Zeitschriftenartikel: „Car model (quarter car test rig)“

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Abdullah, Bahaa-Aldin R., Mohsin N. . Hamzah und Ammar S. Merza. „E CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION ON A QUARTER-CAR TEST RIG“. IRAQI JOURNAL FOR MECHANICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING 20, Nr. 2 (28.06.2020): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32852/iqjfmme.v20i2.494.

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In this paper a quarter-vehicle full-scale suspension test rig was designed and manufactured,the suspension is considered semi-active as the electrohydraulic (EH) damper used is fullycontrolled. This gives an indoor-based simulation tool which is important for vehicle testing;.This reduces the cost significantly with accurate results, especially when designing a newsuspension system. The aim of the current work was to build a new quarter-vehicle test rigwith expandable capabilities for diverse design objectives, also may be used for academicpurposes. The control objective was achieved by using dynamic characteristics of theelectrohydraulic (EH) damper to suppress the oscillation of the sprung mass due to roadirregularities. The test rig was constructed using a Genesis G80 (2016) suspension system.Finally, the simulation results demonstrated that the proposed controller used be able toefficiently regulate the chassis vertical oscillation under these irregularities. The experimentalresults for the quarter-car model showed good results between experimental and simulatedresults, where the proportion of conformity about 95%

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Abdullah, Bahaa-Aldin R., Mohsin N. . Hamzah und Ammar S. . Merza. „E CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION ON A QUARTER-CAR TEST RIG“. IRAQI JOURNAL FOR MECHANICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING 20, Nr. 2 (28.06.2020): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32852/iqjfmme.v20i2.495.

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In this paper a quarter-vehicle full-scale suspension test rig was designed and manufactured,the suspension is considered semi-active as the electrohydraulic (EH) damper used is fullycontrolled. This gives an indoor-based simulation tool which is important for vehicle testing;.This reduces the cost significantly with accurate results, especially when designing a newsuspension system. The aim of the current work was to build a new quarter-vehicle test rigwith expandable capabilities for diverse design objectives, also may be used for academicpurposes. The control objective was achieved by using dynamic characteristics of theelectrohydraulic (EH) damper to suppress the oscillation of the sprung mass due to roadirregularities. The test rig was constructed using a Genesis G80 (2016) suspension system.Finally, the simulation results demonstrated that the proposed controller used be able toefficiently regulate the chassis vertical oscillation under these irregularities. The experimentalresults for the quarter-car model showed good results between experimental and simulatedresults, where the proportion of conformity about 95%.

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Yu, Min, Simos A. Evangelou und Daniele Dini. „Model Identification and Control for a Quarter Car Test Rig of Series Active Variable Geometry Suspension“. IFAC-PapersOnLine 50, Nr. 1 (Juli 2017): 3376–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2017.08.529.

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Kou, Fa Rong. „Sky-Hook Control of Vehicle Active Suspension with Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator“. Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (November 2013): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.30.

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A kind of vehicle active suspension based on Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator (EHA) is put forward. The suspension system consists of two parts: spring and actuator with controlled force. The actuator includes hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic pump, controller, etc. In this paper, a quarter-car dynamic model is exactly established involving bond graph models of EHA parts. Under the input conditions of the given road profile and designed sky-hook controller, The prototype and test rig of EHA active suspension are developed and bench tests are carried out. The simulation and experimental results show that sky-hook active suspension with EHA provides better ride comfort, handling and stability than passive suspension.

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Konoiko, Aleksey, Allan Kadhem, Islam Saiful, Navid Ghorbanian, Yahya Zweiri und M. Necip Sahinkaya. „Deep learning framework for controlling an active suspension system“. Journal of Vibration and Control 25, Nr. 17 (05.06.2019): 2316–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546319853070.

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In this paper, a feed-forward deep neural network (DNN) and automated search method for optimum network structure are developed to control an active suspension system (ASS). The network was trained through supervised learning using the backpropagation algorithm. The training data were generated from an optimal proportional–integral–derivative controller tuned based on a full state feedback optimal controller. The trained network was implemented in an ASS test rig for a quarter-car model and was initially tested in simulation under parameter uncertainties. Experimental results showed that the developed DNN controller outperforms the optimal controller under uncertainties in terms of reducing the sprung mass acceleration and actuator energy consumption, with a 4% and 14% reduction, respectively.

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Buckner, Gregory D., Karl T. Schuetze und Joe H. Beno. „Intelligent Feedback Linearization for Active Vehicle Suspension Control“. Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 123, Nr. 4 (03.07.2000): 727–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1408945.

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Effective control of ride quality and handling performance are challenges for active vehicle suspension systems, particularly for off-road applications. Off-road vehicles experience large suspension displacements, where the nonlinear kinematics and damping characteristics of suspension elements are significant. These nonlinearities tend to degrade the performance of active suspension systems, introducing harshness to the ride quality and reducing off-road mobility. Typical control strategies rely on linear, time-invariant models of the suspension dynamics. While these models are convenient, nominally accurate, and tractable due to the abundance of linear control techniques, they neglect the nonlinearities and time-varying dynamics present in real suspension systems. One approach to improving the effectiveness of active vehicle suspension systems, while preserving the benefits of linear control techniques, is to identify and cancel these nonlinearities using Feedback Linearization. In this paper the authors demonstrate an intelligent parameter estimation approach using structured artificial neural networks that continually “learns” the nonlinear parameter variations of a quarter-car suspension model. This estimation algorithm becomes the foundation for an Intelligent Feedback Linearization (IFL) controller for active vehicle suspensions. Results are presented for computer simulations, real-time experimental tests, and field evaluations using an off-road vehicle (a military HMMWV). Experimental results for a quarter-car test rig demonstrate 60% improvements in ride quality relative to baseline (non-adapting) control algorithms. Field trial results reveal 95% reductions in absorbed power and 65% reductions in peak sprung mass acceleration using this IFL approach versus conventional passive suspensions.

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Lozia, Zbigniew, und Piotr Zdanowicz. „Simulation assessment of the half-power bandwidth method in testing shock absorbers“. Open Engineering 11, Nr. 1 (12.12.2020): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0011.

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AbstractThe work deals with usability of the half-power bandwidth method in the diagnostic testing of automotive shock absorbers. In all the simulation tests, the front and rear suspension system of a present-day medium-classmotor car was considered. At the first stage, calculations were made in the frequency domain for a linear “quarter-car” model with two degrees of freedom; then, simulations were carried out in the time domain with using a similar but strongly nonlinear model. In the latter case, actual characteristics (corresponding to those obtained from test rig measurements) of shock absorber damping, suspension and tire elasticity, sliding friction in the suspension, and “wheel hop” were considered. The calculations were carried out every time for twelve levels of viscous damping in the suspension system, which made 48 calculation series in total. The factors of gain in the vertical force between the tester’s vibration plate and the vehicle tire (relative to the input force applied) and the dimensionless coefficients of viscous damping in the suspension system, determined by the half-power bandwidth method, were thoroughly analyzed. The calculation results were presented in graphical form. Attention was also paid to the distortions caused by the force of inertia of the tester’s vibration plate.

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Raizada, Ayush, Pravin Singru, Vishnuvardhan Krishnakumar und Varun Raj. „Development of an Experimental Model for a Magnetorheological Damper Using Artificial Neural Networks (Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm)“. Advances in Acoustics and Vibration 2016 (18.08.2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7027259.

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This paper is based on the experimental study for design and control of vibrations in automotive vehicles. The objective of this paper is to develop a model for the highly nonlinear magnetorheological (MR) damper to maximize passenger comfort in an automotive vehicle. The behavior of the MR damper is studied under different loading conditions and current values in the system. The input and output parameters of the system are used as a training data to develop a suitable model using Artificial Neural Networks. To generate the training data, a test rig similar to a quarter car model was fabricated to load the MR damper with a mechanical shaker to excite it externally. With the help of the test rig the input and output parameter data points are acquired by measuring the acceleration and force of the system at different points with the help of an impedance head and accelerometers. The model is validated by measuring the error for the testing and validation data points. The output of the model is the optimum current that is supplied to the MR damper, using a controller, to increase the passenger comfort by minimizing the amplitude of vibrations transmitted to the passenger. Besides using this model for cars, bikes, and other automotive vehicles it can also be modified by retraining the algorithm and used for civil structures to make them earthquake resistant.

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Zhu, Xiaojing, Donghong Ning, Zhuonan Hao, Hui Huang, Yan Zhi Sun, Hong Jia, Shuaishuai Sun, Tianhong Yan und Weihua Li. „Modelling and experimental evaluation of a variable stiffness MR suspension with self-powering capability“. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 32, Nr. 13 (11.01.2021): 1473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x20986994.

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This paper presents the modelling and experimental evaluation of a semi-active vehicle suspension installed with a self-powered MR damper which is able to perform variable stiffness. Its variable stiffness feature as well as the self-powering capability was evaluated and verified using a hydraulic Instron test system. The testing results show that the stiffness of the damper is dependent on the current which can be generated by the self-powering component. A mathematic model was established to describe the dynamic properties of the MR damper and its power-generating capability. Finally, the self-powered MR suspension was installed on a quarter car test rig for its vibration isolation evaluation. A controller based on the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) was developed for the stiffness control. The evaluation result illustrates that the proposed MR damper can reduce the acceleration and displacement of the sprung mass by 16.8% and 21.4% respectively, compared with the passive system.

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Unuh, H., P. Muhamad, F. Yakub, M. A. Ismail und Z. Tanasta. „Experimental Validation to a Prototype Magnetorheological (MR) Semi-Active Damper for C-Class Vehicle“. International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 16, Nr. 3 (03.10.2019): 7034–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.16.3.2019.15.0527.

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In this study, a semi-active damper with OEM technical standard featuring MR fluid was fabricated to assess its use as potential reinforcement in enhancing c-class vehicle ride comfort. The finite element modelling was employed to investigate the capability of the MR semi-active damper prototype design in altered the damping utilizing unique rheological properties of MR fluid. The quarter car test rig completes with DYTRAN accelerometer and LMS Scadas mobile was operated to measure the RMS sprung mass acceleration of the MR semi-active damper prototype caused by a 5cm sinusoidal bump at speed of 10km/h. The finite element modelling gave the best representation of the ability of the design to manifest the shear stress development of MR fluid used. Indeed, the MR semi-active damper model prototype was able to enhance ride comfort by decreasing the acceleration of sprung mass compare to OEM passive damper. It was found that the applied current had the greatest influence on RMS sprung mass acceleration when measured over a range of frequency.

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Anderson, Jeffery R., John Adcox, Beshah Ayalew, Mike Knauff, Tim Rhyne und Steve Cron. „Interaction of a Slip-Based Antilock Braking System with Tire Torsional Dynamics“. Tire Science and Technology 43, Nr. 3 (01.09.2015): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.15.430303.

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ABSTRACT This paper presents simulation and experimental results that outline the interaction between a tire's torsional dynamic properties and antilock braking system (ABS) during a hard braking event. Previous work has shown the importance of the coupled dynamics of the tire's belt, sidewall, and wheel/hub assembly on braking performance for a wheel acceleration-based ABS controller. This work presents findings based on a proprietary slip-based ABS controller. A comprehensive system model including tire torsional dynamics, dynamics of the tread–ground friction (LuGre friction model), and dominant brake system hydraulic dynamics was developed for simulation studies on this slip-based controller. Results from key sensitivity studies of tire torsional parameters are presented along with experimental results obtained on a quarter car braking test rig. In this work, it was found that within a reasonable tire design space (with respect to tire torsional properties), the ABS algorithm tested was extremely robust to changing these parameters. The main conclusion of this result is that when a consumer replaces his or her tires with different (than original equipment) tires, there should be little effect on braking performance.

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Panyam, Meghashyam, Beshah Ayalew, Timothy Rhyne, Steve Cron und John Adcox. „Experimental Measurement of In-Plane Rolling Nonpneumatic Tire Vibrations Using High-Speed Imaging“. Tire Science and Technology 47, Nr. 3 (01.07.2019): 196–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.18.470101.

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ABSTRACT This article presents a novel experimental technique for measuring in-plane deformations and vibration modes of a rotating nonpneumatic tire subjected to obstacle impacts. The tire was mounted on a modified quarter-car test rig, which was built around one of the drums of a 500-horse power chassis dynamometer at Clemson University's International Center for Automotive Research. A series of experiments were conducted using a high-speed camera to capture the event of the rotating tire coming into contact with a cleat attached to the surface of the drum. The resulting video was processed using a two-dimensional digital image correlation algorithm to obtain in-plane radial and tangential deformation fields of the tire. The dynamic mode decomposition algorithm was implemented on the deformation fields to extract the dominant frequencies that were excited in the tire upon contact with the cleat. It was observed that the deformations and the modal frequencies estimated using this method were within a reasonable range of expected values. In general, the results indicate that the method used in this study can be a useful tool in measuring in-plane deformations of rolling tires without the need for additional sensors and wiring.

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Al-Zughaibi, Ali, Yiqin Xue, Roger Grosvenor und Aniekan Okon. „Design and investigation of pole assignment controller for driving nonlinear electro hydraulic actuator with new active suspension system model“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, Nr. 13 (25.01.2019): 3460–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018822254.

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Fully active electrohydraulic control of a quarter-car test rig is considered from both a modelling and experimental point of view. This paper develops a nonlinear active hydraulic design for the active suspension system, which improves the inherent trade-off between ride quality and suspension travel. The novelty is in the use of pole assessment controller to drive a nonlinear active suspension with a new insight into the model through consideration of a new term, friction forces. Therefore, this model has taken into account the dynamic inclination angle [Formula: see text] between linkage and actuator regardless of the fact that the designer made an only vertical motion (bounce mode) of the wheel and body units. The second contribution of this paper is that it investigated the control force generation, therefore, the nonlinear hydraulic actuator whose effective bandwidth depends on the magnitude of the suspension travel, which incorporates the dynamic equation of servovalve, is deeply researched. The nonlinear friction model is accurately established, which relies on the dynamics system analysis and the fact of slipping the body on lubricant supported bearings; this model will caption all the friction behaviours that have been observed experimentally. In addition, the hydraulic system is used to generate the system inputs as a road simulator. The controller smoothly shifts its focus between the conflicting objectives of ride comfort and rattle space utilisation, softening the suspension when suspension travel is small and stiffening it as it approaches the travel limits. Thus, the nonlinear design allows the closed-loop system to behave differently in different operating regions. The improvement achieved with our design is illustrated through comparative experiments and simulations. C++ compiler environment is used to simulate the physical system to be controlled. The results show good servo control and fast regulation of abrupt disturbances.

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Ahmad, F., K. Hudha, SA Mazlan, H. Jamaluddin, VR Aparow und MR M. Yunos. „Simulation and experimental investigation of vehicle braking system employing a fixed caliper based electronic wedge brake“. SIMULATION 94, Nr. 4 (26.10.2017): 327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549717733805.

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This paper presents an investigation into the performance of a fixed caliper based electronic wedge brake (FIXEWB) in a vehicle braking system. Two techniques were used as assessment methods, which are simulation via MATLAB Simulink software and experimental study through hardware-in-the-loop-simulation (HILS). In the simulation study, the vehicle braking system was simulated by using a validated quarter vehicle traction model with a validated FIXEWB model as the brake actuator. A proportional–integral–derivative controller was utilized as the brake torque control, whereas proportional–integral and proportional controllers were used as the position and speed control of the actuator, respectively. To study the effectiveness of the FIXEWB, the response of the vehicle using the FIXEWB is compared with the responses of a vehicle using a conventional hydraulic brake. A dynamic test, namely braking in the sudden braking at constant speeds of 40 and 60 km/h was then used as the testing method. The simulation results show that the usage of the FIXEWB with an appropriate control strategy produces similar behavior to that of a hydraulic brake in terms of the produced desired braking torque but with faster time response. To study the performance of the FIXEWB when implemented on a real vehicle, an experimental rig using HILS was designed and the results are analyzed using the same dynamic tests. The performance areas evaluated are vehicle body speed, wheel speed, tire longitudinal slip, and the stopping distance experienced by the vehicle. The outcomes from this study can be considered in the design optimization of an antilock braking system control in a real car in the future.

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Taskin, Y., N. Yagiz und I. Yuksek. „Lumped parameter identification of a quarter car test rig“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 410 (08.02.2013): 012089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/410/1/012089.

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Adhar Bagus, Muhammad, Azizan As’arry, Hesham Ahmed Abdul Mutaleb Abas, Abdul Aziz Hairuddin und Mohd Khair Hassan. „Vibration control of FSAE quarter car suspension test rig using magnetorheological damper“. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 17, Nr. 3 (01.03.2020): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v17.i3.pp1281-1288.

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Recently MRF damper -which has a significant controllable damping force - used frequently in many active and semi-active suspension systems. However, MRF damper needs controller to estimate the desired force to dissipate the occurred vibration instantaneously. PID controller is one of the effective feedback controllers which shows robustness and simplicity in control MRF dampers, but still the parameters of the PID controller under study to find out the optimum values. This study focused on the vibration control using Magneto-rheological (MR) damper on a FSAE quarter car suspension test rig to study and obtain the optimum running condition. The test rig was designed, modified and then tested using a P-controller integrated with MR damper, unbalance mass used as disturbance and analyzed using LABVIEW software in time and frequency domains. The natural frequency obtained was 2.2 Hz were similar to the actual FSAE car natural frequency. Based on the acceleration against time graph with different proportional gain value the optimal value for proportional gain, Kp was 1. Hence, the experiment work could be used as the initial stage to study and develop a robust controller to suppress vibration on a car.

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Ahmed, Iqbal M., Md Yusof Hazlina und M. M. Rashid. „Modeling a Small-Scale Test Rig of Quarter Car Railway Vehicle Suspension System“. International Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 2, Nr. 4 (31.12.2015): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21535/ijrm.v2i4.888.

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Lauwerys, Christophe, Jan Swevers und Paul Sas. „Robust linear control of an active suspension on a quarter car test-rig“. Control Engineering Practice 13, Nr. 5 (Mai 2005): 577–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2004.04.018.

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Taskin, Yener, Yuksel Hacioglu und Nurkan Yagiz. „Experimental evaluation of a fuzzy logic controller on a quarter car test rig“. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 39, Nr. 7 (21.09.2016): 2433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40430-016-0637-0.

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Mitra, Anirban C., G. R. Kiranchand, Tanushri Soni und Nilotpal Banerjee. „Design of Experiments for Optimization of Automotive Suspension System Using Quarter Car Test Rig“. Procedia Engineering 144 (2016): 1102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.05.071.

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Kanchwala, Husain. „Vehicle suspension model development using test track measurements“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, Nr. 5 (19.08.2019): 1442–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019867504.

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Detailed suspension modeling is a prerequisite for accurate vehicle dynamics simulation. Quarter car models are widely used in the literature, but they are simple and do not capture all dynamic effects. On the other hand, full car models are computationally complex and not available to the designer at initial stage of vehicle development. A test track data based methodology to develop a Laplace domain reduced order suspension model of intermediate complexity between a full car and a quarter car model is presented in this paper. A prototype vehicle is driven on sinusoidal tracks and vertical accelerations of wheel axles and suspension to body attachment points are measured. Using this acceleration data, a transfer function model is fitted to predict the body points accelerations in response to measured wheel–axle accelerations. This model is further extended to incorporate an unsprung mass model and retain suspension properties as free parameters to enable quick parametric studies without repeated field testing. A discussion is given of aspects of the model that match experiments, as well as possible sources of observed mismatch. Finally, two potential applications are given to study the effect of suspension and unsprung mass model properties on body point responses.

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Gao, Guang Jun, Xiao Ya Wang, Lei Zhang und Qi Jin. „Moving Model Test of Express Container Car Passing through a Tunnel“. Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (Mai 2011): 3456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.3456.

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This paper describes the moving scaled-model test of express container car passing through a tunnel on moving model rig where its scale is 1/17.6 and the length of the tunnel is 888.8m and the section area of the tunnel is 80 square meter and the interval of two truck is 4.4m in full-scaled model. The tests include that the container car passing though a tunnel with its speed are 120, 140,160 and 176km/h separately and its lowest Renolds number. The results show that the figure of the pressure wave on the car body is almost the same when train is in tunnel with different speed and that the amplitude of the pressure wave is proportion to the square of the train speed. The pressure on the car is always negative when train is in tunnel while the pressure on the wall of tunnel alternate between positive and negative. The coefficient of pressure wave on the car body is -0.7 and the peak values of pressure coefficient of point on tunnel are 0.6 and -0.7. The amplitude of the pressure wave on the car decreases according to logarithmic law nearly. The amplitude of the micro pressure wave is proportion to the cubic of the car speed.

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Potter, T. E. C., D. Cebon und D. J. Cole. „Indirect methods for assessing road friendliness of lorry suspensions“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 211, Nr. 4 (01.04.1997): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407971526407.

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Two methods for assessing the road damaging potential of heavy vehicles are described in this paper. The methods use a simple laboratory test to characterize vehicle dynamics. This information is then used to predict the dynamic tyre forces generated by the vehicle for typical highway conditions. A quarter car laboratory test rig fitted with a leaf spring suspension is used to investigate these methods. Step inputs are used to excite the rig, and various sensors measure the response. A linear technique using the convolution algorithm is investigated initially. A non-linear method using parameter estimation is then examined. The accuracy of both systems is determined by comparing tyre force data measured on the test rig with predicted tyre forces.

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ElMaraghy, W. H., und R. V. Dukkipati. „LATERAL STABILITY ANALYSIS OF A RAILWAY TRUCK ON ROLLER RIG“. Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 21, Nr. 3 (September 1997): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-1997-0015.

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Generic linear models were developed of a freight car (with a characteristic North American three-piece truck) on tangent track. The models were developed using the generalized multi-body dynamics software MEDYNA. Predictions were made of the theoretical linear model hunting (lateral stability) characteristics of the freight car, i.e., the critical speeds and frequencies, for five different configurations: (a) freight car on track, (b) the freight car’s front truck on the roller stand and its rear truck on track, (c) freight car on the roller rig, (d) a single truck on track and (e) single truck on the roller stand. These were compared with the Association of American Railroads’ field test data for an 80-ton hopper car equipped with A-3 ride control trucks. Agreement was reached among all the analytical models, with all models indicating a range of hunting speeds of 2% from the highest to lowest. The largest discrepancy, approximately 8%, was indicated between the models and the field test data.

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Sandu, Corina, Erik R. Andersen und Steve Southward. „Multibody dynamics modelling and system identification of a quarter-car test rig with McPherson strut suspension“. Vehicle System Dynamics 49, Nr. 1-2 (Februar 2011): 153–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423110903406664.

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Wang, Ren Guang, Bin Wang und Han Wen Sun. „Temperature Development Model for Disk Brake“. Advanced Materials Research 230-232 (Mai 2011): 1155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.230-232.1155.

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The temperature increment process was measured on test rig for disk brake of some car. And the changing model of disk brake was built using Boltzmann equation. Orthogonal experimental with two factors and three levels were conducted. And the results were analyzed based on quadratic regression method to get parameters of equation. The model can be used in temperature prediction.

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Vörös, Illés, László Turányi, Balázs Várszegi und Dénes Takács. „Small-scale Experimental Test Rig for Lateral Vehicle Control“. Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 65, Nr. 2 (09.03.2021): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.17269.

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This paper presents the design and implementation of a small-scale hardware-in-the-loop test environment for lateral vehicle dynamics controllers. The test rig consists of a conveyor belt and a 1:10 scale model vehicle. The vehicle is anchored to the frame of the conveyor belt using a special fixture, which constrains only the longitudinal displacement of the car. Therefore, the longitudinal velocity of the vehicle is provided by the conveyor belt, while the steering is generated by the computational unit, where various control methods can be implemented. The test rig is equipped with sensors that provide accurate measurements of the position and orientation of the car, which can be used as feedback in the control algorithms. The paper includes a case study, where the analytical stability analysis of a lane-keeping controller is verified with experiments on the test rig. The proposed test environment provides a compact, cost effective and versatile framework for the testing of various steering control methods in a running vehicle, while maintaining the benefits of a controlled laboratory environment. The experimental setup can also be used for educational and demonstrational purposes.

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Huang, Caihong, Jing Zeng, Guangbing Luo und Huailong Shi. „Numerical and experimental studies on the car body flexible vibration reduction due to the effect of car body-mounted equipment“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 232, Nr. 1 (14.07.2016): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409716657372.

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To study the effect of car body-mounted equipment on the car body flexible vibration, a vertical rigid-flexible coupling model of a high-speed vehicle is established, which includes a flexible car body, rigid bodies for two bogie frames, four wheelsets, and the car body-mounted equipment. The car body is approximated by an elastic beam, with dimensions selected to give similar mass and vertical bending frequency to an existing car body. Model validation is then carried out by comparing results from numerical simulation and on-track test. Using frequency response analysis and ride comfort analysis, parametric studies are undertaken in order to investigate the respective effect of equipment mounting systems on the car body flexible vibration and ride comfort perceived by the passenger. It is found that the equipment behaves as a dynamic vibration absorber on account of its elastic connections to the car body. The stiffness, damping, mass, and installing position of the equipment have a significant influence on the car body flexible vibration. The optimal parameters of the dynamic vibration absorber are given, which can contribute much to the vibration absorption of the car body flexible vibration. Finally, extensive tests on a high-speed test vehicle are conducted to represent a part of results obtained in the numerical study, including modal tests on the car body, component tests on rubber springs used in the equipment mounting systems, and roller rig tests on the vibration absorption performance of the equipment. It is shown that the car body flexible vibration can be effectively suppressed by reasonably suspending the car body-mounted equipment.

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Thite, AN, F. Coleman, M. Doody und N. Fisher. „Experimentally validated dynamic results of a relaxation-type quarter car suspension with an adjustable damper“. Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 36, Nr. 2 (Juni 2017): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263092317711989.

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Models of varying degree of sophistication are used in vehicle dynamic studies. For ride comfort, Kelvin–Voigt arrangement is preferred and for impact harshness analysis, a relaxation-type suspension model, Zener or Maxwell type is used. The nonconsideration of relaxation-type models in ride comfort studies can result in significant errors for frequencies below ∼30 Hz. The object of the paper is to show the influence of the series stiffness on the effective suspension damping both experimentally and numerically. A frequency domain analysis of two-degree of freedom Zener quarter car model is performed to find the complex relation between effective damping coefficient and the limiting value of damping ratio for a given series stiffness. The nonlinear relation between shock absorber damping and the natural frequencies is clearly illustrated. A novel four-post rig set-up is used to validate the results by measuring transmissibilities, giving damping ratios for varying shock absorber settings. A closed form solution, based on a simplified partial model, of optimal damping coefficient, which is a nonlinear function of stiffnesses, shows good agreement with numerical simulations of the complete system. The nonlinearities in shock absorbers also influence the outcome. These findings can be a great value at early design stage.

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Tota, Antonio, Enrico Galvagno, Mauro Velardocchia und Alessandro Vigliani. „Passenger car active braking system: Model and experimental validation (Part I)“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, Nr. 4 (06.01.2017): 585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216686388.

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This paper introduces a method to characterize the dynamic behavior of a normal production hydraulic brake system through experiments on a hardware-in-the-loop test bench for both modeling (part I) and control (part II) tasks. The activity is relative to the analysis, modeling, and control of anti-lock braking system and electronic stability control digital valves, and is aimed at obtaining reference tracking and disturbance-rejection performance similar to that achievable when using pressure proportional valves. The first part of this two-part study is focused on the development of a mathematical model that emulates the pressure dynamics inside a brake caliper when the inlet valve, outlet valve, and motor pump are controlled by digital or pulse width modulated signals. The model takes into account some inherent nonlinearities of these systems, e.g. the variation of fluid bulk modulus with pressure, while inlet and outlet valves together with the relay box are modeled as second-order systems with variable gains. The hardware-in-the-loop test rig is used for both parameter estimation and model validation; the parameters and model will be used for the control strategy development presented in the second part of this study.

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Lü, Bao Zhan, Ai Jun Hu und Si Hong Zhu. „Experimental Research on the Effect of Sinusoidal Excitation on Dynamic Wheel Load of Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension Vehicle“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 143-144 (Dezember 2011): 396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.143-144.396.

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Based on the mathematical model of quarter car body model being put forward, the indoor platform experiment of quarter car body with hydro-pneumatic suspension system was done. During test, the parameters of dynamic wheel load along with the change of vibration amplitude and frequency were investigated. The results show that: the cycle of acceleration of sprung mass has half cycle lag than unsprung mass, and the main parameters of dynamic wheel load has increased significantly along with the increase of vibration amplitude and frequency. At the same time, through analysis the acceleration time responses of sprung and unsprung mass, it can be shown that hydro-pneumatic suspension has good anti-vibration performance.

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Tang, Ai Hua. „Ride Comfort Optimisation of Passenger Car Passive Suspension Systems Using ADAMS/ Insight“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 395-396 (September 2013): 1142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.395-396.1142.

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The arising health problems of ride comfort of passenger cars point out that a lot of effort still has to be put into the design of passive suspension systems.The comfort problem originates from the vibrations transmitted to the driver and passengers caused by the unevenness of the road. This paper reports on an investigation to determine the spring and damper settings that will ensure optimal ride comfort of a passenger car at different speeds. D-optimal designs are developed via multibody dynamics software (ADAMS/Insight) with a model. Evaluation of the comfort improvement was done using an objective function according to the international organisation for standardisation (ISO)2631(1997). The optimised passive suspensions equipped in a passenger car were tested on a test rig in ADAMS/Car. The results show that the vibration levels can be reduced by 47%, generating a drastic comfort improvement.

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Fauzi, Ahmad, Saiful Amri Mazlan und Hairi Zamzuri. „Modeling and Validation of Quarter Vehicle Traction Model“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 554 (Juni 2014): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.554.489.

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This manuscript provides modeling and validation of a quarter car vehicle model to study the wheel dynamics behavior in longitudinal direction. The model is consists of a longitudinal slip model subsystem, a quarter body dynamic and tire subsystems. The quarter vehicle model was then validated using an instrumented experimental vehicle based on the driver input from brake and throttle pedals. Vehicle transient handling dynamic tests known as sudden braking test was performed for the purpose of validation. Several behaviors of the vehicle dynamics were observed during braking maneuvers such as body longitudinal velocity, wheel linear velocity and tire longitudinal slip at a quarter of the vehicle. Comparisons of the experimental results and model responses with sudden braking imposed motions were made. Consequently, the trends between simulation results and experimental data were found almost similar with an acceptable level of error for the application at hand.

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Guntur, Harus Laksana, und Wiwiek Hendrowati. „Experimental Study on the Dynamic Characteristics of Hydro-Magneto-Electric-Regenerative Shock Absorber“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 836 (Juni 2016): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.836.9.

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Regenerative shock absorber is designed to convert the vibration energy losses from the vehicle suspension into electricity. This paper presents an experimental study on the dynamic characteristics of hydro-magneto-electric-regenerative shock absorber (HMERSA). Study was carried out by developing a prototype of HMERSA and testing its dynamic characteristics. The results were analyzed and discussed. Prototype of the HMERSA consists of hydraulic system and electric generator. The HMERSA was tested using a quarter car suspension test rig with input displacement in various frequency (1.3Hz, 1.5Hz, 1.7Hz) and for HMERSA’s various oil viscousity (ISO VG 10, 32, 46). Sprung mass acceleration and the generated electric power representing the dynamic characteristics of HMERSA were measured. Maximum power 2.5 watt and root mean square acceleration 0.172 m/s2 gained for HMERSA with oil viscousity ISO VG 10 at all excitation frequency.

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Mitra, Anirban C., Tanushri Soni und G. R. Kiranchand. „Optimization of Automotive Suspension System by Design of Experiments: A Nonderivative Method“. Advances in Acoustics and Vibration 2016 (27.07.2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3259026.

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A lot of health issues like low back pain, digestive disorders, and musculoskeletal disorders are caused as a result of the whole body vibrations induced by automobiles. This paper is concerned with the enhancement and optimization of suspension performance by using factorial methods of Design of Experiments, a nonderivative method. It focuses on the optimization of ride comfort and determining the parameters which affect the suspension behavior significantly as per the guidelines stated in ISO 2631-1:1997 standards. A quarter car test rig integrated with a LabVIEW based data acquisition system was developed to understand the real time behavior of a vehicle. In the pilot experiment, only three primary suspension parameters, that is, spring-stiffness, damping, and sprung mass, were considered and the full factorial method was implemented for the purpose of optimization. But the regression analysis of the data obtained rendered a very low goodness of fit which indicated that other parameters are likely to influence the response. Subsequently, steering geometry angles, camber and toe and tire pressure, were included in the design. Fractional factorial method with six factors was implemented to optimize ride comfort. The resultant optimum combination was then verified on the test rig with high correlation.

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Wu, Long. „Research on Mass Partition Coefficient for a Whole Car under Vertical and Lateral Road Excitations“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (August 2010): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.177.

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Consider the imperfectness of mass partition coefficient for a whole car in automotive theories, a vehicle physical model with fourteen degree of freedoms under vertical and lateral road excitations is adopted as research background in this paper. With the help of force analysis of sprung mass in three dimensional space and investigations on vertical, lateral, pitch, roll and yaw motions, the ration relations of dynamical coupling between a whole suspension and four quarter suspensions are deduced and achieved. The analytical results obtained in this paper develop the theoretical content of mass partition coefficient. It will be utilized to analyze, test and control among different car suspensions in the fields of vibration, handling and steering systems in future.

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Aljarbouh, Ayman, und Muhammad Fayaz. „Hybrid Modelling and Sliding Mode Control of Semi-Active Suspension Systems for Both Ride Comfort and Road-Holding“. Symmetry 12, Nr. 8 (03.08.2020): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12081286.

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Rigorous model-based design and control for intelligent vehicle suspension systems play an important role in providing better driving characteristics such as passenger comfort and road-holding capability. This paper investigates a new technique for modelling, simulation and control of semi-active suspension systems supporting both ride comfort and road-holding driving characteristics and implements the technique in accordance with the functional mock-up interface standard FMI 2.0. Firstly, we provide a control-oriented hybrid model of a quarter car semi-active suspension system. The resulting quarter car hybrid model is used to develop a sliding mode controller that supports both ride comfort and road-holding capability. Both the hybrid model and controller are then implemented conforming to the functional mock-up interface standard FMI 2.0. The aim of the FMI-based implementation is to serve as a portable test bench for control applications of vehicle suspension systems. It fully supports the exchange of the suspension system components as functional mock-up units (FMUs) among different modelling and simulation platforms, which allows re-usability and facilitates the interoperation and integration of the suspension system components with embedded software components. The concepts are validated with simulation results throughout the paper.

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Konieczny, Łukasz, Rafał Burdzik und Piotr Folęga. „Multibody System Software Used for Research of Car Suspension System Dynamics“. Advanced Materials Research 1036 (Oktober 2014): 794–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.794.

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The paper presents results of investigation of car suspension system dynamics. In this research the multibody (Multi Body System - MBS) system software MSC.Adams was used. ADAMS software (MSC.Software) is a commercial software to build a multibody structural models. Modular design allows for the usage of applications with different focuses, such as rail, aviation and motor vehicles. Models with a large number of freedom degrees of the components are built with mass concentrated on the assumption that the system is composed of a rigid (or deformable) bodies combined in a specific way (connection spherical, sliding, rotary), moving under the action of the forces and moments of different types (concentrated or distributed forces, the forces of contact). The complex multibody systems are automatically generated by the Lagrange equations of motion of the second kind in absolute coordinates. Integral procedures used to solve the differential-algebraic equations include multistep algorithms with variable row and a variable-and fixed-step and one-step algorithms. The Adams/Car module enables building and simulation-based examination of individual car subsystems such as, for instance, the suspension, steering or driving system as well as their combinations forming a complete car. The programme contains an extensive library of structural solutions applied in cars. The geometry and relationship data of individual components are stored in libraries, and software operation on a standard user level can be brought down to defining positions of constraints in space. The software is compatible with various CAD programmes, thus enabling import of elements created in other applications. The study was conducted for the vehicle model of Fiat Seicento. The examined system of the complete vehicle consists of 49 kinematic degrees of freedom. The article examined the impact of chosen parameters on vehicle vibration in an Adams Car Ride. Used in simulation Adams/Car /Ride module allows to test vehicle dynamics forcing the position of the plate of test stand . Virtual model of the vehicle is set on four servo-motors. They can control any excitation combination of individual actuators (dispalcement and amplitude, phase between extortion, etc.) and determine all kinds of vibration (vertical, lateral, angular). The study was conducted for selected parameters of the test rig.

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Gorantiwar, Anish, Rajvardhan Nalawade, Arash Nouri und Saied Taheri. „Experimental Analysis of a Novel Double Damper System with Semi-Active Control“. Electronics 9, Nr. 9 (17.09.2020): 1518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091518.

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An experimental study was conducted to compare the performance of an in-house built novel double semi-active damper against a conventional semi-active single damper. Different performance metrics were analyzed, and the performance of the two dampers was evaluated based on these metrics. A Hybrid Skyhook–Groundhook control algorithm was developed and implemented on the variable orifice double damper. The semi-active single damper is governed via two separate control strategies, namely—Skyhook and Groundhook control, respectively. The effectiveness of each algorithm is better understood by adding a normal load on top of the Shock Dyno, thus modifying it to act as a quarter car test rig. The sprung and unsprung acceleration data are collected via the accelerometers mounted on the Shock Dyno through a Data Acquisition System. The results obtained from this experiment provide a strong basis that the semi-active double damper performs better in terms of the comfort cost than that of the commercial semi-active single dampers.

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Li, Wenfeng, Zhengchao Xie, Pak Kin Wong, Yucong Cao, Xingqi Hua und Jing Zhao. „Robust nonfragile H∞ optimum control for active suspension systems with time-varying actuator delay“. Journal of Vibration and Control 25, Nr. 18 (17.06.2019): 2435–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546319857338.

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The active suspension has drawn considerable attention due to its superiority in improving the vehicle vertical dynamics. This paper investigates robust nonfragile H∞ optimal control for the vehicle active suspension with time-varying actuator delay. Firstly, the dynamic equation of an active suspension system with actuator delay is established in terms of the main performance objectives, that is, ride comfort, handling ability, and road holding. Then, a robust nonfragile H∞ optimal controller is proposed to deal with the problem of active suspension control with time delay and actuator uncertainty, which is based on Lyapunov theory, convex optimization, and the linear matrix inequality approach. Finally, a quarter-car test rig is used for an experiment to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed controller can ensure the asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system with bounded time-varying actuator delay, while managing the tradeoff between the conflicting performances and achieving performance optimization for the active suspension.

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Du, Yuchuan, Chenglong Liu, Difei Wu und Shengchuan Jiang. „Measurement of International Roughness Index by UsingZ-Axis Accelerometers and GPS“. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/928980.

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The International Roughness Index (IRI) is a well-recognized standard in the field of pavement management. Many different types of devices can be used to measure the IRI, but these devices are mainly mounted on a full-size automobile and are complicated to operate. In addition, these devices are expensive. The development of methods for IRI measurement is a prerequisite for pavement management systems and other parts of the road management industry. Based on the quarter-car model and the vehicle vibration caused by road roughness, there is a strong correlation between the in-carZ-axis acceleration and the IRI. The variation of speed of the car during the measurement process has a large influence on IRI estimation. A measurement system equipped withZ-axis accelerometers and a GPS device was developed. Using the self-designing measurement system based on the methodology proposed in this study, we performed a small-scale field test. We used a one-wheel linear model and two-wheel model to fit the variation of theZ-axis acceleration. The test results demonstrated that the low-cost measurement system has good accuracy and could enhance the efficiency of IRI measurement.

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Tota, Antonio, Enrico Galvagno, Mauro Velardocchia und Alessandro Vigliani. „Passenger car active braking system: Pressure control design and experimental results (part II)“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, Nr. 5 (13.02.2017): 786–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406217693032.

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This paper deals with the design of a brake caliper pressure controller for a conventional anti-lock braking system/electronic stability control system and the experimental validation of its tracking performances. The analysis of the hydraulic plant, carried out in part I of this two-part study, is here utilized to develop the control algorithm. The control strategy is based on a feed-forward and a proportional integral controller through pulse width modulation with a constant frequency and variable duty cycle. The feed-forward contribution requires modeling of the nonlinear open-loop system behavior which has been experimentally identified and described through two-dimensional maps: the inputs are the duty cycle applied to the electrovalves and the pressure drop across their orifice, while the output is the pressure gradient in the brake caliper. These maps, obtained for inlet and outlet valves, are used to set the feed-forward term. Finally a proportional integral controller is designed to reject external disturbances and compensate for model uncertainties. A brake system test rig, described in part I, is used for building inverse maps and validating the proposed control logic. Different reference pressure profiles are used to experimentally verify the control tracking performances.

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Casavola, Alessandro, Francesco Tedesco und Pasquale Vaglica. „H 2 and H ∞ Optimal Control Strategies for Energy Harvesting by Regenerative Shock Absorbers in Cars †“. Vibration 3, Nr. 2 (22.05.2020): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vibration3020009.

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Regenerative suspension systems, unlike traditional passive, semi-active or active setups, are able to convert the traditionally wasted kinetic energy into electricity. This paper discusses flexible multi-objective control design strategies based on LMI formulations to suitably trade-off between the usual road handling and ride comfort performance and the amount of energy to be harvested. An electromechanical regenerative vehicle suspension system is considered where the shock absorber of each wheel is replaced by a linear electrical motor which is actively governed. It is shown by simulations that multivariable centralized control laws designed on the basis of a full-car model of the suspension system are able to achieve larger amount of harvested energy under identical ride comfort prescriptions with respect to scalar decentralized control strategies, designed on the basis of a single quarter-car model and implemented independently on each wheel in a decentralized way. Improvements up to 40 % and 20 % of harvested energy are respectively achievable by the centralized multivariable H 2 and H ∞ optimal controllers under the same test conditions.

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Hickey, D., M. Haroon, Douglas E. Adams und Keith Worden. „Investigating Non-Linear Behaviour within a Vehicle Suspension System using Time and Frequency Domain Techniques“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 5-6 (Oktober 2006): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.5-6.285.

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In real mechanical situations it is a certainty there will be non-linear behaviour present at a range of frequencies and amplitudes. It is not, however, always possible to have a priori knowledge of the input to a system. A method has been developed by Adams to allow the experimental engineer to overcome such problems. The technique is addressed in this paper and applied to both simulated and experimental data. The method makes use of time domain characterisation via work and characteristic diagrams and also the frequency domain approach toward non-linear identification from feedback of the outputs, (NIFO). This paper attempts to use these time and frequency domain techniques to locate, characterise and quantify non-linear behaviour using both simulated and experimental data. The approach to this work is to obtain simulated data from a quarter car model and real data taken from an experimental rig. The data will be taken at a variety of frequencies and amplitudes and the above time and frequency domain techniques will be applied.

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Koch, Ulrich, Daniel Wiedemann und Heinz Ulbrich. „Model-Based MIMO State-Space Control of a Car Vibration Test Rig With Four Electromagnetic Actuators for the Tracking of Road Measurements“. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 58, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2011): 5319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2010.2044740.

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Li, I.-Hsum, und Lian-Wang Lee. „Design and Development of an Active Suspension System Using Pneumatic-Muscle Actuator and Intelligent Control“. Applied Sciences 9, Nr. 20 (20.10.2019): 4453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9204453.

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A pneumatic muscle is a cheap, clean, and high-power active actuator. However, it is difficult to control due to its inherent nonlinearity and time-varying characteristics. This paper presents a pneumatic muscle active suspension system (PM-ASS) for vehicles and uses an experimental study to analyze its stability and accuracy in terms of reducing vibration. In the PM-ASS, the pneumatic muscle actuator is designed in parallel with two MacPherson struts to provide a vertical force between the chassis and the wheel. This geometric arrangement allows the PM-ASS to produce the maximum force to counter road vibration and make the MacPherson struts generate significant improvement. In terms of the controller design, this paper uses an adaptive Fourier neural network sliding-mode controller with H ∞ tracking performance for the PM-ASS, which confronts nonlinearities and time-varying characteristics. A state-predictor is used to predict the output error and to provide the predictions for the controller. Experiments with a rough concave-convex road and a two-bump excitation road use a quarter-car test rig to verify the practical feasibility of the PM-ASS, and the results show that the PM-ASS gives an improvement the ride comfort.

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Pratiwi, Ririh Dian, und Agung Prajanto. „Faktor Internal dan Eksternal Sebagai Determinan Peningkatan Penyaluran Kredit Bank Umum di Indonesia“. Jurnal Penelitan Ekonomi dan Bisnis 5, Nr. 1 (24.03.2020): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33633/jpeb.v5i1.3133.

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This study aims to examine whether CAR, DPK, ROA, BIRate and Economic Growth affect the increase in lending to commercial banks in Indonesia. The population used is conventional commercial banks located in Indonesia and registered with OJK. Samples were obtained by purposive sampling method, with criteria (1) Conventional Commercial Banks in Indonesia which are found in the OJK in 2015-2018, (2) Publishes its financial statements, (3) Banks of all shares owned by Indonesian citizens, (4) Banks that experience credit score increases every Quarter of 2015-2018. The data analysis method used is quantitative statistics. The analysis conducted is multiple linear regression analysis. In addition to descriptive statistical testing, in multiple linear regression contains several tests, namely the classical assumption test, testing the regression model using the Statistical F-test, and testing the hypothesis using the Statistical t-test. The results obtained are that CAR and DPK do not affect the increase in lending. While the ROA, BIRate and Economic Growth variables proved to have an effect on the increase in lending to commercial banks in Indonesia in 2015-2018.Keywords: Internal Factors; External Factors; CreditPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji apakah CAR, DPK, ROA, BIRate dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi berpengaruh terhadap Peningkatan Penyaluran Kredit pada Bank Umum di Indonesia. Populasi yang digunakan adalah Bank Umum Konvensional yang terdapat di Indonesia dan terdaftar pada OJK. Sampel diperoleh dengan metode purposive sampling, dengan kriteria (1) Bank Umum Konvensional di Indonesia yang terdapat di OJK tahun 2015-2018, (2) Mempublikasikan laporan keuangannya, (3) Bank seluruh sahamnya dimiliki Warga Negara Indonesia, (4) Bank yang mengalami kenaikan nilai kredit setiap Triwulan tahun 2015-2018. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah statistik kuantitatif. Analisis yang dilakukan adalah analisis regresi linier berganda. Selain pengujian statistik deskriptif, dalam regresi linier berganda memuat beberapa pengujian yaitu uji asumsi klasik, pengujian model regresi dengan menggunakan uji Statistik F, serta pengujian hipotesis dengan menggunakan uji Statistik t. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh adalah CAR dan DPK tidak berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan penyaluran kredit. Sedangkan variabel ROA, BI Rate dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi terbukti berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan penyaluran kredit pada Bank Umum di Indonesia tahun 2015-2018.Kata Kunci: Faktor Internal ; Faktor Eksternal; Kredit

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Azrulhisham, E. A., Y. M. Asri, A. W. Dzuraidah, N. M. Nik Abdullah, A. Shahrum und C. H. Che Hassan. „Evaluation of Fatigue Life Reliability of Steering Knuckle Using Pearson Parametric Distribution Model“. International Journal of Quality, Statistics, and Reliability 2010 (15.02.2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/816407.

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Steering module is a part of automotive suspension system which provides a means for an accurate vehicle placement and stability control. Components such as steering knuckle are subjected to fatigue failures due to cyclic loads arising from various driving conditions. This paper intends to give a description of a method used in the fatigue life reliability evaluation of the knuckle used in a passenger car steering system. An accurate representation of Belgian pave service loads in terms of response-time history signal was obtained from accredited test track using road load data acquisition. The acquired service load data was replicated on durability test rig and the SN method was used to estimate the fatigue life. A Pearson system was developed to evaluate the predicted fatigue life reliability by considering the variations in material properties. Considering random loads experiences by the steering knuckle, it is found that shortest life appears to be in the vertical load direction with the lowest fatigue life reliability between 14000–16000 cycles. Taking into account the inconsistency of the material properties, the proposed method is capable of providing the probability of failure of mass-produced parts.

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Zhang, Hong Kun, und Wen Jun Li. „Design of Vehicle Semi-Active Suspension System Control Unit“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 1995–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.1995.

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This paper researches on embedded system design based on MC9s12Dp256 microcontroller for vehicle semi-active suspension. The hardware design of suspension control unit (SCU) is introduced. The integrated control strategy which integrates Skyhook and MiniMax strategies is proposed. The hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) test on a two-degree-of-freedom quarter car semi-active suspension system model is carried out. The functions of SUC are verified and the performance of passive suspension and semi-active suspension is compared. The simulation results indicate that the performance of SCU achieves design requirement. In comparison with passive system, the control effect of integrated control strategy can be improved in ride comfort and drive safety.

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Löwer, Jan, Paul Wagner, Hans-Joachim Unrau, Burkhard Wies und Frank Gauterin. „Model for the Pattern-Dependent Wet Grip Prediction of Tires“. Vehicles 3, Nr. 1 (21.02.2021): 84–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles3010006.

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The most important task of the tire is to ensure driving safety by optimally transmitting the required longitudinal and lateral driving forces. Although great progress has been made in the past in the development of new materials and patterns, many questions remain unanswered in the field of elastomer friction on rough surfaces. This is particularly true when an additional intermediate medium is introduced into the contact, as for braking on wet roads in the form of water. To better understand this process, a model of a single-tread block on a rough road surface is developed. The influence of the fluid is represented by a physical meaningful friction law. The model is validated with results of tire wet-braking tests on an internal drum test rig. The model can map the interaction between tire tread, rough road surface and fluid film and the simulation results show a good agreement with the measurement results. Based on the investigation of individual tread blocks, a new approach to the description of the wet-braking behavior of passenger car tires was thus demonstrated, which can be extended to more complex tread geometries in the future.

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