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Chase, Carlene A., und Odemari S. Mbuya. „(342) Cool-season Living Mulchesfor Florida“. HortScience 40, Nr. 4 (Juli 2005): 1024D—1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1024d.
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Living mulches between beds of polyethylene-mulched vegetable crops may suppress weeds and decrease surface and ground water contamination by pesticides. They should be either low growing or amenable to mowing and should withstand traffic. Twelve winter cover crops were planted in north (N.) and north central (N.C.) Florida in Fall 2004: black oats (Avena strigosa cv. Soilsaver), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum cv. Gulf), rye (Secale cereale cv. Wrens Abruzzi), hard fescue (Festuca longifolia cv. Oxford), white clover (Trifolium repens cvs. Dutch white and New Zealand white), berseem clover (T. alexandrinum cv. Bigbee), crimson clover (T. incarnatum cv. Dixie), subterranean clover (T. subterraneum cv. Mt. Barker), arrowleaf clover (T. vesiculosum cv. Yuchi), a barrel medic (Medicago trunculata cv. Parabinga), and a disc × strand medic (M. tornata × M. littoralis cv. Toreador). Black oats, rye, and annual ryegrass established quickly and suppressed winter annual weeds. Canopy development of the other species was poor. Shoot biomass was greater in N. Florida than in N.C. Florida. The highest shoot biomass occurred with black oats. By 8 weeks after planting (WAP) rye and annual ryegrass had similar amounts of biomass, but by 16 WAP the yield of rye was greater. At some harvests, biomass with wheel traffic or mowing was lower than without, but black oats, rye, and ryegrass did not succumb to these treatments. Of the legumes, only crimson clover and `Toreador' medic in N. Florida produced sufficient biomass by 16 WAP to permit a harvest. Black oats, rye, and annual ryegrass appear to be the best living mulch candidates; however, black oats would require more frequent mowing.
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Clark, S. G., J. Li, A. M. Johnson, G. N. Ward und J. F. Chin. „Long-term persistence of subterranean clover Trifolium subterraneum L.) cultivars at three sites in south-western Victoria“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, Nr. 5 (1997): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97012.
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Summary. The seed banks of 6 subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) cultivars were sampled at 3 abandoned cultivar evaluation experiments in south-western Victoria (Hamilton, Macarthur and Timboon). Two were var. yanninicum (Trikkala and Larisa) and 4 were var. subterraneum (Denmark, Goulburn, Karridale and Leura). Seed was sampled in late summer–early autumn 1993, between 6 and 10 years after the sites were established and between 3 and 7 years after the sites were abandoned. The collected seed was separated into black and white seed, and a sample of the black seed was grown in a glasshouse and identified as either belonging to the sown cultivar or belonging to another cultivar/genotype. All white seed was assumed to belong to the sown cultivar. The aim was to determine if these widely used cultivars were persisting under farm management conditions and competition from perennial grass, other subterranean clover and annual weeds. With some variation between sites all cultivars were found to be persisting satisfactorily. Over the 3 sites, white-seeded cultivars averaged 460 kg/ha and 6640 seeds/m2; black-seeded cultivars averaged 260 kg/ha and 5590 seeds/m2. Contamination with other subterranean clover cultivars/ecotypes was generally low, except at Macarthur where the white-seeded cultivars were heavily contaminated (Trikkala 39% pure; Larisa 57% pure) with black seeds highlighting the poor adaptation of var. yanninicum to light soil types. Of the black seeds, over the 3 sites, average contamination level was 13% and ranged from 41% (Goulburn at Macarthur) to 1% (Leura at Timboon). The study indicates that in south-western Victoria, all the recently released cultivars are likely to persist and be productive, and that the small-plot evaluation techniques used to identify potential new cultivars are likely to be adequate if replicated in space and if the clovers are sown in mixed swards with perennial grass.
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BARRETA, DANIEL AUGUSTO, DILMAR BARETTA, FLÁVIO JOSÉ SIMIONI und LUIZ ALBERTO NOTTAR. „ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MAIZE GROWN UNDER INCREASING NITROGEN DOSES IN SUCCESSION TO INTERCROPPED PASTURES“. Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo 19 (16.11.2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18512/rbms2020v19e1137.
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The aim of this work was to carry out an economic analysis of production systems with the use of cold season pastures followed by maize cultivation with surface application of increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizer. The treatments were: black oat + 200 kg of N ha-1 (Bo+N); black oat + white clover (Bo+Wc); black oat + vetch (Bo+Ve); black oat + red clover (Bo+Rc); and black oat + forage peanut (Bo+Fp). Experimental randomized block design was used, with four replications. The forage species were evaluated as to dry matter production, chemical-bromatological composition, estimated milk production (kg ha-1) and gross income (R$ ha-1). Maize was cultivated in succession, with doses of 0, 100 and 200 kg of N ha-1, in a split-plot design. Among the profitability indices evaluated, the gross margin (R$ ha-1) stands outs. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared through Tukey's test at 5% probability. In the pasture phase, the Bo+N treatment presented higher gross income. In the cropping phase, the gross margin was higher in the Bo+Ve treatment, but it did not differ from the Bo+N treatment. In terms of system, the best economic result was obtained with the Bo+N treatment.
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Сапрыкин, Сергей, Sergey Saprykin, Иосиф Иванов, Iosif Ivanov, Раиса Лабинская, Raisa Labinskaya, Наталья Сапрыкина et al. „MEADOW CLOVER SELECTION FOR THE CONDITIONS OF SOUTH FOREST-STEPPE AND FLOODPLAIN THE CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION“. Adaptive Fodder Production 2019, Nr. 3 (05.09.2019): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/afp-2222-5366-2019-3-55-70.
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For forage production of the Central Black-Earth Region clover is important. This crop can be effectively used in field crop rotations, to improve natural forage lands and to create cultural hayfields and pastures. Clover meadow has high feed advantages, allowing to fill the protein deficiency, is able to produce good yields, better than alfalfa grows on slightly acidic soils. For the most complete realization of the potential of clover it is necessary to create high-yielding two-cut varieties of meadow clover, which have good winter hardiness and drought resistance, have time to ripen for seeds in the second mowing and adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of the region. The article presents the results of more than 10 years of selection work to create a new variety of meadow clover Voronezhskiy. The variety was created by the method of polycross progeny of the best varieties of populations with a heterogeneous genetic nature, with high and stable heterosis, which were isolated from promising collection samples, followed by biotypic selection. The characteristics of the variety are given and the test results are given at in State varietal plots in a number of regions of the Central Black Earth Region. The new variety is better adapted to the changing climatic conditions of the region. In 2015, the Voronezhskiy clover variety was included in the State Register for the Central Black Earth (5) Region. Testing continues in the Volga-Vyatka and Middle Volga regions.
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Bozhanska, Tatyana, Tsvetoslav Mihovski, Galina Naydenova, Daniela Knotová und Jan Pelikán. „Comparative studies of annual legumes“. Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 32, Nr. 3 (2016): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1603311b.
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The aim of present study was to get comparative data on forage productivity and quality of forage of Checz cultivars of legumes in the conditions of Northern Bulgaria and respectively to select species and genotypes with the potential for successful introduction in the structure of forage production in Bulgaria. Five species of forage crops were observed and the respective cultivars: Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), cv. Faraon; crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), cv. Kardinal; annual bird's-foot-trefoil (Lotus ornithopoides L.) cv. Junak; black medick (Medicago lupulina L.) cv. Ekola and white melilot (Melilotus albus L.), cv. Adela. The studied legumes differed significantly in their fodder productivity. They are ranked in the following order of DM yield: white melilot - black medick - annual bird's-foot-trefoil - Egyptian clover - crimson clover. The productivity and participation of Egyptian clover and crimson clover in grasslands varied significantly in years. The biomass of crimson clover had the highest content of crude protein (15.24%) and the lowest of crude fiber (21.69%) and no digestible components. According to the comprehensive evaluation of data on productivity and forage quality of studied annual legumes, black medick could be defined as the species with the highest potential for cultivation in the conditions of the Central Northern Bulgaria. It is characterised by high productivity of green mass and dry matter, it has regrowing ability, it is distinguished by a high content of crude protein (14.92%) and crude fat (4.66%), optimal content of neutral and acid detergent fibers (34.67 and 24.99%) and with high levels of hemicellulose content (9.68%). Energy value of forage of that species, assessed by means of feed unit of milk (FUM) and growth (FUG) was assessed as very high (FUM - 0.69/kg DM and FUG - 0.63/kg DM).
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Adami, Marcia Fernanda Franchin, Alcir José Modolo, Paulo Fernando Adami, Christiano Santos Rocha Pitta, Eduardo Roncatto, Vanderson Vieira Batista und Luis Cesar Cassol. „Corn Yield Intercropped With White Clover as Living Mulch“. Journal of Agricultural Science 11, Nr. 2 (15.01.2019): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n2p276.
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Brazil southern region edaphoclimatic conditions allow farmers to grow perennial winter legumes. However, at summer, a seasonality occurs in the production of these species allowing the grown of annual crops such as corn. In this way, interference between white clover (Trifolium repens L.) living mulch and corn crop (Zea mays L.) was studied using a clover sward established after one and two growing season in relation to the usual system of corn grown over black oat straw aiming to study the relationships occurring in this intercrop, such as white clover herbicide suppression, competition and its nitrogen effects on corn yield as well as its potential to became perennial after corn harvest. White clover suppression management was established in the main plots and corn nitrogen fertilization (0, 60, 120, 180 kg ha-1) was performed in the subplots (4.2 × 8 m) in a randomized block design with four replications. White clover suppression managements were: (i) partial suppression achieved by mowing the plots at the corn seeding day; (ii) partial suppression achieved by mowing plus chemically broadcast application of 2.4-D; (iii) partial suppression achieved by a chemically broadcast application of glyphosate. Corn grain yields ranged from 3.0 to 12.2 Mg ha-1. Nitrogen input and herbicide management are important elements to reduce white clover competition and increase corn yield. It is possible to manage white clover as living mulch in corn with its full recovery after corn harvest without replanting. Clover with 1 cycle is easier suppressed than perennial clover sward and can be handled in intercropping with corn without affecting grain yield, with ability to resume growth in the next growing season.
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Gerard, P. J., K. R. Carswell und T. M. Eden. „Effect of black legume aphid Aphis craccivora honeydew on survival of the parasitoid Microctonus aethiopoides“. New Zealand Plant Protection 66 (08.01.2013): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5578.
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The introduced parasitoid Microctonus aethiopoides (Hymenoptera Braconidae) appears to be an effective biocontrol agent for clover root weevil Sitona lepidus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera Curculionidae) in New Zealand pastures As these pastures lack accessible nectar sources hemipteran honeydew may be the most readily available energy source for the parasitoid Experiments were undertaken to compare longevity of newly emerged M aethiopoides adults caged on white clover firstly with and without black legume aphid Aphis craccivora Kock (Hemiptera Aphididae) and then with additional water and sucrose solution treatments Parasitoids with access to aphid honeydew lived significantly longer (mean longevity 81 days) than those with water or no liquid (both 68 days) but not as long as those fed sucrose solution (109 days) Therefore the abundance of aphids commonly present on clovers may enhance M aethiopoides longevity and therefore efficacy in the field especially in mid spring when host availability is very low
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Putri, Syahri ramadhani Dwi, und Damai Yani. „ANALISIS JOSHI “NONI” DALAM MANGA BLACK CLOVER VOLUME 1-10 KARYA YUKI TABATA (KAJIAN STRUKTUR DAN MAKNA)“. Omiyage : Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa Jepang 3, Nr. 2 (11.12.2020): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/omg.v3i2.191.
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Abstrak Ramadhani, Syahri. 2020. “Analisis Joshi “noni” dalam Manga Black Clover Volume 1-10 Karya Yuki Tabata (Kajian Struktur dan Makna)”. Skripsi. Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang. Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris. Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni. Universitas Negeri Padang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur dan makna dari joshi “noni” dalam manga Black Clover Volume 1-10 karya Yuki Tabata. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif analisis. Data dalam penelitian ini adalah kalimat yang menggunakan joshi “noni” dalam manga Black Clover Volume 1-10 tahun 2018 karya Yuki Tabata sebanyak 54 kalimat. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ditemukan semua makna joshi “noni” berdasarkan 3 struktur pada teori joshi “noni” yang digunakan. Joshi “noni” yang berada diantara dua klausa dengan makna yang menunjukkan penyebab atau faktor yang berkebalikan/ berlawanan ditemukan 4 kalimat, makna yang menunjukkan hubungan yang berlawanan, kontras, dan perbandingan ditemukan 7 kalimat, makna yang menunjukkan hal yang tak terduga ditemukan 4 kalimat, joshi “noni” yang berada di akhir kalimat dengan makna menunjukkan perasaan tidak puas atau perasaan kecewa dan penyesalan atas terjadinya suatu hal yang tidak sesuai dengan harapan ditemukan 37 kalimat, dan joshi “noni” yang berada sebelum verba bentuk kamus yang menunjukkan makna “untuk...” atau sebuah tujuan ditemukan 2 kalimat.Kata Kunci: Analisis, Joshi noni Abstract The study aims to find out the structure and meaning of joshi "noni" in the Black Clover manga volumes 1 to 10 by Yuki Tabata. This type of research is qualitative research using descriptive methods of analysis. Data in this study is a sentence using joshi "noni" in the Black Clover manga volume 1 to 10 years 2018 by Yuki Tabata as many as 54 sentences. Based on the research, it has found all of meaning joshi "noni" based on the 3 structures in joshi "noni" theory used. Joshi "noni" in between two clauses with a meaning that indicates opposite causes or factors is found 4 sentences, a meaning that indicates opposite relationships, contrasts, and comparisons is found 7 sentences, meaning that suggests the unexpected is found 4 sentences, joshi "noni" at the end of a sentence with a sense of discontent or disappointment and regret for something that does not fit expectations is found 37 sentences, and joshi "noni" before a dictionary verb that indicates a sense of usefulness or purpose is found 2 sentences.Keywords: Analysis, Joshi noni
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Abdul-Baki, Aref A., und John R. Teasdale. „WINTER ANNUAL LEGUMES AND GRASSES AS MULCHES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION OF FRESH-MARKET TOMATOES“. HortScience 28, Nr. 5 (Mai 1993): 552b—552. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.552b.
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Hairy vetch, crimson clover, and rye, separately or in combination, were grown in the fall as cover crops and mowed in the spring to form an organic mulch in a no-tillage sustainable agricultural system for production of fresh-market tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, cv `Sunny'). Fruiting earliness, yield, and size were compared between the organic mulch treatments and those under bare soil, paper and black polyethylene mulches. Fruiting was about 9-10 days earlier under black polyethylene mulch than all other treatments. Total marketable yields (t·ha-1) under the mulch treatments were: hairy vetch, 85; hairy vetch plus rye, 69; crimson clover, 66; black polyethylene, 44; bare soil, 36; and Horto paper, 30. Average fruit size was significantly larger in all organic mulch treatments than in bare soil, Horto paper, and black polyethylene mulches. Early growth of tomato plants was highest with plastic but subsequent growth was highest with hairy vetch. Superior vigor with hairy vetch was probably the result of higher nitrogen concentration of vetch residue relative to the other cover crops.
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Popay, A., S. Marshall und J. Baltus. „Endophyte infection influences disappearance of perennial ryegrass seed“. New Zealand Plant Protection 53 (01.08.2000): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2000.53.3653.
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bare ground was compared with that of seed infected by the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium lolii in four field trials One trial included clover seed and two trials contained seed infected with two different endophytes Infection with either endophyte significantly reduced seed disappearance and increased survival of seed to germination Clover seed disappeared at a similar rate to endophytefree ryegrass seed Bird netting reduced seed disappearance of all treatments but in most cases not significantly so Feeding by black field cricket nymphs and adults small field cricket adults and black beetle adults on ungerminated and newly germinated endophyteinfected and endophytefree seed was tested in the laboratory It was concluded that none of these insects caused the differences in seed disappearance observed in the field
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Larkin, Robert P., Timothy S. Griffin und C. Wayne Honeycutt. „Rotation and Cover Crop Effects on Soilborne Potato Diseases, Tuber Yield, and Soil Microbial Communities“. Plant Disease 94, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2010): 1491–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-10-0172.
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Seven different 2-year rotations, consisting of barley/clover, canola, green bean, millet/rapeseed, soybean, sweet corn, and potato, all followed by potato, were assessed over 10 years (1997–2006) in a long-term cropping system trial for their effects on the development of soilborne potato diseases, tuber yield, and soil microbial communities. These same rotations were also assessed with and without the addition of a fall cover crop of no-tilled winter rye (except for barley/clover, for which underseeded ryegrass was substituted for clover) over a 4-year period. Canola and rapeseed rotations consistently reduced the severity of Rhizoctonia canker, black scurf, and common scab (18 to 38% reduction), and canola rotations resulted in higher tuber yields than continuous potato or barley/clover (6.8 to 8.2% higher). Addition of the winter rye cover crop further reduced black scurf and common scab (average 12.5 and 7.2% reduction, respectively) across all rotations. The combined effect of a canola or rapeseed rotation and winter rye cover crop reduced disease severity by 35 to 41% for black scurf and 20 to 33% for common scab relative to continuous potato with no cover crop. Verticillium wilt became a prominent disease problem only after four full rotation cycles, with high disease levels in all plots; however, incidence was lowest in barley rotations. Barley/clover and rapeseed rotations resulted in the highest soil bacterial populations and microbial activity, and all rotations had distinct effects on soil microbial community characteristics. Addition of a cover crop also resulted in increases in bacterial populations and microbial activity and had significant effects on soil microbial characteristics, in addition to slightly improving tuber yield (4% increase). Thus, in addition to positive effects in reducing erosion and improving soil quality, effective crop rotations in conjunction with planting cover crops can provide improved control of soilborne diseases. However, this study also demonstrated limitations with 2-year rotations in general, because all rotations resulted in increasing levels of common scab and Verticillium wilt over time.
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Creamer, Nancy G., Mark A. Bennett, Benjamin R. Stinner, John Cardina und Emilie E. Regnier. „Mechanisms of Weed Suppression in Cover Crop-based Production Systems“. HortScience 31, Nr. 3 (Juni 1996): 410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.3.410.
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Field and laboratory studies were conducted to investigate the mechanisms of weed suppression by cover crops. High-performance liquid chromatograph analysis and a seed germination bioassay demonstrated that rye (Secale cereale L.) can be leached of its allelochemicals, redried, and used as an inert control for separating physical suppression from other types of interference. In a field study, rye, crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and a mixture of the four species suppressed the emergence of eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum Dun.). Crimson clover inhibited the emergence of eastern black nightshade beyond what could be attributed to physical suppression alone. The emergence of yellow foxtail [Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.] was inhibited by rye and barley but not by the other cover crops or the cover crop mixture.
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Arkova, Z. A., K. A. Arkov und T. H.-H. Aliev. „Role of kura clover (Trifolium Ambiguum bieb.) of Vys variety in the growth of the forage base of the Tambov region“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 845, Nr. 1 (01.11.2021): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/845/1/012037.
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Abstract In the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Central Black Earth region, the issue of the sustainable development of forage production, which can be increased through the expansion of the range of cultivated species of perennial legumes, has become relevant. The need to increase the share of areas of perennial grasses is connected with the fact that natural lands and annual forage crops have low productivity. Forage grasses are characterized by a number of unique economically valuable properties and characteristics. In this regard, there is an urgent need to increase their sown areas, as well as to improve natural lands, create hayfields and pastures. One of the limiting factors is the insufficient provision of seeds for a new fodder crop - Vys clover of a kura variety. It is kura clover that plays an important role in the creation of a solid forage base for animal husbandry in the Tambov region. Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum Bieb) is characterized by a number of valuable traits and properties. In this regard, for the first time in the Central Black Earth Region, its biology and morphological development began to be studied and the optimal terms and methods of sowing this perennial legume crop are being developed. It will allow obtaining stable seed yields. The technology for obtaining seeds of this forage crop of the Vys variety in the forest-steppe conditions of the Central Black Earth Region is currently in the process of development. Therefore, the ongoing research on agrotechnical methods of the cultivation of kura clover seeds is very relevant and the development of individual agricultural methods of its cultivation technology of seeds is one of the important tasks of forage production.
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Korcak, R. F., A. Abdul-Baki und J. Teasdale. „FOLIAR NUTRITION OF TOMATOES UNDER SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS USING PLANT MULCHES AND LOW-N INPUT“. HortScience 28, Nr. 5 (Mai 1993): 507b—507. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.507b.
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Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Sunny) plants were grown in a sustainable agricultural system of mulches: black plastic, paper, hairy vetch, crimson clover, and hairy vetch + rye. Total yields were highest with hairy vetch (85.8 t ha-1) and lowest with paper mulch (30.0 t ha-1). The low fertilizer input hairy vetch, crimson clover and hairy vetch + rye treatments received one-half the N-P-K fertigation that was applied to other treatments. Immediately before mowing the cover crops, samples were analyzed. Five weeks after transplanting the tomatoes and at the end of 12 weeks, leaf samples were analyzed for macro- and micro-nutrients. Results of the cover crop analyses indicated minimal differences in N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, B, and Fe concentrations. Tomato leaf analyses at 5 weeks after field planting showed that, among the macro-nutrients, only K was significantly higher in the hairy vetch, hairy vetch + rye, crimson clover, and black plastic treatments than in bare soil and paper mulch. End-of-season leaf analyses showed that significantly higher K was found in the vetch + rye treatment compared to all other treatments.
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Nelson, S. C. „Outbreak of Black Spot of White Clover Caused byPseudomonas andropogonisin North Carolina“. Plant Disease 75, Nr. 5 (1991): 537F. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-75-0537f.
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Gerke, Jörg, und Ute Meyer. „Phosphate aquisition by red clover and black mustard on a humic podzol“. Journal of Plant Nutrition 18, Nr. 11 (November 1995): 2409–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904169509365074.
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Fraser, J., D. McCartney, H. Najda und Z. Mir. „Yield potential and forage quality of annual forage legumes in southern Alberta and northeast Saskatchewan“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, Nr. 1 (01.01.2004): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-100.
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There is limited information on the adaptability of small and medium-seeded annual legumes in Western Canadian cropping systems. Pea (Pisum spp.), vetch (Vicia, Lathyrus spp.), medic (Medicago spp.), alfalfa (Medicago spp.), berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), arrowleaf clover (T. vesiculosum L.), Persian clover (T. resupinatum L.), balansa clover [T. michelianum Savi. var. balansae (Boiss.) Azn.], rose clover (T. hirtum All.), crimson clover (T. incarnatum L.) and black lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) were grown at Lethbridge and Brooks, Alberta, and at Melfort and Nipawin, Saskatchewan over a 2 or 3 yr period to assess their forage yield potential under irrigation and dryland conditions. Measurements included plant height, stand establishment, flowering date, forage yield and forage quality. Peas, winter and hairy vetch, and berseem clover were the top yielding species across locations (5452–6532 kg ha-1). Berseem clover, hairy vetch, winter vetch, Nitro alfalfa, and Persian clover yielded in excess of 9000 kg ha-1 under irrigation at Brooks. Hairy and winter vetches, Magnus pea, chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus L.) and berseem clover yielded over 4300 kg ha-1 in dryland and rainfed locations at Lethbridge, Melfort and Nipawin. These entries had an upright growth habit, established quickly and were normally harvested twice. Crude protein concentration and yields were higher in legumes at irrigated locations in Alberta than rainfed locations in central Saskatchewan. Burr medic at the Brooks irrigated location produced the highest crude protein yield of 2495 kg ha-1. Berseem clover, Persian clover, Nitro alfalfa, hairy and winter vetches show promise as legumes in short term rotations, as green manures and intercrops for increasing forage quality in silage or late season grazing in Western Canada. Key words: Medicago, Trifolium, Vicia, Pisum, Lens, forage yield, forage quality
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Önal Aşcı, Özlem. „Karadeniz Bölgesi için Üçgül (Trifolium sp.) Cinsinin Önemi“. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 4, Nr. 1 (15.01.2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v4i1.1-4.515.
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There is a high level of forage deficit in Turkey. It is necessary that cultivation and productivity of forage plant should be increase to close forage deficit in a short time, further, pastures should also be improved. Clover genus involves both annual and perennial species, it has some species are grown different soil conditions. Clover species are grown in cool temperate and humid regions have thin stem and abundant leaf, thus, their hay is very nutritive feed for animals. They can use both increasing forage cultivation and pasture improvement in Black Sea Region.
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Ross, S. M., J. R. King, J. T. O’Donovan und R. C. Izaurralde. „Seeding rate effects in oat-berseem clover intercrops“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, Nr. 4 (01.10.2003): 769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-130.
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The sustainability of cereal cropping systems may be improved by the addition of legumes. The effects of seeding rate were studied for intercrops of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.). Bigbee berseem clover, an annual forage legume, was intercropped with oats on a Black Chernozemic soil at Edmonton, Alberta, in 1996 and 1997. Berseem dry matter (DM) yields were greatly reduced by increasing oat plant density. There was a linear decline in berseem DM with increasing oat DM or oat tiller density. The relationship between oat plant density and berseem DM was nonlinear and varied between years and harvests. Berseem yield reductions varied from 44 to 82% with target densities of 100 oat plants m-2. Effects of berseem seeding rate (BSR) on oats varied between years. Increasing BSR from 6 to 24 kg ha-1 decreased oat tillering, oat DM and oat plant DM by 22–51, 0–57 and 8–51%, respectively, and increased oat tiller DM by 0–18%, with oats at 10 to 20 plants m-2. Differences between years were likely due to environmental factors and relative emergence times. After a silage-stage harvest, oat regrowth was negligible but berseem regrowth averaged 3.1 Mg ha-1 DM. Key words: Cereal-legume intercrop, Trifolium alexandrinum L, Avena sativa L, competition models
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Abdul-Baki, Aref A., und John R. Teasdale. „EVALUATION OF MULCHES IN FIELD-GROWN FRESH-MARKET TOMATOES“. HortScience 27, Nr. 6 (Juni 1992): 622a—622. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.622a.
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Hairy vetch, subterranean clover, polyethylene black mulch (PBM), and Horto paper were evaluated in field-grown fresh market production of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), cv `Sunny'. Plant mulches were grown in beds in the fall, mowed immediately before planting, and the tomato seedlings were planted without tillage in a low input system. Yields (t.ha-1) for hairy vetch, subterranean clover, PBM, Horto paper, and no mulch were 72.1, 46.6, 59.9, 54.0, and 29.8, respectively. Although the tomato plants grown under plant mulches received 50% of the recommended fertilizer application, they produced more vigorous plants than those in other treatments. Plant mulches were effective in controlling growth of weeds and infestation by Colorado potato beetle.
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Sezmis, Gurkan, Adem Kaya, Hatice Kaya, Muhlis Macit, Kadir Erten, Valiollah Palangi und Maximilian Lackner. „Comparison of Black Tea Waste and Legume Roughages: Methane Mitigation and Rumen Fermentation Parameters“. Metabolites 13, Nr. 6 (07.06.2023): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13060731.
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The chemical composition, in vitro total gas and CH4 production and performance of cattle fed on factory black tea waste (Camellia sinensis) (BTW), alfalfa (Medicago Sativa), sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa) and white clover (Trifolium repens) was investigated. The gas production was quantified at the 24th hour of the incubation process. BTW was found to vary from roughages in chemical composition (p < 0.05). In addition, the roughages differed in terms of nutrient composition and gas production (p < 0.05). In legume roughages, acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA), butyric acid (BA), and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) values ranged from 52.36–57.00 mmol/L, 13.46–17.20 mmol/L, 9.79–12.43 mmol/L, and 79.71–89.05 mmol/L, respectively. In comparison with black tea waste, legume roughages had higher values of AA, PA, BA, and TVFA. Black tea waste contained a higher acetic acid ratio than legume roughages when compared as a percentage. There was a similar ratio of propionic acid to the rate calculated for sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa) and clover (Trifolium repens), and a similar ratio of butyric acid to the ratio determined for alfalfa (Medicago Sativa). The current study shows that the 5.7–6.3% tannin content of black tea waste can be used in ruminant rations with high-quality roughages. Due to the fact that BTW reduces methane emissions from ruminants and eliminates energy waste from them, the environment can be improved. To obtain more reliable results, further animal feeding experiments on legume roughages and BTW are required.
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Scully, B., R. Provvidenti, D. E. Halseth und D. H. Wallace. „CU-M90: A Black Dry Bean Breeding Line Resistant to Clover Yellow Vein Virus“. HortScience 26, Nr. 4 (April 1991): 435–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.4.435.
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Kaparaju, P., S. Luostarinen, E. Kalmari, J. Kalmari und J. Rintala. „Co-digestion of energy crops and industrial confectionery by-products with cow manure: batch-scale and farm-scale evaluation“. Water Science and Technology 45, Nr. 10 (01.05.2002): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0352.
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The possible co-digestion of energy crops and industrial confectionery by-products with cow manure was evaluated firstly, through long-term batch experiments and secondly, in a farm-scale digester. In batch assays, digestion with mesophilically digested cow manure as inoculum resulted in specific methane yields (m3 kg−1 VSadded waste) of 0.35 for grass hay (particle size <1.0 cm); 0.26 for oats (0.5 cm) and 0.21 for clover (2.0 cm) harvested at vegetative stage and 0.14 (2.0 cm) for clover harvested at flowering stage. Specific methane yields (m3 kg−1 VSadded waste) for confectionery by-products were 0.37 for chocolate, 0.39 for black candy and 0.32 for confectionery raw material. Out the three particle sizes (2.0, 1.0 and 0.5 cm) tested, particle size of 1.0 cm was found ideal for digestion of grass hay and clover while, particle size reduction did not influence methane production from oats. Stage of the crop influenced the methane yields, with clover harvested at vegetative stage yielding 33% higher methane than when harvested at flowering stage. An approximate 60% enhancement in methane yield was noticed with the co-digestion of industrial confectionery wastes with cow manure in a full-scale farm digester.
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Zaryanova, Zoya. „INCREASING THE YIELD OF RED CLOVER SEEDS DUE TO ACTIVATING THE POLLINATION FUNCTION OF BEES“. Adaptive Fodder Production 2020, Nr. 3 (30.10.2020): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/afp-2222-5366-2020-3-12-24.
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The development of animal husbandry and the transfer of agriculture to a biological basis requires an in-crease in the area of crops of perennial leguminous grasses. For the conditions of the Northern part of the Central Black Earth region of the Russian Federation, meadow clover is one of the most popular crops. In the Orel region over the past 10 years, meadow clover in its pure form and in grass mixtures occupied an average of 41.8% in the structure of perennial grasses. For more efficient economic use of clover, it is ne-cessary to improve the provision of farms with its seeds, which requires the development and implemen-tation of new environmentally friendly methods of cultivation technology. Red clover is a strictly cross-pollinated, entomophilous plant. Natural self-pollination does not exceed 1–3%. The main pollinators of meadow clover are currently honeybees, which perform up to 90% of the pollination work on the produc-tion sowings of this crop. To increase seed gathering, the effectiveness of the drug Pollinus use, which increases the attractiveness of meadow clover as a honey plant, was established. The treatment of seed herbage with the Pollinus attractant allowed to increase the seed yield by 20.1 kg/ha (+21.2% to the con-trol). Due to the intensification of the flight-pollination activity of bees, the seed set in treated area was 65.1%, the semination of heads inflorescences – 58.9%, which exceeded the control (untreated area) by 16.9 and 15.9%, respectively. The use of attractant was economically profitable, since the price of seed crop increase is higher than additional costs by 2500–3500 rubles/ha.
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Kurkina, Yuliya. „Fungal diseases of perennial legumes herbs in Belgorod“. Adaptive Fodder Production 2022, Nr. 2 (12.09.2022): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/afp-2222-5366-2022-2-15-20.
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We analyzed soil samples and symptoms of mycoses of red clover, goat's rue, alfalfa, birds-foot trefoil, sandy sainfoin in the phase of budding-beginning of flowering of plants against a natural infectious background in small-plot experiments in the territory of the botanical garden of the National Research University "BelSU" (Belgorod, RF). As a result, a series of decrease in the number of propagules of soil microscopic fungi (thousand CFU/g) was compiled: alfalfa (27.8 ± 4.01) – birds-foot trefoil (23.5 ± 2.25) – sainfoin (18.3 ± 1.67) – clover (17.3 ± 2.43) – goat's rue (13.7 ± 1.21) – fallow (12.3 ± 1.73). The number of micromycete species in the fallow soil was 38, and 9–22 species decreased in the grass rhizosphere. On red clover plants, powdery mildew was recorded with an intensity of development and spread of 64% and 75%, respectively, with a shortage of green mass productivity of more than 50%. The loss of green mass productivity in clover Alternariosis was 81%. Rust of alfalfa, birds-foot and sainfoin led to losses in the productivity of green mass up to 14% and was noted with a prevalence of 20%. Symptoms of purple rhizoctoniosis, fusarium root rot, black mold, downy mildew, and yellow spot were also recorded. More than 80% of phytopathogenic fungi are representatives of the leaf-stem group, the rest are of the root-tuber group.
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Confortin, Anna Carolina Cerato, Marta Gomes da Rocha, Fernando Luiz Ferreira de Quadros, Carine Lisete Glienke, Guilherme Ebling Rossi und Andréia Barros de Moraes. „Structural and morphogenical characteristics of black oats and Italian ryegrass on pasture submitted to two grazing intensities“. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, Nr. 11 (November 2010): 2357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010001100007.
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Morphogenical and structural characteristics of black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) on pastures managed under two grazing intensities were quantified by using marked tiller technique. The expected intensities of disappearance of forage mass initial value were 35% (low) and 65% (high). Experimental animals were sheep and interval among grazing was determined through 300 degree-day thermal sum. The experimental design was completely randomized with two grazing intensities and two replicates. Leaf blades of oats and ryegrass were removed at an average proportion of 57.5% of their initial length for both grazing intensities. Among the morphogenical characteristics of oats, only elongation rate of defoliate leaf differed between grazing intensities, with values of 0.059 and 0.081 cm/degree-day for low and high intensities, respectively. Grazing intensities did not alter structural characteristics of oats mixed with ryegrass and red clover. High grazing intensity enables maintenance of a higher number of ryegrass expanding leaves (1.7 leaves/tiller), thus it is suggested for management of pastures with oats mixed with Italian ryegrass and red-clover on intermittent grazing.
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O’Leary, Emily, Connor Davis, Molly Mancheski, Peng Ma und Thomas Wiese. „PMON14 Estrogen Activity of Supplements Targeted for Post-Menopausal Women“. Journal of the Endocrine Society 6, Supplement_1 (01.11.2022): A440—A441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvac150.916.
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Abstract A wide variety of dietary supplements are available for the treatment of post-menopausal symptoms in women. Many women choose these supplements to avoid the potential unwanted side effects and long-term complications associated with traditional hormone therapy. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro estrogen activity of extracts from eleven supplements targeted for post-menopausal women to test the hypothesis that some of these supplements will induce estrogen activity in human breast cancer cell bioassays. Ethanol extracts (1 g: 1 mL) were prepared from the supplements: Amberen, Nature's Bounty Black Cohosh, Nature's Bounty St. John's Wort, Swanson Chasteberry Fruit, Nature's Way Red Clover, Promensil Real Health, Estroven, Relizen, Remifemin, and Equelle. Black cohosh, St. John's Wort, Chasteberry fruit, and red clover are standalone products that are not sold under a brand name. Promensil, Estroven, and Equelle contain isoflavones that have been reported to be estrogenic. Estroven and Remifemin contain black cohosh. Relizen contains a purified Swedish flower pollen extract and Amberen contains succinates, amino acids, minerals, and vitamin E. The estrogen activity of each extract was measured using both the T47D-kb-Luc estrogen responsive reporter gene and MCF-7 E3 proliferation estrogen bio-assays. The extracts from Nature's Way Red Clover, Promensil Real Health, and Equelle induced full estrogen agonist efficacy in the MCF-7 proliferation assay and more than full efficacy in the T47D-kb-Luc assay compared to estradiol. The agonist activity of these extracts in both bio-assays was inhibited by fulvestrant. Extracts from Nature's Bounty Black Cohosh, Nature's Bounty St. John's Wort, Swanson Chasteberry Fruit and Relizen induced less than full agonist estrogen activity only in the MCF-7 proliferation assay that was not, or not completely inhibited by fulvestrant. Thus, some supplements in this study likely target the estrogen receptor as agonists while others may be only weak estrogens that may also activate other proliferative pathways. While estrogen therapy is known to provide relief of some post-menopausal symptoms, estrogen use is associated with increased breast cancer risk. Consumers may benefit from information about the estrogen activity of supplements targeted for post-menopausal women. The results of this study may allow women to make more informed decisions about the use of these supplements. This study may be a prototype for evaluating the estrogen activity of dietary supplements for the purpose of informing consumers. Presentation: Monday, June 13, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.
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Pritchard, Geoffrey T., und Charles T. Robbins. „Digestive and metabolic efficiencies of grizzly and black bears“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, Nr. 8 (01.08.1990): 1645–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-244.
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Digestive and metabolic efficiencies of black bears (Ursus americanus) and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) were determined in 7-day total collection trials using seven single foods and four mixed diets. No significant interspecific differences in digestive or metabolic efficiencies were observed. Dry matter and energy digestibilities were inversely related to the dietary fiber content, whereas digestible protein was directly correlated with dietary protein content. Mean retention time for hair in a meat diet was 13 h, whereas the retention time for clover was 7 h and did not differ between species. Giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), grizzly bears, and black bears appear to have very similar digestive efficiencies and passage rates. The relationships between diet composition and digestive efficiency can be used to begin evaluating the nutritional quality of diets consumed by free-ranging bears.
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Lane, P. M. S. „Observations and insights on pasture persistence in New Zealand“. NZGA: Research and Practice Series 15 (01.01.2011): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.15.2011.3219.
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This essay contains personal observations and interpretations by the author on the persistence of pastures in the northern North Island. Key pasture stress factors are identified as the increase of farming intensity over the past two decades, the impact of pasture renewal techniques and the role of pasture species on insect pest (particularly black beetle and clover root weevil) interactions. Keywords: insect pests, soil fertility, pasture renewal, cultivars, endophyte
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Geller, Stacie E., Lee P. Shulman, Richard B. van Breemen, Suzanne Banuvar, Ying Zhou, Geena Epstein, Samad Hedayat et al. „Safety and efficacy of black cohosh and red clover for the management of vasomotor symptoms“. Menopause 16, Nr. 6 (November 2009): 1156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e3181ace49b.
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Pratt, R. G., M. R. McLaughlin, G. A. Pederson und D. E. Rowe. „Pathogenicity of Macrophomina phaseolina to Mature Plant Tissues of Alfalfa and White Clover“. Plant Disease 82, Nr. 9 (September 1998): 1033–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.9.1033.
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Macrophomina phaseolina has been observed on alfalfa and white clover in North America, but its pathogenicity to mature plants of these species has not been adequately documented and Koch's postulates have not been fulfilled. Isolates of M. phaseolina from alfalfa and white clover were evaluated for pathogenicity by inoculating tissues of mature plants with infested toothpick pieces. Excised leaf tissues also were inoculated with mycelium. In stolons of white clover and stems of alfalfa, M. phaseolina caused a brown-black, basipetally progressive necrosis of vascular tissue with subsequent collapse of the surrounding pith and epidermis to produce radially constricted, expanding lesions. In taproots and crowns of alfalfa, M. phaseolina caused dark discoloration of vascular tissues in bands or streaks above and below inoculation points with subsequent invasion and death of cortical tissues, lateral roots, and stems. Sclerotia formed in all tissues of both species. Excised leaf tissues were rapidly parasitized, but significant differences in rates of parasitism between genotypes suggested that differences in host resistance to M. phaseolina may be present in both species. Pycnidia formed on leaves of bean, lima bean, and cotton. All isolates of M. phaseolina were reisolated from margins of necrosis in all types of inoculated tissues and regrown in pure culture. These results fulfill Koch's postulates for M. phaseolina as a pathogen of mature white clover and alfalfa in North America, and they demonstrate its capacity to parasitize a variety of tissues of both species in the absence of other pathogens. Results indicate that M. phaseolina should be considered a potential cause for lack of persistence of white clover and alfalfa during summer months in the southeastern United States.
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Mortensen, K., und R. M. D. Makowski. „Rejection of a Colletotrichum trifolii Isolate from Red Clover for Biological Control of Black Medick on the Basis of Pathogenicity to Cultivated Clovers“. Biological Control 4, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1994): 366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bcon.1994.1046.
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Creamer, N. G., M. A. Bennett, J. Cardina und E. E. Regnier. „Allelopathy in Cover Crop-based Production Systems“. HortScience 30, Nr. 4 (Juli 1995): 819A—819. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.819a.
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Little research has been conducted to quantify allelopathic suppression of weeds in the field. The objectives of this study were to develop an adequate control for separating physical from allelochemical effects, use the control to quantify allelochemical suppression in the field, and determine whether a mixture of cover crops would provide a broader spectrum of weed control than single species. Hairy vetch, rye, crimson clover, and barley were cut into 5-cm pieces, shaken in distilled water (pH 6) to leach allelochemicals, and redried. A seed germination bioassay confirmed that leached cover crops were nontoxic to germinating seeds. Physical suppression of Eastern black nightshade by the four cover crop species occurred in the field study, as did allelochemical suppression by crimson clover. Only rye physically suppressed yellow foxtail, and none of the cover crops suppressed yellow foxtail allelochemically.
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Ali El-Tanany, Reham Roshdy, Abderrahim Belkasim Ali Chiab, Hesham Mohamed Abd EL-Gawad El-Banna, Ali Mohamed Ali Mostafa und Adel Eid Mohamed Mahmoud. „Impact of Replacing Soybean Meal with Sunflower Meal, Sesame Meal, and Black Seed Meal in diets of Barki Lambs“. World's Veterinary Journal 11, Nr. 4 (25.12.2021): 670–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj84.
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Crude protein content in animal diet is considered the first important factor for nutritionists when they start to formulate a diet for different types of animals. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of substituting soybean seed meal by different protein sources on lamb’s diet in terms of nutrients digestibility, and growth performance. Therefore, four tested concentrate feed mixtures (CFM, 14% crude protein) were designed. The CFM1 contained soybean meal as the only source of protein, and 50% of soybean meal protein was replaced by either sunflower meal, sesame seed meal, or black seed meal in CFM2, CFM3, and CFM4 groups, respectively. A total of 28 growing Barki male lambs aged 6 months with an average body weight of 38.6 ± 0.4 Kg were used in feeding trials for 120 days. Depending on their body weight, lambs were divided into four groups (7 animals in each). Each group fed on one of the experimental diets, including D1 (CFM1+ clover hay), D2 (CFM2 + clover hay), D3 (CFM3 + clover hay), and D4 (CFM4 + clover hay). Results of digestion coefficients indicted that the digestibility of crude protein and the nitrogen-free extract was significantly higher for D1 and D4, compared to D2 and D3. The same trend was observed in nutritive values expressed as total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible crude protein (DCP), whereas the D1 and D4 recorded higher TDN and DCP, compared to D2 and D3. Results of rumen parameters demonstrated that there were insignificant differences among groups regarding the average pH, ammonia (NH3-N), and total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs). Data of growth performance indicated that the final live body weight, total body gain, and average daily gain of lambs feed D4 (56.75 kg, 18.62 kg, and 155 g, respectively) and D1 (56.62 kg, 17.60 kg, and 147 g, respectively) were higher than those for lambs fed D2 (53.40 Kg, 14.64 kg, and 122 g, respectively) and D3 (53.11 kg, 14.61 kg, and 122 g, respectively). The feed conversion ratio (feed/gain) was recorded better value with lambs fed D4 followed by that fed D1. In conclusion, black seed meal could be replaced with the 50% of soybean meal participation of protein in growing Barki lambs’ diets without any adverse effects on digestibility, rumen kinetics, and growth performance.
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Larkin, Robert P., und Marin T. Brewer. „Effects of Crop Rotation and Biocontrol Amendments on Rhizoctonia Disease of Potato and Soil Microbial Communities“. Agriculture 10, Nr. 4 (14.04.2020): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040128.
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Rotation crops and biocontrol amendments were investigated for suppression of Rhizoctonia solani on potato (Solanum tuberosum) and their interactive effects on soil microbial communities. Greenhouse trials were conducted to evaluate selected rotation crops, including barley, common and “Lemtal” ryegrass, clover, potato, and combinations of barley with ryegrass or clover, for their effects on populations of R. solani and Rhizoctonia disease. Potato and clover preceding potato resulted in higher disease severity than most other rotations, whereas ryegrass reduced stem canker severity. In addition, all ryegrass treatments resulted in substantially higher populations of R. zeae. Field trials evaluating selected biocontrol treatments in combination with different rotations were conducted at two locations in Maine. Potatoes were treated with the biocontrol organisms Laetisaria arvalis, Trichoderma virens, or Bacillus subtilis and planted following rotation crops of barley and ryegrass, barley and clover, or potato. The barley/ryegrass rotation significantly reduced incidence and severity of stem canker and increased tuber yield at one location. Efficacy of the biocontrol treatments varied by rotation and location, with L. arvalis and T. virens reducing black scurf in some rotations and increasing some aspects of tuber yield at one location. Soil microbial community characteristics differed among rotation crops and biocontrol treatments. Significant crop by biocontrol interactions were observed demonstrating the complex interactions among rotation crops, biocontrol treatments, and soil microbial communities, as well as indicating that biocontrol can be enhanced within beneficial rotations.
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Holford, I. C. R., und G. J. Crocker. „A comparison of chickpeas and pasture legumes for sustaining yields and nitrogen status of subsequent wheat“. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, Nr. 3 (1997): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96072.
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Six treatments were compared for their effects on wheat yields, nitrogen (N) uptake, protein content, and fertiliser N requirements in a long-term rotation study on a black earth and a red clay in northern New South Wales. Three of the treatments were lucerne, subterranean clover, and snail medic, all grown simultaneously from 1988 to 1990 and all followed by 3 years of wheat. The other 3 treatments were biennial rotations of chickpea–wheat and long-fallow–wheat as well as a continuous wheat monoculture, all lasting 6 years. With the exception of the first wheat crop, which experienced very low growing-season rainfall, lucerne was more beneficial than other legumes to following wheat crops in terms of yield, protein content, and fertiliser N requirement. Clover closely followed lucerne in the magnitude of its positive effects, whereas medic and chickpea produced much smaller effects. Because of the amount of N removed in the chickpea grain, it appeared that the small positive effects of chickpea were due to soil N sparing or rapid mineralisation from crop residues rather than any net contribution of N fixation to soil N accretion. Average yields of the 3 wheat crops following lucerne and clover were much higher than average yields 20 years previously following lucerne, even though average yields of continuously grown wheat have declined over the past 20 years. However, lucerne eliminated the need for N fertiliser for no more than 2 following wheat crops, and clover for only the first wheat crop. It appears that the longer duration of lucerne benefits reported in earlier studies was due to the higher background soil N levels as well as the lower yield potential in the earlier years. Nevertheless, lucerne lowered the fertiliser requirement of the third wheat crop by more than 50%. In contrast to lucerne, annual legumes are probably most beneficial if grown in alternate years with wheat. The large benefits of long fallowing particularly on the black earth were apparently caused by its enhancement of soil moisture and mineral N accumulation. However, these N effects were surprisingly large considering the degree of depletion of organic matter in long-fallowed soils.
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Malone, L. A., E. P. J. Burgess, C. F. Mercer, J. T. Christeller, M. T. Lester, C. Murray, M. M. Phung, B. A. Philip, E. L. Tregidga und J. H. Todd. „Effects of biotinbinding proteins on eight species of pasture invertebrates“. New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (01.08.2002): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3916.
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Biotinbinding proteins (BBPs) such as avidin and streptavidin represent potent insect control compounds which could be delivered via transgenic plants The effects of BBPs on some pasture pests were determined Black field cricket nymphs (Teleogryllus commodus) had significantly reduced growth and survival when fed on lettuce leaves painted with purified avidin Adult clover root weevils (Sitona lepidus) were unharmed when fed clover foliage painted with avidin In contrast neonate or oneweekold S lepidus larvae had poor survival when fed on artificial diets containing avidin or streptavidin Neonate larval Argentine stem weevils (Listronotus bonariensis) had significantly reduced survival when fed with artificial diet containing streptavidin or avidin Slugs (Deroceras reticulatum) and snails (Cantareus aspersus) were not harmed when fed with avidinpainted lettuce Similar numbers of eggs were laid and galls produced by the rootknot nematodes Meloidogyne javanica Meloidogyne hapla and Meloidogyne incognita inoculated onto transgenic tobacco plants expressing avidin and nontransgenic controls
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Hwang, Ah-Ra, So-Young Lee und Myung-Ryun Han. „Quality Characteristics and Antioxidant Activities of Commercial Leaf Tea Extract“. Asian Journal of Beauty and Cosmetology 20, Nr. 4 (29.12.2022): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20402/ajbc.2022.0093.
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Purpose: In this study, the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of 23 types of tea were analyzed. Through this study, we tried to provide the basic data for tea research.Methods: Leaf tea extracts were prepared using hot water at 70℃, and their physicochemical properties, such as color intensity and pH, were analyzed. The total flavonoid content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging ability, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity were measured as antioxidant activity.Results: The color of most leaf tea extracts was brown, with black tea having the deepest color. Black tea had the highest total flavonoid content at 593 mg QE/g. Eoseongcho tea had the highest DPPH scavenging ability at 97.56%. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of black tea and Chinese bush-clover tea were strong, while those of mistletoe, plantain, and rosemary leaf teas were exceptionally low.Conclusion: Black tea which has excellent total flavonoid content, DPPH scavenging ability, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, is expected to be most effective functional tea when consumed after meals among the multi consumption commercial leaf teas market.
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Lemieux, C., und C. Delisle. „Using cover crops to establish white and black spruce on abandoned agricultural lands“. Phytoprotection 79, Nr. 1 (12.04.2005): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/706132ar.
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Vegetation control is a critical factor in reforestation. On abandoned agricultural lands, an alternative to herbicide application is the use of cover crops to compete with the weeds and to improve survival and growth rates of transplanted species. A factorial experiment was carried out on four sites to test this hypothesis. The experiment included three factors. The first factor consisted of lime versus no lime application. The second factor included four cover crop combinations and a control. Cover crop combinations were winter barley (Hordeum vulgare) underseeded with either birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), ladino clover (Trifolium repens), or a mixture of Kentucky bluegrass and ladino clover. The third factor consisted in planting either white (Piceaglauca) or black (Picea mariana) spruce seedlings. Winter barley did not establish as rapidly and vigorously as expected. Nevertheless, the cereal reduced weed populations in the establishment year. For broadleaf weeds, this reduction was not large enough to allow a carryover during subsequent years. In contrast, subsequent increase of the grassy weed populations was slowed down in the presence of cover crops. The establishment of the other cover crops was poor and highly variable from site to site. It is not clear whether this relative failure was due to growing conditions, poor establishment of the cereal cover crop, or to other factors. Liming and cover crops had little effect on spruce growth but black spruce seedlings grew taller than white spruce seedlings at two out of four sites, and basal diameter of white spruce reached larger values than did black spruce. For white spruce, this might constitute an advantage in old fields where seedlings are prone to lodging under weed pressure. Finally, it was noted that seedling survival was exceptionally high in all treatments.
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Holford, I. C. R., B. E. Schweitzer und G. J. Crocker. „Comparative effects of subterranean clover, medic, lucerne, and chickpea in wheat rotations, on nitrogen, organic carbon, and moisture in two contrasting soils“. Soil Research 36, Nr. 1 (1998): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s97036.
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The effects of subterranean clover, medic, and lucerne, grown simultaneously from 1988 to 1990, followed by wheat from 1991 to 1993, and of chickpea and long fallow in alternate years with wheat, on soil total nitrogen (N), nitrate-N (NO-3-N), organic carbon (C), and moisture were measured over 6 years in 2 long-term experiments on a black earth (pellic vertisol) and red clay (chromic vertisol) in northern New South Wales. The accretion of soil total N in the black earth and NO-3-N in both soils was higher after lucerne than after other legumes, and NO-3 in the black earth remained high after lucerne to the full depth (120 cm) of measurement during the following 3 years of wheat growing. Clover had the next largest effect on total N and NO-3 accretion, and chickpea had the smallest effect except in the red clay where chickpea increased NO-3 more than medic in 1990. However, none of the annual legumes had much effect on NO-3 after the first year of cropping and their small residual effects, if any, were confined to the top 30 cm of soil. Levels of total N accretion after lucerne were higher than previously measured, because of the greater depth of measurement, but were similar on a per unit depth basis. High levels of NO-3 -N after long fallow, especially in the black earth, which tended to be higher than after medic or chickpea, were probably caused by accelerated mineralisation of organic N which has declined more in this rotation than in any other. There was no accumulation of organic C during the legume growing period in any rotation, and C tended to be lower after chickpea than after other legumes. Organic C was almost always lowest in the long fallow treatment. Summer-growing grasses, which occurred in all treatments to varying degrees, may have caused the organic C accumulation during the 3 years of cropping. In the first year of wheat growing, soil water was lower after lucerne than after other treatments and highest after long fallow, continuous wheat, and chickpea. It was replenished in the red clay to field capacity in all treatments by high rainfall during the fallow before the first wheat crop but not in the black earth, which failed to reach field capacity in any treatment even 2.5 years after the pasture legume phase.
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Minakova, O. A., L. V. Alexandrova und T. N. Podvigina. „Yield of crops and productivity of grain-beet crop rotation in the central black-earth region of Russia when applying fertilizers for a long time“. Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka, Nr. 6 (15.12.2019): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2500-2627201967-10.
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Aim of the investigations is to determine influence of fertilizers application during a long period (from 1936 to 2017) on yield of crops and productivity of grain-arable crop rotation under conditions of the Central Black-Earth region forest-steppe. Object of the investigations is yield of a main crop product in grain-beet crop rotation (sugar beet, winter wheat, barley, oats, clover). Application of fertilizers in the long-term experiment (from 1936 to 2017) revealed that prolongation of fertilizers using period considerably increased their total efficiency. With direct effect of fertilizers, average for 9 rotations yield of sugar beet roots increased by 21.6-31.9%. After-effect of fertilizers was the greatest for barley which average yield increased by 18.4-36.4% in comparison with the control over the period under investigation. The least response showed oats and clover (10.1-18.4 and 12.7-18.2%, accordingly). For direct effect and after-effect of fertilizers, the best dose of fertilizers was N135P135K135 + 25 t/hectare of manure. In crop rotation, barley and clover demonstrated the most rapid after-effect (18 years), winter wheat showed the slowest one (27 years). Direct effect of fertilizers for sugar beet was the greatest after 45 years. Between I and IX rotation, increase in yield (by 7.80-50.4 %) and crop rotation productivity (by 10.9-25.4 %) for most of the crops was noted; the system N135P135K135 + 25 t/hectare of manure had the greatest positive influence.
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Thiessen Martens, J. R., M. H. Entz und J. W. Hoeppner. „Legume cover crops with winter cereals in southern Manitoba: Fertilizer replacement values for oat“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, Nr. 3 (01.07.2005): 645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p04-114.
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Yield benefits of legume cover crops in winter/spring cereal systems have not been well documented in the Canadian prairies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the fertilizer replacement values (FRV) of relay-cropped alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and double-cropped chickling vetch (Lathryus sativus L.) and black lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. subsp. culinaris) to a subsequent oat (Avena sativa L.) crop. Field experiments were conducted in Manitoba on a clay soil at Winnipeg and a sandy loam at Carman. Alfalfa provided the highest FRV at Winnipeg (51–62 kg N ha-1), followed by chickling vetch (29–43 kg N ha-1), lentil (23–39 kg N ha-1), and red clover (24–26 kg N ha-1). FRV could not be established at Carman, where course-textured soil and low rainfall limited legume growth. Key words: Relay cropping, double cropping, cover crops
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Barbetti, M. J., und M. P. You. „Opportunities and challenges for improved management of foliar pathogens in annual clover pastures across southern Australia“. Crop and Pasture Science 65, Nr. 12 (2014): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14117.
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Foliar pathogens result in significant losses in herbage and seed yields and regeneration capacity in annual clover pastures, the last leading to their rapid deterioration and lack of persistence. The most important pathogens include Kabatiella caulivora (clover scorch), Cercospora zebrina (cercospora), Uromyces trifolii-repentis (rust), Erysiphe trifoliorum (powdery mildew), and Leptosphaerulina trifolii (pepper spot). Several other foliar pathogens on annual clovers, in particular Phoma medicaginis (black stem and leaf spot), one or more Stemphylium spp. (stemphylium leaf spot), Pseudopeziza trifolii (common leaf spot), Stagonospora spp. (stagonospora leaf spot), Colletotrichum trifolii (anthracnose) and Sclerotinia trifoliorum (sclerotinia), occur widely and together contribute to reduce productivity in some localities. Severe attack by the most important pathogens (e.g. K. caulivora, U. trifolii-repentis, E. trifoliorum) not only greatly reduces winter–spring pasture production but frequently also coincides with the critical feed shortage across autumn–winter, leading to significantly decreased autumn–winter biomass production in regenerating stands. Approaches to disease control include a range of management strategies. Wider utilisation of cultural and fungicidal control strategies offers producers greater management flexibility, particularly in conjunction with deployment of cultivars with useful resistance. Host resistance offers the greatest potential for delivering the most cost-effective and long-term control. Many of these foliar pathogens co-occur, magnifying losses; this highlights the need for individual host genotypes with resistance to multiple pathogens and unique geographic locations such as Sardinia offer enormous scope to select such clovers. Future research opportunities and critical priorities to improve management of foliar pathogens in annual clover pastures across southern Australia include the need to: (i) define pathogen strain–race structures, particularly for K. caulivora and U. trifolii-repentis, and determine associated host resistances against specific strains–races to allow strategic deployment of host resistances; (ii) define relative resistances to major fungal foliar pathogens of all parental and near-release breeding genotypes and all commercial cultivars across important annual clover species; (iii) identify new sources of host resistance, particularly genotypes with cross-resistance to multiple pathogens, for breeders to utilise; (iv) identify and demonstrate the benefits to farmers of effective cultural (e.g. grazing, removal of infested residues) and fungicidal control options that allow greater management flexibility to reduce the impact of fungal foliar diseases; and (v) determine current incidences and impacts (losses and economic importance) of major fungal foliar diseases in the different agro-climatic regions across southern Australia. Failure to address these critical issues leaves livestock industries carrying the risks from release of new varieties of unknown susceptibilities to one or more of the major foliar diseases, and the risks from continued use of older varieties exposed to new pathogen races; with few if any flexible management options during periods of critical feed shortage; and without the basic information on current disease impacts that is needed to make sensible management and funding decisions.
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Masaka, Kazuhiko. „Yearly Fluctuations in Honey Production in Hokkaido, Northern Japan, with Special Reference to Weather Conditions and Masting Behavior“. International Journal on Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources 4, Nr. 3 (30.09.2023): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46676/ij-fanres.v4i3.195.
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The factors controlling yearly fluctuations in honey production are poorly understood. To evaluate yearly fluctuations in honey production, the coefficient of variation (CV) and the autocorrelation analysis were used to determine the magnitude and periodicity of the fluctuations for seven major nectar-source plants (basswood, black locust, Amur cork tree, white clover, buckwheat, Kamchatka thistle, and horse chestnut) using 15-years of data obtained in Hokkaido, Japan. Regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between annual honey production and the corresponding weather conditions during the flowering month. The periodic synchronous flowering and fruiting observed in tree species is called masting or masting behavior. A masting model, based on the resource budget, was applied to tree species if periodicity was detected by an autocorrelation analysis. The CV differed markedly among species. Black locust and the Amur cork tree had the smallest and largest CVs, respectively, whereas basswood was periodic. A negative correlation was observed between monthly precipitation and honey production in black locust, white clover, thistle and the Amur cork tree. This result implies that rain inhibits honey bee foraging. Production of buckwheat honey, however, tended to increase with increasing mean temperature. It might be difficult to detect the effect of rain on the honey production using buckwheat presumably because of the long flowering period. Annual honey production in basswood could be described by the resource budget model, but not in horse chestnut. Some horse chestnut trees produce flowers even in non-mast year implying that it was difficult to detect the periodicity in this species. According to beekeepers, honey production in this last decade in Hokkaido has been disrupted by climate change and the transitioning of the industrial structure.
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Locatelli, Jorge L., Felipe Bratti, Ricardo H. Ribeiro, Marcos R. Besen, Eduardo Brancaleoni und Jonatas T. Piva. „Soil carbon sequestration and stocks: short-term impact of maize succession to cover crops in Southern Brazil Inceptisol“. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 18, Nr. 3 (29.12.2020): e0304. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020183-16255.
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Aim of study: To evaluate soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and stock over the succession of maize to winter cover crops under a short-term no-tillage system.Area of study: A subtropical area in Southern Brazil.Material and methods: The experiment was implemented in 2013. The treatments were: seven winter cover crops single cultivated (white-oats, black-oats, annual-ryegrass, canola, vetch, fodder-radish and red-clover); an intercropping (black-oats + vetch); and a fallow, with maize in succession. Soil samples were collected after four years of experimentation, up to 0.60 m depth, for SOC determination.Main results: SOC stocks at 0-0.6 m depth ranged from 96.2 to 107.8 t/ha. The SOC stocks (0-0.60 m depth) were higher under vetch and black-oats, with an expressive increase of 23 and 20% for C stocks in the 0.45-0.60 m layer, compared to fallow. Thus, SOC sequestration rates (0-0.60 m depth), with vetch and black oats, were 1.68 and 0.93 t/ha·yr, respectively.Research highlights: The establishment of a high-quality and high C input cover crops in the winter, as vetch or black-oats in succession to maize, are able to increase SOC stocks, even in the short term.
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Guldan, Steven J., Charles A. Martin, Jose Cueto-Wong und Robert L. Steiner. „Dry-matter and Nitrogen Yields of Legumes Interseeded into Sweet Corn“. HortScience 31, Nr. 2 (April 1996): 206–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.2.206.
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Five legumes [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.), barrel medic (Medicago truncatula Gaerth.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), black lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)] were interseeded into sweet corn (Zea mays L.) at last cultivation when sweet corn was at about the V9 (early) or blister (late) stage. The effect of legume interseeding on sweet corn yield, and late-season dry-matter and N yields of aboveground portions of the legumes was determined. Sweet corn yield was not affected by legume interseeding. In 1993, legume dry-matter yields were 1420 kg·ha–1 interseeded early and 852 kg·ha–1 interseeded late. Nitrogen yields were 49 kg·ha–1 interseeded early and 33 kg·ha–1 interseeded late. In 1994, dry-matter yields were 2760 kg·ha–1 interseeded early and 1600 kg·ha–1 interseeded late. Nitrogen yields were 83 kg·ha–1 interseeded early and 50 kg·ha–1 interseeded late. In 1993, barrel medic was the highest-yielding legume with dry matter at 2420 kg·ha–1 and N at 72 kg·ha–1 interseeded early, while red clover yielded the lowest with dry matter at 340 kg·ha–1 and N at 12 kg·ha–1 interseeded late. In 1994, dry-matter and N yields ranged from 4500 and 131 kg·ha–1, respectively, for early interseeded barrel medic to 594 kg·ha–1 and 16 kg·ha–1, respectively, for late interseeded red clover.
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Das, Sumanjari, Dale R. Gardner, Marwa Neyaz, Allen B. Charleston, Daniel Cook und Rebecca Creamer. „Silencing of the Transmembrane Transporter (swnT) Gene of the Fungus Slafractonia leguminicola Results in a Reduction of Mycotoxin Transport“. Journal of Fungi 9, Nr. 3 (18.03.2023): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9030370.
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Slafractonia leguminicola infects red clover and other legumes, causing black patch disease. This pathogenic fungus also produces two mycotoxins, slaframine and swainsonine, that are toxic to livestock grazing on clover hay or pasture infested with S. leguminicola. Swainsonine toxicosis causes locoism, while slaframine causes slobbers syndrome. The mechanism of toxin secretion by S. leguminicola is poorly understood. The aim of this research was to investigate the role of a putative transmembrane transporter, SwnT, in mycotoxin transport. The swnT gene was silenced by RNA interference using the silencing vector Psilent1, which included inverted repeat transgenes of swnT. This resulted in a significant reduction of swnT transcript levels compared with the controls. Silencing caused a decline in the active efflux of toxins from the mycelia to the media, as shown by LC–MS analysis. Transformants in which swnT was silenced showed higher concentrations of both toxins in the mycelia compared with the concentrations in the media. These transformants exhibited a visibly distinct phenotype with much thicker and shorter mycelia than in the wild type. These transformants were also unable to infect detached clover leaves, unlike the controls, suggesting that SwnT function may play an important role in pathogenesis in addition to mycotoxin transport. This research demonstrates the importance of this transporter to the secretion of mycotoxins for this phytopathogenic fungus.
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McQuoid, Ashleigh. „Attack of the Killer Frogs Peter Clover Wired Connect/ A & C Black ISBN 9781408152683 £5.99 (paperback)“. Primary Teacher Update 2013, Nr. 25 (Oktober 2013): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/prtu.2013.1.25.64a.
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Bayliss, K. L., J. Kuo, K. Sivasithamparam, M. J. Barbetti und E. S. Lagudah. „Differences in symptom development in subterranean clover infected with Kabatiella caulivora Race 1 and Race 2 are related to host resistance“. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, Nr. 3 (2002): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01093.
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Clover scorch (Kabatiella caulivora) is a severe fungal disease of Trifolium spp. contributing to the collapse of pasture swards across southern Australia during warm, humid spring weather. Host plant responses associated with resistance to the disease were determined in 2 cultivars of subterranean clover (T. subterraneum) separately inoculated with K. caulivora Race 1 or Race 2. Germination of conidia of both races reached a maximum 5 days post-inoculation on cv. Woogenellup (susceptible to both races) and 4 days post-inoculation on cv. Daliak (resistant to Race 1 but susceptible to Race 2). Germ tube growth of Race 1 was inhibited on cv. Daliak and the percentage of conidia penetrating leaf surfaces was lowest on this race–cultivar combination. Susceptibility was characterised by large petiole lesions, with invasive hyphae extending through the mesophyll tissue into the pith and then through the phloem tissue of vascular bundles, eventually causing the petioles to collapse. Resistance was characterised by small, black lesions with invasive hyphae extending no further than the fourth layer of mesophyll cells. A suberin-based material was observed beneath infected mesophyll cells in the incompatible interaction, beyond which no further growth of hyphae occurred. Race 2 caused a faster rate of host tissue necrosis than Race 1 and also the breakdown of starch grains in uninvaded petiole tissues. Starch grains in plants infected with Race 1 were evenly distributed in uninvaded tissue. Sporulation was rarely observed in the incompatible interaction but was common in compatible interactions within 15 days post-inoculation. These responses to K. caulivora can now be used as a breeding tool in evaluating and selecting improved resistance to clover scorch disease among breeding lines of subterranean clover.
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Koliji, Tanya, Zohre Keshavarz, Elham Zare, Faraz Mojab und Malihe Nasiri. „A systematic review of herbal medicines to improve the sexual function of menopausal women“. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology 10, Nr. 1 (20.10.2020): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2021.04.
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Sexual function is one of the most important aspects of menopausal women, and its disorder is a common condition among this group of women. The long-term side effects of hormone replacement therapy to improve this disorder have led women to seek alternative therapies. The purpose of this review is to summarize clinical trials of herbal medicines that improve the sexual function of menopausal women. In this review article, the content was searched in 6 databases to identify double- and triple-blind clinical trial studies from January 2000 to April 2020. The search was conducted in English and Persian. Studies were considered if they were related to menopausal woman, sexual function and its various domains. A total of 479 articles were reviewed, 31 of which were included in the study after reviewing the full text. In this study, 3 articles on ginseng, 4 articles on fennel, 2 articles on Fenugreek, 3 articles on bindii, 3 articles on Red clover, 1 article on Schisandra, 2 articles on Hops; 3 articles about Black cohosh, 2 articles about soy, 2 articles about Ginkgo biloba, 1 article about Nigella sativa, 1 article about neroli oil, 1 article about maca, 1 article about Date pollen, 1 article about Aphrodite and 1 article on the combination of St John’s wort and vitex were evaluated. Red ginseng, fennel, bindii, Red clover and Black cohosh have the greatest effect on improving the sexual function of menopausal women, and people can be encouraged to use these plants.