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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Brick Kiln Industry“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Brick Kiln Industry"
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Purakayastha, Shiladitya. „Geo-Spatial Distribution and Comparative Assessment of Brick Kiln Industry: Appraisal on Kulpi Block in Diamond Harbour Sub-Division, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, Nr. 9 (30.09.2021): 1028–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38112.
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Abstract: Brick is one of the most important building materials and the demand of it is continuously rising for high increasing of population and the demand for settlement growth. Brick kilns in India are considered by traditional types of manufacturing and established as a significant industry in the unorganized sector. Percentage of female worker is more than male and in most of the cases total family be involved. Indian brick industry is the second biggest in the world after the China which provides livelihood. Among 9 Blocks of Diamond Harbour Sub-Division, Kulpi is the largest block based on number of brick kiln industry. Total brick kiln of the Sub division is 101. But Kulpi has 44 Brick Kilns (equal to 43.46%) covering an area of 60,000 Bigha or 80.3 Sq. Kms acquiring 25.83 % area of the Block itself. Author has attempted to observe the geo-spatial scenario and analysis of brick kiln industry of Kulpi block. Keywords: Locational Status, Brick Kiln Industry, Distribution, Comparison, Analysis, Kulpi Block
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Najar, Shabir, Wakar Zargar, Shazia Manzoor, Aadil Bashir und Bilal Khan. „Living conditions of informal workers: A sociological study of brick kiln workers in district Budgam of Kashmir valley“. Temida 24, Nr. 2 (2021): 217–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem2102217n.
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In India, the brick kiln industry is a huge industry employing millions of workers belonging to both rural and urban areas. Most workers in the brick kiln industry reside near the worksites in unhygienic and shabby homes, mainly made up of raw bricks. The present research was carried out on migrant workers who work in the brick kiln industry in District Budgam of Kashmir valley. It is a qualitative study carried out with the help of a focused group discussion with the workers. The study has revealed that all the workers are from Bihar and work in the brick kiln industry for six to seven months per year. All the respondents of the study with whom group discussion was done were illiterate. There are various problems associated with workers like health problems, lack of proper living space, the problem of child labour and lack of any social security support from the government. Workers in the brick kiln industry work under a very high-pressure workload especially during the peak season of construction. There is an urgent need on part of the government to frame some policies for the welfare and protection of migrant brick kiln workers. Further, employers should also provide safe living space and social security to workers.
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Rodrigues, Joao Brandao, Rebekah J. E. Sullivan, Andrew Judge, Stuart Lee Norris und Faith A. Burden. „Quantifying poor working equid welfare in Nepalese brick kilns using a welfare assessment tool“. Veterinary Record 187, Nr. 11 (28.10.2020): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.106135.
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BackgroundAcross Asia the brick-kiln industry is expanding. In Nepal, urban dwelling has increased in recent years, raising requirement for low-cost, mass produced bricks to meet the population needs. Working equids (WEs) play a key role in non-mechanised kilns. Assessing the welfare of these equids is the starting point to addressing concerns. In line with One Welfare principles, the health and welfare of animals, people and the kiln environment are interlinked.Materials and methodsIn December 2019, 119 WEs were assessed in seven brick kilns in three districts of Nepal, using the Equid Assessment Research and Scoping tool, developed by The Donkey Sanctuary. The objective was to measure welfare at the start of the brick kiln season.ResultsHorses were the predominant species of WE. Hazardous housing and environments were seen in all kilns. Behaviour responses were mixed. Owner responses and animal examination indicated poor working conditions. Signs of harmful practice were evident in most animals. The majority were underweight, with poor general health, skin alterations and musculoskeletal issues.ConclusionThe welfare of equids prior to starting brick kiln work is poor, posing significant concerns for the actual working period. Intervention to enhance health and welfare is required.
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DeWitt, Jessica D., Peter G. Chirico, Marissa A. Alessi und Kathleen M. Boston. „Remote Sensing Inventory and Geospatial Analysis of Brick Kilns and Clay Quarrying in Kabul, Afghanistan“. Minerals 11, Nr. 3 (11.03.2021): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11030296.
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Reconstruction and urban development in Kabul, Afghanistan, has prompted vast expansion of the clay quarrying and brick making industry. This study identified the extent and distribution of clay quarrying and brick kilns in the greater Kabul area between 1965 and 2018. Very high-resolution satellite imagery was interpreted to quantify and characterize the type, number, and location of brick kilns for 1965, 2004, 2011, and 2018. Geospatial analysis of kilns together with geologic data and the results of hyperspectral image analysis yielded information regarding the extent of relevant mineral resources. Finally, kernel density analysis of kiln locations for each date called attention to their shifting spatial distribution. The study found that the clay quarrying and brick making industry has expanded exponentially. The type of kilns has transitioned from artisanal style clamp kilns to small-scale Bull’s Trench Kilns (BTK), and ultimately to Fixed Chimney Bull’s Trench Kilns (FCBTK). While quarrying has occurred entirely within quaternary windblown loess and clay deposits, artisanal clamp kilns were located in fine sediments containing montmorillonite and FCBTKs have developed in sediments containing calcite and muscovite. The study’s inventory of kilns was then used to estimate kiln workforce at 27,500 workers and production at 1.579 billion bricks per year.
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Tusher, Tanmoy Roy, Zisan Ashraf und Shilpi Akter. „Health effects of brick kiln operations: A study on largest brick kiln cluster in Bangladesh“. South East Asia Journal of Public Health 8, Nr. 1 (17.07.2019): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v8i1.42270.
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Brick manufacturing industry is considered as one of the fastest-growing industrial sectors posing serious health hazards in most South East Asian countries like Bangladesh. A major portion of brick kilns in Bangladesh are located in and around the Dhaka, one of the world’s most densely populated cities, where the health effects of these brick kilns are obvious but yet not completely known. The study was thus performed based on a structured questionnaire survey to assess the health effects of brick kiln operations on kiln workers and local inhabitants at Baghiya of Konabari union in Gazipur near Dhaka of Bangladesh. A total of 100 randomly selected respondents (70 brick kiln workers and 30 local inhabitants) were surveyed. The results of the survey revealed that wood and coal are mostly used fuel for brick production in the study area. The respondents were suffering from skin disease (28%), headache (20%), eye irritation (10%), lung disease (8%), and respiratory diseases such as, asthma (20%), bronchitis (10%) and others (6%) problems, while skin diseases, asthma and other lung diseases were prevalent in workers, and eye irritation, headache and bronchitis were in inhabitants. Inhabitants (36%) who were living in surrounding areas of brick kilns for more than 20 years and workers (40%) who were residing for less than 5 years were suffering most from various diseases. Health education or awareness programs need to be organized since 77.1% and 63.3% of the workers and inhabitants, respectively, were never participated in any health education or awareness programs, and eco-friendly brick kilns should be installed maintaining the existing rules and regulations for minimizing the impacts of brick kiln operation induced air pollution in this respect.
South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.8(1) 2018: 32-36
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Aniyikaiye, Tolulope E., Joshua N. Edokpayi, John O. Odiyo und Stuart J. Piketh. „Traditional Brick Making, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts: A Case Study of Vhembe District, South Africa“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 19 (25.09.2021): 10659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910659.
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The brick making industry, despite its contribution to environmental pollution, plays a major role in the economic growth of South Africa, with the traditional technology accounting for a significant proportion of the total clay brick production. The aim of this study is to undertake a comprehensive description of the production phases of the traditional brick making sector in Vhembe district and how this contributes to air pollution. The study comprised a series of interviews and questionnaires of key role players from two small villages, Manini and Tshilungoma in the Vhembe district. In-situ observations of the production methods and phases were also undertaken between June and December 2019. The brick making production phases used in Vhembe district are excavation, preparation, moulding, drying and firing. An average estimate of 34,683 bricks is fired monthly per brick kiln in Vhembe district. Emissions from brick making organisations had resulted into several public health and environmental risks. To reduce environmental degradation, the incorporation of industrial and environmental wastes into brick making and the gradual transition to environmentally friendly technology such as Vertical Shaft brick kiln (VSBK) should be embraced. Thus, traditional brick making implemented with appropriate sustainable environmental technology has the potential to improve the socio-economic status of the brick makers.
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Bashir, Zain, Muhammad Amjad, Syed Farhan Raza, Shafiq Ahmad, Mali Abdollahian und Muhammad Farooq. „Investigating the Impact of Shifting the Brick Kiln Industry from Conventional to Zigzag Technology for a Sustainable Environment“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 10 (19.05.2023): 8291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15108291.
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The brick kiln industry is one of the largest and most highly unregulated industrial sectors in developing countries. Most of the kilns use low-quality coal as primary fuel along with small quantities of bagasse, rice husk, and wooden chips. As a result of inefficient methods of combustion in conventional brick kilns, such as fixed chimney Bull’s trench kilns (FCBTKs), harmful pollutants are emitted in high quantities, which ultimately deteriorate the environment and are widely in operation in Pakistan. The most prominent harmful pollutants include carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2), black carbon (BC), and particulate matter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5). Over the years, new technologies have been adopted by developed countries for the reduction of environmental burdens. One of these technologies is induced draught zigzag kilns (IDZKs), or zigzag kilns (ZZKs), technology, which effectively improves the combustion across the path of bricks stacked in a zigzag pattern. For the mass adoption of this technology, environmental assessment and comparison of both technologies is a crucial step. Both types of kiln sites are investigated for the analysis of their emissions and their environmental impact in this work. Carbon mass balance equations are used for the calculation of emission factors. Collected inventory data is then used for the life cycle assessment of both types of kilns using open LCA (version 1.10.3) and the Eco-invent database. According to the study, ZZK technology outperforms FCBTK in all aspects. The analysis of the specific energy consumption (SEC) of fired bricks for each kiln type reveals that ZZKs require 30% less energy than the conventional FCBTK. This implies that ZZKs demand lesser fuel than FCBTKs. The zigzag technology adoption scenario, in particular, can lead to approximately 30% lower CO2 emissions, which can be further reduced by up to 80% when taking into account black carbon (BC) emissions. Additionally, the adoption of zigzag technology can result in a 35% decrease in PM2.5 emissions. The study shows that adopting ZZK technology significantly reduces impact categories, such as particulate matter formation (PMF), photochemical oxidant formation (POF), and terrestrial acidification (TA) by 63%, 93%, and 95%, respectively.
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David, Mehwish, Naheed Tur und Sarwat Jahan. „Evaluation of Genotoxicity Caused by Heavy Metals Emitted from Brick Kiln among Children in Brick Kiln Industry“. Acta Scientific Paediatrics 2, Nr. 8 (30.07.2019): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/aspe.2019.02.0116.
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Mishra, Mahima. „India's Brick Kiln Industry: Broadening the Wall of Caste and Gender Difference“. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 13, Nr. 1 (05.01.2024): 956–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr24109115502.
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GOROG, J. PETER, JAMES G. HEMRICK, HARALD A. WALTER, W. RAY LEARY und MURRAY ELLIS. „Design of refractory linings for balanced energy efficiency, uptime, and capacity in lime kilns“. February 2015 14, Nr. 2 (01.03.2015): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj14.2.141.
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In this work a computer model is used to examine how refractory linings with both high alumina and basic refractory bricks affect kiln operations. Recommendations are made based on the results to aid mill personnel in designing optimized refractory linings for specific situations. Kilns used to regenerate lime in the kraft process are highly energy intensive. Throughout the 1990s, in response to increasing fuel prices, the pulp and paper industry primarily used backup insulation in conjunction with high alumina brick to line calcining zones of their kilns. The dramatic decline in price of natural gas over the past decade, in combination with mounting pressures to increase production of existing assets, has led many mills to focus more on increasing uptime and capacity rather than on energy savings. To this end, a growing number of mills are using basic (magnesia based) brick instead of high alumina brick to line calcining zones. While the use of basic brick can increase the uptime and reduce the cost to maintain the refractory lining, it can dramatically increase the shell temperatures and heat losses. Tradeoffs, therefore, are created among energy efficiency, capacity, and uptime.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Brick Kiln Industry"
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Akinshipe, Oladapo Bola. „Atmospheric Emissions and Energy Metrics from Simulated Clamp Kiln Technology in the South African Clay Brick Industry“. Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/64366.
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The quantification of atmospheric emissions from clamp kilns in the clay brick industry has met with limited success globally. The complex configuration of clamp kilns using coal or other carbonaceous fuels, as well as the uncertainty regarding kiln combustion conditions, has proven to be a hurdle in measurement of emissions and standardization of clamp kiln conditions.
To enable measurement and quantification of emission and energy metrics, a model kiln was designed to simulate operating conditions and configuration similar to a transverse slice of a typical full-scale clamp kiln, but with a lower capacity (20 000 – 35 000 bricks per firing cycle). The model kiln design ensures the adequate confinement and extraction of flue gases with the aid of a bifurcated fan forcing the draft through a horizontal extraction stack where monitoring occurs. The model kiln design, which comprise two adjacent sealed sides and two partially enclosing and sliding galvanized steel doors, provides adequate spacing for ‘packing’ and ‘un-packing’ of bricks and sufficient oxygen for combustion, while still ensuring minimum losses of emission via the semi-enclosed sides.
Concurrent firing and hourly monitoring of flue gases in the flue duct was conducted for fourteen batches of bricks over 8 – 14 days using varying brick products and energy inputs from eleven South African brick factories that utilizes clamp kiln as firing technology. The model kiln was tested for its suitability in firing bricks that are similar to conventional South African clamp kilns, as well as its effectiveness in the capturing and channelling of flue gases through to the stack vent where monitoring of the flue gases took place. Hourly readings are recorded for process parameters, SO2, NOx, NO, NO2, CO and particulate matter (PM) concentrations in the extraction stack. PM size-segregated mass measurement was conducted to produce PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10, and PM15 fractions. SO2 monitoring results were also compared to mass balance calculations, using the analysis of sulfur in the coal to indicate that the model kiln design is effective in capturing emissions and standardizing emission factors, as well as providing an effective energy analysis tool for clamp kilns.
A statistical mean efficiency for the model kiln emissions capturing and channelling capacity was calculated from sulfur mass balance results of the batches that lie within 95% confidence interval of the assumed true mean (100%) to give 84.2%. Therefore, 15.8% of emissions were considered to escape from underneath the semi-enclosed sides. Final emission factors (mean ± standard deviation) were quantified as 22.5 ± 18.8 g/brick for CO, 0.14 ± 0.1 g/brick for NO, 0.0 g/brick for NO2, 0.14 ± 0.1 g/brick for NOx, 1.07 ± 0.7 g/brick for SO2, 378 ± 223 g/brick for CO2, 0.96 ± 0.5 g/brick for PM10; as well as 1.53 g/brick for hydrocarbons (calibrated to propane emissions) and 0.96 g/brick for PM15, PM4, PM2.5 and PM1. Various kiln technologies were ranked from lowest to highest potential for atmospheric pollution based on available emission metrics as follows: Zig-zag < Vertical shaft < South African Clamps < US coal-fired < Fixed chimney Bull’s trench < Tunnel < Asia Clamps < Down draft < Bull’s trench.
Energy analyses indicate that a significant reduction of 0.9 MJ/kg (36%) in energy use could be achieved by the South African clamp kiln industry, thereby reducing cost of input, and significantly reducing the quantity of atmospheric emissions.
In addition, chemical reactions and thermodynamic processes occurring in the firing chamber of brick kilns were qualitatively linked to the amount and type of pollutant emissions released at different periods during a firing cycle. The sensitivity of brick kiln emission concentrations and process metrics to these reactions and processes was utilized to proffer emission control measures. These measures are aimed at reducing energy consumption; improving the clay material processing and drying technique; monitoring chemical constituents of input materials in order to eliminate less favourable options; monitoring firing temperature to modify firing process; as well as altering the combustion and firing process in order to favour chemical and thermodynamic processes that will result in the release of lower emissions.
Screening dispersion modelling results was additionally employed in recommending the extent of impact zones from the clamp kiln area for small kilns (500 m), medium kilns (1000 m) and large kilns (2000 m).
A general reduction in most pollutant emissions was observed when the external fuel (coal) was replaced with a locally available alternative, propane gas. CO, CO2, NOx/NO and PM10 indicated 87%, 7%, 41% and 10% reduction in emissions respectively, during propane gas firing. SO2 emission, however, indicated a 19% increase, which may be attributed to lower energy consumption that alters the complex thermodynamic reactions in the model kiln. Only CO and NOx/NO emissions provided significant reduction in emission rates to support the notion that substituting the external coal with propane gas will result in significant reduction in atmospheric emissions. PM10 and CO2 emission rate do not provide significant reduction to validate this notion, while SO2 emission rate analysis is inconclusive and may require further research.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
Clay Brick Association of South Africa
Energy Efficient Clay Bricks
National Research Foundation
Chemical Engineering
PhD
Unrestricted
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Nazrul, Islam. „Socio-economic and environmental impact of Brick Kiln industry in Tufanganj block-I of Koch Bihar district, West Bengal-A geographical analysis“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2017. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/2636.
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Chiang, Te-Yuan, und 蔣德元. „The optimal research of the dust pollution control of the brick-kiln industry“. Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16228895387238531365.
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碩士元智大學
機械工程研究所
88
Now it is the trend that the consciousness to environment protection is going upward worldwidely, same to Taiwan. In general, industries allocate in a huge budget for the environment protection, but lacking of the concepts of pollution prevention and technical information, the equipments and anticipated results are not harmonized and industries are still protested by people and disposaled by EPA. According to our observation research, the brick-kiln industry focuses on producing bricks for the most part in general. Also there are a lot of important changes between past and current building construction methods recently. Nevertheless, the requirement of bricks and tiles is still the same when buildings are constructed in great amount. Most industrialists are medium and small businesses, and production values and quantities are hardly to reach the economic scalibilties Because of the rising of consciousness to environment protection, the product manufacturing in Ba-gua kiln(an eight-angle kiln) are weeded out and changed to manufacture product in tunnel kiln. The fuels are coal and heavy oil and they will cause a great amount of air pollution. Moreover, dusts are created by the manufacturing process will contaminate the surroundings nearby. For solving this problem, this article investigates the current the air pollution prevention devices for the brick-kiln industry, focusing on the whole operation process of the factory, understanding the operation condition actually, progressing on the improvement of the production process and testing. According to the test data we obtained and refer to the literatures, we try to induce the best and optimal feasible solutions.
Bücher zum Thema "Brick Kiln Industry"
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Fired earth: Bricks, kilns, and workers in Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu: Himal Books, 2013.
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Bricks of burden: Women in brick kiln industry in Barak Valley, Assam. New Delhi: Manak Publications, 2011.
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Brick-by-brick: A study on situation of migrant brick Kiln workers from Kotra. Udaipur: Aajeevika Bureau, 2007.
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Solid foundations, solid contributions: Women in the brick kiln industry. Lahore: ASR, 1989.
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Report on the working and living conditions of workers in brick kiln industry in Punjab, 1983. Chandigarh: Govt. of India, Ministry of Labour & Rehabilitation, Dept. of Labour, Labour Bureau, 1986.
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Kundu, Amar, und Gaur G. Ray. „Design Intervention Direction for Brick Kiln Industry Based on Ergonomic Study“. In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1249–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96071-5_126.
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Bhukuth, Augendra, und Jérôme Ballet. „Family Strategies for Children Working in the Brick Kiln Industry: The Case of Southeast India“. In Child Exploitation in the Global South, 37–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91177-9_3.
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Sengupta, Tathagata, und G. Vijay. „The Uncivil and De-institutionalizing Labor Relations of Accumulation Through Disuse: The Case of the Brick Kiln Industry in Telangana“. In Rural Labour Mobility in Times of Structural Transformation, 327–45. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5628-4_14.
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Kurian, Rachel. „Industrial Clusters and Labour in Rural Areas: The Brick Kiln Industry in Three States“. In Indian Industrial Clusters, 55–68. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315252438-4.
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Hodgkinson, Anna K. „The Workshop as a Microcosm: Workshops and Factories in Urban Settlements“. In Technology and Urbanism in Late Bronze Age Egypt. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803591.003.0014.
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The previous chapters used object data to detect distribution patterns in the artefactual evidence of a series of industries in order to identify areas of high activity and new workshops. Furthermore, they discussed the locations and physical relationships between workshops and other industrial areas in order to understand their role in the settlement’s infrastructure. By contrast, this chapter presents and discusses two case-studies from Amarna and Gurob to describe the various features often found inside a workshop or factory, showcasing the functionality and organization of specialized, high-temperature workshops, and associated firing structures in an urban environment. The case-studies include the glass, faience, metal, and pottery workshop O45.1 in the Main City North Amarna, excavated by Paul Nicholson and team in the 1990s. At Gurob, an industrial area was published by Brunton and Engelbach in 1927, which was partly re-excavated by the author and named IA1. The results of this excavation, together with the finds corpus, are compared to those from O45.1, as kilns and pottery production areas were found. Site O45.1 is located at the extreme north-western end of the Main City North, towards the southern edge of the Central City, south of the Small Aten Temple, and directly to the south of the modern water tower at Amarna. The excavated site, which measures 325m², has yielded much artefactual as well as structural evidence of glass processing, including glassmaking, faience production, and metal-working. It lies in the vicinity of the area examined by Petrie in the 1890s and described by him as an area of moulds, but during the work at O45.1 no traces were found of this area having previously been excavated. Many of Petrie’s finds relating to the glass-industry also came from the palace waste heaps, only a very small number coming from the palace itself. The largest portion of evidence was not contexted, as it had been found and brought to Petrie by local children from sites around Amarna. Thus, site O45.1 is not the only possible location of Petrie’s glass manufactories. The workshop is surrounded by a series of mud-brick walls forming an open courtyard, a common phenomenon in New Kingdom Egypt.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Brick Kiln Industry"
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Salemović, Duško, Matilda Lazić, Aleksandar Dedić und Dragan Halas. „Calculation of the consumption of natural gas as a fuel for the baking process of brick products in an industrial tunnel furnace“. In 36th International Congress on process engineering. SMEITS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/ptk.023.237.
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In this paper, the consumption of natural gas as a fuel for the process of baking of brick products in the burner of an industrial tunnel furnace, which commercial works in domestic company of the brick industry, was calculated. Natural gas with a predetermined composition is used as fuel for the operation of the tunnel furnace burner, that is, for the production of heat for heating and baking brick products. Natural gas is burned in the tunnel kiln burner. The parameters of the combustion process significantly influence the working conditions of the tunnel furnace and predetermine the quality of the brick products. The composition of the combustion products of natural gas with air was calculated; as well as the minimum required volume of air for complete fuel combustion in terms of the basic operating parameters of the tunnel furnace. Actual air temperatures at the entrance to the burner for natural gas combustion (in the tunnel furnace) were calculated based on the heat balance of the combustion process in the burner. As necessary, input variables for the calculation performed in this paper, the design data for the observed tunnel furnace and the corresponding physical sizes on the observed operating conditions of that tunnel furnace were used. The volume flow of natural gas through the burner was calculated from the equation of the general heat balance of heating and firing of brick products, set for the tunnel kiln. For the calculations, the corresponding physical sizes of the participants in the combustion process were used. The obtained value of natural gas consumption per unit mass of baked brick can be used as a basis for: quality determination of the industry process, the techno-economic analysis of the process of baking brick products in the existing tunnel kiln and at the same way to optimize the operation of the tunnel furnace.
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Cha´vez, Rosa H., Javier de J. Guadarrama, Leticia Carapia und Abel Herna´ndez-Guerrero. „Energy Savings and Pollution Reduction by Coupling a Three-Kiln Brick Production System for the Construction Industry“. In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60292.
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Atmospheric pollution is one of the most important environmental problems, becoming a phenomenon that could reach levels of serious consequences with irreversible environmental impacts. In Mexico, like in several other countries, brick makers carry out brick production by burning mixtures of different heavy fuels. Because of the wide variety of fuels used it is necessary to determine what types of residual gases are generated, in order to propose remedial treatments in production or to introduce substitution technologies. These preventive actions need to be put in place in order to comply with the Ecological Balance and Environment Protection General Law. Brick kilns emit pollutant gases and particles that remain in the air causing a serious health hazard to the near-factory residents. Amongst these pollutants are carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides (SOx) and hydrocarbons. This paper presents the results of the analysis of a novel 3-kilns coupled system. This experimental analysis includes the determination of the combustion products for gases and particulate matter generated from the burning of the heavy fuels using Gas Chromatography and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Field data also allowed the determination of energy savings for this system, mainly due to the reduction of the consumption of fuel. Fortunately these results show a combined 30% energy savings and a reduction of pollutants and particle emissions.
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Arbain, Ardhi Adhary, und Ryoichi Imasu. „Estimating PM2.5 Emission from Brick Kiln Industry Over Northern India With Numerical Model And Remote Sensing Observation“. In IGARSS 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2019.8899265.
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Esteves, Diogo, Cândida Vilarinho, Manuel Eduardo Ferreira, Joana Carvalho, Jorge Araújo und José Teixeira. „Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Biomass Based Ceramic Plant“. In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88046.
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The manufacture of relatively low commercial value ceramic products for construction is an energy intensive industry. It is important to improve and optimize the energy equation of the plant operation while simultaneously introducing renewable primary energy sources for the heat supply. The present paper concerns the analysis of the energy usage in a brick plant. This unit operates continuously on a 3 shift schedule. The overall annual production of five types of bricks is over 62 kton and the main energy consumption unit is the furnace. For this unit, the thermal load is supplied mainly by biomass coupled with fuel oil (80%–20% split, respectively) which yield a maximum temperature of 950 °C. The process is controlled by adjusting the air mixing in the kiln. A secondary furnace provides the heat for a rotating dryer for biomass drying which is supplied to the main furnace. The fuel is a mixture of various sources and its characteristics were determined by means of an elemental analysis, ash content and the measurement of the heat value. Measurements of mass fluxes along with the operating temperature on critical elements of the plant and chemical composition of the flue gases were used to calculate the energy balances to the plant. Because of the diversity of the product mix the production was normalized using the mass/surface area ratio of the various types of bricks. From the results, the energy intensity is 44 kg of oil equivalent per ton. The exergy analysis of the plant shows that most of the energy degradation occurs in the kiln. The analysis also enabled to assess the influence of the replacing fossil fuel by biomass on the increase of exergy efficiency of the plant.
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Hamilton, Ian S., Donald A. Halter, Donald F. Haumann, Erich H. Fruchtnicht und Matthew G. Arno. „Characterization of NORM Sources in Petroleum Coke Calcining Processes“. In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16314.
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Petroleum coke, or “petcoke,” is a waste by-product of the oil refining industry. The majority of petcoke consumption is in energy applications; catalyst coke is used as refinery fuel, anode coke for electricity conduction, and marketable coke for heating cement kilns. Roskill has predicted that long-term growth in petroleum coke production will be maintained, and may continue to increase slightly through 2012. Petcoke must first be calcined to drive off any undesirable petroleum by-products that would shorten the coke product-life cycle. As an example, the calcining process can take place in large, rotary kilns heated to maximum temperatures as high as approximately 1400–1540°C. The kilns and combustion/settling chambers, as well as some cooler units, are insulated with refractory bricks and other, interstitial materials, e.g., castable refractory materials, to improve the efficiency of the calcining process. The bricks are typically made of 70–85-percent bauxite, and are slowly worn away by the calcining process; bricks used to line the combustion chambers wear away, as well, but at a slower rate. It has been recognized that the refractory materials contain slight amounts of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) from the uranium- and thorium-decay series. Similarly, low levels of NORM could be present in the petcoke feed stock given the nature of its origin. Neither the petcoke nor the refractory bricks represent appreciable sources of radiation or radioactive waste. However, some of the demolished bricks that have been removed from service because of the aforementioned wearing process have caused portal alarms to activate at municipal disposal facilities. This has lead to the current investigation into whether there is a NORM concentrating mechanism facilitated by the presence of the slightly radioactive feed stock in the presence of the slightly radioactive refractory materials, at calcining-zone temperatures. Research conducted to date has been used to determine the speciation and concentration of nuclides in both the feed stock and the various refractory materials, as well as the slag that forms at the interface of the two materials, as a function of temperature. Further investigation into any potential for generation of a NORM hazard as a result of refractory demolition has been conducted. Aerosol generation (mass loading), particle size distribution, and pulmonary solubility class have been investigated as a function of demolition-task description. In addition, external radiation levels in the kilns, chambers and waste piles, as a function of temperature profile and brick/operating history have been investigated.
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Aung, Theint. „Myinkaba village Bagan: The Resilience of Traditional Knowledge and Culture | ပုဂံမြင်းကပါ (သို့) ယဉ်ကျေးမှု ဓလေ့ရိုးရာအသိပညာ၏ ကြံ့ကြံ့ခံနိုင်စွမ်း“. In The SEAMEO SPAFA International Conference on Southeast Asian Archaeology and Fine Arts (SPAFACON2021). SEAMEO SPAFA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26721/spafa.pqcnu8815a-21.
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The distinct traditional knowledge and culture of Myinkaba (ancient Anuradha) village at Bagan is closely linked to its port location and ecology on the Ayeyarwaddy River. Myinkaba has smelting and production evidence from the first millennium CE in seven glass/glaze kilns, with beads traded along the river. Beads, potsherds and finger-marked bricks suggest it may be one of the earliest villages of Bagan. Its historical architecture includes the rare Nanphaya sandstone temple with images of Brahma. Other significant traits of Myinkaba include the large seasonal lake or inn gyi, silica-rich sand deposits and bamboo. Particular bamboo species are used in Myinkaba’s lacquer industry with bamboo also essential for making mats, house sidings and baskets. The traditional knowledge of the lacquer arts, bamboo crafts, crop and water management, and paper puppet making and cultivation are passed on through apprenticeship informed by knowledge of the local environment. While the absence of tourists during the Covid-19 period has brought much lacquer production to a standstill, making vessels for local religious and domestic uses has continued. The bamboo products and trade market has stayed stable with local workshop owners providing free food and half-wages to the labours. Active pagodas have been secure with the donation from pilgrims and online gifting. As part of the UNESCO World Heritage site, the ancient remains are preserved by the Department of Archaeology but as this paper describes, this works together with community protection of traditional knowledge. The social identity as Myinkaba natives, the unique local and natural resources, have supported local pride and resilience for more than a thousand years.