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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Birds – Behavior – Juvenile literature"
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McIntosh, Sydney Moore, Christian Kerut, Payton P. Hollenshead, Dorothy H. Askins, Kasra Mansourian, Zachary R. Palowsky, Varsha Allampalli, Shahab Ahmadzadeh, Sahar Shekoohi und Alan D. Kaye. „Golimumab for Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Psoriatic Arthritis: Pharmacologic and Clinical Considerations“. Life 13, Nr. 7 (21.07.2023): 1601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13071601.
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Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic debilitating autoimmune condition, and when diagnosed in patients before the age of eighteen, it is considered pediatric polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Monoarticular or polyarticular psoriatic arthritis can be distinguished from other arthropathies by its unique cutaneous manifestations. With numerous treatments already in clinical practice, there are numerous options for treatment. The current literature indicates an elevated level of tumor necrosis factor is present in the epidermis of patients with psoriatic arthritis when compared with the general population. For this reason, anti-tumor necrosis factor therapies have become a hallmark option for psoriatic arthritis patients. Golimumab, a human monoclonal antibody tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) receptor antagonist, was chosen as the focus therapy for this investigation. The mechanism of action behind anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockers involves the binding of human TNF-a soluble and transmembrane proteins to competitively inhibit TNF-a from binding to its cellular receptors. The present investigation evaluated current treatment options available for both juvenile- and adult-onset psoriatic arthritis and compared them with the efficacy seen with golimumab use. Pediatric patients included children ages 2–17, while adult populations included adults 18–83 years old. The Food and Drug Administration has approved golimumab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, ulcerative colitis, and polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The results of four different studies reporting on the therapeutic effects and adverse events of golimumab use in psoriatic arthritis, juvenile psoriatic arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and juvenile polyarticular arthritis were used for comparison. The meta-analysis referenced studies including children ages 2–17 with no reference mentioning children less than age 2. Based on the results of each study, it can be concluded that golimumab, a human monoclonal antibody that prevents the activation of cellular inflammatory reactions when it binds to the TNF-a receptor, is an effective option for patients with active psoriatic arthritis and psoriatic juvenile idiopathic arthritis and for patients who are no longer responding to their current treatment with adalimumab. Each study also reported minimal adverse events associated with golimumab use, and the drug can be safely used in the pediatric population.
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Gentry, Dale J., und Kerri T. Vierling. „Old Burns as Source Habitats for Lewis's Woodpeckers Breeding in the Black Hills of South Dakota“. Condor 109, Nr. 1 (01.02.2007): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/109.1.122.
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Abstract Abstract Crown-burned pine forests are an important breeding habitat for many cavity-nesting birds, and can serve as a source habitat for some woodpecker species. However, it is unclear if this function continues with postburn succession as predators recolonize burned habitats and snag density declines. Lewis's Woodpeckers (Melanerpes lewis) are considered “burn specialists” and are a species of conservation concern. We monitored Lewis's Woodpeckers nesting in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests to determine the source or sink function of old-burn habitats in the Black Hills of South Dakota (study units burned in 1988 and 1991); concurrently, we examined avian and mammalian predator communities within burned and unburned areas. Between 2002 and 2005 we found 55 Lewis's Woodpecker nests, 51 of which were successful. Using adult and juvenile mortality rates for other melanerpine species taken from the literature, we determined that the old-burn habitats we sampled were acting as sources for Lewis's Woodpeckers. Point counts and tracking tube surveys suggested that both avian and mammalian predators had successfully recolonized these old-burn habitats, as both groups were common in old burns and in unburned forests. The unusually high nesting success of Lewis's Woodpeckers in the Black Hills is likely due to the absence of some common nest predators. While the high success rates might continue, we suggest that the overall contribution of young to the region from these burned sites will decline as suitable habitat components (such as snags) decline with the continuation of postfire succession.
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Goldberg, Jesse H., und Michale S. Fee. „Singing-Related Neural Activity Distinguishes Four Classes of Putative Striatal Neurons in the Songbird Basal Ganglia“. Journal of Neurophysiology 103, Nr. 4 (April 2010): 2002–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01038.2009.
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The striatum—the primary input nucleus of the basal ganglia—plays a major role in motor control and learning. Four main classes of striatal neuron are thought to be essential for normal striatal function: medium spiny neurons, fast-spiking interneurons, cholinergic tonically active neurons, and low-threshold spiking interneurons. However, the nature of the interaction of these neurons during behavior is poorly understood. The songbird area X is a specialized striato-pallidal basal ganglia nucleus that contains two pallidal cell types as well as the same four cell types found in the mammalian striatum. We recorded 185 single units in Area X of singing juvenile birds and, based on singing-related firing patterns and spike waveforms, find six distinct cell classes—two classes of putative pallidal neuron that exhibited a high spontaneous firing rate (>60 Hz), and four cell classes that exhibited low spontaneous firing rates characteristic of striatal neurons. In this study, we examine in detail the four putative striatal cell classes. Type-1 neurons were the most frequently encountered and exhibited sparse temporally precise singing-related activity. Type-2 neurons were distinguished by their narrow spike waveforms and exhibited brief, high-frequency bursts during singing. Type-3 neurons were tonically active and did not burst, whereas type-4 neurons were inactive outside of singing and during singing generated long high-frequency bursts that could reach firing rates over 1 kHz. Based on comparison to the mammalian literature, we suggest that these four putative striatal cell classes correspond, respectively, to the medium spiny neurons, fast-spiking interneurons, tonically active neurons, and low-threshold spiking interneurons that are known to reside in area X.
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Lougheed, Cecilia, Brett A. Vanderkist, Lynn W. Lougheed und Fred Cooke. „Techniques for Investigating Breeding Chronology in Marbled Murrelets, Desolation Sound, British Columbia“. Condor 104, Nr. 2 (01.05.2002): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.2.319.
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AbstractWe used several methods to study the chronology and synchrony of breeding events of the Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) population at Desolation Sound, British Columbia, from 1996 to 1998. The timing of breeding events varied among years; on average the breeding season lasted from 21 April to 5 September. We assessed the biases of each method used by comparing the results to the estimate of the integrated breeding chronology. Counts of hatch-year birds at sea were biased toward earlier breeders, missing an estimated 24% of the fledglings. Two other methods, physiological analysis of the yolk precursor vitellogenin from blood samples and monitoring by radio-telemetry could produce a complete distribution of breeding events if sampling were done throughout laying. Observations in the forest, date of first observation of a fledgling at sea during the breeding season, and fish-holding behavior produced insufficient data to be used as sole indicators of breeding chronology of this species. In general, breeding synchrony in alcids, assessed using data from a literature review, was unrelated to feeding habits but increased with latitude (41% of the variation was explained by latitude). Marbled Murrelets, however, bred less synchronously than predicted for an alcid at this latitude (50°N).Técnicas para Investigar la Cronología Reproductiva de Brachyramphus marmoratus en Caleta Desolación, Columbia BritánicaResumen. Utilizamos varios métodos para investigar la cronología reproductiva de la población de Brachyramphus marmoratus en la Caleta Desolación de la Columbia Británica desde 1996 a 1998. Encontramos variaciones temporales en la época reproductiva entre años. En promedio, la estación reproductiva se extendió del 21 de abril al 5 de septiembre. Evaluamos el sesgo de los métodos utilizados comparando los resultados individuales con los resultados de la cronología obtenida al integrar todos los métodos. Los conteos de juveniles en el mar estuvieron sesgados hacia aquellas aves que anidan temprano, no detectando aproximadamente 24% de los juveniles producidos en la estación reproductiva. Los otros dos métodos, análisis fisiológico de muestras de sangre para detectar el precursor de vitelogenina en la yema y monitoreo por telemetría, podrían producir una distribución completa de las etapas reproductivas siempre que el muestreo se lleve a cabo a lo largo de todo el período de puesta. Las observaciones directas en los sitios de anidación, la fecha de la primera observación de juveniles en el mar y las observaciones de aves con pescado en el pico produjeron datos insuficientes para ser considerados indicadores únicos de la cronología reproductiva para esta especie. Con base en una revisión bibliográfica se investigó la sincronía reproductiva en álcidos, encontrándose que ésta no está relacionada con hábitos alimenticios pero que aumenta con la latitud (41% de la variación fue explicada por cambios latitudinales). Sin embargo, B. marmoratus se reprodujo menos sincrónico que lo predicho para un álcido a esta latitud (50°N).
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Maness, Terri J., und David J. Anderson. „Predictors of Juvenile Survival in Birds“. Ornithological Monographs 78, Nr. 1 (Oktober 2013): 1–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/om.2013.78.1.1.
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Gwiazda, Robert, Adam Flis, Piotr Skórka und Wioleta Oleś. „Effect of Age on the Foraging Behaviour of Grey Heron Ardea Cinerea L., 1758 at a Submontane Dam Reservoir in the Post-Breeding Season“. Avian Biology Research 10, Nr. 2 (Mai 2017): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/175815617x14878495436442.
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The components of foraging behaviour and success of adult and juvenile Grey Heron Ardea cinerea were studied at the Dobczyce Reservoir (southern Poland) in July and September 2015. Juvenile and adult birds moved at similar rates during both months. Fish capture attempt rate was significantly higher for juvenile birds than for adults in July but not in September. Capture rate and foraging success probability (number of captures over all attempts) was significantly lower in juveniles in July but not in September. The foraging success probability of juveniles increased from July to September. Adult and juvenile birds caught mostly small fish, with no differences in size. However, handling time in juvenile birds was much longer than in adults in July but not in September, after controlling for differences in prey size. Thus, juvenile Grey Heron increased their efficiency of catching fish from July to September by reducing the number of mistakes, probably as a result of experience.
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Zvereva, Elena L., und Mikhail V. Kozlov. „Seasonal variations in bird selection pressure on prey colouration“. Oecologia 196, Nr. 4 (28.07.2021): 1017–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-04994-9.
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AbstractThe direction and strength of selection for prey colouration by predators vary in space and time and depend on the composition of the predator community. We tested the hypothesis that bird selection pressure on prey colouration changes through the season due to changes in the proportion of naïve juvenile individuals in the bird community, because naïve and educated birds differ in their responses to prey colours. Bird predation on caterpillar-shaped plasticine models in two boreal forest sites increased sevenfold from early summer to mid-summer, and the time of this increase coincides with the fledging of juvenile birds. In early summer, cryptic (black and green) models were attacked at fivefold higher rates compared with conspicuous (red and yellow) models. By contrast, starting from fledging time, cryptic and conspicuous models were attacked at similar rates, hinting at a lower selectivity by naïve juvenile birds compared with educated adult birds. Cryptic models exposed in a group together with conspicuous models were attacked by birds at a threefold lower rate than cryptic models exposed singly, thus supporting the aposematic commensalism hypothesis. However, this effect was not observed in mid- and late summer, presumably due to the lack of avoidance of conspicuous prey by the juvenile birds. We conclude that selection pressure on prey colouration weakens considerably when naïve birds dominate in the community, because the survival advantages of aposematic colouration are temporarily lost for both the conspicuous and their neighbouring cryptic prey.
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Suedkamp Wells, Kimberly M., Mark R. Ryan, Joshua J. Millspaugh, Frank R. Thompson und Michael W. Hubbard. „Survival of Postfledging Grassland Birds in Missouri“. Condor 109, Nr. 4 (01.11.2007): 781–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/109.4.781.
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Abstract We describe survival patterns during the postfledging period for two species of grassland birds in Missouri. We monitored 155 radio-marked juvenile Dickcissels (Spiza americana) and 107 juvenile Eastern Meadowlarks (Sturnella magna; hereafter meadowlark) in southwestern Missouri, from 2002 to 2004. We used an information theoretic approach to evaluate support for biological, temporal, and spatial covariates on survival estimates using Cox proportional hazards models, and also identified cause-specific mortality. For Dickcissels, the model with biological covariates containing body mass had the lowest score using Akaike's information criterion, corrected for small sample sizes (AICc) and almost twice the support of the second-best model. For meadowlarks, the null model had the lowest AICc score, but the second-best model containing body mass was also competitive (within 2 AICc units), so we used the latter model for inference. Hazard ratios indicated that a 1 g increase in body mass was associated with a 3% (Dickcissels) and 2% (meadowlarks) reduction in the risk of death. The cumulative probability of surviving the study period (Dickcissels, 58 days, meadowlarks, 72 days) was 0.56 (95% CI: 0.49–0.65) for Dickcissels and 0.63 (95% CI: 0.54–0.74) for meadowlarks. Predation was the largest source of cause-specific mortality for both species and responsible for 56% (Dickcissels) and 70% (meadowlarks) of deaths. Snakes were the numerically dominant predator of juvenile Dickcissels, but there was not a numerically dominant predator of juvenile meadowlarks. Our results emphasize the importance of body condition on postfledging survival. Future studies should consider estimating postfledging survival rates within species across systems to understand the potential impacts of different predator communities on juvenile survival.
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Ruaux, Geoffrey, Sophie Lumineau und Emmanuel de Margerie. „The development of flight behaviours in birds“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, Nr. 1929 (24.06.2020): 20200668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0668.
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Flight is a unique adaptation at the core of many behaviours in most bird species, whether it be foraging, migration or breeding. Birds have developed a wide diversity of flight modes (e.g. flapping, gliding, soaring, hovering) which involves very specialized behaviours. A key issue when studying flight behaviours is to understand how they develop through all the ontogenetic stages of birds, from the embryo to the flying adult. This question typically involves classical debates on animal behaviour about the importance of maturation and experience. Here, we review the literature available on the development of flight behaviours in birds. First, we focus on the early period when young birds are not yet capable of flight. We discuss examples and show how endogenous processes (e.g. wing flapping in the nest, flight development timing) and environmental factors (e.g. maternal stress, nutritional stress) can influence the development of flight behaviours. Then, we review several examples showing the different processes involved in the development of flight in flight-capable juveniles (e.g. practice, trial and error learning, social learning). Despite the lack of experimental studies investigating this specific question at different developmental stages, we show that several patterns can be identified, and we anticipate that the development of new tracking techniques will allow us to study this question more thoroughly in more bird species.
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Wong, P. L., und R. C. Anderson. „Transmission of Skrjabinoclava morrisoni Wong and Anderson, 1988 (Nematoda: Acuarioidea) to semipalmated sandpipers (Calidris pusilla (L.)) (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae)“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, Nr. 10 (01.10.1988): 2265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-336.
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Skrjabinoclava morrisoni Wong and Anderson, 1988 of the proventriculus of semipalmated sandpipers (Calidris pusilla (L.)) developed to the infective stage in the marine amphipod Corophium volutator (Pallas). The first moult occurred 8 d and the second, 11 d postinfection at 20 °C. In the final host, fourth-stage larvae were recovered from one experimental bird examined 8 d postinfection. Juvenile birds collected at Long Point, Ontario, were not infected with S. morrisoni suggesting that transmission may not occur on the breeding ground. Transmission occurs, however, in the Canadian Maritimes and the Gulf of Mexico, as evidenced by the presence of juvenile S. morrisoni in birds collected on Grand Manan Island, New Brunswick, and birds recently arrived at Delta Marsh, Manitoba, from the Gulf Coast.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Birds – Behavior – Juvenile literature"
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Kapuscinsky, Hatch Karen. „Acquisition of foraging skills in juvenile ringdoves : who do they learn from?“ Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61178.
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This thesis seeks to determine if juvenile birds preferentially select foraging information from their parents, by examining the acquisition of novel food-finding skills in juveniles of a flock-feeding species, the ringdove (Streptopelia risoria).The first experimental examined the flock feeding behaviour of juvenile ringdoves foraging in a small aviary flock composed of kin and non-kin; frequencies of local enhancement, food begging and aggression were recorded, as well as the individuals that the juvenile associated with while searching for food. Juvenile ringdoves foraged significantly more often with their kin and were aggressed more by non-kin. The last three experiments tested juveniles on three components of foraging: novel food type, environmental colour cues associated with food and novel food-searching techniques. All three involved a choice-test where the juveniles had their father and an unrelated flock member as demonstrators. All three choice-tests showed there was no preference for selecting either demonstrator's solution. Juvenile doves in the field may appear to learn from their parents simply because they associate more with them. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Sneddon, Ian Alexander. „Aspects of olfaction, social behaviour and ecology of an island population of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)“. Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2823.
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Olfactory behaviour in the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has been studied extensively under laboratory and semi-natural conditions. Results of observations on aspects of the olfactory behaviour of a free-living population of rabbits are presented. To facilitate interpretation of these results, considerable preliminary information about the population was collected. The study was conducted over a three year period on the Isle of May off the east coast of Scotland. A total of 326 rabbits were trapped and marked to permit identification in the field, and data on sex, age and social status of these individuals was collated. Data on the overall structure and fluctuations in the population are presented. The social organisation and home ranges of rabbits at four study sites throughout the three years are described. Observations indicate that the social organisation of free-living populations is more complex and variable than previous descriptions of semi-natural populations would have led us to expect. The reproductive performance of the population was investigated and intra and interwarren variations are analysed with respect to warren and group size. Results indicate an inverse relationship between warren size and reproductive success. The most frequently observed group composition (2 males, 2 females) was also the most reproductively successful. Daily and seasonal activity patterns of different age, sex and social status classes of rabbits are described. Olfactory communication was investigated by analysis of the frequency, daily and seasonal variation, and behavioural context of odour related activities performed by members of different age, sex and social status classes. The importance of using appropriate methods for the sampling of behaviour in field studies of olfaction is stressed. The present study concentrates on behaviour related to latrines; chin marking of the substrate and of conspecifics; enurination and urine squirting; and pawscraping. The results suggest that different scent products may carry similar information but analysis of variations in the frequency and context of odour deposition suggests that the deposition of scent fulfills a variety of functions.
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Guimarães, Eleusa Jendiroba. „As formas do medo na literatura infantil e juvenil de língua portuguesa: da exemplaridade à busca de alternativas para a superação“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8156/tde-28062011-153021/.
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Este trabalho visa a analisar algumas formas do medo na literatura infantil e juvenil de língua portuguesa, com base nos Estudos Comparados de Literatura. Para tal, serão utilizados conceitos como polifonia, dialogismo, intertextualidade e prática social, reveladores de mudanças na forma de se tratar o medo desde a utilização dos mitos, pelos povos primitivos, passando pela didática comportamental dos textos exemplares e culminando na pedagogia da superação em textos modernos. O tema revelou-se interessante para um trabalho de pesquisa, visto ser um ingrediente sempre presente na vida humana, desde a infância, quando as narrativas são de fundamental importância para a construção da alteridade na criança, assim como para revelar a realidade social na busca por transformação e liberdade. A escolha do corpus promoveu a divisão do estudo em duas etapas: a primeira, analisandose textos exemplares, constatando-se o medo como inibidor de comportamentos socialmente indesejáveis, com as obras Chapeuzinho Vermelho, conto de Charles Perrault, e A mãe canibal e seus filhos, conto popular africano adaptado por Júlio Emílio Braz; a segunda, estudando-se textos modernos, caracterizados pela busca do novo, incentivando a transgressão, cuja análise centra-se nas obras Chapeuzinho Amarelo, de Chico Buarque, O gato e o escuro, do moçambicano Mia Couto e O gatinho Nicolau, Chapeuzinho Vermelho e o Lobo, de Aurélio de Oliveira.This paper aims to analyze some forms of fear in children\'s books and juvenile literature in Portuguese, based on the Comparative Studies of Literature. This will be used as concepts polyphony, dialogism, intertextuality and social practice, revealing changes in the way of dealing with the fear from the use of myths, by primitive people, through didactic behavioral from example texts, and culminating in the pedagogy of resilience in modern texts. The issue has proved useful for research work, since it is an ever-present ingredient in human life, from childhood, when the narratives are of fundamental importance for the building of the another representation of child as well is to reveal the social reality in the quest for freedom and transformation. The choice of the corpus promoted a division of the study into two stages: first, analyzing example texts, confirming the fear as an inhibitor of socially undesirable behaviors, with the works of Chapeuzinho Vermelho by Charles Perrault, and A mãe canibal e seus filhos, african folk tale adapted by Julio Emilio Braz; the second, studying modern texts, characterized by the pursuit of new, encouraging the transgression, whose analysis focuses on works Chapeuzinho Amarelo, by Chico Buarque, O gato e o escuro, by mozambican Mia Couto and O gatinho Nicolau, Chapeuzinho Vermelho e o Lobo, from Aurelio de Oliveira.
Bücher zum Thema "Birds – Behavior – Juvenile literature"
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Huggins-Cooper, Lynn. Beastly birds. Mankato, Minn: QEB Pub., 2009.
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Jacqueline, Langille, und Walker Niki 1972-, Hrsg. Strange birds. New York: Crabtree Pub. Co., 1997.
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Bailey, Jill. Birds. Herausgegeben von Susan McKeever und Jodi Block. London: Dorling Kindersley Limited, 1992.
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Lamstein, Sarah. Sleepy birds. Watertown, MA: Charlesbridge, 2006.
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Honders, Christine. Bloodsucking birds. New York: Gareth Stevens, 2016.
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Garland, Michael. Birds make nests. New York, NY: Holiday House, 2017.
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VanVoorst, Jenny Fretland. Birds in spring. Minneapolis, MN: Bullfrog Books, 2016.
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Peterson, Roger Tory. Birds. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003.
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Judge, Lita. Bird talk: What birds are saying and why. New York: Roaring Brook Press, 2011.
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Lerner, Carol. Backyard birds of summer. New York: Morrow Junior Books, 1996.
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Scott, Charles L., und Peter Ash. „Juvenile Aspects of Stalking“. In Stalking. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195189841.003.0017.
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Stalking that elicits fear in the target is relatively rare below age 16. Case reports reveal that some children and adolescents exhibit stalking behavior, and research on college populations suggests that stalking behavior in late adolescence is not uncommon. Stalking is a theme seen in movies and children’s literature. The definition of stalking is used to distinguish stalking from developmentally normal following behavior commonly seen as a component of adolescent courtship, admiration, or crushes. This chapter reviews the literature on juvenile stalkers, including the frequency and patterns of juvenile stalking and the characteristics of juvenile stalkers. The chapter also provides suggestions for assessment, interventions, and legal responses in the management of the juvenile stalker. Some stalking-like behaviors are common in immature courtship behaviors of children and adolescents, but stalking characterized by repeated unwanted intrusion and communications that elicit fear in the target is relatively rare. In recent years, a number of published case reports suggest that some children and young adolescents exhibit stalking behavior, and research on college populations suggests that stalking behavior in late adolescence is not so uncommon. To help illustrate how pathological stalking overlaps with themes in normal development, this chapter begins with a survey of stalking in movies and children’s literature. The chapter then uses the definition of stalking to distinguish stalking from developmentally normal following behavior commonly seen as a component of adolescent courtship, admiration, or crushes. Literature on juvenile stalkers is then reviewed to provide a picture of how commonly stalking occurs, as well as the characteristics of juvenile stalkers. The chapter then considers certain other behaviors that resemble stalking and examines theories about how stalking behavior develops. Finally, the chapter discusses the important topic of managing the juvenile stalker, including assessment, interventions, and legal responses. Children and adolescents may be exposed to stalking behaviors and themes through television, books, and movies. The influence of media representations of crime and violence is an important avenue of exploration in general clinical work with children and adolescents.
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Dugatkin, Lee Alan. „Cooperation in birds“. In Cooperation Among Animals, 71–89. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195086218.003.0004.
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Abstract Ornithologists, perhaps more than any other “ologists” in biology, are likely to have found their calling early in life, and all seem to have a picture of themselves at age three, with birding binoculars in hand. As such, it should not be surprising that the literature on social behavior in birds is large indeed. In this chapter, I will discuss a number of different types of avian cooperative behavior and, as always, tie it back to theory, whenever possible. In particular we will look at cooperation in the context of territoriality, hunting, food sharing, alarm calls, and mobbing.
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Yoho, Louise M. „Reframing Student Behavior“. In Expanding the Vision of Rurality in the US Educational System, 37–53. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7437-2.ch003.
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This chapter discusses the downfalls of schools' overreliance on exclusionary discipline practices and law enforcement, what the literature says about the alternatives, and how rural schools can leverage their unique strengths to incorporate best practices in ways that work for their communities. Too often students are removed from where learning, including the learning of replacement behaviors, is most likely to occur. Beyond simply the missed opportunities that come from missing days of school, data indicate that students who get suspended or expelled are also almost three times as likely to be in contact with the juvenile justice system in the next school year. This involvement with the juvenile justice system often evolves into involvement with the adult correctional system and lower levels of employment and post-secondary attainment. Teachers and administrators must find a balance between ensuring a safe classroom for all students, while also making sure that even students with behavior concerns have the supports they need to stay in school.
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Dryfoos, Joy G. „Prevention of Delinquency“. In Adolescents at Risk. Oxford University Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195072686.003.0013.
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As we have seen in Chapter 3 (Prevalence of Delinquency), the phrase “juvenile delinquency” may refer to the “continuum of behavior that transgresses social norms,” ranging from socially unacceptable behavior (acting out in school) to status offenses (running away) to criminal acts (burglary). This broad definition sets wide boundaries on a discussion of prevention. Preventing disruptive behavior in the early elementary grades is quite a different task from preventing major criminal acts among high-school-age gangs. The former focuses more on altering individual and family functioning, while the latter involves alterations in the peer culture, the school experience, and the broader social environment. In any case, a review of the literature on prevention of delinquency produces few programs that can be cited as models of primary prevention at early or late stages. A very small number of programs could generate evidence that they stopped the onset of delinquent behavior. Interventions were cited, however, that have an indirect effect on later delinquency by modifying “acting out” and conduct disorders at very early ages. Many of the programs discussed in the literature focus on secondary prevention, working with adjudicated juvenile delinquents to lower the rates of recidivism (repeat offenses), and almost none of those appear to meet with great success. The dearth of successful prevention programs in the area of delinquency is not surprising in light of the complexity of the problem and its deep-seated causes. The usual difficulties with evaluation design are compounded in this field by murky definitions. Repeated reviews of literally thousands of studies have produced almost none with adequate evaluations. Leitenberg’s commentary on the “state-of-the-art” is not very encouraging: . . . My thoughts about primary prevention programs in delinquency tend to be pessimistic. Unless the larger political, organizational, economic and social issues are addressed . . . we will make small headway. . . . I think the most productive area is not within the realm of psychology, sociology, psychiatry, social work, or criminology—it is within the area of politics. . .
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Shema, Claude R. „Forensic Psychiatric Analysis of Juvenile Delinquency and Sexual Abuse Perspective“. In Advances in Psychology, Mental Health, and Behavioral Studies, 70–85. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3958-2.ch006.
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This chapter describes how, although, sexual offenders commit sexual offences as a source of pleasure to themselves, sometimes with harm intended, the vast majority of victims endure long-lasting adverse impacts that affect them in all aspects of life. Juvenile delinquency has become much more prevalent, or more so known in the age of digital media and enhanced communication. Thus, the rapid evolvement and revolutionized media has made the issue more known to the communities and society, as the families and stakeholders seek for reasons behind the rise of sexual assaults, and possible strategies to tackle the pandemic. Although, it has often been perceived as a maladaptive and learning related behavior, literature suggests that majority of the juvenile delinquents suffer from psychological and psychiatric disorders, from mild, moderate to severe psychiatric disorders. The most prevalent disorders found were: ADHD, substance abuse disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, conduct disorder, FASD and oppositional defiance disorder to be the most prevalent among juvenile delinquents.
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Shema, Claude R. „Forensic Psychiatric Analysis of Juvenile Delinquency and Sexual Abuse Perspective“. In Social Issues Surrounding Harassment and Assault, 394–409. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7036-3.ch022.
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This chapter describes how, although, sexual offenders commit sexual offences as a source of pleasure to themselves, sometimes with harm intended, the vast majority of victims endure long-lasting adverse impacts that affect them in all aspects of life. Juvenile delinquency has become much more prevalent, or more so known in the age of digital media and enhanced communication. Thus, the rapid evolvement and revolutionized media has made the issue more known to the communities and society, as the families and stakeholders seek for reasons behind the rise of sexual assaults, and possible strategies to tackle the pandemic. Although, it has often been perceived as a maladaptive and learning related behavior, literature suggests that majority of the juvenile delinquents suffer from psychological and psychiatric disorders, from mild, moderate to severe psychiatric disorders. The most prevalent disorders found were: ADHD, substance abuse disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, conduct disorder, FASD and oppositional defiance disorder to be the most prevalent among juvenile delinquents.
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Blandón-Gitlin, Iris, Hayley Cleary und Alisa Blair. „Race and Ethnicity as a Compound Risk Factor in Police Interrogation of Youth“. In The Legacy of Racism for Children, 169–88. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0010.
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This chapter focuses on juveniles, particularly juveniles of color, in police interrogation contexts. A scientific and professional perspective is provided on the factors affecting children in this setting. The chapter draws from the adult and juvenile literature on interrogation, as well as research on racial factors, to suggest that there are unique vulnerabilities that minority and stigmatized youth bring to the interrogation context. These vulnerabilities may increase their susceptibility to interrogative pressures and false confessions. The chapter also provides recommendations for ways to protect this vulnerable group and calls for interrogation scholars to add race and ethnicity to their research inquiries. This will provide a clearer empirical understanding of the mechanisms by which race and ethnicity affect interview and interrogation behavior and outcomes.
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„Developing Transfer Policy and Integrating JCs and CCs“. In Realizing the Purpose and Benefits of Juvenile Transfer to Criminal Court, 480–510. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7923-7.ch016.
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Chapter 16 begins by very briefly revisiting the misinformation that dominates the transfer literature (see Chapters 6-11), and by briefly reaffirming the dimensions of transfer identified in Chapter 3. The Chapter then explains the three tasks associated with developing transfer policy: 1) choosing an option, such as no transfer, no transfer, but serious modifications to JC, selective transfer, or total transfer (abolition of JC); 2) selecting a transfer method, such prosecutorial transfer (PT) and/or judicial transfer (JT) (assuming transfer is the option chosen); and, 3) discussing implications associated with the available policies. The Chapter concludes by attempting to accomplish reconciliations in three contexts: whether there is a lack of fit between transfer and CC/CJ System outcomes; whether transfer should be backwards-looking (based on current offense and/or delinquent/treatment record) or forward-looking (based on future behavior forecasts, such as future dangerousness or desistance from crime); and, whether reverse transfer from CC should be available.
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Hayward, Guy. „Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processes of Entrainment in Communal Singing“. In The Oxford Handbook of Community Singing, 915–35. Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197612460.013.47.
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Abstract From a scientific perspective, this chapter examines the dynamic process of group synchronization/entrainment inherent within communal singing, and explores how it can be elucidated by top-down and bottom-up explanations. Much of the theoretical basis for understanding this interaction between the volatile actions of individuals and the stable system of the temporal pulse in communal music-making comes from systems theory and complexity theory, briefly reviewed here. In addition, the author assesses more practical research that focuses on real-life collective behavior in animals (e.g., flocks of birds and schools of fish) and humans. Also included are several current explanations of embodied entrainment. Human experimental psychological research into joint action is also referenced to show how the processes of embodied entrainment and joint action are currently explained, as well as empirical literature that examines gesture, visual communication, leader-follower relationships in group hierarchy, joint speech entrainment, and even inter-group entrainment, all in the context of group musical interaction, which forms the basis of community singing. This chapter’s purpose is to gather together the various investigative methods and frameworks that underpin our understanding of how entrainment works in group singing. It shows the relative explanatory power of each and how they can be integrated.
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„Propagated Fish in Resource Management“. In Propagated Fish in Resource Management, herausgegeben von BARRY BEREJIKIAN, THOMAS FLAGG und PAUL KLINE. American Fisheries Society, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569698.ch20.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—Captive broodstocks have been initiated for maintenance and recovery of imperiled anadromous salmonid populations because they can provide a rapid demographic boost and reduce short-term extinction risk. As with captive propagation programs for other vertebrates, difficulties with reintroduction to the natural environment may impede success in achieving the program’s objectives. Strategies for reintroduction of anadromous salmonid captive broodstocks in the United States and Canada include release of captively reared adults (currently four programs), stocking their offspring as eyed eggs (two programs), parr (six programs), or smolts (nine programs). Captive broodstock programs that release adults considered the management objectives of (i) evaluating of different reintroduction strategies, and (ii) spreading the risk of failure of any one particular strategy to be much more important than programs that do not release adults. This distinction indicates that the programs releasing adults consider the strategy to be an experimental one that may serve to offset potential risks associated with juvenile release options. However, the finding that preventing extinction was considered to be very important in adult and juvenile release programs alike indicates that programs releasing adults believe the strategy, at a minimum, will not impede that objective. We summarized the salmonid literature on (1) natural and sexual selection during reproduction, (2) homing and straying, (3) rearing effects on social behavior, (4) domestication, and (5) survival as it relates to biological trade-offs of different reintroduction strategies for captive broodstocks. The adult release strategy provides potential biological benefits that include the opportunity for natural and sexual selection to occur on the spawning grounds—selection that is relaxed during artificial spawning. Adult release and egg stocking may reduce potential for unnaturally high straying rates and may minimize domestication selection of the offspring compared to programs that artificially spawn adults and release their offspring as smolts. The potential benefits of adult and egg releases must be weighed against (and may be offset by) the greater F1 production that could be achieved by releasing hatchery-reared smolts. A variety of reintroduction strategies will likely continue to be appropriate for captive broodstock programs.