Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Buildings, structure, ets“

This study aimed to explore the disadvantages of solid concrete slabs and sandwich panels as roofing structures in the Arabic Gulf area and explore the differences between traditional solid concrete slabs and sandwich panels roofing systems, highlighting the benefits and usage of EPS panels over traditional systems. The study methodology focuses on scientific analysis of EPS panels' chemical compound and physical characteristics, highlighting their suitability for various construction roofing applications in a tested field. The study conclude that, the The EPS panels are the better modern era building roofing material construction choice for the roofing panels because of the panels properties and economical values that supress the sandwich panels and the classical solid concrete slabs starting with the EPS panels fast fixing time, Furthermore, being a light wight roofing material that tolls less load on the buildings structure and less pressure on the building man power that results in more work activity per day and less building reinforcement work and cost especially when building extensions in aged buildings, And recommended to not add additional protective waterproofing layer above the EPS roof, in order to close any opening or gaps between joints that may transfer water through the roof layers.

Introduction. The authors present the results of testing single and double glazing, used as explosion relief structures (ERS) to ensure the explosion resistance of buildings and structures in case of indoor explosions caused by accidents. The criterion of comparative effectiveness of ERS is the value of maximum pressure inside the premises caused by an emergency deflagration explosion and the response of an explosion relief structure. The lower the maximum pressure under otherwise equal conditions (the volume of the room, the area of the relief opening, the type of the explosive mixture), the higher the ERS effectiveness.Goal and objectives. The purpose of this study is to experimentally determine the effectiveness of glazing used as an explosion relief structure in case of emergency deflagration explosions inside buildings. It is necessary to solve the following tasks to attain the pre-set goal:experimentally determine the relief pressure of ERS, or single and double glazing during an indoor deflagration explosion;determine the maximum pressure inside the explosion chamber using glazing as ERS;conduct the comparative (also numerical) analysis of the results of experimental studies to confirm the accuracy of the ERS relief pressure value;compare the results of experimental studies with the calculated values of the ERS relief pressure obtained using the methods recommended in the regulatory documents.Research methods. In the course of ERS testing, an explosion chamber, having the operating volume of 8 m3 and the relief opening area of 1.3 m2 was used. Hence, the specific area of the ERS was 0.16 m2 per 1 m3, which is 3.2 times higher than that recommended in the regulatory documents. Therefore, any pressure, exceeding the threshold values (5–7 kPa) inside the explosion chamber, unambiguously shows the ERS inefficiency. Results and their discussion. The results of testing the 4 mm single glazing and the area of 1 m2 (meeting the requirements of paragraph 6.2.30 of SP (Construction Regulations) 56.13330.2021) show that such glazing is ineffective as the ERS. Excessive relief pressure and maximum pressure in a room with an extra area of the relief opening have high values: Prel = 11 kPa; Pmax = 12 kPa. Such loadings are destructive for industrial buildings and structures.High values of relief and maximum pressures (14.7 and 17.7 kPa) in a chamber (17.7 and 20.5 kPa) allow drawing a conclusion about the inefficiency of double glazing as ERS.In the course of testing both single and double glazing, considerable glass fragment dispersion (up to 30 m deep and up to 13 m wide) was observed, which could result in the injury of people near the building during an accident.Conclusions. Experiments have shown that the assumed (calculated) glazing deflagration pressures, recommended by a number of regulatory documents and research publications, may differ significantly from the actual values, which may cause building collapses as a result of indoor explosions.

Due to the need for making the thermal modernization of buildings of historical value, where the Conservation Officer often does not approve the thermal insulation of the building’s facade with a traditional method using expanded polystyrene (EPS), an innovative paint has been proposed to be used, which can substitute for an EPS layer for the thermal insulation of buildings where everything that is the most beautiful is often situated on the building’s external facade. The article analyzes two different thermal modernization methods: the traditional method and the one using an innovative thermal insulating paint. During selecting the material, the main aspects were: material strength and durability, workmanship, the execution cost of a sample project, and the behaviour of materials during operation. All advantages and disadvantages of either of the external wall thermal insulation technologies are indicated. Cost calculation figures for the project under consideration carried out using the above-mentioned technologies have also been examined. It has been found that the technology using the innovative thermal insulating paint is fairly expensive and the obtained coefficients of heat transfer through the partition are not competitive compared to the traditional method using expanded polystyrene. However, by using the innovative technology for historic buildings, we are able to improve the aesthetic appearance of the facade and, at the same time, the thermal properties of the partition during carrying out a single project, while not spoiling the historical look of the building.

The volume and structure of solid domestic waste in Ternopil region are analyzed. Our research in the Baikivtsi Utc proves that community residents dump less organic waste in containers (about 20%, which is twice less than in the regional center) because they can compost food waste using it as fertilizer for personal use plots (gardens).
 The volumes of organic waste fluctuate significantly throughout the year: the largest amount of them ends up in containers from May to September. The community residents throw out the least of organic waste in winter. One of the reasons is that there is a gradual replacement of last year's harvest with a new one. The habitants of the Baikivtsi Utc throw more paper away during the warmer months. The following types of paper prevail: offset - 33%, newsprint - 29%, coated - 4%, cardboard - 12%, designer - 5%, packaging - 16%, self-adhesive - 1%. In winter, most of the paper is burned to heat buildings. Among the scrap are mostly cans and metal lids (from bottles and cans). Ferrous metal almost never gets into containers due to the fact that it is profitable to sort it out and there are no problems to hand over scrap metal, since scrap collectors often come to the villages and offer quite decent price for it (therefore, there is no need to waste time transporting the metal). The plastic waste of the community includes plastic bottles from water, oil, household chemicals, canisters, plastic bags and ets. Among the various types of plastic: Polyethylene terephthalate or PET - 17%; high-density polyethylene (HDPE) - 29%; polyvinyl chloride or PVC - 4%; low density polyethylene (LDPE) - 34%; polypropylene, PP or PE - 8%; polystyrene, PS - 6% and other - 2%. The research showed that the following types of glass prevail in the structure of the cullet of the Baikivtsi community: window glass - 8%, technical glass - 3%, Plexiglas - 5%, triplex - 3%, glass from chemicals - 1%, ceramics - 10%, bottles - 70 %
 The survey showed that only 3% of the community's residents completely sort garbage, about 80% of them sort it partially, and almost 20% do not sort waste at all (and 12% of them plan to do it in the future). The reasons for the low level of waste sorting are not surprising, since, in addition to the low level of environmental awareness of the residents, there no proper conditions for sorting solid waste.
 The environmental advantages of sorting and recycling solid domestic waste were evaluated. In particular, the volumes of biogas that can be formed from the annual volumes of solid waste accumulation in the Baikivtsi united territorial community of Ternopil region, as well as the assessment of the environmental efficiency of recycling waste paper, plastic, glass were calculated. The cost of the Baikivtsi Utc solid waste as a secondary material resource will amount to UAH 2,051,943 per year, which can be a significant profit for the community.
 Key words: solid domestic waste, united territorial community, sorting, utilization, recycling ecological culture.