Thematische Bibliographien / Black flies

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Zeitschriftenartikel

Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Black flies“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 18. Mai 2024

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 13. Juni 2025

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Black flies"

Molloy, Dorothy. "Black Flies." Books Ireland, no. 238 (2001): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20632306.

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Rothfels, Klaus. "Speciation in black flies." Genome 32, no. 4 (1989): 500–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-475.

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In many Simuliidae, patterns of spatial and temporal relationships among the most closely related species are more readily interpreted in terms of sympatric speciation than of allopatric speciation. Specific examples are (i) the allotriploid taxa in Gymnopais and other genera, (ii) the black fly faunas of geologically recent islands (Tahiti), and (iii) species in Prosimulium onychodactylum, a prototype of a continental multisibling species complex. A model of sympatric speciation is presented based on coadaptation of polymorphic sex chromosomes in pairs reinforced by progressive development of assortative mating. This model predicts that (i) populations should frequently exhibit sex-chromosome polymorphism, (ii) these sex-chromosome polymorphisms, and autosomal ones, should in some cases display linkage or association disequilibria, (iii) species pairs or complexes should be incurred that differ only in sex chromosomes and that share extensive ancestral autosomal polymorphisms, and (iv) such species should differ in their biology and perhaps their present-day distribution. Recent publications and observations are in accordance, in general, with predictions from the model. Genetic control, e.g., of diapause, larval developmental timing, and niche preference or ethology, could substitute as a basis of incipient cleavage. The evidence for sympatric speciation is purely inferential, but this is equally true for the allopatric interpretation, and in black flies the circumstantial evidence for prevalence of sympatric speciation appears more compelling. This is not to deny the efficacy of allopatry and founder effect in the origin of some species complexes.Key words: sympatric speciation, black fly, evolution.

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Leonhardt, K. G., and R. M. Feraday. "Sex chromosome evolution and population differentiation in the Eusimulium aureum group of black flies." Genome 32, no. 4 (1989): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-481.

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The pattern of sex-chromosome variation within and between species of the Eusimulium aureum species group of black flies is examined and used to support the argument that speciation in black flies is often an adaptive process. A pair of homosequential species in this group is presented as an exceptional case in black flies that does not argue against the chromosomally mediated speciation model.Key words: black flies, sex chromosomes, evolution.

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Burgin, Steven G., and Fiona F. Hunter. "Sugar-meal sources used by female black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae): a four-habitat study." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 7 (1997): 1066–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-128.

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Adult black flies were sampled by sweep-netting vegetation in four habitats within Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario: Davies Bog, the airfield, deciduous habitat, and coniferous habitat. Sugars in the crops and midguts of female flies (n = 773) were tested by thin-layer chromatography to determine whether the flies had fed on nectar or homopteran honeydew. Melezitose and stachyose were used as honeydew-indicator sugars. For Simulium venustum, it was found that significantly fewer black flies (19%) from the airfield contained honeydew sugars than black flies from the other three sites (34% from Davies Bog; 36% from deciduous habitat; 25% from coniferous habitat). We argue that black flies will feed on nectar or honeydew according to availability.

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Burgin, Steven G., and Fiona F. Hunter. "EVIDENCE OF HONEYDEW FEEDING IN BLACK FLIES (DEPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 129, no. 5 (1997): 859–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent129859-5.

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AbstractBlack flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) were collected from a tamarack stand, Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch, heavily infested with Adelges lariciatus (Patch) (Homoptera: Adelgidae). Insect nets were used to sweep the tamarack branches to capture black flies associated with the trees. Six black fly species were sweep-netted, with 85.5% of all flies belonging to Simulium venustum Say complex. Samples of honeydew and the crops and midguts of individual black flies were tested by thin layer chromatography using fructose, glucose, sucrose, turanose, melezitose, raffinose, and stachyose as standards. The sugars fructose, glucose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose were found in the adelgid honeydew samples. Of the 201 black flies tested, 194 contained sugars, which occurred in 16 combinations. It is argued that stachyose can be used to indicate when black flies have fed on the adelgid honeydew. We conclude that 49.7% of the S. venustum collected from the tamarack had fed recently on this honeydew source. In addition, it was observed that black flies reared in the laboratory readily ingested freshly excreted and older (dry) honeydew when presented with branches from the tamarack stand.

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Franke, Alastair, Vincent Lamarre, and Erik Hedlin. "Rapid Nestling Mortality in Arctic Peregrine Falcons due to the Biting Effects of Black Flies." ARCTIC 69, no. 3 (2016): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic4580.

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This note describes nestling mortality in Arctic Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus tundrius) due to the biting effects of blood-feeding black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). At a nest site near Rankin Inlet, Nunavut, Canada (62˚49′ N, 92˚05′ W), a brood of four nestlings died on 20 July 2013 from the direct effects of severe bites attributed to black flies. Within three hours of the onset of blood-feeding, black flies had caused widespread, uniformly distributed hemorrhagic coalescent lesions over the head and body of all nestlings. Approximately seven hours after the first flies appeared, the female falcon removed the carcasses of the dead nestlings from the nest. Nestlings at eight additional sites also suffered the effects of biting black flies in 2013, resulting in the deaths of 13 of 35 nestlings. A less pronounced outbreak also occurred in 2012 and resulted in the deaths of seven nestlings at four sites. No nestling mortality due to black flies has been documented in any other year from 1982 through 2015. To our knowledge, these observations document the northernmost lethal attack by ornithophilic black flies in North America.

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WHITE, GRAHAM. "THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BLACK-FLIES." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 5, no. 2 (1991): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1991.tb00541.x.

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Medeiros, Jansen Fernandes de, and Victor Py-Daniel. "Seasonality, parity rates and transmission indices of Mansonella ozzardi (Manson) (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) by Cerqueirellum argentiscutum (Shelley & Luna Dias) (Diptera: Simulidae) in a lower Solimões River community, Amazonas, Brazil." Acta Amazonica 34, no. 2 (2004): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672004000200008.

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Mansonella ozzardi is transmitted by two dipterian families, Ceratopogonidae (midges) and Simuliidae (black flies). In Brazil, black flies are vectors for this filariasis until now. In this paper, we determined the seasonality, parity capacity and parasitic infection rate of Cerqueirellum argentiscutum. The work was carried out in the Porto Japão community, Lower Solimões River, Amazonas, Brazil. Results show that the black flies were more abundant during the rainy season (from December to May). The number of parous flies was higher in every sampling during the course of year. Monthly Biting Rate (MBR1 123742.00, MBR2 86701.50) was high, although Parasitic Infection Rate (PIR1 0.06, PIR2 0.08) and Annual Transmission Potential (ATP 7.25) were low in numbers.

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Schofield, S. "Responses to electrified targets and daily activity of Stomoxys spp. (Diptera: Muscidae) in Zimbabwe." Bulletin of Entomological Research 88, no. 6 (1998): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300054298.

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AbstractResponses of Stomoxys spp. to electrified targets (1 × 1 m) that differed in pattern and colour were investigated over a three month period at Rekomitjie Research Station, Zimbabwe. In the first experiment, a target baited with a blue and black cloth insert caught more flies (315 ± 117) than a target baited with blue cloth insert (202 ± 69). Next, a blue-cloth baited target caught more flies (491 ± 150) than a black-cloth baited target (164 ± 69) and a target containing a cloth with a black diamond on a blue background caught more flies (997 ± 326) than a target containing a cloth with a black square on a blue background (680 ± 125). Finally, a target fitted with a cloth consisting of a vertically oriented black stripe on a blue background caught almost three times as many flies (1366 ± 356) as a target fitted with a cloth consisting of a horizontally oriented black stripe on a blue background (545 ± 150). Hourly collections of Stomoxys spp. from a blue and black target, baited with and without carbon dioxide, indicated that daily activity was bimodal, with a small morning peak and a large late afternoon peak.

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Hunter, Fiona F., Steven G. Burgin, and Allan Woodhouse. "Shattering the folklore: black flies do not pollinate sweet lowbush blueberry." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 11 (2000): 2051–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-133.

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It is often said that on the Canadian Shield, black flies pollinate the sweet lowbush blueberry, because years with high black fly populations also tend to be those with large blueberry crops. This folklore has never been tested experimentally. Here we report on research designed to test whether or not black flies can act as pollinators for two species of ericaceous plants, sweet lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) and leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata). In enclosures, black flies may assist in leatherleaf pollination but there is no evidence that they increase fruit set in sweet lowbush blueberry. However, we do not exclude the possibility that in the wild, they act as opportunistic nectar thieves of sweet lowbush blueberry.

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