Thematische Bibliographien / Black Hills Expedition of 1874

Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Black Hills Expedition of 1874“

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Veröffentlicht am 27. Juli 2024
Zuletzt aktualisiert am 28. Juli 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Black Hills Expedition of 1874"

1

Morey, G. „Newton Horace Winchell, The George Armstrong Custer Expedition of 1874, and the "Discovery" of Gold in the Black Hills, Dakota Territory, U.S.A.“ Earth Sciences History 18, Nr. 1 (01.01.1999): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.18.1.t0281688171970mk.

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Rumors circulated for years about the fabulous wealth to be found in the Black Hills, an area in Dakota Territory, U.S.A., ceded to the Sioux Nation in 1868. Although the Sioux Nation was determined to keep all outsiders out, the U.S. government decided to send an expedition into the hills during the summer of 1874, partly to map them for military purposes and partly to quell rumors about gold and other economic commodities. The expedition was led by Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer (1839-1876) of the U.S. Seventh Cavalry. Newton Horace Winchell (1839-1914), director of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, was invited to join as chief geologist. His official reason for participating was to collect geologic specimens together with skins of animals for a newly formed Museum of Natural History. Prospectors also accompanying the expedition purportedly found gold at several places. Their finds were described in official dispatches written by Custer and in unofficial accounts prepared by newspaper reporters accompanying the expedition. Upon his return from the field, Custer emphasised the discoveries and their economic potential. At about the same time Winchell told reporters that the reports and the newspaper accounts were greatly exaggerated and that he had personally seen no trace of gold. Controversy continued over the next several months, mainly in the newspapers. In late 1874, Custer suggested that Winchell never saw gold because he never looked for it. Custer's view prevailed as pressure mounted to open the Black Hills to exploration. In the summer of 1875, the government sent a second expedition to the hills primarily to resolve the differing views of Custer and Winchell. That expedition found considerable evidence for economic quantities of gold, an act that further inflamed the Sioux. Consequently, many fled the reservation for parts of Montana and in January 1876 the Army was ordered to force the Native Americans back onto the reservation. That campaign led to the Battle of the Little Big Horn and to the death of Custer and his Seventh Cavalry on 21 June 1876. Although Winchell continued to serve as Minnesota State Geologist for 28 years and lived until 1914, he never again mentioned his role in the discovery of gold in the Black Hills.
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2

Oberly, James W., und Richmond L. Clow. „Chasing the Glitter: Black Hills Milling, 1874-1959“. Western Historical Quarterly 34, Nr. 3 (01.10.2003): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25047333.

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3

Brown, PM, und CH Sieg. „Fire History in Interior Ponderosa Pine Communities of the Black Hills, South Dakota, USA“. International Journal of Wildland Fire 6, Nr. 3 (1996): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9960097.

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Chronologies of fire events were reconstructed from crossdated fire-scarred ponderosa pine trees for four sites in the south-central Black Hills. Compared to other ponderosa pine forests in the southwest US or southern Rocky Mountains, these communities burned less frequently. For all sites combined, and using all fires detected, the mean fire interval (MFI), or number of years between fire years, was 16 years (± 14 SD) for the period 1388 to 1900. When a yearly minimum percentage of trees recording scars of ≥ 25% is imposed, the MFI was 20 years (± 14 SD). The length of the most recent fire-free period (104 years, from 1890 to 1994) exceeds the longest intervals in the pre-settlement era (before ca. 1874), and is likely the result of human-induced land use changes. Based on fire scar position within annual rings, most past fires occurred late in the growing season or after growth had ceased for the year. These findings have important implications for management of ponderosa pine forests in the Black Hills and for understanding the role of fire in pre-settlement ecosystem function.
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Barr, William. „Aleksandr Lavrent'yevich Chekanovskiy, Pioneer Geologist and Explorer of North Central Siberia, 1873-76“. Earth Sciences History 10, Nr. 2 (01.01.1991): 106–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.10.2.h862g62033j5215w.

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Aleksandr Lavrent'yevich Chekanovskiy, a Pole by nationality, who had studied geology at the universities of Kiev and Derpt (Tartu), was exiled to Siberia for his participation in the uprisings in Kiev in 1863. Through the intercession of his colleague Friedrich Schmidt, his sentence to hard labour at Padun was repealed in 1868 and he was allowed to move to Irkutsk where he was employed by the Siberian Branch of the Russian Imperial Geographical Society. Over the next few years he carried out extremely valuable geological surveys in the areas around Irkutsk and Ozero Baykal. Probably his major contribution during this phase of his career in terms of paleobotany was the discovery of a new genus of gingkos, namely Czekanowskia Heer. With the support of the Geographical Society Chekanovskiy next mounted two very important exploring expeditions which focussed on the enormous and largely unknown area of north East Siberia lying between the Yenisey and Lena Rivers. Apart from geographical exploration he and his colleagues also made extensive studies and assembled impressive geological, botanical, and entomological collections. On the first expedition, in the spring and summer of 1873, Chekanovskiy travelled the full length of the Nizhnaya Tunguska River by boat. On the second expedition, which lasted throughout the whole of 1874, he travelled down the Olenek by raft, then explored the lower reaches of the river valley by reindeer sledge. He returned to Irkutsk by sledge in winter. Immediately thereafter, in the spring of 1875, he mounted a private expedition, travelling the full length of the Lena by boat and returning to the mouth of the Olenek to complete his geological and botanical work in that area; he then again returned to Irkutsk in winter. Shortly thereafter, in March 1876, Chekanovskiy's sentence of exile was repealed and he moved west to St. Petersburg. Apparently depressed by opposition to his plans for yet another northern expedition, to the basins of the Anabar and Khatanga, he committed suicide in October 1876. His vast contribution to the knowledge of the geography, geology, botany, entomology, and ethnography of this vast area of northern Siberia, assembled during a remarkably intensive series of expeditions, has been recognized, if only to a minor degree, by the commemoration of his name in that of the Kryazh Chekanovskogo, the range of hills west of the mouth of the Lena, which he explored.
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5

Petrosyan, Levon, Hamazasp Khachatryan und Larisa Yeganyan. „Excavations at Maisyan (2014)“. ARAMAZD: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 13, Nr. 2 (01.01.2019): 120–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/ajnes.v13i2.965.

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Due to salvage actions realised in 2014 by the united expedition of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography and the Regional Museum of Shirak in the administrative district of the village Maisyan (Shirak region), six cist graves and one barrow were studied. The barrow has a cromlech of 14 m diameter, which is built of black stones and repeatedly reinforced using white limestone brought from the nearest hills. In one of two pit-graves opened under the barrow, the skeleton of the deceased was found with three vessels; in the other only vessels were present. Surely, both chambers belonged to the same person. Corresponding parallels are known from Lchashen and other sites dated to the first half of the 16th century BC – the transitional period from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age. In cist graves the burials were done using the rite of decarnation, or reburying, and date to the developed phase of the Iron Age (9th-8th centuries BC).
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6

Childs, J. F. „CHASING THE GLITTER: BLACK HILLS MILLING, 1874-1959: by Richard L. Clow. South Dakota State Historical Society Press, Pierre, South Dakota, 2002, 202 p.“ American Mineralogist 92, Nr. 7 (01.07.2007): 1251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am.2007.493.

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7

Grover, Dorys Crow. „The Black Hills Journals of Colonel Richard Irving Dodge ed. by Wayne R. Kime, and: The Powder River Expedition Journals of Colonel Richard Irving Dodge ed. by Wayne R. Kime“. Western American Literature 34, Nr. 1 (1999): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wal.1999.0033.

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Bücher zum Thema "Black Hills Expedition of 1874"

1

Paul, Horsted, Hrsg. Exploring with Custer: The 1874 Black Hills expedition. Custer, S.D: Golden Valley Press, 2002.

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2

Exploring With Custer: The 1874 Black Hills Expedition. 3. Aufl. Golden Valley Press, 2005.

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3

Grafe, Ernest. Exploring with Custer: The 1874 Black Hills Expedition (Dakotas). Golden Valley Press, 2003.

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4

Morning Star Dawn: The Powder River Expedition and the Northern Cheyennes, 1876 (Campaigns and Commanders, 2). University of Oklahoma Press, 2003.

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5

Clow, Richmond L. Chasing the Glitter: Black Hills Milling, 1874-1959 (Historical Preservation Series, V. 2). South Dakota State Historical Society, 2002.

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6

Clow, Richmond L. Chasing the Glitter: Black Hills Milling, 1874-1959 (Historical Preservation Series, V. 2). South Dakota State Historical Society Press, 2002.

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7

United States Army Corps of Engineers und William Ludlow. Report of a Reconnaissance of the Black Hills of Dakota, Made In 1874. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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8

United States. Army. Corps Of Engineers und William Ludlow. Report of a Reconnaissance of the Black Hills of Dakota, Made in 1874. Franklin Classics, 2018.

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9

United States Army Corps of Engineers und William Ludlow. Report of a Reconnaissance of the Black Hills of Dakota, Made In 1874. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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10

United States. Army. Corps Of Engineers und William Ludlow. Report of a Reconnaissance of the Black Hills of Dakota, Made in 1874. Franklin Classics, 2018.

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