart from being essential for navigation this sensor information backs up other vehicular applications in making intelligent decisions. The quality of this information delivered is in direct relation to the underlying dataset used to produce these maps. Since we live in a highly dynamic environment with constantly changing geography, an effort is necessary to keep these maps updated with the most up to date information as frequently as possible. The digital map of interest in this study is OpenStreetMap, the underlying data of which is a combination of donated as well as crowdsourced information from the last 10 years. This extensive dataset helps in building of a detailed digital map of the world using well defined cartographic techniques. The information within OpenStreetMap is currently enhanced by a large group of volunteers who willing use donated satellite imagery, uploaded GPS tracks, field surveys etc. to correct and collect necessary data for a region of interest. Though this method helps in improving and increasing the quality and quantity of the OpenStreetMap dataset, it is very time consuming and requires a great deal of human effort. Through this thesis an effort is made to automatically enrich this dataset by preprocessing crowdsourced sensor data collected from the navigation system and driver assistance systems (Traffic Sign Recognition system and a Lane Detection System) of a driving vehicle. The kind of data that is algorithmically derived includes the calculation of the curvature of the underlying road, correction of speed limit values for individual road segments being driven and the identification of change in the geometry of existing roads due to closure of old ones or addition of new ones in the Nuremberg region of Bavaria, Germany. Except for a small percentage of speed limit information on roads segments, other information is currently not available in the OpenStreetMap database for use in safety and comfort related applications. The navigation system has the ability to deliver geographical data in form of GPS coordinates at a certain frequency. This set of GPS coordinates can grouped together to form a GPS track visualizing the actual path traversed by a driving vehicle. A large number of such GPS tracks repeatedly collected from different vehicles driving in a region of interest gives all GPS points which lie on a particular road. These points, after outlier elimination methods are used as a dataset to scientifically determine the underlying curvature of the road with the aid of curve fitting techniques. Additional information received from the lane detection system helps identify curves on a road for which the curvature must be calculated. The fusion of information from these sources helps to achieve curvature results with high accuracy. Traffic sign recognition system helps detect traffic signs while driving, the fusion of this data with geographical information from the navigation system at the instance of detection helps determine road segments for which the recognized speed limit values are valid. This thesis successfully demonstrates a method to automatically enrich OpenStreetMap data by crowdsourcing raw sensor data from multiple vehicles equipped with driver assistance systems. All OpenStreetMap attributes were 100% updated into the database and the results have proven the effectiveness our system architecture. The positive results obtained in combination with minimal errors promise a better future for assisted driving.

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wei, Jonny, und Pär Palmebäck. „Locust System Integration into Demo Vechicles“. Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8252.

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This thesis project was carried out at Volvo Car Corporation. It is based on an EU project called Locust in which a bio-inspired visual sensor system (the Locust sensor system) for automotive collision avoidance was developed. The Locust sensor system is designed to emulate the collision avoidance functionality of the Locust grasshopper, which is well-known for its extraordinary vision based collision avoidance ability, in particular with regard to its fast reaction times to perceived threats. Volvo Car Corporation is interested in the possibility of using the bio-inspired technology developed in the Locust project to improve its already existing collision avoidance systems. Pedestrian collision avoidance is of high interest, for which the properties of the Locust grasshopper are desirable.

The purpose of this thesis project is to develop two demonstrator vehicles to test the performance of the Locust sensor system, carry out the testing, and evaluate its usability for Volvo Car Corporation. The first vehicle is a scale 1:5 model car that was originally developed in a thesis project at KTH, and the second a full scale Volvo XC90.

It was found in the testing that the Locust sensor system is promising for pedestrian collision avoidance applications. The results for detecting other vehicles were also acceptable, but Volvo Car Corporation already has other collision avoidance systems with better performance in this regard. In general the test results were very good for speeds up to about 40 km/h. This indicates that the Locust sensor system would be most usable in a city driving environment, parking lot situations, and for driving in residential areas.

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Bücher zum Thema "Car sensor"

Germany) Wireless Communication and Information (Conference) (7th 2010 Berlin. Wireless communication and information: Car to car, sensor networks and location based services. Boizenburg: VWH, Verlag Werner Hülsbusch, Fachverlag für Medientechnik und -wirtschaft, 2010.

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Hogan, Paul. Stages of Senior Care. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009.

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Dunn, Louise. The Senior Respite Care Program. [Washington, D.C.?: Office of Technology Assessment, 1986.

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Ravani, Bahram. CAD Based Programming for Sensory Robots. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988.

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American Association of Feline Practitioners. Panel report on feline senior care. Albuquerque, NM: American Association of Feline Practitioners and the Academy of Feline Medicine, 1998.

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Complete Legal Guide to Senior Care. Naperville: Sourcebooks, Inc., 2005.

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1953-, Ravani Bahram, und North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division., Hrsg. CAD based programming for sensory robots. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.

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Ravani, Bahram, Hrsg. CAD Based Programming for Sensory Robots. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83625-1.

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Senior housing 101: Your basic field guide to understanding today's complex senior housing market. [S.l: s.n., 2007.

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Idziak, Janine Marie. Organizational ethics in senior health care services. Dubuque, Iowa: Simon & Kolz Pub., 2003.

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Coburn, Joseph. „Distance Sensor“. In Build Your Own Car Dashboard with a Raspberry Pi, 257–63. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6080-7_13.

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Coburn, Joseph. „Boot Sensor“. In Build Your Own Car Dashboard with a Raspberry Pi, 187–206. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6080-7_8.

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Coburn, Joseph. „Light Sensor“. In Build Your Own Car Dashboard with a Raspberry Pi, 207–17. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6080-7_9.

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Jain, Ruby, Nidhi Tiwari, Devendra Kumar Prajapati, Akhilesh Upadhyay und Mukesh Yadav. „Car Accident Prevention Using Alcohol Sensor“. In Algorithms for Intelligent Systems, 619–23. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6707-0_61.

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Jian, Huang. „Design of Tracing Car Based on Photoelectric Sensor“. In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1401–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15235-2_194.

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Abulkhair, Maysoon, Lujain Mulla, Amani Aldahiri, Hanin Alkhatabi, Hala Alonezi und Somia Razzaq. „Sensor Oriented Approach to Prevent Hyperthermia for Children in Car“. In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 635–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41682-3_53.

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Hintea, Diana, James Brusey, Elena Gaura, Neil Beloe und David Bridge. „Mutual Information-Based Sensor Positioning for Car Cabin Comfort Control“. In Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 483–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23854-3_51.

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Vergnano, Alberto, Alberto Muscio und Francesco Leali. „Sensor Matrix Robustness for Monitoring the Interface Pressure Between Car Driver and Seat“. In Human Systems Engineering and Design II, 229–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27928-8_35.

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Schnürmacher, Michael, Daniel Göhring, Miao Wang und Tinosch Ganjineh. „High Level Sensor Data Fusion of Radar and Lidar for Car-Following on Highways“. In Recent Advances in Robotics and Automation, 217–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37387-9_17.

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Sehgal, Ridhima. „Drive into Future World Using Artificial Intelligence with Its Application in Sensor-Based Car Without Driver“. In Advances in Information Communication Technology and Computing, 165–72. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5421-6_16.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Car sensor"

Zheng, Yanxu, Sutharshan Rajasegarar, Christopher Leckie und Marimuthu Palaniswami. „Smart car parking: Temporal clustering and anomaly detection in urban car parking“. In 2014 IEEE Ninth International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/issnip.2014.6827618.

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Kaji, Kiyokane, Seiichi Matsushige, Masanobu Kanamaru, Juhei Takahashi und Shogo Asano. „Development of Knock Sensor“. In Passenger Car Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/861375.

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Mori, Kazuyuki, Yasuhiro Shiraishi und Masami Kuribayashi. „An Intermittent Wiper System with a Raindrop Sensor“. In Passenger Car Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/851637.

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Ishiguro, Yasuo, Yoshito Katoh, Chisao Hayashi, Mistuo Koide, Masaru Nakano und Hirohito Minoshima. „Development of a Real Time Sensor Feedback Robot“. In Passenger Car Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/901706.

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Tsai, H. M., C. Saraydar, T. Talty, M. Ames, A. Macdonald und O. K. Tonguz. „ZigBee-based Intra-car Wireless Sensor Network“. In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Communications. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icc.2007.653.

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Zeitler, Wolfgang, und David Wybo. „Enhanced Sensor Fusion for Car Safety Applications“. In SAE 2006 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-0598.

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Bertoldo, S., C. Lucianaz und M. Allegretti. „Car as a moving meteorological integrated sensor“. In 2017 IEEE-APS Topical Conference on Antennas and Propagation in Wireless Communications (APWC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apwc.2017.8062239.

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Hasicic, Mehrija, Damir Bilic und Harun Siljak. „Sensor fusion for Solar Car Route Optimization“. In 2016 5th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/meco.2016.7525691.

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Iriciuc, Victor Andrei, und Aurelian Kotlar. „Sensor Monitoring System for Formula Student Car“. In 2018 IEEE 24th International Symposium for Design and Technology in Electronic Packaging (SIITME). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/siitme.2018.8599259.

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Benson, J., T. O'Donovan, P. O'Sullivan, U. Roedig, C. Sreenan, J. Barton, A. Murphy und B. O'Flynn. „Car-Park Management using Wireless Sensor Networks“. In 2006 31st IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcn.2006.322020.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Car sensor"

Waraniak, John. Unsettled Issues on Sensor Calibration for Automotive Aftermarket Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems. SAE International, März 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021008.

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Many automotive industry safety advocates have been pushing for greater market penetration for active safety and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), with the goal of ending deaths due to car crashes. However, there are far-reaching implications for the collision repair, specialty equipment, and performance aftermarket sectors—after a collision or modification, the ADAS system functionality must be preserved to maintain, driver, passenger, and road user safety. To do this, sensor recalibration and ADAS functional safety validation and documentation after repair, modification, or accessorizing are necessary. Unsettled Issues on Sensor Calibration for Automotive Aftermarket ADAS tackles the challenges of accelerating the pace of ADAS implementation; increasing industry understanding of systems, sensors, software, controllers; and minimizing the overwhelming variety of sensor calibration procedures and automaker targets. Additionally, this report addresses the liability concerns that are challenging the industry as it seeks to move forward safely.

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Kuznetsov, Victor, Vladislav Litvinenko, Egor Bykov und Vadim Lukin. A program for determining the area of the object entering the IR sensor grid, as well as determining the dynamic characteristics. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/bykov.0415.15042021.

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Currently, to evaluate the dynamic characteristics of objects, quite a large number of devices are used in the form of chronographs, which consist of various optical, thermal and laser sensors. Among the problems of these devices, the following can be distinguished: the lack of recording of the received data; the inaccessibility of taking into account the trajectory of the object flying in the sensor area, as well as taking into consideration the trajectory of the object during the approach to the device frame. The signal received from the infrared sensors is recorded in a separate document in txt format, in the form of a table. When you turn to the document, data is read from the current position of the input data stream in the specified list by an argument in accordance with the given condition. As a result of reading the data, it forms an array that includes N number of columns. The array is constructed in a such way that the first column includes time values, and columns 2...N- the value of voltage . The algorithm uses cycles that perform the function of deleting array rows where there is a fact of exceeding the threshold value in more than two columns, as well as rows where the threshold level was not exceeded. The modified array is converted into two new arrays, each of which includes data from different sensor frames. An array with the coordinates of the centers of the sensor operation zones was created to apply the Pythagorean theorem in three-dimensional space, which is necessary for calculating the exact distance between the zones. The time is determined by the difference in the response of the first and second sensor frames. Knowing the path and time, we are able to calculate the exact speed of the object. For visualization, the oscillograms of each sensor channel were displayed, and a chronograph model was created. The chronograph model highlights in purple the area where the threshold has been exceeded.

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Quian, Wei. The CAD Method for Microcalcification Detection: Independent of Sensor and Resolution. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Juli 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada397032.

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Qian, Wei. The CAD Method for Microcalcification Detection: Independent of Sensor and Resolution. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Juli 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada409482.

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Qian, Wei. The CAD Method for Microcalcification Detection: Independent of Sensor and Resolution. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Juli 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada391206.

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Vreeland, Heidi, Christina Norris, Lauren Shum, Jaya Pokuri, Emily Shannon, Anmol Raina, Ayushman Tripathi et al. Collaborative Efforts to Investigate Emissions From Residential and Municipal Trash Burning in India. RTI Press, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.rb.0019.1809.

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Emissions from trash burning represent an important component of regional air quality, especially in countries such as India where the practice of roadside, residential, and municipal trash burning is highly prevalent. However, research on trash emissions is limited due to difficulties associated with measuring a source that varies widely in composition and burning characteristics. To investigate trash burning in India, a collaborative program was formed among RTI, Duke University, and the India Institute of Technology (IIT) in Gandhinagar, involving both senior researchers and students. In addition to researching emission measurement techniques, this program aimed to foster international partnerships and provide students with a hands-on educational experience, culminating in a pilot study in India. Before traveling, students from Duke and IIT met virtually to design experiments. IIT students were able to visit proposed sites and offer specified knowledge on burning practices prior to the pilot study, allowing potential experiments to be iteratively improved. The results demonstrated a proof of concept of using a low-cost sensor attached to a commercial drone to measure emissions from a municipal dump site. In addition, for small-scale residential and roadside trash burning, a combustor was designed to burn trash in a consistent way. Results suggested that thermocouples and low-cost sensors may offer an affordable way for combustor designers to assess particulate emissions during prototype iterations. More experiences like this should be made available so that future research can benefit from the unique insights that come from having veteran researchers work with students and from forming international partnerships.

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Eckman, Stephanie, Joe Eyerman und Dorota Temple. Unmanned Aircraft Systems Can Improve Survey Data Collection. RTI Press, Juni 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.rb.0018.1806.

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Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), or drones, will disrupt many industries in the next 5 to 10 years. In this research brief, we speculate about how UAS could be used in survey data collection to make survey data more accurate and/or less costly. We put forth three ideas for how UAS can be used to improve surveys in the future to (1) supplement survey data with UAS photo and sensor data; (2) deliver survey hardware to selected respondents, and (3) detect and enumerate housing units for sample selection.

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Yang, Xianfeng Terry. Vehicle Sensor Data (VSD) Based Traffic Control in Connected Automated Vehicle (CAV) Environment. Transportation Research and Education Center (TREC), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/trec.212.

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Yan, Yujie, und Jerome F. Hajjar. Automated Damage Assessment and Structural Modeling of Bridges with Visual Sensing Technology. Northeastern University, Mai 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17760/d20410114.

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Recent advances in visual sensing technology have gained much attention in the field of bridge inspection and management. Coupled with advanced robotic systems, state-of-the-art visual sensors can be used to obtain accurate documentation of bridges without the need for any special equipment or traffic closure. The captured visual sensor data can be post-processed to gather meaningful information for the bridge structures and hence to support bridge inspection and management. However, state-of-the-practice data postprocessing approaches require substantial manual operations, which can be time-consuming and expensive. The main objective of this study is to develop methods and algorithms to automate the post-processing of the visual sensor data towards the extraction of three main categories of information: 1) object information such as object identity, shapes, and spatial relationships - a novel heuristic-based method is proposed to automate the detection and recognition of main structural elements of steel girder bridges in both terrestrial and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based laser scanning data. Domain knowledge on the geometric and topological constraints of the structural elements is modeled and utilized as heuristics to guide the search as well as to reject erroneous detection results. 2) structural damage information, such as damage locations and quantities - to support the assessment of damage associated with small deformations, an advanced crack assessment method is proposed to enable automated detection and quantification of concrete cracks in critical structural elements based on UAV-based visual sensor data. In terms of damage associated with large deformations, based on the surface normal-based method proposed in Guldur et al. (2014), a new algorithm is developed to enhance the robustness of damage assessment for structural elements with curved surfaces. 3) three-dimensional volumetric models - the object information extracted from the laser scanning data is exploited to create a complete geometric representation for each structural element. In addition, mesh generation algorithms are developed to automatically convert the geometric representations into conformal all-hexahedron finite element meshes, which can be finally assembled to create a finite element model of the entire bridge. To validate the effectiveness of the developed methods and algorithms, several field data collections have been conducted to collect both the visual sensor data and the physical measurements from experimental specimens and in-service bridges. The data were collected using both terrestrial laser scanners combined with images, and laser scanners and cameras mounted to unmanned aerial vehicles.

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Li, Howell, Enrique Saldivar-Carranza, Jijo K. Mathew, Woosung Kim, Jairaj Desai, Timothy Wells und Darcy M. Bullock. Extraction of Vehicle CAN Bus Data for Roadway Condition Monitoring. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317212.

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Obtaining timely information across the state roadway network is important for monitoring the condition of the roads and operating characteristics of traffic. One of the most significant challenges in winter roadway maintenance is identifying emerging or deteriorating conditions before significant crashes occur. For instance, almost all modern vehicles have accelerometers, anti-lock brake (ABS) and traction control systems. This data can be read from the Controller Area Network (CAN) of the vehicle, and combined with GPS coordinates and cellular connectivity, can provide valuable on-the-ground sampling of vehicle dynamics at the onset of a storm. We are rapidly entering an era where this vehicle data can provide an agency with opportunities to more effectively manage their systems than traditional procedures that rely on fixed infrastructure sensors and telephone reports. This data could also reduce the density of roadway weather information systems (RWIS), similar to how probe vehicle data has reduced the need for micro loop or side fire sensors for collecting traffic speeds.

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