Zeitschriftenartikel: „Calculation of hydrostatic bearing“

1

Liang, Peng, Changhou Lu und Fazhan Yang. „A fast computing approach concerning recess pressure“. Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 70, Nr. 1 (08.01.2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-12-2015-0196.

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Purpose This paper aims to provide a new method for fast calculation of the recess pressure for hydrostatic bearing compensated by orifice restrictor. Design/methodology/approach Three methods (new method, old method and finite difference method) are used to calculate recess pressure for hydrostatic bearing at different eccentricity ratios and radial clearances, and the results with the three methods are compared. Findings From the results, the conclusion is that the new method has a simple calculation process and a quick calculation speed. Originality/value The new method can be used to calculate the recess pressure of hydrostatic bearing with high precision and simple computing process.

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Huang, Long, Wen Li Ma und Jin Long Huang. „Calculation and Simulation Azimuth Hydrostatic Thrust Bearing of a Large Alt-Azimuth Telescope“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 364 (August 2013): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.364.28.

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The use of hydrostatic bearing for support of telescope offers a number of potential performance advantages, but the structure parameter of bearing is the main factor which influence the bearing. The temperature rise of bearing is also important for the stiffnees of the telescope mount.In addition to the known benefit of mount stiffness and tracking accuracy from exceedingly low friction, the hydrostatic bearing provides a wide range of geometric possibilities for large telescopes [1].This paper analyzes various familiar hydrostatic bearing for the azimuth and elevation axes of telescope.Theoretical calculation and simulation show that the performance of bearing meets telescope’s design requirements.The principle and process of this work and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) are introduced in detail. According to the CFX result, the structure parameter and performance of bearing ,temperature field and pressure distribution have obtained.

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Zhang, Yan Qin, Xiao Dong Yu, Xiao Dong Yang, Gui Tao Sun, Xiao Yang Yu und Zhi Min Shi. „Viscosity Influence Research on Load Capacity of Heavy Hydrostatic Bearing“. Key Engineering Materials 450 (November 2010): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.450.63.

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Lubricant viscosity is one of the key parameters in hydrostatic bearing research. In order to solve the load capacity of hydrostatic bearing in the heavy equipment, viscosity-temperature equation of lubricant film is established, and the viscosity-temperature curve is fitted by B-Spline curve. Finite volume method is used on numerical simulation of pressure field of heavy hydrostatic bearing in constant and variable viscosity respectively and in different rotational velocity, whereafter, viscosity influence on load capacity of heavy hydrostatic bearing is discussed. The results show that, viscosity impose a minor influence on cavity pressure of hydrostatic bearing when rational velocity is low; whereas, when rational velocity is high, especially to the heavy hydrostatic bearing which with high liner velocity influence of viscosity changing must be taken into account in calculation. Numerical simulation results reflect the pressure distributing state of bearing veritably; furthermore, these provide theoretical basis for hydrostatic bearing design and lectotype in practical application.

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Zhang, Yan Qin, Rui Li, Chun Xi Dai, Jun Peng Shao, Xiao Dong Yang und Gui Tao Sun. „Temperature Field of Hydrostatic Supporting Disk in Different Viscosity and Rotational Speed“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 274 (Januar 2013): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.274.124.

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With heavy hydrostatic bearing as the research object, establish oil film viscosity-temperature equation. Adopt finite volume method, respectively calculates the oil film temperature field under different rotate velocity in Invariant viscosity and variable viscosity, revealing the oil film temperature arise influence rule of hydrostatic bearing on the viscosity and rotate velocity. The results show that the viscosity and rotate velocity have a great influence on the hydrostatic bearing oil film temperature rise, but the effect regularity varied. The calculated results that provide a theoretical basis for the hydrostatic bearing structure design and bearing deformation calculation, and have very important significance on improve the reliability and precision of the whole machine tools.

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Zhang, Yan Qin, Xiao Dong Yang, Hong Mei Li, Hui Jiang, Xiao Yang Yu und Zhi Min Shi. „Research on Influence of Cavity Depth on Load Capacity of Heavy Hydrostatic Bearing in Variable Viscosity Condition“. Advanced Materials Research 129-131 (August 2010): 1181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.129-131.1181.

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Owing to setting viscosity of lubrication oil as a constant value will lead errors in hydrostatic bearing calculation, the influence of cavity depth on load capacity of heavy static bearing is analyzed in variable viscosity condition. Firstly, viscosity-temperature equations of oil film are established; secondly, viscosity-temperature curve is fitted by B-Spline; finally, using finite volume method, hydrostatic pressure field and dynamic pressure field of heavy hydrostatic bearing is calculated with different cavity depth at the same velocity, and influence of cavity depth on load capacity is revealed. The results show that, were the cavity depth shallow enough(≤2mm), hydrostatic pressure and dynamic pressure of cavity would decline rapidly with the cavity depth increasing; whereas, were cavity deep enough(≥2mm), hydrostatic pressure and dynamic pressure of cavity would change little with the cavity depth extending. This numerical simulation reflects real distribution of bearing pressure appropriately, and provides a theoretical basis for hydrostatic bearing design and lectotype.

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Yang, Xiao Dong, Jun Peng Shao, Xiao Qiu Xu, Yun Fei Wang, Chao Yin und Hui Jiang. „Research on Velocity Influence on Thermal Deformation Field of Heavy Hydrostatic Thrust Bearing“. Advanced Materials Research 129-131 (August 2010): 968–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.129-131.968.

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According to the structure of workbench and base of heavy hydrostatic bearing which is applied in heavy equipment, thermal deformation equations of the structure are deduced and boundary conditions for numerical simulation are established based on thermal elasticity theory. Then thermal deformation of hydrostatic bearing without load is calculated at different velocity. The results indicate that: temperature and velocity impacts a significant influence on thermal deformation of hydrostatic bearing. Thermal deformation increases as the velocity increases; workbench up-warps severely, oil-pad inclines towards outside to a certain extent, which results in the lubrication clearance emerges as wedge-shape deformation. The conclusions from thermal deformation calculation could provide theoretical basis for structure design of hydrostatic bearing and ravel out the thermal deformation problem.

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Kodnyanko, Vladimir, und Andrey Kurzakov. „Static characteristics of a hydrostatic thrust bearing with a membrane displacement compensator“. FME Transactions 49, Nr. 3 (2021): 764–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fme2103764k.

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The article discusses the design and also presents a mathematical model and method for calculation of static characteristics of a hydrostatic thrust bearing with a membrane-type displacement compensator. Formulae for calculation of compliance and load characteristics of the bearing are also presented, as well as deformation and compliance of the membrane at which zero compliance of the bearing is guaranteed.

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Wang, Shi Gang, Zi Jian Qiu und Dong Sheng Li. „Study on Capacity of Vertical Lathe for Heavy Hydrostatic Bearing“. Materials Science Forum 800-801 (Juli 2014): 559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.800-801.559.

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For DVT500 vertical lathe of the carrying capacity of heavy hydrostatic bearing problem, Through the simplification of the geometric model of a single oil pad to derive the effective bearing area of a single oil pad, then establish its mathematical model, for the following to prepare for the simulation of heavy hydrostatic bearing, and through the simulation of heavy hydrostatic bearing, get the input under the condition of unchanged, with the constant improvement of the speed, the change of heavy hydrostatic bearing pressure field. Results show that the feed quantity under the condition of unchanged, with the constant improvement of the speed, start from the center of the biggest oil cavity pressure peak around gradually diminishing, isobar and high oil and shape of cavity shape basically the same. Numerical calculation results reflect the inside of the bearing pressure distribution, the simulation results for the engineering practice the bearing oil cavity structure optimization design provides a theoretical basis.

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San Andres, Luis. „The Effect of Journal Misalignment on the Operation of a Turbulent Flow Hydrostatic Bearing“. Journal of Tribology 115, Nr. 3 (01.07.1993): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2921643.

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An analysis for calculation of the dynamic force and moment response in turbulent flow, orifice compensated hydrostatic journal bearings is presented. The fully developed flow of a barotropic liquid is described by variable properties, bulk-flow equations and local turbulent friction factors based on bearing surface condition. Bearing load and moments and, dynamic force and moment coefficients are calculated for perturbations in journal center displacements and misaligned journal axis rotations. Numerical results for the effect of static misalignment angles in the plane of the eccentricity vector are presented for a water lubricated hydrostatic bearing. The predictions show that journal axis misalignment causes a reduction in load capacity due to loss in film thickness, increases the flow rate and produces significant restoring moments (couples). Force and moment coefficients due to dynamic journal axis rotations are also discussed.

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Zhang, Yan Qin, Xiao Qiu Xu, Xiao Dong Yang, Hong Mei Li, Hui Jiang, Xiao Yang Yu und Zhi Min Shi. „Analysis on Influence of Oil Film Thickness on Temperature Field of Heavy Hydrostatic Bearing in Variable Viscosity Condition“. Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (Mai 2011): 1418–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.1418.

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According to the problem of the influence of oil film thickness on temperature rise for heavy hydrostatic thrust bearing during operation， build viscosity-temperature equation of lubricating oil film and mathematics model of oil film temperature rise of heavy hydrostatic bearing with multiple oil pads, simulate the temperature field of hydrostatic bearing with sector cavity under various oil film thickness using FVM(finite volume method), and reveal the influence law of oil film thickness of temperature rise for hydrostatic bearing. The results show that temperature distribution of hydrostatic bearing is much the same under various oil film thicknesses, but the influence of oil film thickness of temperature rise for hydrostatic bearing is greater. The results of numerical calculations actually response flow state inside hydrostatic bearing ，offer theoretical foundation for the design of hydrostatic bearing in engineering practice, and have important significance in improving operation stability of NC machine.

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WASILCZUK, Filip, Michał WASILCZUK und Michał WODTKE. „PROSPECTS OF DECREASING POWER LOSSES IN A HYDROSTATIC THRUST BEARING“. Tribologia, Nr. 4 (31.08.2017): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6033.

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In numerous machines, axial load is carried by tilting pad thrust bearings known since the beginning of 20th century. These bearings are commonly bath lubricated, which is simple, does not require any additional pumps, and, due to this, such systems are highly reliable. In a contemporary technology, however, minimization of friction losses became an important goal of machinery improvement. Calculations based on elementary rules of fluid dynamics show that shearing losses in a specially designed hydrostatic bearing can be considerably smaller than the losses in a tilting pad hydrodynamic bearing. The aim of the research described in this paper was to check if the preliminary results can also be confirmed with the use of more advanced CFD calculations.

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Sun, Ya Zhou, Jiu Da Wu, Jing He Zhang und Hai Tao Liu. „Structure Scheme Design of a Large Ultra-Precision Hydrostatic Rotary Table with a High Diameter-Length Ratio“. Key Engineering Materials 579-580 (September 2013): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.579-580.353.

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This essay briefly introduces a structure scheme design of a high diameter-length ratio rotary plate. This structure scheme is unique from any well-known schemes. In this scheme, there is only one flat act as the working flat for both main thrust bearing and aux thrust bearing. It minimizes the faces which need lapping. At the same time, this scheme minimizes the number of assembling parts. So, it will be easier for this scheme to achieve high accuracy. This essay includes the process of design: calculation for bearings and schemes compare.

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WASILCZUK, Filip, Michał WASILCZUK und Michał WODTKE. „HYDROSTATIC THRUST BEARING WITH REDUCED POWER LOSSES“. Tribologia 281, Nr. 5 (01.11.2018): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7664.

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In many cases in rotating machinery, axial load is carried by tilting pad thrust bearings which have been developed since the beginning of 20th century. For high reliability and simplicity, most commonly the bearings are bath lubricated. In the times of sustainable development, however, minimization of friction losses becomes an important criterion for machinery assessment, and a strategic goal of their development. Performed calculations, based on elementary rules of fluid dynamics, showed that shearing losses in specially designed hydrostatic bearings can be considerably smaller than the losses in tilting pad hydrodynamic bearings. The aim of the research described in this paper was to check if the preliminary results presented earlier and conclusions of benefits of the further increase of the size of the hydrostatic pocket can be confirmed with the use of CFD calculations.

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Zhang, Yan Qin, Ze Yang Yu, Xiao Dong Yang, Chun Ying Hu, Hua Lin Wang und Jun Peng Shao. „Thermal Deformation Impact Analysis on the Workbench of Large Size Hydrostatic Bearing Plate Structure“. Materials Science Forum 836-837 (Januar 2016): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.836-837.369.

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Thermal deformation of large size hydrostatic bearing rotary workbench is the most direct factor that affects the machining accuracy of work-piece. The thesis puts forward the method of adding reinforcing plate structure to restrain the workbench thermal deformation, establishes three-dimensional supporting workbench model, with finite element method and sequence of fluid-solid coupling technology have carried on the thermal deformation calculation workbench, and reveals the influence law of different installation position of rib plate on the workbench thermal deformation. The results of the study shows that the method of adding reinforcing plate structure to reduce the thermal deformation of hydrostatic bearing worktable is feasible, and determine the optimal position of reinforcing plate by comparing different results.

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Novikov, E. A., I. A. Shitikov und V. A. Maksimov. „Calculation of the Characteristics of a Hydrostatic Ring Thrust Bearing for Refrigeration Compressors“. Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 40, Nr. 3/4 (März 2004): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:cape.0000033680.91322.0f.

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16

Tyabin, N. V., V. O. Yablonskii und V. M. Yashchuk. „Calculation of hydrostatic plastic medium-lubricated thrust bearings“. Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 63, Nr. 3 (September 1992): 949–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00852786.

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17

Zhang, Yan Qin, Rui Li, Chun Xi Dai, Jun Peng Shao, Xiao Dong Yu und Bai Qin. „Simulation on Supporting Characteristics of Heavy Hydrostatic Thrust Bearing“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 157-158 (Februar 2012): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.157-158.94.

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The pressure field of the clearance oil film of the hydrostatic bearing in varies velocities was simulated based on Finite Volume Method (FVM) by the software of Computational Fluid Dynamics. In this article, a conclusion could be drawn that the viscosity has great influences on the pressure in the heavy hydrostatic bearing and it cannot be neglected especially in high rotating speed. The results of numerical calculations provide internal flow status inside the bearing, which would help the design of the oil cavity structure of the bearing in engineering practice.

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Guo, Zenglin, Toshio Hirano und R. Gordon Kirk. „Application of CFD Analysis for Rotating Machinery—Part I: Hydrodynamic, Hydrostatic Bearings and Squeeze Film Damper“. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 127, Nr. 2 (01.04.2005): 445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1807415.

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The traditional method for bearing and damper analysis usually involves a development of rather complicated numerical calculation programs that may just focus on a simplified and specific physical model. The application of the general CFD codes may make this analysis available and effective where complex flow geometries are involved or when more detailed solutions are needed. In this study, CFX-TASCflow is employed to simulate various fixed geometry fluid-film bearing and damper designs. Some of the capabilities in CFX-TASCflow are applied to simulate the pressure field and calculate the static and dynamic characteristics of hydrodynamic, hydrostatic, and hybrid bearings as well as squeeze film dampers. The comparison between the CFD analysis and current computer programs used in industry has been made. The results show reasonable agreement in general. Some of the possible reasons for the differences are discussed. It leaves room for further investigation and improvement on the methods of computation.

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Chen, Runlin, Xingzhao Wang, Chen Du, Jun Zha, Kai Liu und Xiaoyang Yuan. „Stiffness Model and Experimental Study of Hydrostatic Spindle System considering Rotor Swing“. Shock and Vibration 2020 (15.05.2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5901432.

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For high-end CNC machine tools, the stiffness of the spindle system is one of the most important performance indicators. In this paper, the hydrostatic motorized spindle system of a grinding machine is taken as the research object, and a two-degree-of-freedom stiffness model of the spindle system considering rotor swing is proposed. The stiffness of the spindle system under different excitation frequencies is analyzed, and the contributions of the stiffness of two bearings to the stiffness of the spindle system are evaluated. The vibration test on the spindle system is implemented through the hammering method. The vibration responses of the spindle system are obtained, and the stiffness of the spindle system is identified. The results show that the test results of the stiffness of the spindle system are in good agreement with the theoretical calculation, with an average error of about 14.21%. The research in this paper can provide theoretical and data support for bearing design and stiffness evaluation of a hydrostatic spindle system.

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Wang, Ya Jun. „Calculation Method of Lubricant Film Pressure Distribution of Axial Piston Pump Slippers“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 328 (Juni 2013): 629–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.328.629.

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A method is implemented to get the pressure distribution of the axial piston pump slipper. Slipper was seen as translating thrust bearing, taking slipper tilt and spin in account, based on finite volume method, hydrodynamic and hydrostatic pressure has been calculated by using the mass conservation principle. For a representative element volume, the difference flow was averaged by the difference flow between the tilting planes, and the shearing flow by slipper translating was averaged by the shearing flow between the tilting planes. The numerical calculating result based two liquid resistance assume was compared, the results showed that two methods have got the same pressure distribution schematics, and the high pressure area locates at the slipper titling direction, but for the pressure values at high pressure area, the second method is slightly higher than the first method, and that the higher pump speed were, the higher the pressure values, and at the same pump speed, the slipper spin speed affects slightly the pressure, and at the lower pump speed, the lubricant pressure tends to the hydrostatic lubrication.

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Tatsienko, Victor, Vyacheslav Gogolin, Inna Ermakova und Alexander Liskovets. „Justification of the Calculation Method for Arch Support with Rock Grouting“. E3S Web of Conferences 105 (2019): 01026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910501026.

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This paper proposes a new method for calculating arch support with grouted space behind the support. The analysis of existing installations and methods for the calculation of frame supports was made. It has been established that the existing methods of frame parts calculation do not take into account the presence of grouted space behind the support. It is proposed to take into account the presence of the grouted layer in the space behind the support when it interacts with the rock mass. The formation of partially disturbed rock adjacent to the grouted layer is taken into account in the behaviour of rocks. In this method, the arch support is replaced with a ring support. The finite element method establishes the reduced dimensions of the ring support and its module of linear deformations, corresponding to these values of the arch support when its bearing capacity is lost. The scheme for calculating arch support ultimately boils down to considering the interaction of the support, the grouted layer, the zone of partially destroyed rocks and the rest of the mass of intact rocks in the hydrostatic field of rock pressure.

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Long, Wei, Yan Liu, Zhang Yong Wu, Jing Tao Wei und Zi Yong Mo. „Fluid-Solid Coupling Heat Analysis of Aerostatic Guide Components“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 779 (Juli 2015): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.779.50.

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This paper presents the parameters and assumptions of the hydrostatic guide rail in both ideal and actual working conditions, the simulate calculation of fluid-solid heat coupling field between gas film and the bearing surface is finished by Fluent based on finite volume method. By analyze and compare the results after post-treatment, we gain the effects caused by guide way’s structure and deformation on the formation of film pressure field, temperature field inside gas film, besides this paper also provides relate conclusions.

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Suslov, Nikolay, und Stanislav Chernukhin. „Determination of the working area of a hydraulic excavator“. E3S Web of Conferences 177 (2020): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017703016.

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The article discusses the mechanisms of walking used on dragline excavators. The disadvantages of each mechanism are identified and based on this, the most promising movement mechanism is selected – a three-legged walking mechanism with a hydraulic drive. For this mechanism, the main disadvantages are also identified. The following is a technical solution that allows you to save this mechanism from the main drawback – the need to raise the center of mass of the excavator to a significant height to ensure the maximum step value. The technical solution includes the presence of a flat hydrostatic support that allows to increase the efficiency of the mechanism in open-pit mining operations. The calculation of oil consumption through a flat hydrostatic support in the conditions of its use on quarry soils with different bearing capacity is made.

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Shao, Junpeng, Chunxi Dai, Xiaoqiu Xu, Yunfei Wang, Yanqin Zhang und Chao Yin. „Numerical Calculation and Analysis of Dynamic Pressure Effect for Heavy Hydrostatic Bearing Disk with Multiple Oil Pads“. Advanced Science Letters 4, Nr. 8 (01.08.2011): 2561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2011.1416.

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Zhang, Yongtao, Shijie Yu, Changhou Lu, Haixia Zhao und Peng Liang. „An improved lumped parameter method for calculating static characteristics of multi-recess hydrostatic journal bearings“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 234, Nr. 2 (05.06.2019): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650119855242.

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This paper proposes an improved lumped parameter method for calculating the static characteristics of multi-recess hydrostatic journal bearings. The improved lumped parameter method can estimate the total pressure distribution in the circumferential direction by introducing control volume in the middle of each inter-recess land, and utilizing the flow continuity equations for each recess and each control volume with the assumption that the pressure distributions are parabolic on the inter-recess land. Then the recess pressure and the fluid film force can be calculated. The calculation accuracy of the improved lumped parameter method and the traditional lumped parameter method is comparatively discussed under different eccentricity ratios and wrap angles of the recess. The results show that the improved lumped parameter method has higher calculation accuracy and wider application range.

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Yefremova, Galina, Dmitriy Linev und Ksenija Yurgelya. „Bearing capacity of thick-walled pipeline shells under external hydrostatic pressure“. Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre, SPECIAL ISSUE 1 (16.04.2019): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2019-1-s-i-97-104.

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This paper gives analytical and numerical simulation results for pipeline system under external hydrostatic pressure takin into account variation of bending moments and longitudinal forces along the pipeline. The most loaded areas were studied numerically, in shell and solid formulation. More accurate bearing capacity calculations were performed taking into account maximum acceptable geometric and physical deviations of pipeline elements from regular shape. This study made it possible to develop an approach to taking into account joint effect of multiple loads upon bearing capacity of thick-walled shells in pipeline systems, as well as to give practical recommendations (based on current regulatory documents) on how to ensure reliability of overboard pipelines for deepwater submersibles.

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Liang, Peng, Changhou Lu, Wei Pan und Shiyi Li. „A new method for calculating the static performance of hydrostatic journal bearing“. Tribology International 77 (September 2014): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2014.04.019.

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Han, Juan, und Yin Liang. „The Strength Research of Pressure Pipeline Reinforced with CFRP“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 1405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.1405.

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In order to make the pressure safe, a new method and material for reinforcing pipelines is introduced, that is carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheet. In the experiment, the metal pipelines that wrapped with different layers of CFRP sheets respectively are carried loads by hydrostatic burst test. The results show that this method can be a substantial reinforcement in the bearing capacity of the metal pipelines. According to the test data and the thin wall cylinder stress calculation theory, the design formula of reinforcing layer thickness of CFRP was presented in the elastic and plastic state of metal material. Based on the plastic solution of thick wall cylinder in the polar coordinates, the strength checking formulas of repair system was presented in different mechanical states. The presented formulas without iterative calculation have practical value in the production practice.

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Al Fatin, Hasan Jamil, und Murat G. Mustafin. „METHOD FOR DEFORMATION MONITORING OF WATER-BEARING DAMS“. Vestnik SSUGT (Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies) 26, Nr. 1 (2021): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2411-1759-2021-26-1-45-56.

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Monitoring of the condition of water-supporting hydraulic structures (dams) is carried out in ac-cordance with GOST R 22.1.11–2002, which determines the list of main load indicators including hy-drostatic pressure exerted on the dam. The article gives the list of the main indicators of the condition of water-supporting hydraulic structures and the development of hazardous processes in soil massifs, which provides for the assessment of vertical (precipitation) and horizontal movements of structures and their bases. Thus, monitoring is carried out in two areas of research: the first is geotechnical; the second is geodetic. As a rule, surveyors develop an observation system, and geotechnicians, taking into account these data, determine the state of the dam. The article provides a methodology for ge-otechnical dam condition that combines these two areas. Accounting for hydrostatic pressure is possi-ble due to geodetic control of the water surface level and calculation of water reserves and, according-ly, the pressure on the dam. These data, together with the results of field measurements, make it possi-ble to identify critical and permissible water levels, which allow us to regulate the observation order depending on the water level. The article also considers an important issue about the scheme of de-formation marks location on the dam. Regular distance location is not always appropriate. A more ef-fective way is to locate them in accordance with the stress-strain state. On the basis of pre-calculation there was carried out irregular location of the deformation marks on the dam as well as the design and accuracy assessment of deformation network. The afore-mentioned approach is implemented on a specific example of the Dukan Dam in Iraq.

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Yu, Xiao Dong, Xiu Li Meng, Hui Jiang, Xiao Zhong Lou, Bo Wu, Hong Jun Xiang, Xian Zhu Sun, Chang Qing Yang und Jun Feng Wang. „Numerical Simulation on Oil-Flow-State of Gap Oil Film in Sector Cavity Multi-Pad Hydrostatic Thrust Bearing“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 37-38 (November 2010): 743–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.37-38.743.

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Hydrostatic thrust bearing lubrication is significantly affected by the oil flow state of gap oil film, but it can not be measured by experiment and analysis. For this problem, the oil flow state of gap oil film in sector cavity multi-pad hydrostatic thrust bearing during rotation was simulated by using computational fluid dynamics, lubricating theory, and Finite Element Method. Laminar model and κ-ε turbulence model were adopted to model incompressible steady equations, and the equations were discreted by using Finite Volume Method and Second-order Finite Difference. By comparing the calculated results of numerical simulation and semi-empirical theoretical equation, the numerical simulation is proved feasible in oil film state analysis parameter prediction, which can overcome the deficiency of single model and get good effect. Streamlines and velocity vectors show that the lubricating oil flow in the resistive oil edges and oil cavities are laminar flow under the conditions of speed and flow in less than a certain value, while the flow and speed are more than a certain value, the lubricating oil flow in the resistive oil edges is also laminar flow, but the lubricating oil flow in the oil cavities is turbulent flow, then determines critical flow and critical speed. The critical flow and critical speed were determined, it provides a theoretical basis of the temperature field and thermal field deformation calculation.

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Zhang, Yanqin, Pengrui Kong, Yanan Feng und Lili Guo. „Hot oil carrying characteristic about hydrostatic bearing oil film of heavy vertical lathe in high speed“. Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 71, Nr. 1 (14.01.2019): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-03-2018-0091.

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Purpose To investigate the effects of hot oil carrying (HOC), the purpose of this paper is to present a new calculation method of oil film temperature which takes the effects into account and defines the factor of HOC. Design/methodology/approach Based on finite volume method, the paper studied the temperature characteristics in high speed and the condition of variable viscosity from the temperature field and flow field of the film, and the thermal rule of HOC is revealed. The theoretical values are in good agreement with the experimental results. Findings The results show that, for this structure of hydrostatic bearing, the phenomenon of HOC does not occur until the work speed is more than 10 r/min under any load condition. And it always happens in the total range of load, from 0 to 320 kN, when the speed is over 60 r/min. Moreover, the film temperature increases sharply, when the phenomenon happens in high speed, and the influence of the speed is greater than the effect of load on the temperature rise. Originality/value The results would help to increase the speed of CNC machine tools and the design on structure of the bearing in engineering practice.

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Vasil'ev, A. „DEVELOPMENT OF A METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATING THE PRESSURE DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE PRESSURE FIELD FOR THE NONISOTHERMAL FLOW OF A VISCOUS LIQUID IN GYROSTATIC BEARINGS WHEN PROCESSING LARGE-SIZED STEAM TURBINE SHAFTS“. Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 6, Nr. 7 (10.07.2021): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2021-6-7-99-106.

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A mathematical model for calculating the pressure field of a hydrostatic support with an incomplete girth angle for a non-isothermal flow of a viscous working fluid using the iteration method is developed. The fundamental laws of hydrodynamics and the hydrodynamic theory of lubrication are used. The pressure field is calculated by jointly solving the Reynolds equation, the energy balance equation and the flow rate balance equation, as well as additional relationships for the thermophysical parameters of the working fluid, obtained by approximating the tabular values. The mathematical model of the pressure field takes into account all the characteristics and operating parameters of the hydrostatic support with an incomplete range angle, by setting the boundary conditions and geometric parameters of the working surface of the support liner. The developed system is solved by the numerical method of finite differences. A comparative analysis of the static characteristics of different designs of a hydrostatic support with an incomplete range angle is carried out. Recommendations are given on the choice of the number of pockets in the design of liners for a hydrostatic support with an incomplete range angle to ensure guaranteed floatation and maintain a given value of the working clearance in the fluid friction zone of the shaft journal and the bearing surface of the hydrostatic support liner when turning shafts of steam turbine.

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Kazama, Toshiharu, und Yukihito Narita. „Numerical Simulation of a Slipper Model for Swash Plate Type Axial Piston Pumps and Motors: Effects of Concave and Convex Surface Geometry“. International Journal of Automation Technology 6, Nr. 4 (05.07.2012): 434–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2012.p0434.

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In this study, the slipper of swash plate axial piston pumps and motors is modeled as a hybrid (hydrostatic and hydrodynamic) thrust pad bearing. The effects of the slightly concave and convex geometries of the slipper sliding surface are examined. The motion of the slipper model is numerically simulated, and its tribological characteristics are examined under eccentric and dynamic load conditions. The calculations under these conditions indicate that, for the concave slipper, the fluctuation of the bearing pad azimuth increases, and the attitude of the slipper becomes unstable. In contrast, for the convex slipper, the attitude becomes stable, but the clearance increases.

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Hélène, M., M. Arghir und J. Frêne. „Combined Navier–Stokes and Bulk-Flow Analysis of Hybrid Bearings: Radial and Angled Injection“. Journal of Tribology 127, Nr. 3 (26.08.2004): 557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1924426.

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The present work deals with the Navier–Stokes and bulk-flow analysis of hybrid bearings intended for use in aerospace applications. These bearings are expected to work at high rotational speeds and high feeding pressures. In such a case, the pressure in the shallow pockets of the bearing is no longer constant and is influenced by hydrostatic and hydrodynamic effects. It has been shown in the literature that the recess pressure pattern can have an important influence on the dynamic characteristics of the bearing. The present work investigates the pressure field in the recess of centered hybrid bearings with radial and angled injection by using a numerical Navier–Stokes analysis. The recess pressure pattern is then subsequently characterized by combining these results with some parametric descriptions. For calculating the dynamic characteristics of the bearing, the parametric pressure pattern is then injected into a bulk-flow model. The proposed model is an alternative analysis to the one advanced by San Andrés [ASME J. Tribole, 112, pp. 699–707; 119, 179–187] and in order to evaluate the validity of the bulk-flow code, the numerical predictions are compared with experimental data taken from the literature for radial and angled injection. The favourable effect of the counter-rotating angled injection is then explained by using the velocity field issued from the Navier–Stokes analysis and the pressure field given by the bulk-flow model.

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Epp, Jeremy. „Investigation of Triaxial Stress State in Retained Austenite during Quenching of a Low Alloy Steel by In Situ X-Ray Diffraction“. Advanced Materials Research 996 (August 2014): 525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.996.525.

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In situ XRD measurements were performed at ESRF, Grenoble, France (ID11) during quenching of a ball bearing steel AISI 52100 (100Cr6) with varying carbon content in solution. The evolution of austenite lattice parameter during cooling is nearly linear until Ms is reached and then, a divergent behavior can be observed. Assuming that the extrapolation of the linear range to room temperature gives the stress-free lattice spacing, an increasing compressive hydrostatic stress state is resulting. A strong effect of the carbon content was found. These results were confirmed by theoretical calculations based on data from the literature.

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WANG, Shaoli. „Dynamic Mesh Method for Calculating Bearing Capacity and Overturning Moment of Partial Loaded Hydrostatic Rotary Tables under Rotating Condition“. Journal of Mechanical Engineering 50, Nr. 23 (2014): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2014.23.066.

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Strzelecki, Michał. „Numerical Three-Dimensional Model of Airport Terminal Drainage System“. Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 36, Nr. 1 (01.03.2014): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2014-0013.

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Abstract During the construction of an airport terminal it was found that as a result of the hydrostatic pressure of underground water the foundation plate of the building had dangerously shifted in the direction opposite to that of the gravitational forces. The only effective measure was to introduce a drainage system on the site. The complex geology of the area indicated that two independent drainage systems, i.e., a horizontal system in the Quaternary beds and a vertical system in the Tertiary water-bearing levels, were necessary. This paper presents numerical FEM calculations of the two drainage systems being part of the airport terminal drainaged esign. The computer simulation which was carried out took into consideration the actual effect of the drainage systems and their impact on the depression cone being formed in the two aquifers.

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Seo, Jung Hun, Yevgeniya Kim, Tongha Lee und Marcel Guillong. „Periodically Released Magmatic Fluids Create a Texture of Unidirectional Solidification (UST) in Ore-Forming Granite: A Fluid and Melt Inclusion Study of W-Mo Forming Sannae-Eonyang Granite, Korea“. Minerals 11, Nr. 8 (18.08.2021): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11080888.

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The Upper Cretaceous Sannae-Eonyang granite crystallized approximately 73 Ma and hosted the Sannae W-Mo deposit in the west and the Eonyang amethyst deposit in the east. The granite contained textural zones of miarolitic cavities and unidirectional solidification texture (UST) quartz. The UST rock sampled in the Eonyang amethyst mine consisted of (1) early cavity-bearing aplitic granite, (2) co-crystallization of feldspars and quartz in a granophyric granite, and (3) the latest unidirectional growth of larger quartz crystals with clear zonation patterns. After the UST quartz was deposited, aplite or porphyritic granite was formed, repeating the prior sequence. Fluid and melt inclusions occurring in the UST quartz and quartz phenocrysts were sampled and studied to understand the magmatic-hydrothermal processes controlling UST formation and W-Mo mineralization in the granite. The composition of melt inclusions in the quartz phenocrysts suggested that the UST was formed by fractionated late-stage granite. Some of the melt inclusions occurring in the early-stage UST quartz were associated with aqueous inclusions, indicating fluid exsolution from a granitic melt. Hypersaline brine inclusions allowed the calculation of the minimum trapping pressure of 80–2300 bars. Such a highly fluctuating fluid pressure might be potentially due to a lithostatic-hydrostatic transition of pressure-attending fluid loss during UST formation. Highly fluctuating lithostatic-hydrostatic pressures created by fluid exsolution allowed shifting of the stability field from a quartz-feldspar cotectic to a single-phase quartz. The compositions of brine fluid assemblages hosted in the quartz phenocrysts deviated from the fluids trapped in the UST quartz, especially regarding the Rb/Sr and Fe/Mn ratios and W and Mo concentrations. The study of melt and fluid inclusions in the Eonyang UST sample showed that the exsolution of magmatic fluid was highly periodic. A single pulse of magmatic fluids of variable salinities/densities might have created a single UST sequence, and a new batch of magmatic fluid exsolution would be required to create the next UST sequence.

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Nélias, Daniel, Eduard Antaluca und Vincent Boucly. „Rolling of an Elastic Ellipsoid Upon an Elastic-Plastic Flat“. Journal of Tribology 129, Nr. 4 (07.06.2007): 791–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2768078.

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The paper presents a numerical analysis of the rolling contact between an elastic ellipsoid and an elastic-plastic flat. Numerical simulations have been performed with the help of a contact solver called Plast-Kid®, with an algorithm based on an integral formulation or semi-analytical method. The application of both the conjugate gradient method and the discrete convolution and fast Fourier transform technique allows keeping the computing time reasonable when performing transient 3D simulations while solving the contact problem and calculating the subsurface stress and strain states. The effects of the ellipticity ratio k—ranging from 1 to 16—and of the normal load—from 4.2 GPa to 8 GPa—are investigated. The reference simulation corresponds to the rolling of a ceramic ball on a steel plate made of an AISI 52100 bearing steel under a load of 5.7 GPa. The results that are presented are, first, the permanent deformation of the surface and, second, the contact pressure distribution, the von Mises stress field, the hydrostatic pressure, and the equivalent plastic strain state within the elastic-plastic body. A comparison with an experimental surface deformation profile is also given to validate the theoretical background and the numerical procedure.

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Alieva, Maral G., Niiaz G. Valiev und Vagif M. Kerimov. „Flat-radial stationary motion of incompressible oil in a uniform horizontal circular formation according to diffrent filtration laws“. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal 1 (30.03.2021): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2021-2-43-52.

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Relevance. The article considers the issues of flat-radial motion of incompressible oil in a uniform horizontal circular formation. Taking into account that filtration obeys different laws, the research was carried out according to the linear Darcy's law, the generalized Darcy's law and the modified Kesson model. Methodology. Each of the tasks was solved using mathematical methods. The corresponding algorithms were obtained, taking into account the forms of oil movement in a porous medium. Plane-parallel simple filtration flow of oil moves from a strip-like reservoir to a straight gallery. This fluid flow occurs when the oil field under development has several parallel, straight rows of production producing wells. In oil-bearing areas between parallel adjacent rows, oil filtration is also plane-parallel, which implies the practical importance of solving the problem of plane-parallel oil flow in this scientific article. For each filtration law, calculated hydrodynamic formulas for well operation parameters and oil reservoir development indicators are derived. Results. The obtained models of oil flow rate, filtration rate, distribution law of current pressure, current pressure gradient, duration of oil advance in the drainage zone is expedient to use both in drawing up an optimal reservoir development project and for regulating and adjusting the oil recovery process of operating fields. Three stationary-hydrostatic problems are solved, in which the filtration processes obey only a general nonlinear law. All the basic calculation formulas that characterize the filtration processes are derived. By analyzing these formulas, it is possible to identify the nature of the influence of each well parameter and each reservoir development indicator. It is also possible to apply the obtained results to solve vatious theoretical problems of oil field development and when planning new fields development.

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Monecke, Thomas, Jochen Monecke und T. James Reynolds. „The Influence of CO2 on the Solubility of Quartz in Single-Phase Hydrothermal Fluids: Implications for the Formation of Stockwork Veins in Porphyry Copper Deposits“. Economic Geology 114, Nr. 6 (01.09.2019): 1195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4680.

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Abstract Porphyry copper deposits consist of low-grade stockwork and disseminated sulfide zones that contain characteristic vein generations formed during the evolution of the hydrothermal systems. The present contribution examines the influence of variable CO2 concentrations on the solubility of quartz in single-phase hydrothermal fluids forming stockwork veins in porphyry deposits at temperatures of 150° to 550°C and pressures ranging from 100 to 2,000 bar at concentrations up to 8 mol % CO2. The calculations demonstrate that quartz solubility in hydrothermal fluids decreases with increasing CO2 content. Retrograde quartz solubility is less pronounced in CO2-bearing fluids and is not observed in single-phase fluids having CO2 concentrations exceeding 6 mol %. Despite the effects of CO2, retrograde quartz solubility plays an important role in the formation of porphyry stockwork veins that contain little or no quartz as a gangue mineral. At high temperatures and lithostatic pressure conditions below 900 bar, early biotite veins can form as a result of quasi-isobaric cooling of single-phase hydrothermal fluids under conditions of retrograde quartz solubility or near-constant quartz solubility. Stock-work veins consisting of molybdenite or hypogene copper sulfide minerals lacking quartz could form at temperatures of up to 450°C under hydrostatic pressures ranging from ~250 to 900 bar. In the presence of CO2, retrograde quartz solubility is shifted toward slightly lower temperatures at constant pressure. At temperatures below ≾375°C, quartz is precipitated during quasi-isobaric cooling irrespective of CO2 content of the hydrothermal fluids, resulting in the formation of late porphyry quartz veins.

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Sawano, Hiroshi. „Relationship Between Fluid Properties and Bearing Stiffness in Water Hydrostatic Bearing“. International Journal of Automation Technology 14, Nr. 1 (05.01.2020): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2020.p0073.

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Hydrostatic bearings are important elements that directly affect machining accuracy in machine tools. Although hydrostatic bearings using water can reduce environmental influence compared with those using oil, they have low rigidity and damping properties. By investigating the properties of water used for working fluid of hydrostatic bearings, there is a possibility that the characteristics of hydrostatic bearings using water can be improved. Therefore, in this study, the relationship between the properties of water used as a working fluid of hydrostatic bearings and the characteristics of bearings was investigated. For this purpose, a hydrostatic bearing characteristics evaluation system using water was constructed. The characteristics of hydrostatic bearings were examined by varying the components and temperature of water. The experimental results show that the composition and temperature of working water affect the performance of water hydrostatic bearing.

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Meuronen, Jaakko, Antti Mäntylä, Joona Vaara, Jouko Hintikka, Janne Juoksukangas, Arto Lehtovaara und Tero Frondelius. „Fretting test rig with variable normal force“. Rakenteiden Mekaniikka 53, Nr. 4 (13.10.2020): 308–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.23998/rm.83573.

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Fretting is small amplitude reciprocating sliding between surfaces, and it may quickly causes surface cracks, which can continue growing under cyclic loads, until the structure breaks entirely as a result of the fretting fatigue. Fretting can also produce hardened wear particles as a result of adhesive wear, which then accelerates abrasive wear. In this case, the community uses the term fretting wear. The design of heavily loaded contacts, susceptible to fretting, is a difficult task because there is no generally accepted design guide. More extensive fretting research is needed to create them. This paper introduces detailed design phases for a equipment (rig) for a variable normal force fretting test. Supporting high radial and normal forces such that there is minimal run-out between the specimens was the most significant design challenge. The combination of a hydrostatic radial bearing and elastic torque shaft was selected for the detail design phase based on FE-analyses, calculations, and overall evaluation. The frame of the test rig consists of the main frame, which supports mainly the normal force and two torque frames, which support torque cylinders. Many solutions, which were found to be working in the current "ring-ring" apparatus of Tampere University, could be utilized in the new test rig like the tapered connections of the specimens, the elastic rod of the torque lever, axial displacement plate, and contact pressure adjustment system. The designed test rig enables fretting tests with 0 Hz to 20 Hz cycle frequency so that normal and tangential force or displacement can be controlled independently of each other. The normal force cannot change from compression to tension dynamically, but the adhesive force of the contact can be measured by slowly increasing the tension force. The designed fretting test rig fulfills all essential requirements, which were set.

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Palzewicz, A. „Hydrostatic journal bearing without pressure chambers between bearing surfaces“. Wear 159, Nr. 1 (November 1992): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(92)90282-d.

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Zhang, Yan Qin, Li Guo Fan, Yao Chen, Rui Li, Tian Zheng Wu und Xiao Dong Yu. „Deformation Analysis of Hydrostatic Thrust Bearing under Different Load“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (Februar 2014): 583–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.583.

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In order to solve deformation problem of large size hydrostatic thrust bearing under different load. Simulation model of fan cavity hydrostatic thrust bearing, three-dimensional mathematical model in guide rail is set up. Using CFD principle, FIUENT and ANSYS Workbench software, temperature field, pressure field and deformation field of hydrostatic bearing is simulated. Hydrostatic bearing deformation under different load conditions can be simulated and the lubrication characteristic is forecast in advance through this method. It provides valuable theoretical basis for hydrostatic bearing structure parameter optimization of oil cavity and worktable.

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Rehman, Waheed UR, Yuanxin Luo, Yongqin Wang, Guiyun Jiang, Nadeem Iqbal, Shafiq UR Rehman und Shamsa Bibi. „Fuzzy logic–based intelligent control for hydrostatic journal bearing“. Measurement and Control 52, Nr. 3-4 (März 2019): 229–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294019830110.

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Most of the researchers are focusing to bring automation in mechanical systems. So, current research work presents a mechatronic system called active hydrostatic journal bearing that is a higher demand of fast-growing industrial needs. The objective is to improve the dynamics and static characteristics of hydrostatic journal bearing. To achieve the objective, a feedback servo controlled system is presented. A mathematical model is proposed for newly proposed active hydrostatic journal bearing with servo control. A comparison has been performed between the active hydrostatic journal bearing and traditional/conventional hydrostatic journal bearing under the influence of different dynamic conditions of load, viscosity, speed, and pressure. The results demonstrate that proposed active hydrostatic journal bearing has better performance, including controllability, stability, faster response, higher stiffness as well as better disturbance rejection. To further enhance the performance of proposed active hydrostatic journal bearing, two different control strategies are proposed such as proportional–integral–derivative and intelligent control. The results show that fuzzy logic–based intelligent control has faster response, greater amplitude reduction, and good stiffness against load. So, it shows that role of active lubrication in hydrostatic journal bearing will have potential applications in high load and high speed.

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Zuo, Xiao Bo, Jian Min Wang, Zi Qiang Yin und Sheng Yi Li. „Self-Compensated Precision Hydrostatic Rotary Bearing“. Advanced Materials Research 662 (Februar 2013): 674–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.662.674.

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A self-compensated hydrostatic rotary bearing is designed and manufactured. The bearing is modeled by fluid flow network method, and simulations are performed to predict the load carrying capacity. A hydrostatic bearing prototype has been tested and results show that it can achieve a stiffness of 120N/μm in radial direction and 220N/μm in axial direction under a supply pressure of 1 MPa, and its motion accuracy is 0.3μm. The designed bearing is suitable to be used in precision machines.

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Hesselbach, J., und C. Abel-Keilhack. „Active hydrostatic bearing with magnetorheological fluid“. Journal of Applied Physics 93, Nr. 10 (15.05.2003): 8441–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1555850.

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Stern, Jonathan, Drummond Fielding, Claude-André Faucher-Giguère und Eliot Quataert. „Cooling flow solutions for the circumgalactic medium“. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 488, Nr. 2 (11.07.2019): 2549–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1859.

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ABSTRACT In several models of galaxy formation feedback occurs in cycles or mainly at high redshift. At times and in regions where feedback heating is ineffective, hot gas in the galaxy halo is expected to form a cooling flow, where the gas advects inward on a cooling timescale. Cooling flow solutions can thus be used as a benchmark for observations and simulations to constrain the timing and extent of feedback heating. Using analytic calculations and idealized 3D hydrodynamic simulations, we show that for a given halo mass and cooling function, steady-state cooling flows form a single-parameter family of solutions, while initially hydrostatic gaseous haloes converge on one of these solutions within a cooling time. The solution is thus fully determined once either the mass inflow rate ${\dot{M}}$ or the total halo gas mass are known. In the Milky Way halo, a cooling flow with ${\dot{M}}$ equal to the star formation rate predicts a ratio of the cooling time to the free-fall time of ∼10, similar to some feedback-regulated models. This solution also correctly predicts observed $\rm{O\,{\small VII}}$ and $\rm{O\,{\small VIII}}$ absorption columns, and the gas density profile implied by $\rm{O\,{\small VII}}$ and $\rm{O\,{\small VIII}}$ emission. These results suggest ongoing heating by feedback may be negligible in the inner Milky-Way halo. Extending similar solutions out to the cooling radius however underpredicts observed $\rm{O\,{\small VI}}$ columns around the Milky-Way and around other low-redshift star-forming galaxies. This can be reconciled with the successes of the cooling flow model with either a mechanism which preferentially heats the $\rm{O\,{\small VI}}$-bearing outer halo, or alternatively if $\rm{O\,{\small VI}}$ traces cool photoionized gas beyond the accretion shock. We also demonstrate that the entropy profiles of some of the most relaxed clusters are reasonably well described by a cooling flow solution.

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Gunawan, Tomy, Alfred Jonathan S und Ali Iskandar. „ANALISIS PENURUNAN PADA TIMBUNAN DENGAN PREFABRICATED VERTICAL DRAIN (PVD) MENGGUNAKAN DATA HASIL UJI CPTu“. JMTS: Jurnal Mitra Teknik Sipil 3, Nr. 1 (25.02.2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmts.v3i1.7046.

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Investigation of soil is important to do in the planning of building construction such as foundations, piles, roads, etc. To find out the bearing capacity and parameters of the soil where a building will be built. Investigation of the soil can be done in various ways, one of which uses an electrical cone penetration test with pore water pressure. In the embankment project for the calculations on the soil so that it can be known about the settlement in soil and the length of time it reaches the hydrostatic level. Cone penetraton test is reqired and the results produce data in the form of cone resistance (qc), blanket friction (fs) and pore pressure (u) which will be processed in the CPET-IT program in order to produce soil parameters that will be used for soil settlement analysis. To find out the settlement of embankment soil, it will be supported by finite difference program. Results of studies on general is to find the effectiveness of embankment using prefabricated vertical drain (PVD) and without prefabricated vertical drain (PVD).AbstrakPenyelidikan terhadap tanah penting untuk dilakukan pada perencanaan konstruksi bangunan seperti pondasi, timbunan, jalan, dll. Untuk mengetahui daya dukung dan parameter-parameter tanah tempat akan dibangunnya sebuah bangunan Penyelidikan tanah dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai macam cara salah satunya adalah menggunakan uji sondir elektrik dengan tekanan air pori. Pada proyek timbunan memerlukan perhitungan pada tanahnya agar dapat diketahui besarnya penurunan pada tanah dan lama waktu tanah mencapai keadaan hidrostatis. Sehingga dilakukan uji sondir secara elektrik dan dari hasil uji sondir menghasilkan data berupa tahanan konus (qc), gesekan selimut (fs) dan pore pressure (u) yang akan diolah kedalam program CPET-IT agar menghasilkan parameter-parameter tanah yang akan digunakan untuk analisis penurunan pada tanah.Untuk mengetahui besarnya penurunan pada tanah timbunan maka akan dibantu program berbasis elemen higga. Hasil studi secara umum menunjukkan seberapa besar efektivitas pada timbunan dengan menggunakan prefabricated vertical drain (PVD) dan tanpa prefabricated vertical drain (PVD).

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