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1
Vasterman, Peter, Hrsg. From Media Hype to Twitter Storm. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462982178.
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The word media hype is often used as rhetorical argument to dismiss waves of media attention as overblown, disproportional and exaggerated. But these explosive news waves, as well as - nowadays - the twitter storms, are object of scientific research, because they are an important phenomenon in the public area. Sometimes it is indeed 'much ado about nothing' but in many cases these media storms have play an important role in political issues, scandals and crises. Twitter storms sometimes ruin reputations within hours. Although different concepts are used, such as media hypes, news waves, media storms, information cascades or risk amplification, all the studies in this book refer to the same process in which key events trigger a chain of reactions and interactions, building up huge news waves in the media or rapidly spreading social epidemics in the social media. This book offers the first comprehensive overview of this important topic. It is not only interesting for scholars and students in media and journalism, but also for professionals in PR and communication, crisis communication and reputation management.
2
The End of the Word: A Book of Bro-ken Words. Grounder Publishing, 1999.
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3
Hancock, Maxine. ‘Nor do thou go to work without my Key’. Herausgegeben von Michael Davies und W. R. Owens. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199581306.013.25.
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A full reading of John Bunyan’s works demands that attention be paid not only to the central text, but also to the marginal notes. This chapter reviews the history of critical and editorial attention given to Bunyan’s marginal notes, and considers what is known regarding their import for Bunyan and for his seventeenth-century readers. In assessing the ongoing significance of the marginal notes for critical readings of Bunyan’s texts, this chapter also examines taxonomies of the functions and effects of these, as well as current theories of margination. Possible future directions for further work on the marginal notes are also considered as offering potentially enriching readings of Bunyan, in terms of the mimetic and dialogic aspects of the notes.
4
Carvalho, Mário Jorge de, und Samuel Oliveira. Rediscovering the Alcibiades Major. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2005-3.
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It is a well-known fact that Kant used the lament of the Trojan queen, Hecuba, from Ovid’s Metamorphoses to describe the fate of metaphysics. But these words could equally be used to describe the peculiar fate of the Alcibiades Major. There was a time when this small dialogue was held in high regard and enjoyed much authority.2 The Alcibiades Major was unreservedly attributed to Plato. It was much read, quoted and alluded to. And it is no exaggeration to say that it was one of the key works of the corpus platonicum. The contrast with the present could hardly be more striking.
5
Simons, Peter. Lowe, the Primacy of Metaphysics, and the Basis of Categorial Distinctions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796299.003.0003.
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This chapter continues and amplifies themes from my paper in the volume Contemporary Aristotelian Metaphysics entitled ‘Four Categories – and More’, a paper which begins with the words ‘Jonathan Lowe’ and ends with the words ‘I salute him’. It continues my appreciation of and predominant agreement with the methods, tone, and philosophical attitude of Jonathan Lowe, while continuing to demur from several of his key metaphysical theses. I emphasize here our independent convergence on what seems an odd, even an inconsistent view, but is I think deep, important, and under-recognized, namely that the most basic attributes characterizing and linking the fundamental categories of being are not themselves beings.
6
Waithe, Marcus. Ruskin’s Style of Thought. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737827.003.0012.
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John Ruskin complained of being ‘called a “word painter” instead of a thinker.’ This chapter challenges the basis of that opposition, in claiming that Ruskin’s way of putting things is itself a valuable kind of thought. A resonant case is his reference in Proserpina (1875-86) to ‘the melancholy humour of a root in loving darkness’, where the vitalist idea of ‘vegetable love’ intrudes on botanical convention in a way that isn’t simply ‘purple’. These later tendencies draw on the purportedly systemic methods of the early works, where definition plays a key role in reopening apparently closed views. When Ruskin wants to tell us what a wall is, he indicates that it has ‘purposes in its existence, like an organized creature’, and that its foundation is ‘what the paw is to an animal’ (The Stones of Venice). From first principles of definition, he conjures something not just unexpected, but manifestly rethought.
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Sorensen, Juliet S. Human Rights and Corruption. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781789909678.
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This research review on corruption and human rights examines anti-corruption law and policy through a legal lens. Intended for a global audience of scholars, practitioners and policymakers, the text recommends over twenty key works on the subject of corruption and human rights, together illustrating corruption’s insidious effect on a range of human rights, but also the limitations of a rights-based approach.
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Mithun, Marianne. Argument Marking in the Polysynthetic Verb and Its Implications. Herausgegeben von Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun und Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.4.
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It is generally agreed that the essence of polysynthesis goes beyond sheer numbers of morphemes per word, but which other properties might be criterial is unclear. Most frequently cited is the marking of core arguments within the verb, such that the key elements of the clause, predicate, and arguments, are contained within that one word. Also often cited are noun incorporation, applicatives, rich inventories of adverbial affixes, and pragmatically motivated word order. But argument marking on the verb is not categorical: pronominal affix paradigms show a range of differential marking patterns dependent on various semantic and grammatical features, none reliably predictive of other characteristics typically associated with polysynthesis. Yet these characteristics tend to cluster, indicating that they are not reflections of a single, underlying governing principle, but rather constitute structural complexes that emerge from constellations of cognitive and social factors favoring the development and maintenance of complex morphologies.
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Ó Donghaile, Deaglán. Oscar Wilde and the Radical Politics of the Fin de Siécle. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474459433.001.0001.
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Oscar Wilde’s political identity informed his literary writings, which were motivated by his revolutionary outlook as much as they were driven by his Paterian “passion for sensations”. Addressing his radical engagements with anarchism, socialism and anticolonial thought, this monograph provides a new interpretation of Oscar Wilde’s aestheticism and of his major works by emphasising the importance of progressive politics to his positioning and self-identification within late Victorian literary culture. Consisting of previously unpublished material, it provides a politicised and historicised account of Wilde’s key works by situating them within the framework of his very pronounced – but to date critically under-recognised and as yet untheorised - ideological commitment to these radical political causes. This book interprets Wilde’s better-known works against the important political contexts addressed in his correspondence, reviews, lectures and journalism, and through his personal relationships with contemporary radicals.
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Pooley, Roger. Bunyan’s Reading. Herausgegeben von Michael Davies und W. R. Owens. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199581306.013.6.
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The Bible is John Bunyan’s primary text, but the range of his reading, before and after his conversion experience, reveals some of the sources of his imaginative works as well as his pastoral and theological concerns. This chapter discusses, in turn, some of the key books in his intellectual and spiritual formation, including popular ballads, newsbooks, and romances; best-selling religious works by Lewis Bayly and Arthur Dent; Martin Luther’s commentary on Galatians; the terrifying story of the apostate Francis Spira; a treatise by Isaac Ambrose in which (it is claimed) he wrote marginal annotations; and John Foxe’s great ecclesiastical history, Acts and Monuments, a copy of which Bunyan had with him in prison, and to which he refers often in his writings.
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Dearman, J. Andrew. 1 Kings 21. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190246488.003.0011.
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This chapter explores the account of King Ahab, Queen Jezebel, and their confiscation of Naboth’s vineyard in 1 Kings 21. Key terms in the account and character development comport with larger themes of Israelite failure and divine judgment, both in the immediate context of the account in 1 Kings 21, the fates of the king and queen, and in the books of 1 and 2 Kings. The two books of Kings are presented as shaped to explain the defeat of Israel by the Assyrians and the fall of Judah to the Babylonians. Ahab and Jezebel are negative examples to support the conclusion of divine judgment upon the nation as a whole. Extra-biblical data suggests that Ahab was an influential monarch in regional affairs, but these data are not included in the Kings portrait of the monarch. Elijah the prophet and his words and actions also represent a key theme in the negative portrayal of King Ahab and his dynasty.
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Cappelen, Herman. Externalist Conceptual Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814719.003.0006.
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This chapter continues to consider some foundational semantic issues important for the author’s theory, and for conceptual engineering in general. It argues that conceptual engineering is not—despite the nomenclature—concerned with concepts, but rather with the intensions and extensions of words. It introduces externalism about meaning, which is a key component of the Austerity Framework, and draws connections between meaning change and externalist discussions of reference shift. It responds to the objection that externalism makes changing meaning either impossible or extremely difficult by denying the first—it’s built into externalism that meaning change is possible—and frankly accepting the latter. It then argues that not only semantic values but also metasemantics can change over time, draws out some consequences, and discusses expressions that do not have intensions or extensions.
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Hewitt, Seán. J. M. Synge. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862093.001.0001.
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This is a complete study of the works of the Irish playwright, travel writer, and poet J. M. Synge (1871–1909). A key and controversial figure in the Irish Literary Revival, and specifically in the Abbey Theatre, Synge’s career was short but dynamic. Moving from an early Romanticism, through Decadence, and on to a combative, protesting modernism, the development of Synge’s drama was propelled by his contentious relationship with the Irish politics of his time. This book is a full and timely reappraisal of Synge’s works, exploring both the prose and the drama through an in-depth study of Synge’s archive. Rather than looking at Synge’s work in relation to any distinct subject, this study examines Synge’s aesthetic and philosophical values, and charts the challenges posed to them as the impetus behind his reluctant movement into a more modernist mode of writing. Along the way, the book sheds new and often surprising light on Synge’s interests in occultism, pantheism, socialism, Darwinism, modernization, and even his late satirical engagement with eugenics. One of its key innovations is the use of Synge’s diaries, letters, and notebooks to trace his reading and to map the influences buried in his work, calling for them to be read afresh. Not only does this book reconsider each of Synge’s major works, along with many unfinished or archival pieces, it also explores the contested relationship between Revivalism and modernism, modernism and politics, and modernism and Romanticism.
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Zizek, Joseph. “New History”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190674793.003.0006.
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The contemporary belief in a new beginning—the notion of historical rupture and the contradictions that follow upon it—is embedded in all modern historiographical interpretations of the French Revolution; indeed, it has long provided a key justification for considering the Revolution to be the exemplar of world-historical transformation. Yet the dissociation of radical revolution and history overlooks a curious paradox. Between 1789 and 1794, contemporaries responded enthusiastically to calls to remake historical understanding: pamphleteers, journalists, militants, and educators all explored, sometimes in highly creative ways, the emancipatory historical possibilities unlocked by the nation’s insurrection. In other words, the desire to remake but also to rewrite France’s history was not a post-Thermidorean departure, but a powerful trope born at the Revolution’s outset. Revolutionaries expressed a distinctive historical sensibility that grew out of the simultaneous acceptance of historical rupture and historical liberation.
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Hartmann, Anna-Maria. Mythography in Europe, 1500–1567. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807704.003.0002.
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In the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, there were several collections and editions of earlier mythographies available, but these books often drew attention to the need for new mythographies to be written. The first phase of the renewal of the mythographical genre came in humanist miscellanies, in which sophisticated indexes allowed readers to look up all the latest information on a specific god. In the middle of the sixteenth century, there then emerged a series of large-scale, Italian mythographies by Giraldi (1548), Cartari (1556), and Conti (1567). Each of these mythographies specialized in one of the three key aspects of Renaissance mythography: etymology, images, or allegory. Unlike the English works, all of these continental mythographies were educational tools that were designed to be used as reference works, and not to engage in political or religious debates
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Silva, José Filipe. Robert Kilwardby. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190674755.001.0001.
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Robert Kilwardby is a central figure in late medieval philosophy and theology, but key areas of his thought have until now remained unexamined in a systematic way. Kilwardby taught Arts at the University of Paris and Theology at the University of Oxford around the mid thirteenth century. He is among the first in the Latin West to comment on the newly translated works of Aristotle and among the first Dominicans to comment on the Sentences of Peter Lombard at Oxford. Writing at that time, Kilwardby is both witness and actor in the emerging conflict between the traditions of Augustinianism and the new Aristotelianism. By offering a comprehensive overview of his works, ranging from topics in logic to theology, this book shows the development of those disciplines and traditions in a way that is accessible to nonspecialists and to anyone interested in medieval thought.
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Krebs, Charles. Ecological World View. CSIRO Publishing, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643098398.
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This new textbook fills an important niche by offering a lively overview of the principles of ecology for a broad range of university-level science and biology courses. Written for those who need to understand key ecological concepts but may specialise in other fields, it is filled with many vivid examples of topical issues and current events.
The Ecological World View briefly covers the history of ecology and describes the general approach of the scientific method, then takes a wide-ranging look at basic principles of population dynamics and applies them to everyday practical problems.
Each chapter clearly presents key concepts and learning objectives, combined with thought-provoking, open-ended questions to facilitate discussion. Stimulating, appealing and written in non-technical language, this is an essential resource for understanding how the ecological world works.
18
Winkler, Emily A. The Challenge to Providence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812388.003.0005.
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John and Gaimar’s histories eschew explanation by Providence to focus more on short-term and earthly causes for events. For them, an English king has more causal responsibility than in their sources, but the sphere of his influence is less than it is for William and Henry. John and Gaimar tend to evaluate kings more based on their intentions and efforts than on the outcomes they achieve or on the scale of their successes. John’s history is a Latin monastic chronicle; Gaimar’s a poem in the vernacular, Anglo-Norman French: but the key similarities between John and Gaimar’s works show that the narrative phenomenon of royal responsibility is not a factor of genre or language.
19
Sarotte, Mary Elise. Revisiting 1989–1990 and the Origins of NATO Expansion. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691163710.003.0008.
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This afterword focuses on the NATO expansion. NATO's future formed a key part of the negotiations on German unification. In early February 1990, James A. Baker III, Hans-Dietrich Genscher, and Helmut Kohl all discussed with Mikhail Gorbachev the prospect that if he allowed Germany to unify, NATO would not subsequently move eastward beyond its 1989 border, in other words, not even into East Germany. Gorbachev responded orally that any expansion of “the zone of NATO” would be “unacceptable,” but nothing was written down and no formal agreements were reached. Ultimately, the representatives of the United States and West Germany expertly outmaneuvered Gorbachev in the negotiations over German unification in 1990. They accomplished their goals of expanding NATO to East Germany and of leaving open the door for future expansion to Eastern Europe.
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Partridge, Christopher. Anesthetic Revelation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190459116.003.0004.
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This chapter explores the fascinating confluence of medicine and metaphysics during the nineteenth century, central to which was the discovery of anesthetics. Often a visit to the dentist led not only to a tooth extraction but also to a “sublime vision” and a revised understanding of the nature of reality. Accounts of such experiences inspired not only revealing popular works on the “laughing gas” phenomenon, such as Doctor Syntax in Paris or A Tour in Search of the Grotesque, but also discussions of the nature of mystical experience. This chapter analyzes the work of key figures influenced by the inhalation of nitrous oxide, including Humphry Davy, Benjamin Paul Blood, and William James, as well as its impact on the work of the Society for Psychical Research.
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Tissandier, Alex. Affirming Divergence. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417747.001.0001.
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Leibniz is a constant, but often overlooked, presence in Deleuze’s philosophy. This book explains three key moments in Deleuze’s philosophical development through the lens of his engagement with Leibniz. In doing so it hopes to offer a focused framework for understanding some of the most difficult aspects of Deleuze’s philosophy. Part One examines Deleuze’s account of the “anti-Cartesian reaction” of Spinoza and Leibniz which culminates in their two competing theories of expression. It argues that in some key respects Deleuze favours Leibniz’s interpretation of this key concept over Spinoza’s. Part Two looks at Deleuze’s critique of representation and his attempt to create a theory of difference that will underlie, rather than rely upon, conceptual opposition. It examines the crucial role played by the Leibnizian concepts of incompossibility and divergence in Deleuze’s theory of ‘vice-diction’, created in order to offer a sub-representational, or pre-individual, substitute for Hegelian contradiction. Part Three looks in detail at one of Deleuze’s last major works, The Fold. It argues for Leibniz’s central place in this text, and shows how Deleuze uses concepts from across Leibniz’s philosophy and mathematics as a framework to articulate a systematic account of his own mature philosophy.
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Cronk, Nicholas. 5. The courtier. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199688357.003.0006.
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Voltaire worked hard throughout his life to establish and defend his status as an author within the social hierarchy of the ancien régime, with varying degrees of success, but with unflagging determination. ‘The courtier’ charts his time at the French court in 1725 and 1745–6, at the Prussian court of Frederick 1750–3, and his extensive correspondence with Catherine the Great. It describes Voltaire’s role as the Royal Historiographer in 1745 and some of his key works including the opera collaboration with Rameau, Le Temple de la gloire (1745), his historical masterpiece Siècle de Louis XIV (1751), and his world history, Essai sur les mœurs (1756).
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Mack, Peter. Reading Old Books. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691194004.001.0001.
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In literary and cultural studies, “tradition” is a word everyone uses but few address critically. In this book, the author offers a wide-ranging exploration of the creative power of literary tradition, from the middle ages to the twenty-first century, revealing in new ways how it helps writers and readers make new works and meanings. The book argues that the best way to understand tradition is by examining the moments when a writer takes up an old text and writes something new out of a dialogue with that text and the promptings of the present situation. The book examines Petrarch as a user, instigator, and victim of tradition. It shows how Chaucer became the first great English writer by translating and adapting a minor poem by Boccaccio. It investigates how Ariosto, Tasso, and Spenser made new epic meanings by playing with assumptions, episodes, and phrases translated from their predecessors. It then analyzes how the Victorian novelist Elizabeth Gaskell drew on tradition to address the new problem of urban deprivation in Mary Barton. And, finally, it looks at how the Kenyan writer Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, in his 2004 novel Wizard of the Crow, reflects on biblical, English literary, and African traditions. Drawing on key theorists, critics, historians, and sociologists, and stressing the international character of literary tradition, the book illuminates the not entirely free choices readers and writers make to create meaning in collaboration and competition with their models.
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Kunst, Bojana. Dance and Eastern Europe. Herausgegeben von Rebekah J. Kowal, Gerald Siegmund und Randy Martin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199928187.013.22.
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The chapter focuses on the relation between dance and politics in Eastern European contemporary dance, especially after 1990. Transition, which was the key political and economic term after the fall of the Berlin Wall, also deeply influences the (self-)understanding of Eastern European dance as a delayed practice. The chapter stresses that a decisive difference between these different geopolitical contexts is not an aesthetic one, but is the difference in the ways that performance works are contextualized, institutionalized, and professionalized. Several contemporary dance artists from Eastern Europe have politicized their practices through disclosing the complexity of the position of being in-between. In this sense they do not only critically address the hegemonic aspect of Western contemporary dance (as having a privilege of present), but also critically reaffirm their own history and practice.
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Stephens, Keri K. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625504.003.0001.
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Delilah is a mother of three who works the phones in dispatch at a metropolitan police department. She enjoys her job, but her new boss is ruffling some feathers. Complaining that he gets too many emails, he wants their team to start communicating through text messages. But he forgets that mobile service plans are fairly expensive for many of his employees. What happens in the “Flicked Her a Nickel” story sets the stage for how employees, managers, organizations, friends, and family negotiate for control over mobile communication. This chapter introduces a focus on how communication happens around mobile devices and shows how this research contributes to three fields: mobile communication, organizational communication, and management information systems. It introduces key terms, previews the chapters, and teases the reader with a few of the unexpected findings.
26
Bain, William. The Anarchical Society as Christian Political Theology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779605.003.0004.
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It is widely accepted that in The Anarchical Society—the key text of the English School—Hedley Bull presents and defends the Grotian conception of international relations. This essay argues that Bull’s thinking about order is indebted to a medieval theological dispute about the nature of God and the extent of his power. This dispute yields a way of knowing and explaining the world that stresses the artificial nature of political relations, domestic and international. In other words, order between states is instituted in the same way that God made the universe, through will and artifice. Once this theological ground is uncovered it becomes apparent that Bull’s account of international order is consistent, not with Grotius, but with the thought of Thomas Hobbes. One of the crucial implications of this argument is that international society has not outgrown its European and Christian roots to the extent that Bull suggests.
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Altman, Meryl. The Grand Rectification. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190608811.003.0008.
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This chapter praises the 2010 translation of The Second Sex, driven by criticism of H.M. Parshley’s original translation by writers like Toril Moi, which was received with mixed reviews, reigniting the old controversy over the success of the English translation of Beauvoir’s message. In her review, Meryl Altman defends not only the choice of translators, but also the integrity of their work. In fact, Altman observes, Borde and Malovany-Chevallier’s lack of “professional stakes” in the translation prevented them from adding words here and there to generate a “more opinionated” translation. Rather, she claims, Borde and Malovany-Chevallier remain neutral and resist the temptation of modernizing Beauvoir by importing anachronisms that would have obscured the meaning of Beauvoir’s key philosophical insights. Ultimately, Altman argues that the new translation succeeds at refreshing sections of the text, restoring the many authors that Beauvoir cites, and rekindling an interest in Beauvoir and feminism.
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Kerr, Gaven. Aquinas and the Metaphysics of Creation. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190941307.001.0001.
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This work explores St Thomas Aquinas’s metaphysics of creation. In doing so, it explores the thinking on creation of Aquinas’s predecessors, the nature of God as creator, the meaning of creation, how to conceive of the causality of creation, and the object, history, and purpose of creation. What emerges as a key unifying theme in Aquinas’s thinking in this regard is the complete and utter dependence of all things on God as the unique source of existence. This notion serves not only to advance Aquinas’s position beyond those of his predecessors but also to illuminate his treatments of creation across his works. The result is a unified account of Aquinas’s metaphysics of creation now available for the contemporary reader.
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Trevor C, Hartley. Part IV Procedural and Systemic Issues, 24 Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198729006.003.0024.
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This chapter considers the impact of Brussels 2012 and Lugano 2007 on arbitration. It begins by discussing Brussels 2012, Article 1(2)(d) which states: ‘This Regulation shall not apply to ... arbitration’. The key word is ‘apply’. In the context, this means that Brussels 2012 does not purport to regulate arbitration. Its purpose is to regulate litigation — it ‘applies’ to that — but it does not ‘apply’ to arbitration. The remainder of the chapter discusses the development of the law and the present law, covering the validity of an arbitration agreement, recognition of the judgment, court proceedings ancillary to arbitration, and recognition of judgments and awards.
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Nickel, James W. Assigning Functions to Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713258.003.0009.
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Theorists who assign functions to human rights often simply announce them as if they were obvious. Assigning a defining or typical function to a concept, artefact, or practice is not a straightforward empirical matter. It requires observation of uses and products, but also requires judgements of centrality and importance and uses selection criteria that can conflict. The first section of this chapter analyses the assignment of functions to artefacts, concepts, and practices and identifies some key methodological issues. The two following sections explore those methodological issues in the works of three philosophers who assign functions to human rights—James Griffin, John Rawls, and Charles Beitz. The conclusion suggests some ways in which the debate between proponents of “orthodox” and “political” conceptions of human rights can be improved.
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Smith, Jad. Of Things to Come. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040634.003.0003.
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Although Bester spoke disapprovingly of his early career, dismissing all of his stories written before 1950 as juvenilia, he produced several promising works in the early 1940s, most notably “The Probable Man,” “Adam and No Eve,” and “Hell Is Forever.” These stories appeared in leading markets such as Astounding and Unknown but pushed beyond them, at once invoking and subverting the conventions of the standard techno-adventure. This chapter demonstrates that even at this early stage in his career, Bester experimented with SF reading protocols in highly self-conscious ways. It also traces the emergence of key elements of his approach, including the use of hybrid SF-mystery plots, metanarration, metafictional references, the frame story, pastiche, extra-coding, and ambiguous resolutions
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Nowakowska, Natalia. Hollow Law? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813453.003.0005.
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In the ‘core’ lands of the Polish Crown (korona), the chief instrument of King Sigismund’s Reformation policy was the anti-Lutheran edict. He issued eleven such edicts (1520–40), at a more prolific rate than any other prince in Christendom, the first predating even Pope Leo X’s famous Exsurge Domine bull against Luther. This chapter seeks to account for a central paradox: the edicts were draconian in content, but went entirely unenforced by the Crown, which repeatedly ignored local requests to implement them. The symbolic functions of anti-Reformation edicts, both internationally and domestically, are explored, for example in signalling royal piety. However, the timing and wording of these edicts (which speak of disorder, but not of ‘heresy’) reveal their key purpose to have been not the policing of religious belief, but the prevention of Lutheranism in the King’s primary understanding of that word—a revolt by the lower social orders.
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Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Discourse on the Origin of Inequality. Herausgegeben von Patrick Coleman. Übersetzt von Franklin Philip. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199555420.001.0001.
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In his Discourses (1755), Rousseau argues that inequalities of rank, wealth, and power are the inevitable result of the civilizing process. If inequality is intolerable - and Rousseau shows with unparalledled eloquence how it robs us not only of our material but also of our psychological independence - then how can we recover the peaceful self-sufficiency of life in the state of nature? We cannot return to a simpler time, but measuring the costs of progress may help us to imagine alternatives to the corruption and oppressive conformity of modern society. Rousseau's sweeping account of humanity's social and political development epitomizes the innovative boldness of the Englightment, and it is one of the most provocative and influential works of the eighteenth century. This new translation includes all Rousseau's own notes, and Patrick Coleman's introduction builds on recent key scholarship, considering particularly the relationship between political and aesthetic thought.
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Peach, Ken. Dealing with Disaster. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796077.003.0015.
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This chapter discusses what to do in the event of a disaster. Disaster is an overused word which can cover many things, from a mild annoyance to an absolute catastrophe. Here, a disaster is any unexpected and unplanned event that severely curtails the ability to carry on ‘business as usual’. This could be because of a catastrophic event, such as a fire or an earthquake that destroys a significant part of the real estate including, perhaps, the main filing system, or something less physical but equally catastrophic like the sudden loss of significant funding or the simultaneous departure of several key personnel. Disasters do happen, albeit rarely. If disaster strikes, it will be very disruptive, but disaster management, with the help of a business continuity plan, a disaster team and a well-designed and tested recovery plan, will reduce its impact.
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Britton, Celia, Übers. Introduction to a Poetics of Diversity. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789620979.001.0001.
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This book reproduces the texts of four lectures, followed by discussions, and two interviews with Lise Gauvin published in Introduction à une poétique du divers (1996); and also four further interviews from L’Imaginaire des langues (Lise Gauvin, 2010). It covers a wide range of topics but key recurring themes are creolization, language and langage, culture and identity, ‘monolingualism’, the ‘Chaos-world’ and the role of the writer. Migration and the various different kinds of migrants are also discussed, as is the difference between ‘atavistic’ and ‘composite’ communities, the art of translation, identity as a ‘rhizome’ rather than a single root, the Chaos-World and chaos theory, ‘trace thought’ as opposed to ‘systematic thought’, the relation between ‘place’ and the Whole-World, exoticism, utopias, a new definition of beauty as the realized quantity of differences, the status of literary genres and the possibility that literature as a whole will disappear. Four of the interviews (Chapters 6, 7, 8 and 9) relate to particular works that Glissant has published: Tout-monde, Le monde incrée, La Cohée du Lamentin, Une nouvelle région du monde. Many of these themes have been explored in his previous works, but here, because in all the chapters we see Glissant interacting with the questions and views of other people, they are presented in a particularly accessible form.
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McGlazer, Ramsey. Old Schools. Fordham University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823286591.001.0001.
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This book marks out a modernist counter-tradition. The book proceeds from an anachronism common to Italian- and English-language literature and cinema: a fascination with outmoded, paradigmatically pre-modern educational forms that persists long after they are displaced in modernizing, reform-minded pedagogical theories. Old Schools shows that these old-school teaching techniques organize key works by Walter Pater, Giovanni Pascoli, James Joyce, Pier Paolo Pasolini, and Glauber Rocha. All of these figures oppose ideologies of progress by returning to and creatively reimagining the Latin class long since left behind by progressive educators. Across the political spectrum, advocates of progressive education, from Jean-Jacques Rousseau to John Dewey and Giovanni Gentile, had targeted Latin in particular. The dead language—taught through time-tested techniques including memorization, recitation, copying out, and other forms of repetition and recall—needed to be updated or eliminated, reformers argued, so that students could breathe free and become modern, achieving a break with convention and constraint. By contrast, the works that Old Schools considers valorize instruction’s outmoded techniques, even at their most cumbersome and conventional. Like the Latin class to which they return, these works produce constraints that feel limiting but that, by virtue of that very limitation, invite valuable resistance. As they turn grammar drills into verse and repetitious lectures into voiceovers, they find unlikely resources for creativity and critique in the very practices that progressive reformers sought to clear away.
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van Ooyen, Robert Chr, und Martin H. W. Möllers, Hrsg. Karl Popper und das Staatsverständnis des Kritischen Rationalismus. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845292861.
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Hardly anyone has defended an open society in the political philosophy of the 20th century as passionately as Karl Popper. His understanding of democracy is closely linked with his theory of science and criticism of Plato, Hegel and Marx. As a liberal and a social reformer, he has been a key figure in influencing German politics across party lines since the 1970s. Reviews of Popper’s work can even be found in the theory and teachings of constitutional law (namely those of Peter Häberle) and in Germany’s constitutional court. Even today, Popper’s works can be used to take a stance against not only dictatorships and concepts of ‘communities’, but also against the pseudo-liberal, merciless form of capitalism embodied by so-called ‘Ich-AGs’ (single companies founded by unemployed individuals).
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Raimondi, Fabio. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815457.003.0001.
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In the introduction, the aims of the book and its general approach are specified. Firstly, the book aims to provide an initial response, in a schematic but hopefully sufficiently articulated form, to a central question that Machiavelli raised in the Discourses on Livy: ‘In what mode a free state, if there is one, can be maintained in corrupt cities; or, if there is not, in what mode to order it.’ Secondly, the introduction takes into account the republican and anti-Medicean key used to read Machiavelli’s works. Thirdly, Machiavelli’s modernity and how it contrasts with the idea that modernity is politically State-centric are highlighted. Finally, the possible actuality of the Machiavellian discourse is specified, and a brief map of the book as a guide to the reader is given.
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Whitaker, Curtis. Domesticating and Foreignizing the Sublime. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754824.003.0007.
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Translation of Milton into German flourished during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. During the first 100 years, as translators sought appropriate German forms for Milton’s aesthetic, versions of Paradise Lost appeared in prose, pentameter, and hexameter. A primary goal was to represent the sublime, with translations of Milton exerting a profound influence on original German works such as Klopstock’s Messias and Kant’s Critique of Judgement. In the nineteenth century, translators in general settled on the pentameter as the form of choice for Milton, but new questions arose as Schleiermacher’s theories of translation gained prominence in the 1810s. The second half of this chapter focuses on how translations of Milton from Schleiermacher’s period can illuminate our understanding of domesticating and foreignizing methods of translation, a key issue in translation theory.
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Vitz, Rico. The Nature and Functions of Sympathy in Hume’s Philosophy. Herausgegeben von Paul Russell. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199742844.013.25.
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This chapter outlines key details of Hume’s account of sympathy, which play an important role not only in his ethics and his social philosophy, but also in his cognitive psychology and, consequently, in his epistemology as well as his philosophy of religion. The presentation of Hume’s account is threefold. The first section of the paper elucidates the nature of sympathy, drawing on some of the more recent ways in which Hume’s commentators have attempted to resolve the interpretive puzzles Hume’s works present. The second section explicates some of the functions sympathy has in Hume’s philosophy, including not only three that have been particularly prominent in the secondary literature, but also two others that have received considerably less attention. The final section summarizes Hume’s account of the nature and functions of sympathy and briefly suggests some of the ways in which these aspects of Hume’s moral psychology seem to be supported by contemporary psychological research.
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Muldrew, Craig. Happiness and the Theology of the Self in Late Seventeenth-Century England. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748267.003.0004.
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Muldrew traces the integration of Aristotelian into Christian thinking about happiness, by Thomas Aquinas and during the Renaissance but more particularly in the thinking of late seventeenth-century ‘Latitudinarian’ divines. He argues that they were seeking an alternative way to achieve peace and tranquillity to that offered by Hobbes, who had stressed the need for strong authority. Their alternative drew on a variety of classical ideas about self-cultivation and self-discipline, but built upon and further developed relatively hedonistic versions of these. The pursuit of moderate sensual gratification was legitimized as an appropriate use of human faculties implanted by God. Although this was an erudite tradition, it was presented to a less erudite audience in sermons: these writers often transposed ideas from a classical to an English-language setting. In that context, the word ‘happiness’ came to loom large, appearing frequently and functioning as a key motif in latitudinarian thought.
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Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom's Cabin. Herausgegeben von Jean Fagan Yellin. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199538034.001.0001.
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`So you're the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war!' These words, said to have been uttered by Abraham Lincoln, signal the celebrity of Uncle Tom's Cabin. The first American novel to become an international best-seller, Stowe's novel charts the progress from slavery to freedom of fugitives who escape the chains of American chattel slavery, and of a martyr who transcends all earthly ties. At the middle of the nineteenth-century, the names of its characters - Little Eva, Topsy, Uncle Tom - were renowned. A hundred years later, `Uncle Tom' still had meaning, but, to Blacks everywhere it had become a curse. This edition firmly locates Uncle Tom's Cabin within the context of African-American writing, the issues of race and the role of women. Its appendices include the most important contemporary African-American literary responses to the glorification of Uncle Tom's Christian resignation as well as excerpts from popular slave narratives, quoted by Stowe in her justification of the dramatization of slavery, Key to Uncles Tom's Cabin.
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Kizenko, Nadieszda. Good for the Souls. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896797.001.0001.
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The rite of confession played a unique role in the legal, political, social, and cultural worlds of imperial Russia from the moment that Tsars as well as hierarchs realized that having their subjects go to confession could make them better citizens as well as better Christians. For three centuries, confession became a political tool, a devotional exercise, a means of education, and a literary genre. It defined who was Orthodox, and who was ‘other.’ From first encouraging Russian subjects to participate in confession to improve them and integrate them into a reforming Church and State, Church and state authorities working hand in hand turned to confession to integrate converts of other nationalities. But the sacrament was not only something that state and religious authorities sought to impose on an unwilling populace. Confession could provide an opportunity for carefully crafted complaint. What state and church authorities initially imagined as a way of controlling an unruly population could be used by the same population as a way of telling their own story, or simply getting time off to attend to their inner lives. This book brings Russia and Ukraine to the rich scholarly and popular literature on confession, penance, discipline, and gender in the modern world, and in doing so opens a key window onto church, state, and society. It brings together sources and discourses that are usually discussed separately. It draws on state laws, Synodal decrees, archives, manuscript repositories, and Consistories in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kyiv, and Kazan. It also uses clerical guides, sermons, saints’ lives, works of literature, and visual depictions of the sacrament in those books and on church iconostases. Russia, Ukraine, and Orthodox Christianity emerge both as part of the European, transatlantic religious continuum—and, in crucial ways, distinct from it.
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Harrison, Stephen J. Apuleius. Herausgegeben von Daniel S. Richter und William A. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199837472.013.22.
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This chapter considers the biography, literary career, and literary output of the second-century Platonizing Latin writer Apuleius, born in Roman North Africa in the 120s ce and recorded as active in Carthage and Africa Proconsularis in the late 150s and 160s. In particular, it examines the key features of his two most important surviving works, the Apologia or Pro Se De Magia, a forensic oration of self-defense against charges of magic and other offences, delivered in the late 150s in court at Sabathra, and the Metamorphoses or Golden Ass, a spectacular picaresque fiction concerning the adventures of the young Greek Lucius, who is metamorphosed into a donkey but later becomes an official in the cults of Isis and Osiris. It is shown overall that Apuleius’s literary profile matches those of contemporary Greek sophists and can be usefully described as sophistic.
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Arneil, Barbara. Foucault and Eugenics versus Domestic Colonialism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803423.003.0007.
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In Chapter 7, the author steps back from the empirical accounts of domestic colonies in the previous four chapters to engage in a comparative theoretical analysis of arguments advanced within contemporary scholarship to explain the rise of the colony model to manage various populations. Specifically, the author considers how domestic colonialism stacks up in comparison to the two leading explanations in the scholarly literature for labour and farm colonies, namely, Michel Foucault’s theory of disciplinary power with respect to colonies for the mentally ill and juvenile delinquents and eugenics with respect to farm colonies for the mentally disabled. The author examines and critiques Foucault’s various formulations of ‘colonization’ in his key published works, particularly his College of France lectures where he draws important links between ‘internal’ and ‘external’ colonization. Eugenics, the author argues, does not work chronologically nor substantively as the key causal explanation, since most eugenicists eventually reject the colony in favour of sterilization. The chapter concludes that domestic colonialism explains not only the explicit use of the term ‘colony’ by its proponents, but also the centrality of agrarian labour, targeting of idle and irrational populations, and the emphasis on both the economic and ethical benefits of this model over the asylums, prisons, or sterilization.
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Braithwaite, Jeffrey, und Liam Donaldson. Patient Safety and Quality. Herausgegeben von Ewan Ferlie, Kathleen Montgomery und Anne Reff Pedersen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198705109.013.16.
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Over the last 25 years we have learned how providers can fall short of their goals, and deliver care which is below expectations. In response, nations and the international community including the World Health Organization have developed strategies to tackle harm and improve the quality of care. Key approaches include strengthening management and leadership; designing improvement tools, models and approaches; enhancing teamwork, communication and local cultures; and leveraging opinion leaders and champions. A shift towards a systems perspective, factoring in the challenges of complexity and network characteristics, is evident. A safety-II approach, building on the naturally-occurring resilience of health systems, show much promise. But progress has been slow. We will need to be better at diffusing what we know works, scaling up localized, demonstrated successes, and supporting clinicians’ everyday capacities to succeed under varied conditions. Progress requires partnerships between politicians, policymakers, managers, clinicians, patients, researchers and other groups.
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Daugirdas, Kęstutis. The Biblical Hermeneutics of Philip van Limborch (1633–1712) and its Intellectual Challenges. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806837.003.0011.
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Two features characterize van Limborch’s biblical hermeneutics: insistence on the reliability of New Testament testimonies about the life of Jesus, and a reliance on human reason as a key to the biblical message. Stressing the historicity of the Bible, van Limborch continued the tradition of Remonstrant predecessors like Episcopius, Grotius, and de Courcelles. He developed these features in debates with Orobio, Lodewijk Meyer, Spinoza, and Cocceius. Maintaining divine inspiration, he allowed for minor anomalies in the text. Van Limborch adduced the extraordinary character of miracles, the predictions of what would come to pass through Christ, and the convincing promise of eternal life. The Christological meaning was nothing but a mystical layer added by the New Testament authors. Thus he undermined the traditional ahistorical exegesis that explains the Old Testament by applying a New Testament perspective. This chapter ends with the reception of Van Limborch’s exegetical works in Germany and England.
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Olfert, C. M. M. Practical Truth and New Pleasures. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190281007.003.0006.
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In Chapter 6, I argue that Aristotle’s notion of practical truth helps explain a key feature of character development: namely, the acquisition of excellent pleasures. Aristotle’s account of character development tells us that we can come to have new and better pleasures through a process of habituation. But how this is possible is difficult to explain. After all, habituation works by using our current experiences of pleasure and pain to improve our characters. How, then, can habituation improve and transform, and not merely reinforce, our original, non-excellent patterns of pleasure and pain? Building on my account of pleasures as bearers of practical-truth-values from Chapter 5, I argue that we can use our rational assessments of practical truth to influence the process of habituation and to transform our pleasures. In this way, a clear and convincing account of practical truth improves our understanding of Aristotle’s theory of ethical development.
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Telotte, J. P. Postscript. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190695262.003.0006.
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The postscript surveys a number of changes that can be found in the key SF memes and their treatment as animation moved into postwar film and television. It frames these alterations in terms of a question that is often asked about cartoons: whether they are simply harmless amusements or “instrumental” works that can motivate their audiences after the fashion that, many argue, the best SF literature does. The chapter chronicles a variety of postwar scientific and technological developments that would quickly appear in and become staples of both live-action and animated films, including rockets, robots, computers, and the space race. The popularity of these elements demonstrates the postwar persistence of the SF memes explored in the previous chapters and suggests how animation was working, much like SF literature, not only to familiarize audiences with the impact of science and technology, but also to make that impact less threatening and more acceptable to popular culture.
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Lutjeharms, Rembert. On Rasa. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827108.003.0004.
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A key concept in the Caitanya Vaiṣṇava theology of devotion is rasa. Chapter 3 explores Kavikarṇapūra’s understanding of rasa. The concept is first articulated by Bharata in the Nāṭya‐śāstra, the most influential treatise on dramaturgy. The earliest authors on rasa saw it as a heightened form of the main emotion of a literary work’s characters, but from the tenth century it is also used to explain the audience’s response to a work. Kavikarṇapūra draws on these concepts of rasa, and formulates a rasa theory that reinterprets the earlier authors (particularly Bhoja) through the ideas of the later authors (particularly Viśvanātha Kavirāja) and attempts to allow both views of rasa to function independently of each other, in the same poetics. This chapter also traces the origins of Kavikarṇapūra’s views on devotional rasa (bhakti‐rasa), through the works of Vopadeva, Hemādri, and his own guru Śrīnātha, and explores the way his theology influenced his views on rasa.