Dissertationen zum Thema „Buildings information modeling“

Tese de Doutoramento em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Conservação e Restauro apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Doutor.
As metodologias associadas ao software BIM (Building Information Modeling) representam nos dias de hoje um dos sistemas integrados mais utilizado para a construção de novos edifícios. Ao usar BIM no desenvolvimento de projetos, a colaboração entre os diferentes intervenientes num projeto de arquitetura, engenharia e construção, melhora de um modo muito significativo. Esta tecnologia também pode ser aplicada para intervenções em edifícios existentes. Na presente tese pretende-se melhorar os processos de registo, documentação e gestão da informação, recorrendo a ferramentas BIM para estabelecer um conjunto de diretrizes de fluxo de trabalho, para modelar de forma eficiente as estruturas existentes a partir de nuvens de pontos, complementados com outros métodos apropriados. Há vários desafios que impedem a adoção do software BIM para o planeamento de intervenções em edifícios existentes. Volk et al. (2014) indica que os principais obstáculos de adoção BIM são o esforço de modelação/conversão dos elementos do edifício captados em objetos BIM, a dificuldade em actualizar informação em BIM e as dificuldades em lidar com as incertezas associadas a dados, objetos e relações que ocorrem em edifícios existentes. A partir desta análise, foram desenvolvidas algumas diretrizes de fluxo de trabalho BIM para modelação de edifícios existentes. As propostas indicadas para as diretrizes BIM em edifícios existentes, incluem tolerâncias e standards para modelar elementos de edifícios existentes. Tal metodologia permite que as partes interessadas tenham um entendimento e um acordo sobre o que é suposto ser modelado. Na presente tese, foi investigado um conjunto de tópicos de pesquisa que foram formuladas e colocadas, enquadrando os diferentes obstáculos e direcionando o foco de pesquisa segundo quatro vectores fundamentais: 1. Os diferentes tipos de dados de um edifício que podem ser adquiridos a partir de nuvens de pontos; 2. Os diferentes tipos de análise de edifícios; 3. A utilização de standards e BIM para edifícios existentes; 4. Fluxos de trabalho BIM para edifícios existentes e diretrizes para ateliers de arquitectura. A partir da pesquisa efetuada, pode-se concluir que é há necessidade de uma melhor utilização da informação na tomada de decisão no âmbito de um projeto de intervenção arquitetónica. Diferentes tipos de dados, não apenas geométricos, são necessários como base para a análise dos edifícios. Os dados não geométricos podem referir-se a características físicas do tecido construído, tais como materiais, aparência e condição. Além disso, o desempenho ambiental, estrutural e mecânico de um edifício, bem como valores culturais, históricos e arquitetónicos, essenciais para a compreensão do seu estado atual. Estas informações são fundamentais para uma análise mais profunda que permita a compreensão das ações de intervenção que são necessárias no edifício. Através de tecnologias Fotogrametria (ADP) e Laser Scanning (TLS), pode ser gerada informação precisa e actual. O produto final da ADP e TLS são nuvens de pontos, que podem ser usadas de forma complementar. A combinação destas técnicas com o levantamento tradicional Robotic Total Station (RTS) fornece uma base de dados exata que, juntamente com outras informações existentes, permitem o planeamento adequado da intervenção. Os problemas de utilização de BIM para intervenção em edifícios existentes referem-se principalmente à análise e criação de geometria do edifício, o que geralmente é uma etapa prévia para a conexão de informação não-geométrica de edifícios. Por esta razão, a presente tese centra-se principalmente na busca de diretrizes para diminuir a dificuldade em criar os elementos necessários para o BIMs. Para tratar dados incertos e pouco claros ou informações semânticas não visíveis, pode-se complementar os dados originais com informação adicional. Os fluxos de trabalho apresentados na presente tese focam-se principalmente na falta de informação visível. No caso de projetos de remodelação, a informação não visível pode ser adquirida de forma limitada através de levantamentos ADP ou TLS após a demolição de alguns elementos e/ou camadas de parede. Tal metodologia permite um melhor entendimento das camadas de materiais não visíveis dos elementos do edifício, quando a intervenção é uma demolição parcial. Este processo é útil apenas se uma parte do material do elemento é removida e não pode ser aplicada a elementos não intervencionados. O tratamento da informação em falta pode ser feito através da integração de diferentes tipos de dados com diferentes origens. Devem ser implementados os fluxos de trabalho para a integração da informação. Diferentes fluxos de trabalho podem criar informação em falta, usada como complemento ou como base para a tomada de decisão quando não há dados disponíveis. Relativamente à adição de dados em falta através da geração de nuvem de pontos, os casos de estudo destacam a importância de planear o levantamento, fazendo com que todas as partes compreendam as necessidades associadas ao projeto. Além da precisão, o nível de tolerância de interpretação e modelação, requeridos pelo projeto, também devem ser acordados e entendidos. Nem todas as ferramentas e métodos de pesquisa são adequados para todos os edifícios. A escala, os materiais e a acessibilidade do edifício desempenham um papel importante no planeamento do levantamento. Para lidar com o elevado esforço de modelação, é necessário entender os fluxos de trabalho necessários para analisar a geometria dos elementos do edifício. Os BIMs construídos são normalmente gerados manualmente através de desenhos CAD e/ou nuvens de pontos. Estes são usados como base geométrica a partir da qual a informação é extraída. A informação utilizada para planear a intervenção do edifício deve ser verificada, confirmando se é uma representação do estado actual do edifício. As técnicas de levantamento 3D para capturar a condição atual do edifício devem ser integradas no fluxo de trabalho BIM, construído para capturar os dados do edifício sobre os quais serão feitas as decisões de intervenção. O resultado destas técnicas deve ser integrado com diferentes tipos de dados para fornecer uma base mais precisa e completa. O atelier de arquitetura deve estar habilitado com competências técnicas adequadas para saber o que pedir e o que utilizar da forma mais adequada. Os requisitos de modelação devem concentrar-se principalmente no conteúdo deste processo, ou seja, o que modelar, como desenvolver os elementos no modelo, quais as informações que o modelo deve conter e como deve ocorrer a troca de informações no modelo. O levantamento das nuvens de pontos deve ser efectuado após ter sido estipulado o objetivo do projeto, standards, tolerâncias e tipo de conteúdo na modelação. As tolerâncias e normas de modelação são diferentes entre empresas e países. Independentemente destas diferenças, os documentos standard têm como objetivo produzir e receber informação num formato de dados consistente e em fluxos de trabalho de troca eficiente entre os diferentes intervenientes do projeto. O pensamento crítico do fluxo de trabalho de modelação e a comunicação e acordo entre todas os intervenientes são os principais objetivos das diretrizes apresentadas nesta tese. O estabelecimento e o acordo de tolerâncias de modelação e o nível de desenvolvimento e detalhes presentes nas BIMs, entre as diferentes partes envolvidas no projeto, são mais importantes do que as definições existentes atualmente e que são utilizadas pela indústria da AEC. As ferramentas automáticas ou semi-automáticas para extração da forma geométrica, eliminação ou redução de tarefas repetitivas durante o desenvolvimento de BIMs e a análise de condições de ambiente ou de cenários, são também um processo de diminuição do esforço de modelação. Uma das razões que justifica a necessidade de standards é a estrutura e a melhoria da colaboração, não só para os intervenientes fora da empresa, mas também dentro dos ateliers de arquitetura. Os dados e standards de fluxo de trabalho são difíceis de implementar diariamente de forma eficiente, resultando muitas vezes em dados e fluxos de trabalho confusos. Quando tal situação ocorre, a qualidade dos resultados do projeto reduz-se e pode ficar comprometida. As normas aplicadas aos BIMs construídos, exatamente como as normas aplicadas aos BIMs para edifícios novos, contribuem para a criação de informação credível e útil. Para atualizar um BIMs durante o ciclo de vida de um edifício,é necessário adquirir a informação sobre o estado actual do edifício. A monitorização de dados pode ser composta por fotografias, PCM, dados de sensores, ou dados resultantes da comparação de PCM e BIMs e podem representar uma maneira de atualizar BIMs existentes. Isto permite adicionar continuamente informações, documentando a evolução e a história da construção e possibilita avaliar possíveis intervenções de prevenção para a sua valorização. BIM não é geralmente usado para documentar edifícios existentes ou intervenções em edifícios existentes. No presente trabalho propõe-se melhorar tal situação usando standards e/ou diretrizes BIM e apresentar uma visão inicial e geral dos componentes que devem ser incluídos em tais standards e/ou linhas de orientação.
ABSTRACT: Building information modeling (BIM) is most often used for the construction of new buildings. By using BIM in such projects, collaboration among stakeholders in an architecture, engineering and construction project is improved. This scenario might also be targeted for interventions in existing buildings. This thesis intends to enhance processes of recording, documenting and managing information by establishing a set of workflow guidelines to efficiently model existing structures with BIM tools from point cloud data, complemented with any other appropriate methods. There are several challenges hampering BIM software adoption for planning interventions in existing buildings. Volk et al. (2014) outlines that the as-built BIM adoption main obstacles are: the required modeling/conversion effort from captured building data into semantic BIM objects; the difficulty in maintaining information in a BIM; and the difficulties in handling uncertain data, objects, and relations occurring in existing buildings. From this analysis, it was developped a case for devising BIM workflow guidelines for modeling existing buildings. The proposed content for BIM guidelines includes tolerances and standards for modeling existing building elements. This allows stakeholders to have a common understanding and agreement of what is supposed to be modeled and exchanged.In this thesis, the authors investigate a set of research questions that were formed and posed, framing obstacles and directing the research focus in four parts: 1. the different kind of building data acquired; 2. the different kind of building data analysis processes; 3. the use of standards and as-built BIM and; 4. as-built BIM workflows and guidelines for architectural offices. From this research, the authors can conclude that there is a need for better use of documentation in which architectural intervention project decisions are made. Different kind of data, not just geometric, is needed as a basis for the analysis of the current building state. Non-geometric information can refer to physical characteristics of the built fabric, such as materials, appearance and condition. Furthermore environmental, structural and mechanical building performance, as well as cultural, historical and architectural values, style and age are vital to the understanding of the current state of the building. These information is necessary for further analysis allowing the understanding of the necessary actions to intervene. Accurate and up to date information information can be generated through ADP and TLS surveys. The final product of ADP and TLS are the point clouds, which can be used to complement each other. The combination of these techniques with traditional RTS survey provide an accurate and up to date base that, along with other existing information, allow the planning of building interventions. As-built BIM adoption problems refer mainly to the analysis and generation of building geometry, which usually is a previous step to the link of non-geometric building information. For this reason the present thesis focus mainly in finding guidelines to decrease the difficulty in generating the as-built-BIMs elements. To handle uncertain data and unclear or hidden semantic information, one can complement the original data with additional missing information. The workflows in the present thesis address mainly the missing visible information. In the case of refurbishment projects the hidden information can be acquired to some extend with ADP or TLS surveys after demolition of some elements and wall layers. This allows a better understanding of the non visible materials layers of a building element whenever it is a partial demolition. This process is only useful if a part of the element material is removed, it can not be applied to the non intervened elements. The handling of visible missing data, objects and relations can be done by integrating different kind of data from different kind of sources. Workflows to connect them in a more integrated way should be implemented. Different workflows can create additional missing information, used to complement or as a base for decision making when no data is available. Relating to adding missing data through point cloud data generation the study cases outlined the importance of planning the survey, with all parts understanding what the project needs are. In addition to accuracy, the level of interpretation and modelling tolerances, required by the project, must also be agreed and understood. Not all survey tools and methods are suitable for all buildings: the scale, materials and accessibility of building play a major role in the survey planning. To handle the high modeling/conversion effort one has to understand the current workflows to analyse building geometry. As-built BIMs are majorly manually generated through CAD drawings and/or PCM data. These are used as a geometric basis input from where information is extracted. The information used to plan the building intervention should be checked, confirming it is a representation of the as-is state of the building. The 3D surveys techniques to capture the as-is state of the building should be integrated in the as-built BIM workflow to capture the building data in which intervention decisions are made. The output of these techniques should be integrated with different kind of data to provide the most accurate and complete basis. The architectural company should have technical skills to know what to ask for and to use it appropriately. Modeling requirements should focus primarily on the content of this process: what to model, how to develop the elements in the model, what information should the model contain, and how should information in the model be exchanged. The point clouds survey should be done after stipulating the project goal, standards, tolerances and modeling content. Tolerances and modeling guidelines change across companies and countries. Regardless of these differences the standards documents have the purpose of producing and receiving information in a consistent data format, in efficient exchange workflows between project stakeholders. The critical thinking of the modeling workflow and, the communication and agreement between all parts involved in the project, is the prime product of this thesis guidelines. The establishment and agreement of modeling tolerances and the level of development and detail present in the BIMs, between the different parts involved on the project, is more important than which of the existing definitions currently in use by the AEC industry is chosen. Automated or semi-automated tools for elements shape extraction, elimination or reduction of repetitive tasks during the BIMs development and, analysis of environment or scenario conditions are also a way of decreasing the modeling effort. One of the reasons why standards are needed is the structure and improvement of the collaboration not only with outside parts but also inside architectural offices. Data and workflow standards are very hard to implement daily, in a practical way, resulting in confusing data and workflows. These reduce the quality of communication and project outputs. As-built BIM standards, exactly like BIM standards, contribute to the creation of reliable and useful information. To update a BIMs during the building life-cycle, one needs to acquire the as-is building state information. Monitoring data, whether consisted by photos, PCM, sensor data, or data resulting from the comparison of PCM and BIMs can be a way of updating existing BIMs. It allows adding continuously information, documenting the building evolution and story, and evaluating possible prevention interventions for its enhancement. BIM environments are not often used to document existing buildings or interventions in existing buildings. The authors propose to improve the situation by using BIM standards and/or guidelines, and the authors give an initial overview of components that should be included in such a standard and/or guideline.
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The terrorist attacks on New York City on September 11, 2001 heightened awareness about the need to plan for emergency evacuation measures. As a result, three-Dimensional (3D) city and building models have become an important part of GIS analysis. The technology can be used to plan evacuations in complex indoor environments. This thesis had two main objectives. The first goal was to conduct a 3D network analysis of a building for emergency management, which was based on a 3D model of a building in the city of Gävle, Sweden. This 3D model identifies the shortest path from any room to the defined exit. The second objective was to test the predicted evacuation times with a simulation experiment. The 3D model was built by Google Sketch Pro 8 and the 3D network analysis was mainly conducted in the ESRI’s ArcGIS software. The simulation experiment involved 18 volunteers at the organization Future Position X. The 3D network analysis was based on distance measurements instead of GNSS coordinates. The simulation experiment was conducted in four different situations. Crowding was found to be a critical problem during evacuation. Evacuation speeds varied from normal walking to running. However, crowding always increased the evacuation time and thus would affect the survival rate. Evacuation routes should be distributed differently to reduce this problem. The thesis also identifies other factors to be considered when planning emergency routes and challenges posed by the software at this time.

Conservation of historic buildings requires comprehensive and correct information of buildings to be analyzed in conservation decision making process in a systematic and rational approach. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are advantageous in such cases which can be defined as computer based systems for handling geographical and spatial data. GIS have the potential to support the conservation decision making process with their storing, analyzing and monitoring capabilities. Therefore, information systems like GIS can be seen as a potential significant instrument for dealing with the conservation projects. This thesis aims to analyze the transformation process of the data collected in conservation process into practical information in order to adapt this process to a spatial information system. In this context, use of Geographical Information Systems is tested in the process of historic building conservation on spatial information system designed for Doganlar Church izmir chosen as the case study. Hence the advantages and disadvantages of local information systems in conservation decision making process of historic buildings can be criticized.

This thesis researched the accuracy of measured energy data in comparison to estimated hand calculation data and estimated building energy performance simulation data. In the facility management industry, there is minimal evidence that building energy performance software is being used as a benchmark against measured energy usage within a building. Research was conducted to find examples of measured energy data compared to simulated data. The study examined the accuracy of a simulation software and hand calculations to measured energy data. Data suggests that comparisons may be made between building energy performance simulated data and measured data, though comparisons are solely based on each individual case. Data suggests that heating load simulation data is more accurate for benchmarks than cooling load simulation data. Importing models into Autodesk Green Building Studio (GBS) was not as successful as was expected. When only four of the initial ten building models chosen imported successfully, the remaining twenty-five other building models were imported. Only two of the twenty-five models successfully imported into GBS. The sample size of this research changed from ten to six. The results of this study show that GBS simulated data was close to actual data for the heating loads. For the cooling loads, however, GBS simulated data was consistently low in comparison to the actual data. The results of this study show that hand calculations were consistently low and not as close as GBS simulated data when compared to the actual data for the heating loads. The opposite was true with the cooling loads as hand calculations were consistently high in comparison to actual data.

Reducing and managing the environmental impacts of building structures has become a priority of building stakeholders and within the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) community; although, conflicting approaches and methods to combat the issues are present. For example, green building standards are widespread throughout the world; however each one has its own characteristics and consequently its own specific requirements. While all have proven to be effective rating systems and have similar requirements, the distinguishing characteristic that separates them is their treatment of performance and prescriptive metrics. The feature they all severely lack or currently limit is the inclusion of strict engineering evaluation through energy simulations; hence, the reason why they fail to offer procedural steps to meet performance metrics. How can design professionals design energy efficient buildings with such constraints? Fortunately, advances in technology have allowed design professionals access to content found in Building Information Modeling (BIM). However, extracting pertinent information for specific use in energy analysis is problematic because BIM software currently available is filled with interoperability issues when placed in external software for energy analysis and energy analysis software itself is created with many assumptions that affect the tabulated energy results. This research investigates current building rating systems, determines how current professionals meet energy requirements, and prove that it is possible to create an add-on feature to Autodesk Revit that will allow design professionals to extract the needed information to meet energy goals with actual prescribed methods of mechanical systems selection and evaluation.

Lately the construction industry has become more interested in designing and constructing environmentally friendly buildings (e.g. sustainable buildings) that can provide both high performance and monetary savings. Analyzing various parameters during sustainable design such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and energy consumption, lighting simulation, green building rating system criteria and associated cost of building components at the conceptual design stage is very useful for designers needing to make decisions related to the selection of optimum design alternatives. Building Information Modeling (BIM) offers designers the ability to assess different design options and to select vital energy strategies and systems at the conceptual stage of proposed buildings. This thesis describes a methodology to implement sustainable design for proposed buildings at their conceptual stage. The proposed methodology is to be implemented through the design and development of a model that simplifies the process of designing sustainable buildings, evaluating their Environmental Impacts (EI), assessing their operational and embodied energy and listing their potential accumulated certification points in an integrated environment. Therefore, a Decision Support System (DSS) is developed by using Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques to help design team decides and selects the best type of sustainable building components and design families for proposed projects based on three main criteria (i.e. Environmental, Economical factor «cost efficiency » and Social wellbeing) in an attempt to identify the influence of design variations on the sustainable performance of the whole building. The DSS outcomes are incorporated in an integrated model capable of guiding users when performing sustainable design for building projects. The proposed methodology contains five modules: 1) Database Management System (DBMS), 2) Energy and lighting analysis, 3) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), 4) LEED and 5) Life Cycle Cost (LCC). To improve the workability of the proposed model, a use case of abovementioned modules are going to be created as plug-ins in BIM tool. The successful implementation of such a methodology represents a significant advancement in the ability to attain sustainable design of a building during the early stages, to evaluate its EI, and to list its potentially earned certification points and associated soft costs.

A technique is presented for estimating hourly and seasonal energy consumption profiles in the building sector at spatial scales down to the individual taxlot or parcel. The method combines annual building energy simulations for cityspecific prototypical buildings and commonly available geospatial data in a Geographical Information System (GIS) framework. Hourly results can be extracted for any day and exported as a raster output at spatial scales as fine as an individual parcel (

In the case of Cultural Heritage buildings, the need for an effective, exhaustive, efficient method to replicate its state of being in an interactive, three-dimensional environment is today, of paramount importance, both from an engineering as well as a historical point of view. Modern geomatics entails the usage of Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS) and photogrammetric modelling from Structure-from-Motion (SfM) techniques to initiate this modelling operation. To realize its eventual existence, the novel Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) technique is implemented. A prototype library of parametric objects, based on historic architectural data, HBIM allows the generation of an all-encompassing, three-dimensional model which possesses an extensive array of information pertaining to the structure at hand. This information, be it geometric, architectural, or even structural, can then be used to realize reinforcement requirements, rehabilitation needs, stage of depreciation, method of initial construction, material makeup, historic alterations, etc. In this paper, the study of the San Michele in Acerboli’s church, located in Santarcangelo di Romagna, Italy, is considered. A HBIM model is prepared and its accuracy analyzed. The final model serves as an information repository for the aforementioned Church, able to geometrically define its finest characteristics.

Thesis (Ph.D)--City Planning, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: French, Steven P.; Committee Member: Drummond, William; Committee Member: Goodno, Barry; Committee Member: McCarthy, Patrick; Committee Member: Yang, Jiawen. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

Les systèmes de vision artificielle sont aujourd'hui limités à l'extraction de données issues de ce que les caméras « voient ». Cependant, la compréhension de ce qu'elles voient peut être enrichie en associant la connaissance du contexte et la connaissance d'interprétation d'un humain.Dans ces travaux de thèse, nous proposons une approche associant des algorithmes de vision atificielle à une modélisation sémantique du contexte d'acquisition.Cette approche permet de réaliser un raisonnement sur la connaissance extraite des images par les caméras en temps réel. Ce raisonnement offre une réponse aux problèmes d'occlusion et d'erreurs de détections inhérents aux algorithmes de vision artificielle. Le système complet permet d'offrir un ensemble de services intelligents (guidage, comptage...) tout en respectant la vie privée des personnes observées. Ces travaux forment la première étape du développement d'un bâtiment intelligent qui peut automatiquement réagir et évoluer en observant l'activité de ces usagers, i.e., un bâtiment intelligent qui prend en compte les informations contextuelles.Le résultat, nommé WiseNET, est une intelligence artificielle en charge des décisions au niveau du bâtiment (qui pourrait être étendu à un groupe de bâtiments ou même a l'échelle d'un ville intelligente). Elle est aussi capable de dialoguer avec l'utilisateur ou l'administrateur humain de manière explicite
To date, computer vision systems are limited to extract digital data of what the cameras "see". However, the meaning of what they observe could be greatly enhanced by environment and human-skills knowledge.In this work, we propose a new approach to cross-fertilize computer vision with contextual information, based on semantic modelization defined by an expert.This approach extracts the knowledge from images and uses it to perform real-time reasoning according to the contextual information, events of interest and logic rules. The reasoning with image knowledge allows to overcome some problems of computer vision such as occlusion and missed detections and to offer services such as people guidance and people counting. The proposed approach is the first step to develop an "all-seeing" smart building that can automatically react according to its evolving information, i.e., a context-aware smart building.The proposed framework, named WiseNET, is an artificial intelligence (AI) that is in charge of taking decisions in a smart building (which can be extended to a group of buildings or even a smart city). This AI enables the communication between the building itself and its users to be achieved by using a language understandable by humans

The thermal quality of the contemporary building tends to be deteriorated due to aesthetic and economic considerations. Cheap materials which are thermally inappropriate are still rising in new buildings. Actually, the architectural design has been changed. Hence, the orientation is poorly investigated. The interior height of the new buildings is defectively compared to those of traditional houses. In addition, the patio is replaced by a corridor and different parts have already become communicating. Accordingly, the heating and cooling space becomes more and more important. The traditional dwelling, in fact, has a bioclimatic architecture which provides naturally minimal comfort. In our work, we tend to exploit the REVIT software in the residential building simulation in Tunisia and to optimize the modern housing model. Following the REVIT validation of the obtained results and comparing them to TRNSYS and SPREADSHEET ASHRAE, we have already relied on them to assess both housing models (contemporary and traditional). Using REVIT, the evaluation results show that traditional housing are more efficient than contemporary ones particularly during summer period. Then, we optimize the modern models making use of the passive strategies of traditional bioclimatic architecture and the improvement measures in the previous investigations. Numerous tests have been generated applying REVIT software in order to determine various models of contemporary housing which are able to be integrated into the Mediterranean climate. In fact, these tests indicate that REVIT efficiency is based on RTS method in thermal simulation of residential buildings.
La qualité thermique des bâtiments modernes a une tendance à se détériorer en raison de considérations esthétiques et économiques. L'utilisation de matériaux de construction de bon marché et thermiquement inappropriées ne cesse d'augmenter dans les nouvelles constructions. À l'heure actuelle, la conception architecturale a changé. L'orientation est peu étudiée, la hauteur intérieure des nouveaux locaux est faible comparée à celle de la maison traditionnelle et le patio est remplacé par un couloir. Les différentes parties sont devenues communicantes. Ainsi, l'espace de chauffage et de refroidissement devient plus important. L'habitation traditionnelle tunisienne présente une architecture bioclimatique qui permet de fournir un confort minimal naturellement. Notre travail vise à exploiter le REVIT dans la simulation des bâtiments résidentiels en Tunisie et d'optimiser le modèle d'habitat moderne. Après validation des résultats obtenus par REVIT, comparés à ceux de TRNSYS et SPREADSHEET ASHRAE, nous l'avons, tout d'abord, exploité pour évaluer les deux modèles d'habitats (traditionnels et contemporains). Les résultats d'évaluation, en utilisant REVIT, montrent que l'habitat traditionnel sont plus efficaces que celui moderne particulièrement en période estivale. Par la suite, nous avons optimisé le modèle de maisons contemporaines, en utilisant en premier lieu, les stratégies passives de l'architecture bioclimatique traditionnelle, et en second lieu, en utilisant les mesures d'amélioration utilisées dans des études antérieures. Afin, de déterminer une variante de modèle d'habitat contemporain thermiquement optimal et qui s'intègre dans le climat méditerranéen, plusieurs tests sont générés en utilisant REVIT. Ces tests montrent l'efficacité de ce dernier qui se base sur la méthode RTS dans la simulation thermique des bâtiments résidentiels.

The thesis deals with the creation of a 3D model from data collected by laser scanning. The first part deals with the theoretical foundations of buildings information modeling and method of laser scanning. The rest of the work describes the detailed process from data collection to the creation of the model. Most of the space is devoted to work in the Revit software environment.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Arquitetura apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre.
O Building Information Modeling (BIM) é considerado como o mais recente paradigma a adotar no exercício da Arquitetura, Engenharias e Construção (AEC) e Design. Um método de trabalho destacado como a aptidão a ter no futuro do setor mundial, onde todas as suas fases e dimensões validam o espírito de colaboração, partilha de informação, interajuda e otimização. Sendo já aplicado em diversos países como cariz obrigatório na profissão, desde 2016 como os Estados Unidos, Reino Unido e Singapura, a visão mundial a cerca desta ferramenta no ensino é ainda bastante elementar comparativamente com as suas imensas potencialidades, principalmente em Portugal. Ciente de que um profissional adquire conhecimentos e competências fulcrais à profissão numa fase anterior a este estatuto é de interesse geral que as habilitações que se adquirem com a metodologia BIM sejam ensinadas no curso de Arquitetura. Porém tal importância não se verifica, tendo como resultado um curso desajustado das novas necessidades da profissão. Perante o problema apresentado surgiu a motivação para o desenvolvimento de uma dissertação que apostasse numa proposta de um modelo curricular para o curso de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura que incorpore o Building Information Modeling.
ABSTRACT: The Building Information Modeling (BIM) it’s considered as the latest paradigm to be adopted in the exercise of Architecture, Engeneering, and Construction (AEC) and Design. A working method model highlighted as the ability to have in the future of the global sector, where all of its fases and dimensions validate the spirit of colaboration, sharing of information, mutual aid and optimization. Having already been aplied in several countries as required in the profession, since 2016 like the United States, United Kingdom and Singapore, the world vision about this tool in education it’s rader elementary compared to its immense potentialities, mainly in Portugal. Aware that a professional acquires knowledge and core competencies at a stage prior to this status is of general interest that the qualifications that are acquired with the BIM methodology are taught in the Architecture course. But such importance is not verified, resulting in a misfiting course face of the new needs of the profession. Faced with the presented problem, the motivation rised for the development of a dissertation that focused on a proposal of a curricular model for the Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura course that incorporate Building Information Modeling.
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The goal of this dissertation is to demonstrate that data from a remotely located building can be utilized for energy modeling of a similar type of building and to demonstrate how to use this remote data without physically moving the data from one server to another using Virtual Information Fabric Infrastructure (VIFI). In order to achieve this goal, firstly an EnergyPlus model was created for Greek Life Center, a campus building located at University of North Texas campus at Denton in Texas, USA. Three thermal comfort models of Fanger model, Pierce two-node model and KSU two-node model were compared in order to find which one of these three models is most accurate to predict occupant thermal comfort. This study shows that Fanger's model is most accurate in predicting thermal comfort. Secondly, an experimental data pertaining to lighting usage and occupancy in a single-occupancy office from Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) has been implemented in order to perform energy analysis of Greek Life Center assuming that occupants in this building's offices behave similarly as occupants in CMU. Thirdly, different data types, data formats and data sources were identified which are required in order to develop a city-scale urban building energy model (CS-UBEM). Two workflows were created, one for an individual scale building energy model and another one for CS-UBEM. A new innovative infrastructure called as Virtual Information Fabric Infrastructure (VIFI) has been introduced in this dissertation. The workflows proposed in this study will demonstrate in the future work that by using VIFI infrastructure to develop building energy models there is a potential of using data for remote servers without actually moving the data. It has been successfully demonstrated in this dissertation that data located at remote location can be used credibly to predict energy consumption of a newly built building. When the remote experimental data of both lighting and occupancy are implemented, 4.57% energy savings was achieved in the Greek Life Center energy model.

The penetration of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicles (EVs) continues to grow and is predicted to claim a vital share of the future energy mix. It poses new challenges in the built environment, as both PV systems and EVs are widely dispersed in the electricity distribution system. One of the vital tools for analyzing these challenges is load flow analysis, which provides insights on power system performance. Traditionally, for simplicity, load flow analysis utilizes deterministic approaches and neglecting  correlation between units in the system. However, the growth of distributed PV systems and EVs increases the uncertainties and correlations in the power system and, hence, probabilistic methods are more appropriate. This thesis contributes to the knowledge of how uncertainty and correlation models can improve the quality of load flow analysis for electricity distribution systems with large numbers of residential PV systems and EVs. The thesis starts with an introduction to probabilistic load flow analysis of future electricity distribution systems. Uncertainties and correlation models are explained, as well as two energy management system strategies: EV smart charging and PV curtailment. The probabilistic impact of these energy management systems in the electricity distribution system has been assessed through a comparison of allocation methods and correlation analysis of the two technologies. The results indicate that these energy management system schemes improve the electricity distribution system performance. Furthermore, an increase in correlations between nodes is also observed due to these schemes. The results also indicate that the concentrated allocation has more severe impacts, in particular at lower penetration levels. Combined PV-EV hosting capacity assessment shows that a combination of EV smart charging with PV curtailment in all buildings can further improve the voltage profile and increase the hosting capacity.  The smart charging scheme also increased the PV hosting capacity slightly. The slight correlation between PV and EV hosting capacity shows that combined hosting capacity analysis of PV systems and EVs is beneficial and is suggested to be done in one framework. Overall, this thesis concludes that an improvement of uncertainty and correlation modeling is vital in probabilistic load flow analysis of future electricity distribution systems.

In the construction sector, capturing the building product in a single information model with good interoperable capabilities has been the subject of much research efforts in at least the last three decades. Contemporary advancements in Information Technology and the efforts from various research initiatives in the AEC industry are showing evidence of progress with the advent of building information modelling (BIM). BIM presents the opportunity of electronically modelling and managing the vast amount of information embedded in a building project, from its conception to end-of-life. Researchers have been looking at extensions to expand its scope. Sustainability is one such modelling extension that is in need of development. This is becoming pertinent for the structural engineer as recent design criteria have put great emphasis on the sustainability credentials in addition to the traditional criteria of structural integrity, constructability and cost. Considering the complexity of nowadays designs, there is a need to provide decision support tools to aid the assessment of sustainability credentials. Such tools would be most beneficial at the conceptual design stage so that sustainability is built into the design solution starting from its inception. This research work therefore investigates how contemporary process and data modelling techniques can be used to map and model sustainability related information to inform the structural engineer’s building design decisions at an early stage. The research reviews current design decisions support systems on sustainability and highlights existing deficiencies. It examines the role of contemporary information modelling techniques in the building design process and employs this to tackle identified gaps. The sustainability of buildings is related to life cycle and is measured using indicator-terms such as life cycle costing, ecological footprint and carbon footprint. This work takes advantage of current modelling techniques to explore how these three indicators can be combined to provide sustainability assessment of alternative design solutions. It identifies the requirements for sustainability appraisal and information modelling to develop a requisite decision-support framework vis-à-vis issues on risk, sensitivity and what-if scenarios for implementation. The implementation employed object-oriented programming and feature modelling techniques to develop a sustainability decision-support prototype. The prototype system was tested in a typical design activity and evaluated to have achieved desired implementation requirements. The research concludes that the utilized current process and data modelling techniques can be employed to model sustainability related information to inform decisions at the early stages of structural design. As demonstrated in this work, design decision support systems can be optimized to include sustainability credentials through the use of object-based process and data modelling techniques. This thesis presents a sustainability appraisal framework, associated implementation algorithms and related object mappings and representations systems that could be used to achieve such decision support optimization.

"Nowadays, many companies in the Architecture/Engineering/Construction (AEC) industry are using Building Information Modeling (BIM) in achieving a faster, sustainable and more economic project. Among the new developed concepts and BIM applications, two of the concepts most frequently used with the support of BIM technology in the planning, organization and scheduling of projects are 4D and 5D in which a 3D model is tied to its time execution (4D) at any point in time and its corresponding cost (5D). However, most of these applications concentrate on modeling the building but it does not include a corresponding modeling of the site in which the building is located. To date, there are few studies and systematic implementation of the site and the building integrated into one BIM model. This site-building integrated model can also be conceptualized as ¡°6D BIM¡± model. The benefit of integrating the site and building together into one model is that the building is no longer treated in isolation of its surround site but incorporates extremely helpful short-term and long-term information for the owner, designer, and builder regarding site topography, landscaping, access roads, ground conditions and the location of site utilities. Major existing research and technology issues that are preventing this site-building integration deal with functionality and interoperability of the BIM software, different orientation and coordination of building model and site model. The objectives of this thesis are to explore current organizational and technological issues preventing this integration, to investigate a feasible method to create a site-linked BIM model, and to discuss the benefits and limitations of bringing BIM concept to the site conditions. The research has been conducted by an extensive review on the literature related to the topic of interest published primarily by AEC. A review on current applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has also been included because of the wider context provided by this technology to the specific topic of this research. Related BIM software developed by three different vendors ¡ªhas been discussed and compared to determine the level of feasibility and operational features of technological support necessary to implement the site-linked BIM model. A case study based on the design and construction of the WPI Recreational & Sports Center, currently under construction, was developed to explore and understand the details that are involved in creating a new site model and to link it with the existing 3D building model. What has been learned from the analysis of this case study is presented, discussed and analyzed in terms of benefits and limitations. Recommendations for future extensions from both the research aspect and the technology support aspect finally presented. These include the creation of 3D BIM Campus Map, which is one site model with several building models placed on it to facilitate future planning of new building and/or maintenance and operation of the current buildings and campus infrastructure.   "

Dalla raffigurazione artistica fino alla modellazione digitale, passando per il disegno tecnico, la rappresentazione del progetto d’architettura ha conosciuto nel tempo evoluzioni significative che solo di recente hanno raggiunto l’apice nell’utilizzo di modelli cognitivi in grado di collezionare ed organizzare il patrimonio di informazioni che gravitano attorno all’intero processo edilizio. L’impiego sempre più diffuso dello strumento informatico, insieme al coordinamento delle specializzazioni nelle molte discipline coinvolte nel progetto, ha favorito negli ultimi anni l’adozione del Building Information Modeling un processo che permette di rivoluzionare il mondo delle costruzioni, coprendo molteplici aspetti del ciclo di vita per un manufatto edilizio. Questa Tesi intende presentare in maniera specifica le tappe che hanno consentito il formarsi del BIM. La migliore capacità di gestione, un linguaggio comune tra i progettisti, un’ottimizzazione di risorse e costi, unito ad un controllo convincente ed accurato delle fasi di lavoro, sono alcune delle potenzialità non ancora completamente espresse dal Building Information Modeling che è destinato a divenire una consapevolezza strategica nel bagaglio culturale del professionista contemporaneo.

Au travers de l’ensemble de ces travaux, l’objectif principal consiste à valider la pertinence de la construction et de l’utilisation de modèles 3D géométriques ou paramétriques orientés BIM/hBIM pour des analyses numériques. Il s’agit notamment d’études structurales dans le cas de bâtiments historiques ainsi que la planification potentielle de travaux de restauration, rénovation énergétique et réhabilitation. Des travaux d’exploitation complémentaires des données et des nuages de points, pour la détection, la segmentation et l’extraction d’entités géométriques ont également été intégrés dans les travaux et la méthodologie proposée. Le processus de traitement des données, modélisation géométrique ou paramétrique et leur exploitation, proposé dans ces travaux, contribue à améliorer et mieux comprendre les contraintes et enjeux des différentes configurations et conditions liées aux cas d’études et aux contraintes spécifiques propres aux types de constructions. Les contributions proposées pour les différentes méthodes de modélisation géométriques et paramétriques à partir des nuages de points, sont abordées par la construction de modèles géométriques orientés BIM ou hBIM. De même, les processus de détection d’éléments surfaciques et d’extraction de données à partir de nuages de points mis en place sont présentés. La mise en application de ces méthodes de modélisation est systématiquement illustrée par différents cas d’étude, dont l’ensemble des travaux relatifs ont été effectués dans le cadre de cette thèse. Le but est dès lors de démontrer l’intérêt et la pertinence de ces méthodes numériques en fonction du contexte, des besoins et des études envisagées, par exemple avec la flèche de la cathédrale de Senlis (Oise) et le site de l’Hermitage (Oise). Des analyses numériques de type éléments finis permettent ensuite de valider la pertinence de telles démarches
Throughout this work, the main objective is to validate the relevance of construction and use of geometric or parametric 3D models BIM or hBlM-oriented for numerical analyzes. These include structural studies in the case of historic buildings, as well as planning for restoration work, energy renovation and rehabilitation. Complementary data mining and use of point clouds for the detection, segmentation and extraction of geometric features have also been integrated into the work and proposed methodology. The process of data processing, geometric or parametric modeling and their exploitation, proposed in this work, contributes to improve and understand better the constraints and stakes of the different configurations and conditions related to the case studies and the specific constraints specific to the types of constructions. The contributions proposed for the different geometric and parametric modeling methods from point clouds are addressed by the construction of geometric models BIM or hBlM-oriented. Similarly, the process of surface detection, extraction of data and elements from point clouds are presented. The application of these modeling methods is systematically illustrated by different case studies, all of whose relative work has been carried out within the framework of this thesis. The goal is therefore to demonstrate the interest and relevance of these numerical methods according to the context, needs and studies envisaged, for example with the spire of the Senlis cathedral (Oise) and the Hermitage site (Oise). Numerical analyzes with finite element method are used to validate the relevance of these approaches

Estimating the construction time and cost of a building project is an essential task of construction manager, which benefits owners, engineers and contractors. Construction duration and cost, in particular, have profound influence on the outcome of a project at the conceptual stage of its life. The conventional methods used to estimate the time and costs of construction projects are based on 2D models, which need much time and effort from engineers, estimators and schedulers who are involved in preparing them because all of this process is done manually, especially when the project has several design alternatives. Considering that, Building Information Modelling (BIM), which is a technology that enhances data transfer and ensures cooperation among designers, engineers, and contractors, can provide an efficient way for cost estimating and schedule planning. On the other hand, sustainability has drawn more and more attention by the construction industry, this is because a project’s construction process has crucial impacts on society, the environment, and the economy. Modular Construction has been proven to ensure sustainable construction by reducing the negative impacts on the environment, reducing construction time, and improving manpower productivity. This research aims at developing an integrated model that interrelates BIM with construction cost estimation, scheduling, and sustainability at the conceptual design stage of projects. The aim is to reduce the preparation time and increase the efficiency of making major decisions for both conventional construction and modular construction. The proposed model consists of five modules, including a data collection module, a cost estimation module, a scheduling module, a sustainability evaluation module, and a 5D integrated module. Plug-ins were developed in the model to link BIM tool (i.e., Autodesk Revit) with Microsoft Excel to ensure automatic data transfer among these modules all within a BIM platform so that owners and designers can quickly generate a reliable construction cost estimate, construction schedule, preliminary sustainability evaluation, as well as construction process simulation.

This study aims to design and implement a domain-specific computer programming language: the Building Environment Rule and Analysis (BERA) Language. As a result of the growing area of Building Information Modeling (BIM), there has been a need to develop highly customized domain-specific programming languages for handling issues in building models in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry. The BERA Language attempts to deal with building information models in an intuitive way in order to define and analyze rules in design stages. The application of the BERA Language aims to provide efficiency in defining, analyzing and checking rules. Specific example applications implemented in this dissertation are on the evaluation of two key aspects: building circulation and spatial programming. The objective of this study is to accomplish an effectiveness and ease of use without precise knowledge of general-purpose languages that are conventionally used in BIM software development. To achieve the goal, this study proposes an abstraction of the universe of discourse - it is the BERA Object Model (BOM). It is a human-centered abstraction of complex state of building models rather than the computation-oriented abstraction. By using BOM, users can enjoy the ease of use and portability of BIM data, rather than complex and platform-dependent data structures. This study also has reviewed and demonstrated its potential for extensibility of BOM. Not only its lateral extensions such as structural building elements, but also the vertical extensions such as additional properties for existing BOM objects are good examples. In current BERA Language Tool, many computed and derived properties/relations have been proposed and implemented, as well as some basic data directly from the given building model. Target users of the BERA Language are domain experts such as architects, designers, reviewers, owners, managers, students, etc., rather than BIM software developers. It means that the people who are interested in the building environment rule and analysis are the potential users. The BERA Language Tool comprises many libraries to alleviate common but unnecessary problems and limitations that are encountered when users attempt to analyze and evaluate building models using commercially available tools. Combined with other libraries which populate rich and domain-specific datasets for certain purposes, the BERA Language will be fairly versatile to define rules and analyze various building environmental conditions.

Just nu pågår stora förändringar i byggbranschen. Kostnaderna för att bygga är idag för stora och branschen letar efter nya metoder för att effektivisera byggandet och minska kostnaderna. Genom att använda sig av den relativt nya Building Information Modeling-tekniken (BIM) öppnar sig flera nya dörrar för vad som är möjligt.BIM är kort sagt en digital modell där all information för hur ett byggprojekts utformning, konstruktion, utrustning och förvaltning ska hanteras. En gemensam modell skapas som arkitekten, byggnadskonstruktörer, vvs-konstruktörer, el-konstruktörer och förvaltare har tillgång till. Ändringar som görs i modellen blir direkt synliga för de andra parterna.Den gemensamma modellen ligger lagrad på en gemensam server för att underlätta kommunikationen.I produktionen har man mycket att vinna av BIM. Först och främst upptäcks många brister och planeringsfel innan de ens kommer ut i produktionen där det blir betydligt dyrare att rätta till. Dessutom följer vid användadet av BIM också en del verktyg som kan användas för planering i produktionen. Två av dessa är kollisionskontroll och 4D-simulering, där tidplanen kopplas samman med ritningen för att simulera fortskridandet av ett byggprojekt.Dessa två verktyg kommer som en biprodukt när BIM nyttjas i ett byggnadsprojekt. I denna rapport presenteras dessa verktyg och vilka fördelar dessa ger i produktionenSyftet med examensarbetet har varit att få en fördjupad kunskap av vad BIM är, både i teorin och praktiskt. Men också att hitta fördelar som Skanska kan nyttja som en följd av användandet av BIM.

This thesis explores the benefits of using Building Information Modeling (BIM) during the programming and conceptual design phase of a project. The research was based on a case study undertaken dealing with the decisions and assumptions made during the design phases of the Center for Science at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo. The project team used a traditional approach to project plan development. The finding of this study was that the project process would have greatly benefited utilizing BIM tools and a collaborative team approach in the programming and conceptual design phase. Because decisions made early in the project have enormous implications to aesthetics and cost, the increase in analysis of design options afforded by the use of BIM tools would have minimized inaccurate, incomplete and unreliable information, and allowed the design team to work in a more efficient, collaborative manner transmitting through all phases of the project.

Building Information Modeling (BIM), used by many for building design and construction, and Geographic Information GIS System (GIS), used for city planning, contain large spatial and attribute data which could be used for Lean and green city planning and development. However, there exist a systematic gap and interoperability challenge between BIM and GIS that creates a disjointed workflow between city planning data in GIS and building data in BIM. This hinders the seamless analysis of data between BIM and GIS for lean and green developments. This study targets the creation of a system which integrates BIM and GIS system data. The methods involve the establishment of a novel Environmental Information Modeling (EIM) framework to bridge the gap using Microsoft Visual C#. The application of this framework shows the potential of this concept. The research results provide an opportunity for more analysis for lean and green construction planning, development and management.

Detta examensarbete har undersökt vilka möjligheter som skapas genom att använda Building Information Modelling (BIM) för Livscykelkostnadsanalyser (LCCA). Arbetet beskriver först LCCA och sedan hur BIM samt öppna standardiserade dataformat kan användas för LCCA och för kvalitetssäkring av data. Till sist visas hur ett verktyg som räknar ut LCC direkt från en byggnadsmodell kan utformas. Genom att kunna synliggöra konsekvenserna av olika lösningsalternativ och göra kvalitativa LCCA erhålls genomtänkta lösningar och medvetenhet om de framtida förvaltningskostnaderna. För en byggherre som också ansvarar för driften kan dessa alternativsvärderingar och analyser leda till betydligt lägre förvaltningskostnader. För Norska Statsbygg som idag förvaltar 2.6 miljoner kvadratmeter fördelat på 2300 byggnader innebär lägre förvaltningskostnader inte bara besparingar för dem utan även för hela det Norska samhället. Därför är LCCA ett viktigt beslutsunderlag för Statsbygg. För LCCA behövs verktyg som ger adekvata resultat och för detta ändamål är de senaste årens utveckling inom BIM intressant. Syftet med detta arbete var att först beskriva och analysera möjligheten att använda BIM för LCCA och sedan att visa hur ett LCC-verktyg kan utformas. Arbetet grundade sig enbart i kvalitativa arbetsmetoder genom intervjuer och direktmedverkan. I undersökningen har jag valt att intervjua anställda på Statsbygg för att få veta mer om LCC. De har varit drivande i utveckling av metoder och den norska standarden NS3454 sedan 1982, de är också en av Norges största byggherrar som även förvaltar sina byggnader och LCCA får därför stor betydelse. Jag har också valt att fokusera på renhållning som är en av posterna i den norska standarden NS3454 för LCCA. Renhållning valdes eftersom det är den största kostnaden under förvaltningsfasen. Kunskaper om BIM erhölls genom direktmedverkan hos Jotne EPM-Technology i Oslo som har arbetat med öppna standardiserade dataformat och BIM sedan 1985. Som en del av deras utvecklingsmiljö arbetades det fram ett verktyg för beräkning av framtida renhållningskostnader. Slutsatsen i arbetet är att genom användning av BIM för LCCA kan det erhållas bättre kvalitet i den slutliga produkten genom fler möjligheter för optioneering och kvalitetskontroller. Dessutom kan det ge mer adekvata LCCA genom Master Data Management och möjligheten att planera mer i detalj. För att dessa fördelar ska kunna bli verklighet behöver det utvecklas fler verktyg för både förvaltning och LCCA. Det behöver också utvecklas fler kunskapsdatabaser för LCC, underhåll, energi samt rengöring. All utveckling bör dessutom basera sig på öppna standardiserade dataformat.
This thesis has investigated the possibilities of using Building Information Modelling (BIM) for Life Cycle Cost Analys (LCCA). It describes LCC and how BIM can be used for LCC and for data quality control. It also shows how a tool that calculates the LCC directly from a building model can be designed. Being able to highlight the consequences of various design solutions and make qualitative LCCA, results in better solutions and awareness off the future facility management(FM) -costs. For a builder who also is responsible for the operational phase these analysis can lead to significantly lover costs. Statsbygg currently manages 2.6 million square meter spread over 2300 buildings. Lower FM-costs implies savings not only for the company itself, but for the Norwegian society as well. Therefore LCCA is an important decision basis for Statsbygg. LCCA requires tools that provide adequate results, and for this purpose the recent developments in BIM are interesting. BIM enables operational procedures and analysis that previously not was possible and it has potential to be used within the LCCA. The purpose of this work was first to describle and analyze the possibility of using BIM to make LCCA and then to show how a solution for calculating can be designed. The work was based only in qualitative methods through interviews and being a part of developers enviroment. It was chosen to interview employees at Statsbygg to know more about LCC. They have worked with development and methods since 1982 and have extensive expertise in the field. They are one of Norway’s largest property developers, wich also manages its buildings and therefore LCCA is important. It was also chosen to focus on cleaningcosts wich is one of the costs in the Norwegian standard NS 3454 for LCCA. Cleaning was chosen because it is a major cost in the FM-phase. Knowledge of BIM was obtained beeing part of the development enviroment at Jotne EPM-Technology in Oslo who has worked with open standard data formats and BIM since 1985. As part of their enviroment the works with the cleaningcost-tool proceed. The conclusion of this work is that use of BIM for LCCA can obtain better quality of the final product by more opportunities for optioneering and quality controls. Moreover, it may provide more accurate LCCA through master data management systems and the ability to plan in more detail. To realize all benefits it is necessary to develop more tools for FM and LCCA based on open standard data formats. Furthermore, it is necessary to develop knowledge databases for LCC, maintenance, energy and cleaning based on open standard data formats.

Purposefully-designed buildings are complex by nature, because they are host to a variety of human activities that require them to perform adequately and be well suited to their intended functions. Building ‘performance’ has been an area of major research interest, so that efficient buildings are constructed that operate effectively to support the functional purposes for which they are being used. It is a complex concept that has been difficult to measure and incorporate into building design. Many methods and approaches have been developed to assess ‘performance’ for the purpose of addressing the gap between predicted – and actual – performance. However, it is acknowledged that these methods/approaches lack accuracy, are time consuming and do not provide a holistic view of the complex procedures and processes involved during the design and physical construction of the building. Building Information Modelling (BIM) provides a new way of integrating information technology within the construction industry. Its capability as a digital platform has supported managing, sharing and exchanging interdisciplinary information between multi-disciplinary stakeholders. BIM has supported some aspects of assessing building ‘performance’ by emphasising energy consumption, sustainable design and building behaviour. BIM technology excels in situations that have quantitative-based aspects, which often are derived from those involved in the building delivery process. However, the design of successful buildings-in-use, through concepts like building performance, requires incorporating information from multiple perspectives, which requires going beyond the consideration of the characteristics that are quantitative. This investigation aimed to explore how BIM can enhance the delivery of better construction performance for buildings. A case-study research method was used in this research where data was gathered using semi-structured interviews, documentary analysis, and feedback reports from the building delivery team, facility management team and building occupants. The research journey was developed through three case studies where one case study influenced the direction of the next case study. Initial findings showed that ‘space’ as one of the building aspects was used as a reference concept for building performance because it provided a way for situating different meanings of building performance by different stakeholders. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the findings for each case study. The key finding from the case studies showed that there is a gap between data and experience. ‘Systems thinking’ analysis was used to investigate this gap, as it concerns the complexity, the handling of information modelling and supports addressing ‘softer’ human aspects. It showed that the reason for the gap between data and experience is that different stakeholders see the parts and the whole differently. Soft systems analysis was then used to explore this gap, as it provides a holistic approach to the situation being investigated. The use of this approach allowed the opportunity to understand the problems and possible conflicts within a particular situation. Wilson’s approach of ‘soft systems’ was also used, as it goes beyond conceptual models to information categories, which can support bridging the gap between data and experience. An overview of the problem, emphasising its complexity through proposed themes is presented. The delivery of building performance requires richer representation that acknowledges the significance of different parts in a construction project and how they influence stakeholders. Using the information requirements identified through soft systems analysis, a ‘space strategy model’ was proposed, which suggests that space designs in BIM should, in Zuboff’s concept, be informated in order to identify the significance of different parts of a the build and build design, and support richer cognition of emergent characteristics that influence different experiences within a building project.

Successful management of design changes is critical for the efficient delivery of construction projects. Building Information Models (BIM) and the use of parametric modeling provide significant benefits in coordinating changes across different views in a model. However, coordinating changes across several discipline-specific models is significantly more challenging to manage. In this thesis, I present a case study that used observation-based empirical research methods to investigate current practices and the requirements of practitioners in conducting change management during the design and construction of a building project. The case study examines change management in the context of a multi-disciplinary collaborative BIM environment during the design and construction of a fast-track project. I documented the design changes, analyzed the change management processes and evaluated existing BIM tools in support of this process. Using examples from the case study, I identified the characteristics of design changes required for tracking the history of changes and understanding the consequences of changes. I developed an ontology of changes based on the identified characteristics and patterns in the observed changes. The ontology characterizes design changes based on changed component attributes (the geometry, position, and specification), dependencies between components (analytical and spatial), level of changes (conceptual, primary and secondary), timing of changes (design, procurement or construction stages) and time and cost impacts of changes. Based on the developed ontology, I further categorized numerous examples of changes encountered throughout the design and construction of the building in a taxonomy of changes. I then proposed a computational approach for tracking the consequence of changes in an information model. This research provides a common understanding of design change characteristics for practitioners who develop or utilize BIM tools for managing changes. The results of this study provide some possible directions for future developments in change management systems, particularly in reference to a BIM-based delivery process. Additional research is needed to implement and test these characteristics in a decision support system, and to analyze different types of changes across different types of projects.

There has been an increase in adoption of building information modeling (BIM) by commercial contractors over the past few years but there is not a clear indication of current application or the frequency of each use. This research was undertaken to determine the frequency and best practices of using BIM in commercial construction. Leading commercial contracting firms were contacted and employees were selected to complete a telephone survey that was designed to determine how they are using BIM. It was found that BIM is being used with more frequency on projects, with plans to continue to implement it even further on all projects that allow for its use. Most companies are incorporating trade contractors in their coordination meetings but are taking the lead to ensure a high standard is maintained. Trade contractors are given responsibility to resolve smaller clashes while bringing the larger problems to the clash detection meetings. The model quality being received is increasing as well the frequency of models being received from the design team; however, there is a lack of consensus as to the level of development requirement to ensure the model can be used for facilities management. Commercial contractors are adopting building information modeling for a variety of reasons. These include client requirements, innovative technology strategies, and fear of being left behind. Overall its use improves processes within their companies. The general agreement is that BIM is having a positive impact on profitability, schedules and sales. BIM further improves the efficiency, effectiveness and competitiveness. The best practices undertaken by commercial contractors include using BIM as a sales and marketing tool, utilizing subcontractors knowledge and allowing them to resolve minor clashes, having combination of BIM teams and BIM experts and investing in training employees and further development of BIM uses.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is the latest development in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) Industry. This development can be used for planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of any facility. The majority of the users of BIM technology are architects. Although its benefits had been highlighted and underlined especially in comparison with older developments such us Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools, its implementation is considered still in an early stage due to low adoption from architects. Right now in Sweden and more specifically in the Stockholm area, the construction sector is booming due to the increased demand for housing.  Thus, there is an increased demand for more houses in a shorter time. BIM is a technology that can enhance the society in terms of design and construction with regard to the building environment. This can be achieved by avoiding human errors, decreasing project costs, increasing the productivity and quality, and reducing the project delivery time. Moreover, BIM can assist the management team in maintaining and operating different facilities. The focus of this research is on the barriers to adopting BIM technology in architectural companies. Furthermore, the attempt will be to investigate the individual, organizational and technical aspects that affect BIM adoption.  This study will implement a qualitative research method by in-depth interviewing four professionals in the area of architectural design. This investigation will be driven by the main research question, which is: What are the barriers to adopting Building Information Modeling (BIM) in architectural companies?

Although the construction industry has been evolving for centuries and researchers have been seeking innovative solutions for decades, diverse challenges still exist in making the construction process faster, safer, cheaper and more accurate. It is believed that Building Information Modeling (BIM) can lead to greater efficiency through the incremental collaboration. The data in BIM system is extremely useful and can be generated to optimize the project delivery processes. However, since BIM increases the project design cost and requires a big learning curve, project participants are concerned about the cost of project, which has hindered the adoption of BIM for the project delivery. This paper, using a case study, describes how BIM functions to help cut down costs, optimize schedule, and benefit the project participants. The analysis of project cost and time control focuses on life cycle. The recommendations for the future use of BIM are made generally.

Abstract The current practice for information sharing with building information modelling (BIM) is distributed data sharing based on conversions. Conversions are problematic due to data loss, redundancy, and conflicting information. The hypotheses of this research were that i) a conversion-free data exchange is a feasible approach for BIM, ii) benefits can be achieved with a conversion-free information sharing, and iii) no impediment in principle exists for wider industrial use. The use of a single data schema by all applications is a requisite for a conversion-free data collaboration. For enabling the free evolution of the data content, a version free data schema is necessary. A model arrangement implementing partial models is needed for the growing size of models. A single shared model approach eliminates data conflicts and duplicates. For the best availability, the location for the shared model should be on a cloud service. Accessing the cloud model only through a web service, which encapsulates all model handling functionality, will ensure data integration and validity. The validity of IT solutions can only be confirmed with real software. For testing the conversion-free BIM method, a software development kit (SDK) with required functionality was programmed. Three applications and a cloud service for handling the shared model were developed with the help of SDK. In the experiments, Leonardo application was used for modelling walls, 3DTrussme for trusses, and Viewer for viewing the model. All applications were using the same shared model on the cloud. In the experimental test, the information exchange occurred without conversions, and all the data were saved only once on the cloud database. Without conversions, less conflicts and redundancies occurred, which lead to better data integrity and integration. Using SDK, there was no technical barrier for applications to join the single shared model ecosystem, but a drawback was that existing BIM programs are not compatible without remarkable changes. The performance was acceptable in the test run, but in real use, the size of the model and the number of applications and users will be much larger. However, a conversion-free single shared model approach can be a possible trend to the next generation BIM as well as a potential alternative for current data sharing methods using distributed files, conversions, and linked data
Tiivistelmä Rakentamisen tietomallinnuksen (BIM) nykyisenä tiedonjakamisen käytäntönä on hajautettu tietojärjestelmä, joka perustuu konversioihin. Konversiot ovat ongelmallisia tiedon häviämisen, ristiriitojen ja päällekkäisyyksien vuoksi. Tämän tutkimuksen hypoteesit olivat: i) konversiovapaa tiedonjakaminen on mahdollista, ii) etuja on saavutettavissa ilman konversioita tapahtuvassa tiedonsiirrossa ja iii) laajemmalle teolliselle käytölle ei ole periaatteellisia esteitä. Konversiovapaa tiedon jakaminen edellyttää yhden dataformaatin käyttöä. Alati kasvavien tietomallien koko vaatii tiedon järjestämismenetelmän, joko mahdollistaa osamallit. Datan ristiriidat ja päällekkäisyydet voidaan estää yhden jaetun mallin menetelmällä. Informaatio on parhaiten kaikkien osapuolien saatavilla, kun jaettu malli sijoitetaan pilvipalveluun. Kun tietomallia käsitellään vain web-palvelun rajapintafunktioilla, tiedon eheys ja kelpoisuus säilyvät. Tietoteknisten ratkaisujen kelpoisuus voidaan viime kädessä osoittaa vain toimivilla ohjelmistoilla. Konversiovapaan menetelmän testausta varten kehitettiin vaadittavat ominaisuudet sisältävä ohjelmistokehityspaketti (SDK), joka on edellytys sovellusten yhteensopivuudelle. Kolme sovellusta eli 3DTrussme, Leonardo ja Viewer ohjelmoitiin SDK:n avulla. Ohjelmointirajapinta sisälsi tarvittavat toiminnallisuudet tiedonjakamiseen, ja se toteutettiin pilvipalveluna. Testiajossa Leonardo-sovelluksella mallinnettiin seinät, 3DTrussmellä suunniteltiin naulalevyristikot ja Viewer-sovelluksella tarkasteltiin mallia. Kaikki kolme sovellusta käyttivät samaa jaettua mallia pilvipalvelussa. Suoritetussa testissä kaikki informaatio jaettiin ilman konversioita ja tallennettiin vain kerran. Ilman konversioita ja päällekkäisyyksiä saavutettiin parempi datan eheys ja integraatio. SDK:n avulla uudet sovellukset pystyivät liittymään yhden jaetun mallin ekosysteemiin ilman teknisiä esteitä. Toisaalta, ilman merkittäviä muutoksia nykyiset BIM sovellukset eivät ole yhteensopivia. Testiajossa suorituskyky oli hyväksyttävä, mutta todellisuudessa mallien koko sekä sovellusten ja käyttäjien lukumäärä ovat paljon suurempia. Tutkimus osoitti, että konversiovapaa yhden jaetun mallin menetelmä voi olla seuraava BIM-kehityssuunta ja vaihtoehto nykyisille tiedonsiirtoratkaisuille, jotka käyttävät erillisiä tiedostoja, konversioita ja linkkejä

Building design can have a major impact on sustainability through material efficiency and construction waste minimisation (CWM). The construction industry consumes over 420 million tonnes of material resources every year and generates 120 million tonnes of waste containing approximately 13 million tonnes of unused materials. The current and on-going field of CWM research is focused on separate project stages with an overwhelming endeavour to manage on-site waste. Although design stages are vital to achieve progress towards CWM, currently, there are insufficient tools for CWM. In recent years, Building Information Modelling (BIM) has been adopted to improve sustainable building design, such as energy efficiency and carbon reduction. Very little has been achieved in this field of research to evaluate the use of BIM to aid CWM during design. However, recent literature emphasises a need to carry out further research in this context. This research aims to investigate the use of BIM as a platform to help with CWM during design stages by developing and validating a BIM-aided CWM (BaW) Framework. A mixed research method, known as triangulation, was adopted as the research design method. Research data was collected through a set of data collection methods, i.e. selfadministered postal questionnaire (N=100 distributed, n=50 completed), and semistructured follow-up interviews (n=11) with architects from the top 100 UK architectural companies. Descriptive statistics and constant comparative methods were used for data analysis. The BaW Framework was developed based on the findings of literature review, questionnaire survey and interviews. The BaW Framework validation process included a validation questionnaire (N=6) and validation interviews (N=6) with architects. Key research findings revealed that: BIM has the potential to aid CWM during design; Concept and Design Development stages have major potential in helping waste reduction through BIM; BIM-enhanced practices (i.e. clash detection, detailing, visualisation and simulation, and improved communication and collaboration) have impacts on waste reduction; BIM has the most potential to address waste causes (e.g. ineffective coordination and communication, and design changes); and the BaW Framework has the potential to enable improvements towards waste minimisation throughout all design stages. Participating architects recommended that the adoption of the BaW Framework could enrich both CWM and BIM practices, and most importantly, would enhance waste reduction performance in design. The content should be suitable for project stakeholders, architects in particular, when dealing with construction waste and BIM during design.

The purpose of this thesis work has been to analyze the usability and the feasibility formodeling with MathWorks simulation tool Simscape by building a simplified model ofthe automatic gearbox ZF-ECOMAT 4 (HP 504 C / HP 594 C / HP 604 C). It hasbeen shown throughout the thesis how this model is build. First has systemknowledge been acquired by studying relevant literature and speaking with thepersons concerned. The second step was to get acquainted with Simscape and thephysical network approach. The physical network approach that is accessible throughthe Simscape language makes is easy to build custom made components with means ofphysical and mathematical relationships. With this background a stepwise approachbeen conducted which has led to the final model of the gearbox and the validationconcept. The results from this thesis work indicates that Simscape is a powerful tool formodeling physical systems and the results of the model validation gives a good signthat it is possible to build and simulate physical models with the Simscape software.However, during the modeling of the ZF-ECOMAT 4 some things have beendiscovered which could improve the usability of the tool and make the learning curvefor an inexperienced user of physical modeling tools less steep. In particular, a largermodel library should be included from the beginning, more examples of simple andmore complex models, the object-oriented related parts such as own MATLABfunctions should be expanded, and a better troubleshooting guidance.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been in use in the Hong Kong Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry as an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tool for more than a decade. However, the increasing usage and rapid development in both the AEC industry and academia point to the potential multiple applications, impacts and much broader potential benefits that may be generated from BIM implementation. The current frequently used BIM applications have advanced the project performances levels and consequential benefits of relevant stakeholders in different dimensions. However, BIM development in the Hong Kong industry has not been smooth. Attention has been diverted from potential benefits to the barriers and constraints that retard BIM implementation. This has in turn limited the applications, hence not convincing industry participants of their potential benefits in quantitative terms. Furthermore, conflicts between BIM implementation and the existing project processes also retard the smooth development of BIM. A higher level of collaborative working is required for deriving more benefits from BIM. This research aims to develop possible feasible solutions to reduce the conflicts/barriers in BIM implementation and advance current BIM implementation towards more collaborative and integrated working arrangements (IWAs), with expected broader potential benefits in the context of the Hong Kong industry. IWAs in this research refer to: a) organization structures, b) information exchange mechanisms, and c) project processes. An inter-locking set of research methods were applied in this study to achieve the research goal. Literature reviews were conducted to extract and illustrate the basic concepts in BIM and lay the foundation for proposal development. Semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire survey were conducted to explore BIM implementation scenarios in the Hong Kong AEC industry. Two case studies helped to map out BIM implementation processes in real projects in Hong Kong. Finally, a focus group meeting was held to discuss, validate and improve the relevant research findings and improvement proposals. The main outcomes of this research are the proposed short term IWAs and long term IWAs for optimizing overall potential benefits of BIM implementation. The proposed short term IWAs consist of specific measures for participants to address the barriers and conflicts in BIM implementation within existing project processes. The proposed long term IWAs are based on a conceptual framework and processes to build an integrated working environment for BIM. The outcomes of this research can help industry practitioners to overcome current barriers and derive more benefits from BIM by developing specific measures targeting the current scenarios, as well as provide possible directions for moving further forward in the long term. The research outcomes also offer relevant contributions to knowledge by proposing fresh concepts and approaches to creating and developing collaborative working environment for BIM implementation based on relevant principles and guidelines that are in turn derived from Relational Contracting (RC) frameworks.
published_or_final_version
Civil Engineering
Master
Master of Philosophy

The scope of this project is to study the effectiveness of building information modelling (BIM) in performing life cycle assessment in a building. For the purposes of the study will be used “Revit” which is a BIM software and Tally which is an LCA tool integrated in Revit. The project is divided in six chapters. The first chapter consists of a theoretical introduction into building information modelling and its connection to life cycle assessment. The second chapter describes the characteristics of building information modelling (BIM). In addition, a comparison has been made with the traditional architectural, engineering and construction business model and the benefits to shift into BIM. In the third chapter it will be a review of the most well-known and available BIM software in the market. In chapter four life cycle assessment (LCA) will be described in general and later on specifically for the purpose of the case study that will be used in the following chapter. Moreover, the tools that are available to perform an LCA will be reviewed. Chapter five will present the case study that consists of a model in a BIM software (Revit) and the LCA performed by Tally, an LCA tool integrated into Revit. In the last chapter will be a discussion of the results that were obtained, the limitation and the possible future improvement in performing life cycle assessment (LCA) in a BIM model.

[ES] Los proyectos de arquitectura patrimonial conllevan trabajo colaborativo entre diferentes agentes tales como arquitectos, ingenieros, arqueólogos, historiadores, restauradores, propietarios, etc. Tradicionalmente cada disciplina ha trabajado de manera independiente generando información dispersa. El flujo de trabajo en los proyectos patrimoniales presenta problemas relacionados con la desorganización de procesos, la dispersión de información y el uso de herramientas obsoletas. Diferentes organizaciones abogan por usar métodos innovadores para tratar de resolver estos problemas. BIM (Building Information Modelling) se ha postulado como una metodología adecuada para mejorar la gestión del patrimonio arquitectónico. La aplicación de BIM a construcciones históricas, denominada HBIM (Heritage BIM), ha probado tener múltiples ventajas para gestionar proyectos patrimoniales. Sin embargo, la literatura científica pone de manifiesto la necesidad de seguir investigando en los procesos de los proyectos patrimoniales, la implementación práctica de HBIM, la simplificación de la laboriosa tarea de modelado HBIM y la documentación de los proyectos HBIM. La finalidad de esta investigación es el desarrollo de un protocolo que ordene la gestión de proyectos patrimoniales usando HBIM y el diseño de una plataforma web que sincronice la información patrimonial. DSR (Design Science Research) es el método de investigación usado para desarrollar dicho protocolo que ayude a mejorar el flujo de trabajo en los proyectos patrimoniales. Las técnicas de investigación usadas han sido el análisis documental, casos de estudio, entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales. Se analizaron los procesos HBIM y se estudiaron los requerimientos de los agentes patrimoniales. Como resultado, se desarrolló el protocolo BIMlegacy, dividido en ocho pasos y contemplando a todos los agentes que participan en proyectos patrimoniales. Dicho protocolo se aplicó en el caso de estudio de Fixby Hall, en Huddersfield (Reino Unido), y sus resultados fueron expuestos en un workshop interdisciplinar para validar y mejorar el protocolo BIMlegacy. Basado en este protocolo, se desarrolló la plataforma BIMlegacy como herramienta para poder llevar a cabo este flujo de trabajo donde agentes interdisciplinares pueden unificar y sincronizar la información patrimonial. Este innovador sistema en la nube conecta la base de datos intrínseca de los programas HBIM con bases de datos patrimoniales usando un plug in para Revit de Autodesk, una web API, un servidor SQL y un portal web. La plataforma BIMlegacy se diseñó como una web de trabajo, pero también como una web de difusión cultural donde el público generalista puede acceder a cierta información de los monumentos. El protocolo y la plataforma BIMlegacy fueron usados para gestionar el proyecto de Registro de San Juan del Hospital. El protocolo, la plataforma y los resultados del proyecto de San Juan del Hospital fueron expuestos en un grupo focal en Valencia con profesionales para su evaluación científica. La contribución teórica de esta investigación ha sido el descubrimiento de problemas en el modelado HBIM que no habían sido especificados antes, beneficios del HBIM (por ejemplo, el uso de plataformas online o el filtrado de información en sistemas HBIM) y requerimientos para implementar HBIM en la práctica tales como la necesidad de un protocolo simple e intuitivo y de ofrecer entrenamiento específico a los agentes no técnicos. Las contribuciones prácticas al conocimiento han sido la creación del protocolo BIMlegacy con la lista de agentes patrimoniales y la integración de procesos tradicionales, el diseño de la plataforma BIMlegacy con la sincronización de la información en tiempo real que permite que los agentes no técnicos puedan participar activamente en los modelos HBIM, el uso de HBIM como una herramienta de gestión, y la aportación de información rigurosa volcada por profe
[CAT] Els projectes d`arquitectura patrimonial comporten treballs col·laboratius entre diferents agents tals com arquitectes , enginyers ,arqueòlegs , historiadors, restauradors , propietaris , etc. Tradicionalment cada disciplina ha treballat de manera independent generant informació dispersa. El flux de treball en els projectes patrimonials presenta problemes relacionats amb la desorganització de processos, la dispersió d'informació i l'ús d'eines obsoletes. Diferents organitzacions promouen fer servir mètodes innovadors per a tractar de resoldre aquests problemes i fer del patrimoni cultural un motor de desenvolupament socioeconòmic. BIM (Building Information Modelling) s'ha postulat com una metodologia adequada per millorar la gestió del patrimoni arquitectònic. L'aplicació de BIM a construccions històriques, anomenada HBIM (Heritage BIM), ha demostrat tenir múltiples avantatges per gestionar projectes patrimonials. No obstant això, la literatura científica posa de manifest la necessitat de seguir investigant en els processos dels projectes patrimonials, la implementació pràctica de HBIM, la simplificació de la laboriosa tasca de modelatge HBIM i la documentació dels projectes HBIM. L'objectiu d'aquesta investigació és el desenvolupament d'un protocol que ordeni la gestió de projectes patrimonials usant HBIM i el disseny d'una plataforma web que sincronitzi la informació patrimonial. DSR (Design Science Research) és el mètode d'investigació utilitzat per desenvolupar aquest protocol que ajudi a millorar el flux de treball en els projectes patrimonials. Les tècniques d'investigació utilitzades han estat l'anàlisi documental, entrevistes semi-estructurades i grups focals. També es van analitzar els processos HBIM i es van estudiar els requeriments dels agents patrimonials. HBIM es va proposar com el model virtual que acull la informació patrimonial i que articula els processos. Com a resultat, es va desenvolupar el protocol BIMlegacy, dividit en vuit fases, contemplant a tots els agents que participen en projectes patrimonials. Aquest protocol es va aplicar en el cas d'estudi real de Fixby Hall, a Huddersfield (Regne Unit), i els seus resultats van ser exposats en un workshop interdisciplinari per validar i millorar el protocol. Basat en aquest protocol, el grup de recerca va desenvolupar la plataforma BIMlegacy com a eina per poder dur a terme aquest flux de treball on agents interdisciplinaris poden unificar i sincronitzar la informació patrimonial. Aquest innovador sistema en el núvol connecta la base de dades intrínseca dels programes HBIM amb les bases de dades patrimonials fent servir un plug-in per Revit d'Autodesk, un web API, un servidor SQL i un portal web. La plataforma BIMlegacy es va dissenyar com un web de treball, però també com un web de difusió cultural on el públic generalista pot accedir a certa informació dels monuments. El protocol i la plataforma BIMlegacy van ser utilitzats per gestionar el projecte de Registre de Sant Joan de l'Hospital. El protocol i la plataforma i els resultats del projecte de Sant Joan van ser exposats en un grup focal amb professionals per a la seva avaluació científica a València. La contribució teòrica d'aquesta investigació ha estat el descobriment de problemes en el modelatge HBIM que mai havien estat especificats abans, beneficis del HBIM (per exemple l'ús de plataformes en línia, el filtrat d'informació en sistemes HBIM, la integració de la divulgació cultural amb HBIM) i requeriments per implementar HBIM en la pràctica, com ara la necessitat d'un protocol intuïtiu i simple on oferir entrenament específic als agents no tècnics. Les contribucions pràctiques al coneixement han estat la creació del protocol BIMlegacy amb els agents patrimonials i la integració de processos tradicionals,el disseny de la plataforma BIMlegacy amb la sincronització de la informació a temps real que permet que els agents que no son tècnics pugu
[EN] Heritage architectural projects involve collaborative work between different stakeholders, e.g. architects, engineers, archaeologists, historians, restorers, managers, etc. Traditionally, each discipline works independently, generating dispersed data. The workflow in historic architecture projects presents problems related to the lack of clarity of processes, dispersion of information, and the use of outdated tools. Different heritage organisations have showed interest in innovative methods to resolve those problems. Building Information Modelling (BIM) has emerged as a suitable computerised system to improve the management of heritage projects. BIM application to historic buildings, named Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM), has shown benefits in managing heritage projects. The HBIM literature highlights the need for further research in terms of the overall processes of heritage projects, its practical implementation, the need of simplifying the laborious modelling task, and need for better standards of cultural documentation. This investigation aims to develop a protocol for heritage project processes using HBIM and an online work platform prototype where interdisciplinary stakeholders can unify and synchronise heritage information. Design Science Research (DSR) is adopted to develop this protocol. Research techniques used include documentary analysis, case studies, semi-structured interviews, participative workshop, and focus groups. An analysis of HBIM processes and a study of heritage stakeholders' requirements were performed through documentary analysis and semi structured interviews with stakeholders involved with relevant monuments. HBIM is proposed as the virtual model which will hold heritage data and will articulate processes. As a result, a simple and visual HBIM protocol, BIMlegacy, was developed. It is divided in eight steps and it contemplates all the stakeholders involved. BIMlegacy was applied in the Fixby Hall case study and its results were evaluated in a workshop with interdisciplinary stakeholders. An online work platform prototype, also named BIMlegacy, was developed, where interdisciplinary stakeholders can unify and synchronise heritage information. This innovative in-cloud system connects the intrinsic HBIM software database with heritage documentary databases using a Revit Autodesk Plug-in, a web Application Program Interface, a Structured Query Language server, and a web portal. BIMlegacy is an online platform to facilitate working but also a cultural diffusion web where general visitors can access to the information of the monuments. The BIMlegacy protocol and platform were implemented in two case studies Fixby Hall in Huddersfield (United Kingdom) and San Juan del Hospital in Valencia (Spain). BIMlegacy and the results of San Juan project were revealed in a workshop and in a focus group with external professionals for its evaluation. This research contributes within the theoretical knowledge highlighting modelling issues that were unknown before, benefits of using HBIM (a.e. the use of online platforms, filtering the information in HBIM database systems, the integration of cultural divulgation with HBIM) and needs in terms of implementing HBIM in practice such as the importance to have a simple and intuitive protocol to be useful and that the non-designer stakeholders require specific HBIM training. The practical contributions are the creation of the BIMlegacy protocol with the list of stakeholders and processes, the design of the BIMlegacy platform with the synchronisation of information in real time allowing the non-technical stakeholders to actively participate in HBIM models, the use of HBIM as management system, and the benefit for society and local communities since the rigorous information uploaded by professionals will be accessible to the public.
Jordán Palomar, I. (2019). Protocol to manage heritage-building interventions using Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/128416
TESIS

Au cours des dernières décennies, la maîtrise de l'impact sur l'environnement par l'analyse du cycle de vie est devenue un sujet d'actualité dans le secteur du bâtiment. Cependant, il y a quelques problèmes d’échange d'informations entre experts pour la réalisation de diverses études telles que l’évaluation environnementale du bâtiment. Il existe une hétérogénéité entre les bases de données de produits de construction car elles n'ont pas les mêmes caractéristiques et n'utilisent pas la même base pour mesurer l'impact environnemental de chaque produit de construction. En outre, il est encore difficile d'exploiter pleinement le potentiel de liaison entre le BIM, le Web sémantique et les bases de données de produits de construction, car l'idée de les combiner est relativement récente. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'accroître la flexibilité nécessaire pour évaluer l'impact environnemental du bâtiment au moment opportun. Premièrement, notre recherche détermine les lacunes en matière d’interopérabilité dans le domaine AEC (Architecture Engineering and Construction). Ensuite, nous comblons certaines des lacunes rencontrées par la formalisation des informations du bâtiment et la génération de données du bâtiment aux formats Web sémantique. Nous promouvons l'utilisation efficace du BIM tout au long du cycle de vie du bâtiment en intégrant et en référençant les données environnementales sur les produits de construction dans un outil BIM. De plus, la sémantique a été affiner par l'amélioration d'une ontologie bien connue basée sur le bâtiment ; à savoir ifcOWL pour le langage d'ontologie Web (OWL) des IFC (Industry Foundation Classes). Enfin, nous avons réalisé une expérimentation d'une étude de cas d'un petit bâtiment pour notre méthodologie
In previous decades, controlling the environmental impact through lifecycle analysis has become a topical issue in the building sector. However, there are some problems when trying to exchange information between experts for conducting various studies like the environmental assessment of the building. There is also heterogeneity between construction product databases because they do not have the same characteristics and do not use the same basis to measure the environmental impact of each construction product. Moreover, there are still difficulties to exploit the full potential of linking BIM, SemanticWeb and databases of construction products because the idea of combining them is relatively recent. The goal of this thesis is to increase the flexibility needed to assess the building’s environmental impact in a timely manner. First, our research determines gaps in interoperability in the AEC (Architecture Engineering and Construction) domain. Then, we fill some of the shortcomings encountered in the formalization of building information and the generation of building data in Semantic Web formats. We further promote efficient use of BIM throughout the building life cycle by integrating and referencing environmental data on construction products into a BIM tool. Moreover, semantics has been improved by the enhancement of a well-known building-based ontology (namely ifcOWL for Industry Foundation Classes Web Ontology Language). Finally, we experience a case study of a small building for our methodology

Building Information Modeling, abbreviated BIM, is a process of information sharing which enhances communication and which helps in visualizing complex problems in the building industry. BIM has not been used in a larger extent in the production phase of civil works. The purpose of the study is therefore to investigate driving forces behind the use of BIM and the resistors against it and to investigate in what ways BIM could be used in the production phase. The theoretical framework is based on one licentiate thesis, two degree projects, three research papers and three books. A qualitative method with semi-structured interviews was used. The interviews were made with a calculator, a supervisor and a CAD planner from Skanska, a constructor and project manager from ELU, a Project Information Officer from Tyréns and a VDC coordinator and VDC business developer from Veidekke who all have been working with BIM. This was to get a good representation from different actors and people with different professional roles. The study shows that the driving forces behind a use of BIM are that it enhances collaboration and communication between the actors, it makes it easier to visualize the project and the scope, and it provides a higher degree of accuracy of coordination’s. BIM also makes the work more effective and results in fewer errors. Above all, BIM give a possibility for a shorter production phase, shorter total project duration and a lower total cost. The study also shows that the resistors against the use of BIM are employee’s negative attitude against administrative work, that it is hard to measure profitability of using BIM, the uncertainty of who has the legal ownership of the data, and who has the responsibility of the accuracy of it. 3 That the implementation cost and the design phase are more expensive is also a resistor against a use of BIM. BIM could be used in visualization with 3D models in collision controls and co-reviews in meetings, work preparations and at site. A workplace outline could also be printed from the 3D model to be placed on the site for visualization. 4D scheduling and 4D animations could be used for visualization in meetings, work preparations and at site. The study showed that quantity takeoff and cost estimation with 5D is only reconciled in the meetings in the production phase and that the programs for it are not needed in this phase. RFID tags could be used at site for logistics and tracking materials, and field verifications could be used to verify that a work task is executed according to exact coordination’s in the 3D model. Furthermore tablet computers could be used for bringing the technique of BIM to the site which enables a better understanding of complex work tasks for the workers. A BIM coordinator who understands the process of working with BIM and who could work as a bridge between the users and the technical development team is important in a successful implementation. The study also shows that the focus of BIM should lie on how to make use of the technique. The examples of how BIM could be used in the production phase of civil works have to be useful and meet the needs and demands of the users. The processes of using 3D models, 4D scheduling, 4D animations, RFID tags, field verifications and tablet computers should therefore be studied thoroughly to find how the technique could be applicable at site, in meetings and work preparations and how it could enhance the daily activities and work tasks. If the demands are met it will be accepted by both the user and the organization. Further research should therefore lie on how 3D models, 4D scheduling, 4D animations, RFID tags, field verifications and tablet computers could be useful in the production phase. These BIM techniques should then be tested on a real project to investigate how the processes could be useful at site, in meetings and in work preparations. Further research should also be made on how countries like Norway, Finland and USA have made use of BIM in the production of civil works.

Thesis (S.M. in Real Estate Development)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2007.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 52-55).
The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction industry severely lags behind the manufacturing industry in terms of efficiency and productivity growth. This lag is a result of the fragmented nature of the industry and its resistance to adopting innovative technologies and processes that enable collaboration and efficiency. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is one of these innovations. Since building owners ultimately absorb every cost associated with a building project, they are in the best position to lead the AEC industry into an era of increased productivity through the adoption of collaborative practices and technologies such as BIM. However, owners cannot be expected to venture down this path unless they are aware of the potential value that the proper use of BIM can create for them. Therefore, this paper provides evidence of the value created for owners and developers by the use of BIM, and conveys that evidence in a framework that follows the actual phases and tasks of a real development project. Those phases are as follows: Market Research, Feasibility Analysis, Design, Construction, and Operations. In addition to actual examples of value creation, theoretical examples of future applications are discussed. The value created for owners and developers by implementing BIM on their projects is manifested primarily in the form of improved design quality and savings in time and money.
by John C. Clason.
S.M.in Real Estate Development

Over the past several decades, increasing awareness of sustainable building has led to the development and maturity of life cycle assessment (LCA) as a method used to assess the environmental impacts and resources through buildings’ life cycle. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is an intelligent process based on 3D model that enables architecture, engineering and construction designers to collaborate. Because of its advantages and the collaborative alternative, the integrations of BIM and LCA have been studied and developed in many ways. However, none of the integrating approaches have been widely used due to interoperability issues and accuracy problems. Detailed information of LCA and BIM are introduced in this thesis, and then innovated integration of BIM and LCA are proposed. This is done with the direct access to the LCA data in XML format from EPD database by using Dynamo that is a plug-in Revit application, LCA can be conducted within the BIM environment. The results of life cycle impact calculation can be instantly presented in diagram, and users can visualize the results by color coding different materials in BIM model. Future research could focus on how to widely use the integrating method in real project and connect this approach into environmental certification system in order to demonstrate the environmental performance of buildings and projects in a standardized manner.

Master of Science
Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science
Kimberly W. Kramer
Building Information Modeling (BIM) is altering the way that the construction industry is developing design documents by involving all members of the design team as well as the general contractor early in the design process. The members are encouraged to offer advice on the design and constructability on the project. However, not only is the design process changing, but the liability and responsibility of each team member is changing as well. The alteration in responsibility can severely impact structural engineers because of the level of responsibility already associated with their role in the design process. This report looks at the concerns industry leaders and legal professionals have with how BIM is altering the liability landscape, such as standard contracts, software interoperability, data misuse, intellectual property, loss of data, the legal status of the model, the standard of care, and design delegation. In addition to the liability concerns, this report examines the steps that industry leaders have taken to prevent any unnecessary additional liability from affecting structural engineers.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 223-232). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.