Zeitschriftenartikel: „Brownstone“

1

Lederman, Jacob. „Brownstone Brooklyn“. Sociological Forum 27, Nr. 4 (09.11.2012): 1048–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1573-7861.2012.01369.x.

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2

Guinness, Alison C. „Portland Brownstone“. Rocks & Minerals 71, Nr. 1 (Januar 1996): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1996.11761536.

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3

Wangler, Timothy, und George W. Scherer. „Clay swelling inhibition mechanism of α,ω-diaminoalkanes in Portland Brownstone“. Journal of Materials Research 24, Nr. 5 (Mai 2009): 1646–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0190.

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Many clay-bearing sedimentary stones such as Portland Brownstone will swell when exposed to water, and this can generate damaging stresses as differential strains evolve during a wetting cycle. Current swelling inhibitors, consisting of α,ω-diaminoalkanes, can reduce swelling in Portland Brownstone up to 50%. In this study, through x-ray diffraction and swelling strain experiments, we demonstrate that the α,ω-diaminoalkanes inhibit swelling by substituting for interlayer cations and partially hydrophobicizing the interlayer, then rehydrating on subsequent wetting cycles. We also introduce the copper (II) ethylenediamine complex as a potential treatment for swelling inhibition.

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4

Brown, Alison K. „War Paintings of the Tsuu T’ina Nation (Brownstone)“. Museum Anthropology Review 10, Nr. 2 (31.12.2016): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/mar.v10i2.21313.

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5

Benyaminov, Zoya Susan, Merins Sadiku und Mishka Stueber. „Re-Assessing the New York City Seismic Design Building Code“. Journal of Environment and Ecology 8, Nr. 1 (31.07.2017): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jee.v8i1.10940.

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This paper addresses the need for reassessment and revision of the New York City Seismic Design Building Code to include reinforcing existing structures that were built before 1995. Although earthquakes in New York City are rare, the combination of its geology and pedology allow for little damping and the lack of adequate reinforcement in existing structures have the potential to amplify the consequences of otherwise small events. The NYC Building Code of 1995 requires new structures to be designed against seismic activity, but does not require the addition of seismic reinforcement for existing buildings. In an effort to fill this gap, a case study of Brooklyn Brownstones is presented, illustrating the concern for unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings and describing the cultural and economic implications of reassessment. This case study, in combination with a literature review and commentary, supports the need for an updated seismic building code. Reassessment will not only preserve culturally significant structures like the Brooklyn Brownstone, but also provide standards for a more resilient infrastructure that will keep New York City operating through greater magnitude events.

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6

Zimmerman, Zora Devrnja. „Review: Island of Hope, Island of Tears by David M. Brownstone, Irene M. Franck, and Douglass L. Brownstone“. Explorations in Ethnic Studies ESS-7, Nr. 1 (01.08.1987): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ess.1987.7.1.6.

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7

Monaghan, John. „The Lienzo of Tlapiltepec: A Painted History from the Northern Mixteca (Brownstone, ed.)“. Museum Anthropology Review 9, Nr. 1-2 (15.06.2015): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/mar.v9i1-2.19212.

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This work is a book review considering the title The Lienzo of Tlapiltepec: A Painted History from the Northern Mixteca edited by Arni Brownstone with contributions by Nicholas Johnson and Bas van Doesburg. Forward by Elizabeth Hill Boone.

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8

April Spisak. „Salem Brownstone: All Along the Watchtowers (review)“. Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 64, Nr. 2 (2010): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2010.0131.

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9

Boyd, Therese. „The Conewago Chapel“. Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 90, Nr. 3 (2023): 380–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.90.3.0380.

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ABSTRACT In the 1600s Jesuit priests arrived in Maryland from England to start missions and spread the Catholic faith. Their work took root in Southcentral Pennsylvania with what would become known as the Conewago Chapel. From its beginnings in religious oppression and holding Mass in buildings that were not by law permitted to appear to be churches, with the efforts of many priests and parishioners through the years the Chapel is now an impressive brownstone church known as the Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.

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10

Bloom, Nicholas. „Spatial Regulation in New York City/The Invention of Brownstone Brooklyn“. Social History 38, Nr. 2 (Mai 2013): 271–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2013.787720.

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11

SLOBIN, MARK. „Constructed Melodies: Building the Score into the Set“. Journal of the Society for American Music 10, Nr. 2 (Mai 2016): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752196316000067.

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AbstractThe article introduces the topic of film music's relationship to the built environment of cinema. The discussion springboards from James Sanders's analysis of New York City sets, based on the architecture of selected movies (mostly from the 1930s and 40s), as presented in his Celluloid Skyline. The focus is on four locations: the brownstone façade, the working-class street, the enclosed courtyard, and the construction site. The argument is that two key components of American cinema's structure—music and architecture—are sometimes in direct dialogue, as composers and filmmakers both render New York ethnographically accurately and offer sometimes a mythic imagining of a particular place.

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12

Pierce, Christopher. „Three's a crowd: drawing, building and photography in the recent work of Diller Scofidio + Renfro“. Architectural Research Quarterly 12, Nr. 3-4 (Dezember 2008): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135508001164.

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This is a short tale of two competing institutions and two of their most celebrated figures. On one side is Cooper Union – that hulking Manhattan brownstone, an island on the intersection of Lafayette Street and the Bowery where Ricardo Scofidio (1935) silently honed his art of drawing like an angel. On the other is Princeton University, where his partner (and partner), Elizabeth Diller (1954) is often resident. Princeton sits in the heart of the New Jersey woods, literally and metaphorically, and despite its baronial coniferous presence, is most notable in architectural circles for its rhetorical rather than physical manufacture. Diller + Scofidio's is a marriage whose vicissitudes are etched all over their work.

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13

Krasovic, M. „The Invention of Brownstone Brooklyn: Gentrification and the Search for Authenticity in Postwar New York“. Journal of American History 98, Nr. 4 (19.02.2012): 1213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jar536.

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14

Petrus, Stephen. „The invention of brownstone Brooklyn: gentrification and the search for authenticity in postwar New York“. Planning Perspectives 27, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2012): 652–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2012.709072.

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15

Self, Robert. „Suleiman Osman. The Invention of Brownstone Brooklyn: Gentrification and the Search for Authenticity in Postwar New York.“ American Historical Review 117, Nr. 4 (21.09.2012): 1257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/117.4.1257.

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16

ROBERTS, PRISCILLA. „‘‘The Council has been your Creation'': Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Paradigm of the American Foreign Policy Establishment?“ Journal of American Studies 35, Nr. 1 (April 2001): 65–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875801006533.

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He was born in 1893 in the New York brownstone house near Washington Square where he lived all his adult life, a member of Edith Wharton's settled, circumscribed world of ordered privilege whose affluent, well-travelled, and sophisticated men and women traced their lineage back to the Founding Fathers and their principles to the American Revolution. His father was an artist who served as Consul General to Italy, and Armstrong was brought up in a milieu which took for granted the fact that there existed a world outside the United States. He died in 1973, as the United States finally withdrew from the Vietnam War, a conflict which deeply distressed him and shattered the foreign policy elite and its controlling consensus, whose creation had been a major part of his life's work. In an obituary notice Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., described him as “a New York gentleman of a vanishing school,” who “treated every one, old or young, famous or unknown, with the same generous courtesy and concern.”

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Freeman, Lance. „The Invention of Brownstone Brooklyn: Gentrification and the Search for Authenticity in Postwar New York by Suleiman Osman“. Journal of Urban Affairs 35, Nr. 2 (Mai 2013): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12018.

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18

Avitts, Ellen. „A Review of “The Invention of Brownstone Brooklyn: Gentrification and the Search for Authenticity in Postwar New York”“. History: Reviews of New Books 40, Nr. 3 (Juli 2012): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2012.669311.

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19

Esquivel, Alexis. „Alexis Esquivel (La Palma, Pinar del Río, Cuba, 1968)“. Perspectivas Afro 1, Nr. 2 (02.05.2022): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32997/pa-2022-3839.

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Artista plástico, ha desarrollado su obra a través de la pintura, la instalación, la performance y el vídeo, abordando de manera crítica diferentes perspectivas de larepresentación histórica de la sociedad, la problemática racial, la cultura y la política en Cuba. Sus trabajos se expusieron en museos de arte y galerías de España, New Orleans, Alemania, Canadá, Estados Unidos. Fue becado por la Fundación Carolina, el Art Museum de Pittsburgh, la Brownstone Foundation, de París (2011), entre otros. Obras suyas forman parte de importantes colecciones en instituciones públicas y privadas de diversas latitudes, tales como: el Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de la Habana; el Museo Jorge Pérez de Miami, Florida, E.U.A.; el Afro-Latin American Research Institute de La Universidad de Harvard; el Museo de Arte Smith College, MA, E.U.A..; la Fundación Shelley & Donald Rubin, NY, E.U.A.; la colección Cris & Marina von Christierson; la colección Howard & Patricia Farber, NY, E.U.A., la Fundación canaria para el desarrollo de la pintura, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, España; la colección Ofelia Martín y Javier Núñez, Arrecife, Lanzarote, España; entre otras destacadas colecciones de España, Estados Unidos, Francia, Inglaterra, Italia, México, etc.

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20

Breunig, Robert. „The Great Covid Panic: What Happened, Why and What to Do Next, by PaulFrijters, GigiFoster and MichaelBaker (Brownstone Institute, Austin, TX, 2021), pp. 261.“ Economic Record 97, Nr. 319 (Dezember 2021): 564–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4932.12644.

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21

Clerval, Anne. „Suleiman Osman, The Invention of Brownstone Brooklyn: Gentrification and the Search for Authenticity in Postwar New York.New York, Oxford University Press, 2011, 348 p.“ Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 68, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2013): 1206–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0395264900015419.

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22

Wilson, Christopher P. „Broadway Nights: John Reed and the City“. Prospects 13 (Oktober 1988): 273–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300005305.

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Not so very long after John Butler Yeats prophesied that “fiddles” would be “tuning up” throughout American intellectual life in the years before World War I, the private musings of John Reed strike another, less hopeful set of notes. The lament emerges in an unpublished tale Reed wrote in 1913 entitled “Success,” about a poet named Alan Meredith, age twenty-two, who, like Reed, has just come from the country to New York to answer his vocation. “The whirling star of Literature revolves in the Big City,” Reed explains. “By force of gravitation the minor bards sooner or later fall within its orbit, and nine out of ten emit no sparks from that time forth.” Alan's project is an epic poem tentatively entitled New York, A Poem in Twelve Cantos-but he gets nowhere beyond his title. “You see,” Reed writes, “he was making the same mistake as you and I, when we heard the voice [of the city] for the first time and tried to translate it without knowing the language.” Reed elaborates:A poet writes about the things nearest to his heart-the things he does not actually know. As soon as he gains scientific knowledge of anything, the glamour is gone, and it is not mere stuff for the imagination. The bard of green fields and blossoms and running brooks is always a city man, and he who sings the Lobster Palaces and White Lights lives in Greenwich, Conn. Never do the stars seem so beautiful as to him who looks up between brownstone houses on a breathless night; all the magic of the city lies in the glow of lights on the sky seen thirty miles away.

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23

Wilson, Christopher P. „Broadway Nights: John Reed and the City“. Prospects 13 (Oktober 1988): 273–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s036123330000675x.

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Not so very long after John Butler Yeats prophesied that “fiddles” would be “tuning up” throughout American intellectual life in the years before World War I, the private musings of John Reed strike another, less hopeful set of notes. The lament emerges in an unpublished tale Reed wrote in 1913 entitled “Success,” about a poet named Alan Meredith, age twenty-two, who, like Reed, has just come from the country to New York to answer his vocation. “The whirling star of Literature revolves in the Big City,” Reed explains. “By force of gravitation the minor bards sooner or later fall within its orbit, and nine out of ten emit no sparks from that time forth.” Alan's project is an epic poem tentatively entitled New York, A Poem in Twelve Cantos-but he gets nowhere beyond his title. “You see,” Reed writes, “he was making the same mistake as you and I, when we heard the voice [of the city] for the first time and tried to translate it without knowing the language.” Reed elaborates:A poet writes about the things nearest to his heart-the things he does not actually know. As soon as he gains scientific knowledge of anything, the glamour is gone, and it is not mere stuff for the imagination. The bard of green fields and blossoms and running brooks is always a city man, and he who sings the Lobster Palaces and White Lights lives in Greenwich, Conn. Never do the stars seem so beautiful as to him who looks up between brownstone houses on a breathless night; all the magic of the city lies in the glow of lights on the sky seen thirty miles away.

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Korenkov, Igor P., T. N. Lashchenova, N. K. Shandala, A. I. Ermakov und A. B. Mayzik. „ESTIMATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE DRY METHOD OF DECONTAMINATION OF SURFACE CONTAMINATION OF ALPHA-EMITTING-RADIONUCLIDES“. Hygiene and sanitation 98, Nr. 8 (28.10.2019): 878–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-8-878-884.

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The article describes the evaluation of the efficiency of using the technology of dry method of decontamination of α-radionuclides from working surfaces of premises for different materials, equipment and building structures. Materials and methods. Instruments for measuring of ambient dose equivalent rate (ADER) with a lower limit of 0.03 μSv/h. Specific activity of α-radionuclides in the samples was determined by radiometric, radiochemical and spectrometric methods using standard methods in the accredited laboratory. The measurements in situ were also carried out using the ISOCS «CANBERRA» mobile gamma-ray spectrometry system with high purity germanium detector and a collimator. Technological equipment included industrial vacuum cleaner with nozzles; high-pressure device; packing sets for RAW collection; HEPA filters; personal protective equipment. Results. Maps of spatial distribution of surface α-contamination in the building was constructed. We performed cluster analysis of data for zoning of contaminated surfaces. The decontamination factor for porous (brick, concrete), smooth (wood, brown tiles, laminate) and sticky (bitumen, mastic) surfaces was determined. Conclusion. The cluster analysis made it possible to identify 4 levels of surface α- and β- contamination, particles/cm2 ∙ min: zone I - for α- above 50, for β- above 10,000; zone II - for α- 5-50, for β- 2,000-10,000; zone III - for α- no more than 5, for β- 2000; zone IV - corresponds to the background values of the workspace surfaces. The dry decontamination method revealed a high content of fine dust aerosol fraction deposited in the lungs. To increase the efficiency of dust suppression, water aerosol with droplet size of 100 - 400 microns and quartz sand with particle size of 100-200 microns were sprayed at the rate of 200-400 g per 1 m2. The decontamination coefficient depends on the coating material and the level of surface contamination: concrete - 91 to 97.8%; brick - 85-86%, wood - 38.8-53%; brownstone tiles - up to 29%; mastic - 22-28%; bitumen - 15.9-20%. To protect the personnel, radiation-hygienic rationing of PM10 and PM2,5 content is necessary.

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25

Melton-Villanueva, Miriam. „The Colonial Era - The Lienzo de Tlapiltepec: A Painted History from the Northern Mixteca. Edited by Arni Brownstone . Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2015. Pp. xix, 181. $29.95 paper.“ Americas 74, Nr. 2 (April 2017): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2017.3.

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26

Cadge, Catie Anne. „Arni Brownstone, War Paint: Blackfoot and Sarcee Painted Buffalo Robes in the Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, Royal Ontario Museum, 1993, 128 pp., 38 colour, 18 black-and-white illus., $24.95 (paper)“. RACAR : Revue d'art canadienne 19, Nr. 1-2 (1992): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1072859ar.

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27

Kanji Hagiwara und Ryo Yoshida. „Importance of Brownstock Washing Process and Andritz Brownstock Washing Technology“. JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 72, Nr. 8 (2018): 892–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.72.892.

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28

Mundy, Barbara E. „Arni Brownstone, ed. The Lienzo of Tlapiltepec: A Painted History from the Northern Mixteca. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press and Royal Ontario Museum, 2015. xxiv+190 pp.; 98 color illustrations, notes, index. $29.95 (paper).“ Winterthur Portfolio 51, Nr. 1 (März 2017): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/694314.

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LOBO, LLOYD A., und TODD S. BOLTON. „Brownstock washing fundamentals: enhancing drainage through chemistry: Part 1“. TAPPI Journal 12, Nr. 2 (01.03.2013): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj12.2.69.

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Filtrate drainage during mat formation in a brownstock washer directly affects the washer’s productivity and indirectly affects its efficiency. In this paper, we demonstrate the role of entrained air on mat formation and filtration as they occur in brownstock washing. We further show how chemical treatments, such as defoamers and wash aids, and fiber surface chemistry influence air entrainment and thereby washer productivity and efficiency.

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KOPRA, RIKU, KIMMO KOIVULA und OLLI DAHL. „Optimization of a brownstock washing line“. February 2015 14, Nr. 2 (01.03.2015): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj14.2.83.

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The objective of this study was to improve the efficiency of a certain Scandinavian chemical pulp mill’s brownstock washing line. The information was collected by using online devices (a refractometer and a conductivity meter), and the whole line was controlled by an upper level control system. The results indicate that it is possible to reduce the amount of brownstock washing loss by controlling the dilution factor (DF) of the entire brownstock washing line, via the use of torque control of washers and real time wash loss measurements. Simultaneously, the amount of used wash water is decreased, thus significantly improving the economic efficiency of the fiber line, especially in the evaporation and bleaching plant. Real time dissolved dry solids (DDS) measurements proved useful for controlling and monitoring the wash loss and water consumption.

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MARSHALL, PAULE. „BLACK IMMIGRANT WOMEN IN BROWN GIRL, BROWNSTONES“. Center for Migration Studies special issues 7, Nr. 1 (Januar 1989): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2050-411x.1989.tb00979.x.

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32

Pettis, Joyce. „Qualities of Endurance: Paule Marshall'sBrown Girl, Brownstones“. Black Scholar 30, Nr. 2 (Juni 2000): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00064246.2000.11431086.

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Parry, Shirley C. „Female Sexuality and Community inBrown Girl, Brownstones“. Black Scholar 30, Nr. 2 (Juni 2000): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00064246.2000.11431090.

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Brown, Michael, und Peter W. Hart. „Understanding conductivity and soda loss“. February 2017 16, Nr. 02 (2017): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj16.2.65.

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For more than 40 years, conductivity has been the inline measurement of choice for inferring black liquor/soda losses from brownstock washing. If properly applied, conductivity can provide a benefit in tracking changes in black liquor filtrate concentration. The implied concentration changes in turn can be used to provide feedback for dilution factor or shower flow control on the last stage of a brownstock washing system. A further extrapolation of this application is the correlation (or lack of correlation) of conductivity to soda loss. For each type of conductivity-based application, there are fundamental principles and assumptions that must be understood and managed to achieve the expected outcomes. The fundamentals of conductivity, the application of conductivity to measure black liquor losses during brownstock washing, and laboratory considerations when attempting to correlate inline process conductivity to absolute sodium content are reviewed and investigated. Finally, the operational objectives and measurement alternatives for employing conductivity measurements are discussed.

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R. G. M. „I. M. Franck & D. M. Brownstone 1985. To the Ends of the Earth: The Great Travel and Trade Routes of Human History. xiv + 472 pp. Bicester: Facts on File Publications. Price £23.50. ISBN 0 87196 647 6.“ Geological Magazine 123, Nr. 2 (März 1986): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800029848.

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S. BOLTON, TODD, LLOYD A. LOBO, DANIEL NICHOLSON und ANDREW W. MCCLARY. „Brownstock washing fundamentals: Enhancing drainage through chemistry — Part 2“. March 2014 13, Nr. 3 (01.04.2014): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj13.3.55.

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The drainage of filtrates during mat formation in a brownstock washer directly impacts the washer’s productivity and indirectly affects its efficiency. In this paper, the role of entrained air on filtration through a formed mat during displacement as it occurs in brownstock washing was investigated. It was shown how chemical treatments, such as wash aids and fiber surface chemistry, influence air entrainment and, thereby, washer productivity and efficiency. By minimizing air entrained within a formed mat, displacement filtration rates and wash ratios were shown to improve. With this knowledge, washer operations can be improved through the design and selection of better treatments.

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Snajdr, Edward, und Shonna Trinch. „What the Brownstones Say: Surveying Place in Brooklyn“. Anthropology News 52, Nr. 3 (März 2011): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-3502.2011.52305.x.

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SPENCE, KELLEY, JARROD TUCKER und PETER W. HART. „Comparison of Various Hardwood Kraft Pulp Pre-Bleaching Techniques“. April 2009 8, Nr. 4 (01.05.2009): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj8.4.10.

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We examined five pre-bleaching methods with the same starting hardwood kraft brownstock pulp to determine their effects on reducing bleaching costs. Each pretreated pulp was subjected to a D(EP)D bleaching sequence. A D1 brightness curve as a function of the percent applied chlorine dioxide (ClO2) was obtained for each of these pre-bleaching methods and for a baseline pulp sample. For each of the pre-bleaching methods, we calculated the amount of ClO2 required to obtain D1 stage 79.1% ISO brightness and determined the net cost savings for each sequence. Pre-bleaching methods that produced a net savings in the D1 stage were also subjected to a four-stage bleaching sequence of D(EP)DD to 89%ISO brightness. We also determined net cost savings resulting from pretreat-ment of the fully bleached pulps. The methods examined were mild acid pretreatment, xylanase enzyme pre-bleach-ing, brownstock peroxide pretreatment, acidic brownstock peroxide treatment, and xylanase enzyme followed by acidic peroxide pretreatment. Enzyme pretreatment and small applications of acidic peroxide pretreatment resulted in net D1 stage cost savings at 79.1% ISO brightness. Only enzyme pretreatment resulted in a net savings at 89% ISO.

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Lisot, Elizabeth. „The Lienzo of Tlapiltepec: A Painted History from the Northern Mixteca, edited by Arni BrownstoneThe Lienzo of Tlapiltepec: A Painted History from the Northern Mixteca, edited by Arni Brownstone. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 2015. xxiv, 190 pp. $ 29.95 US (paper).“ Canadian Journal of History 52, Nr. 1 (März 2017): 166–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.ach.52.1.rev30.

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N. BROGDON, BRIAN. „Improved steady-state models for chlorine dioxide delignification sequences that include washer carryover effects“. February 2015 14, Nr. 2 (01.03.2015): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj14.2.93.

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In previous studies, generalized steady-state models were proposed to approximate the chlorine dioxide demand needed for the delignification of softwood and hardwood pulps, where the kappa number entering the bleach plant can fluctuate. However, these expressions neglect the effect of dissolved solids with the stock that originate from incomplete pulp washing. In this study, the original elemental chlorine-free (ECF) models are modified to include the effects of carryover from brownstock or post-oxygen washing. The stoichiometric bleach consumption from carryover, based on its composition, was calculated from various literature sources. The majority of the bleach demand (about 70%) results from the dissolved lignin contained in the brownstock carryover, with the remainder resulting from the inorganic sulfur constituents (e.g., sulfide and thiosulfate). When the effect of brownstock carryover was taken into account, the modified models accurately predicted the amount of chlorine dioxide consumed for a given delignification level (about ±0.1% chlorine dioxide) vs. actual bleach plant data. The improved models can be used to gauge the level of washer carryover entering the bleach plant if this parameter is not regularly monitored by the mill. Additionally, these modified expressions could be integrated into advanced process control strategies for ECF bleaching where the washer carryover or dissolved lignin entrainment is measured with online sensors.

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BROGDON, BRIAN. „Using bleaching stage models for benchmarking hardwood ECF bleach plants“. October 2023 22, Nr. 10 (01.11.2023): 652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj22.10.652.

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Steady-state models estimated the performance of the D0(EOP)D1 bleach sequence at two mixed hardwood bleach plants in the southern United States. At Mill 1, the full sequence’s chlorine dioxide charge that brightens the pulp to ~84% ISO was monitored for two weeks. Mill 2 considered the partial sequence that brightens the pulp to ~86% ISO for nearly four weeks. Elevated levels of chlorine dioxide were linked to increased washer carryover in brownstock and extraction areas. For Mills 1 and 2, an extra 0.24% and 0.33% chlorine dioxide was con- sumed in the D0 stage. This extra bleach demand was equivalent to an additional 4.8 and 5.5 kappa load to the brownstock, respectively. Some differences were observed for the D1 stage. Mill 1 had extraction carryover that averaged 1.1 units higher than was measured, contributing to use of an extra 0.22% of chlorine dioxide. Mill 2 had extraction carryover that averaged between 0 and 0.7 kappa units and consumed up to 0.13% more chlorine dioxide. Another data set from Mill 2 showed high brownstock and extraction carryover, leading to ~0.90% more total chlorine dioxide usage to brighten to 84% ISO. Overall, this investigation illustrated that the models could be employed as benchmarks.

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Japtok, Martin. „Paule Marshall's Brown Girl, Brownstones: Reconciling Ethnicity and Individualism“. African American Review 32, Nr. 2 (1998): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3042127.

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Moorthi, S. „The Womanhood Embraced by Paule Marshall in Brown Girl, Brownstones“. World Journal of English Language 13, Nr. 7 (16.08.2023): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v13n7p346.

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The present research highlights womanhood attributes and characteristics in Paule Marshall's first novel "Brown Girl, Brownstones". It analyzes the various women characters in the novel and sheds light on different attributes of womanhood in them. This is done through Selina's life experiences. The present research offers a female perspective on conflict, racism, grief, love, greed, and the bitter truth of discrimination under the lie of American inclusivity mentioned in the novel. It shows the journey of Selina from division to oneness towards her family, friends, and community, from being a girl to becoming a woman. The research talks about an environment depicted in the novel where all womanhood features sometimes coexist in peace while they conflict with each other in other instances.The research ends with the identification of the protagonist's characteristics as inferred from the novel. The identified characteristics are Assertiveness, Empathy, Imperfection, Power and Courage, Self-Esteem, and Confidence.

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B. SANTOS, RICARDO, und PETER W. HART. „Brownstock washing: A review of the literature“. January 2014 13, Nr. 1 (01.02.2014): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj13.1.9.

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Brownstock washing is a complex, dynamic process in which dirty wash water or weak black liquor (dissolved organic and inorganic material obtained from the pulp cooking process) is separated from pulp fibers. The use of material balance techniques is of great importance to identify potential problems and determine how well the system is operating. The kraft pulping industry was the first known to combine pulp washing with the recovery of materials used and produced in the wood cooking process. The motivation behind materials recovery is economic, and more recently, environmentally driven. The chemicals used in the kraft process are expensive as compared to those used in the sulfite process. For the kraft process to be economically viable, it is imperative that a very high percentage of the cooking chemicals be recovered. To reach such high efficiency, a variety of washing systems and monitoring parameters have been developed. Antifoam additives and processing aids have also played an important role in increasing washing effectiveness. Antifoam materials help attain washing effectiveness by preventing entrapped air from forming in the system, which allows for an easier, unimpeded flow of filtrate through the screens and washers.

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Hsieh, Paul, Chia-Ru Liu, Chun-Han Ko, Bing-Yuan Yang und Po-Heng Lin. „Effects of residual phenolic compounds on xylanase-assisted ClO2 bleaching of hardwood kraft pulp“. BioResources 16, Nr. 4 (20.10.2021): 8111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.8111-8124.

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In both pulping and bleaching processes, lignin in the pulp fiber is degraded into smaller molecules that need to be rinsed away. However, despite the installation of automatic washing equipment, the small phenolic compounds among other lignin degradation products can hardly be completely removed from the brownstock. Among the myriad of small phenolic compounds degrading from lignin, some are water-soluble and highly reactive with bleaching reagents. To understand the impact of residual phenolic compounds from black liquor on pulp bleaching, six monomeric phenolic model compounds were tested in this study. Catechol and vanillin showed inhibitory effects on xylanase activity, while catechol, vanillin, and guaiacol interfered with the delignification reaction in the chlorine dioxide (D) and alkaline extraction (E) stages of the bleaching sequence, thereby preserving the integrity of cellulose in the pulp. Because the efficiency of xylanase and bleaching reagents is hindered by the presence of these phenolic compounds, higher operational cost and more bleaching reagents are needed, which are incompatible with modern environmental policies in the world. Nonetheless, the presence of remaining soluble phenolic compounds in the brownstock can improve the bleaching selectivity important for the production of high-quality pulp with less-degraded cellulose chains.

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RIVERA, DIEGO F., MAX KLEIMAN-LYNCH, BRENT D. KELLER und STEPHEN F. FRAYNE. „Addressing production bottlenecks and brownstock washer optimization via a membrane concentration system“. July 2021 20, Nr. 7 (01.08.2021): 467–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj20.7.467.

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Advancements in membrane systems indicate that they will soon be robust enough to concentrate weak black liquor. To date, the economic impact of membrane systems on brownstock washing in kraft mills has not been studied and is necessary to understand the viability of these emerging systems and their best utilization. This study investigated the savings that a membrane system can generate related to brownstock washing. We found that evaporation costs are the primary barrier for mills seeking to increase wash water usage. Without these additional evaporation costs, we showed that our hypothetical 1000 tons/day bleached and brown pulp mills can achieve annual savings of over $1.0 MM when operating at higher dilution factors and fixed pulp production rate. We then investigated the impact of increasing pulp production on mills limited by their equipment. In washer-limited mill examples, we calculated that membrane systems can reduce the annual operating cost for a 7% production increase by 91%. Similarly, in evaporator-limited mill examples, membrane systems can reduce the annual operating cost for a 7% production increase by 86%. These results indicated that membrane systems make a production increase significantly more feasible for these equipment-limited mills.

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King, Rosamond S. „Sex as Rebellion: A Close Reading of Lucy and Brown Girl, Brownstones“. Journal of African American Studies 12, Nr. 4 (18.06.2008): 366–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12111-008-9049-2.

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SANTOS, RICARDO, und PETER HART. „Commissioning brownstock washing controls for an evaporator limited mill“. July 2016 15, Nr. 7 (01.08.2016): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj15.7.459.

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An automated shower water control system has been implemented to reduce the volume and variability of weak black liquor being sent from the pulp mill to the evaporators. The washing controls attempt to balance the need for consistent and low soda carryover to the bleach plant with consistently high weak black liquor solids being sent to the evaporators. The washer controls were implemented on two bleachable grade hardwood lines (one with oxygen delignification, one without oxygen delignification) and one pine line. Implementation of the control program resulted in an increase in black liquor solids of 0.6 percentage points for the hardwood lines. Significant foam reduction was realized on the pine line since the pine black liquor solids were able to be consistently maintained just below the soap separation point. Low black liquor solids excursions to the evaporators were eliminated. Bleach plant carryover was stabilized and no negative impact on chemical consumption was noticed when controlling weak black liquor solids to recovery.

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J. OGLESBY, ROBERT, HUMPHREY J. MOYNIHAN, RICARDO B. SANTOS, ASHOK GHOSH und PETER W. HART. „Does kraft hardwood and softwood pulp viscosity correlate to paper properties?“ October 2016 15, Nr. 10 (01.11.2016): 643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj15.10.643.

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The impact of commercially prepared, fully bleached pulp viscosity variation on handsheet physical properties was evaluated at different levels of pulp refining. Hardwood pulps from the same brownstock species mix, cooking parameters, and kappa numbers were processed through two different commercial bleach plants: one with a D0(EP)D1D2 sequence and the second with an OD0(EOP)D1 sequence. Additionally, a commercial softwood (predominately Scotts pine) brownstock pulp bleached by an OD0(EP)D1D2 sequence was employed in this study. Pulps with viscosities ranging from 14 to 21 mPa∙s were refined in a Valley beater to two freeness levels, and the associated handsheet physical properties were measured in this study. Over the pulp viscosity range of 14 to 21 mPa∙s, no clear correlation was found to exist between pulp viscosity and related paper physical properties. Finally, a series of laboratory prepared bleached pulps were purposely prepared under non-ideal conditions to reduce their final viscosities to lower values. Handsheets made from these pulps were tested in their unbeaten condition for physical strength properties. Significant and rapid strength loss occurred when the measured pulp viscosity dropped below 12 mPa∙s; overall strength properties showed no correlation to viscosity above the critical 12 mPa∙s value.

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Kimak, Izabella. „Brownstones with Stories to Tell: Houses in Jonathan Lethem’s The Fortress of Solitude“. Roczniki Humanistyczne 67, Nr. 11 (2019): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rh.2019.67.11-7.

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