Dissertationen zum Thema „Biomarqueurs métaboliques“
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Cooke, Juliette. „Prédiction in silico de profils métaboliques pour améliorer la découverte des biomarqueurs et le phénotypage métabolique“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, INPT, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023INPT0137.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHuman metabolic phenotyping can detect abnormal physiological changes via metabolites circulating in biofluids (plasma, urine). These metabolic profiles can be obtained by classical clinical assays (small targeted number of molecules) or by a more global approach aimed at measuring a wide range of endogenous molecules without a priori knowledge, known as metabolomics. However, metabolomics approaches cannot cover the entire human metabolome with a single analytical technique. It is therefore essential to plan and optimise metabolomics experiments to ensure that the covered metabolome will be as relevant as possible for the condition studied. The hypothesis of this thesis work is that global modelling of metabolism makes it possible to simulate a metabolic disturbance by being free from the constraints of coverage and observability of metabolomics, and thus assist the experimental design involving these techniques. The other challenge that metabolomics applied to biofluids faces is understanding how to link metabolic profiles with the molecular metabolic perturbations that caused them. In this context, the thesis work aims at proposing a modelling method to simulate, from a molecular event (e.g. inhibition of an enzymatic activity), the metabolic profile signalling the physiological drift. The central objective of the thesis is therefore to create a predictive model which can simulate metabolic perturbations, and to recommend the most changed metabolites associated with them. For this, the project consists in modelling human metabolism by modelling the exchanges involving all the metabolic reactions that can take place in humans. This modelling, known as constraint-based modelling, makes it possible to simulate metabolic fluxes (rate of production and consumption of metabolites) and thus to predict which metabolites will be produced or consumed inside the body. In this thesis, a constraint-based modelling approach is developed and applied to predict in silico profiles of metabolites that are more likely to be differentially abundant under a given metabolic perturbation (e.g. due to a genetic disease) using flux simulation. In genome-scale metabolic networks, the fluxes of exchange reactions, also known as the reactions which transport metabolites externally, can be simulated and compared between control and disease conditions in order to calculate changes in metabolite import and export. These import/export flux differences are expected to induce changes in circulating biofluid levels of those metabolites, which can then be interpreted as potential metabolites of interest. SAMBA (SAMpling Biomarker Analysis), developed for this project, is an approach which simulates fluxes in exchange reactions following a metabolic perturbation using random sampling, compares the simulated flux distributions between the baseline and modulated conditions, and ranks predicted differentially exchanged metabolites as potential biomarkers for the perturbation. The project’s results show that there is a good fit between simulated metabolic exchange profiles and experimental differential metabolites detected in plasma, such as patient data from the disease database OMIM, and metabolic trait-SNP associations found in mGWAS studies. These metabolic profile recommendations can provide insight into the underlying mechanism or metabolic pathway perturbation lying behind observed metabolite differential abundances, and suggest new metabolites as potential avenues for further experimental analyses
Daien, Vincent. „Calibre vasculaire rétinien et biomarqueurs cardiovasculaires et métaboliques. Approche clinique et épidémiologique“. Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON1T003/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRetinal photography, by allowing a direct observation of retinal vessels, may thus constitute a practical and noninvasive method for the examination of early changes in human microcirculation. Since 1999-2000, IVAN ® software allows for a "semi-automatic" retinal vascular caliber analysis. In the literature, changes in the caliber of retinal vessels have been shown to reflect the cumulative effects of birth weight, genetic factors, aging process, cardiovascular risk factors, renal function, and inflammation. In meta analyses from epidemiological studies, wider retinal venules and narrower arterioles were associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease in women and an increased risk of global cardiovascular mortality, while wider retinal venular caliber predicted stroke. The aim of the current research is thus to improve the knowledge of retinal vascular calibers determinants in subjects free of clinical evidence of atherosclerosis (either stroke or coronary and peripheral artery disease). In 2007, Melbourne University provided us IVAN ® software and the agreement for its use in clinical and epidemiological research was obtained in 2008. In a first article, an inverse linear relationship between retinal arterial and venous caliber and renal function measured with gold standard methods (glomerular filtration rate from urinary clearance of 99mTc-DTPA and urinary albumin ⁄ creatinine ratio.) was observed in 80 subjects from the cohort of internal medicine-arterial hypertension-Lapeyronie hospital, suggesting common determinants of these preclinical target organ damages. In a second article, we first confirmed the relationship between a wider retinal venular caliber and inflammation, as well as provided evidence for a novel association between wider retinal arteriolar caliber and oxidative stress quantified by GPx-3 activity in the participants of the POLA (Pathologies Oculaires Liées à l'Age) cohort. This finding is of particular importance as it suggests that retinal microvasculature, which has been related to carotid arterial stiffness and cardiac remodeling, may be particularly sensitive to systemic oxidative stress and systemic inflammation, independently of known cardiovascular risk factors. In a third article based on POLA cohort participants, a retinal venular dilatation appears to be strongly associated with malnutrition biomarkers (albumin and transthyretin). This suggests that early microvascular changes may be one of the mechanisms associated with the observed increased risk of cardiovascular disease among elderly subjects with malnutrition. Technical characteristics of IVAN® software limit its generalization in medicine, but its improved our knowledge about the caliber of retinal vessels changes. The future challenge for retinal microcirculation research will probably use parameters of retinal vascular geometry for a better understanding of human microcirculation
Bizier, Emmanuel. „Identification et validation de marqueurs métaboliques pour le suivi de la croissance de cellules végétales en suspension par spectroscopie de fluorescence“. Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1484.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMhanna, Tania. „Biomarqueurs isotopomiques en 13C par RMN et GC-IRMS d’acides gras des produits laitiers : élucidation de voies métaboliques et applications alimentaires“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NANU4054.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTriacylglycerols (TAGs), the main energy storage lipids, exhibit a high structural diversity due to the variety of fatty acids composing them. This diversity extends to the distribution of heavy isotopes within these molecules, influenced by isotopic fractionations during their biosynthesis. Although fatty acid profiles are commonly used as metabolic biomarkers, the compound-specific or positional 13C isotopic composition of individual fatty acids remains poorly explored. During the thesis, a new GC-IRMS method allowed to accurately measure the 13C isotopic ratios in separated fatty acids and in particular short-chain fatty acids (C4 to C12), not observed until now. A methodology using quantitative 13C NMR was implemented to determine the intramolecular composition of fatty acids. This analysis requires significant preparation work concerning the separation and purification of Fatty acids. A new approach was developed concerning the expression of the results of the isotopic composition on an "absolute" and not relative scale, by setting up the concept of intramolecular isotopic reference. Using these advanced analytical methods, the study allowed to systematically analyze the isotopic composition of fatty acids of various dairy products particularly on the differentiation of organic/conventional milks thanks to the 13C content of butyric and caprylic acids. In general, the isotopic data obtained were subjected to chemometric analyses to study the isotopic correlations and decipher the mechanisms of fatty acid biosynthesis. By developing these advanced analytical methods, this thesis aims to provide innovative tools for food science and health
Lagriffoul, Arnaud. „Biomarqueurs métaboliques de toxicité de cadmium chez le maÏs (Zea mays L. ) : mécanismes de tolérance, relations dose-effet et précocité de la réponse“. Bordeaux 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR10665.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChaâbene, Zayneb. „Identification et mesures de biomarqueurs infra-individuels chez le palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera) lors d’une contamination métallique : prédiction des voies métaboliques et description des mécanismes de détoxication des métaux impliqués“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10123/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe phosphate processing industries for the production of phosphate fertilizers, which are present in the southern coastal zone of the Grand Sfax in Tunisia, caused atmospheric emissions and waste discharges i.e., phosphogypsum loaded with metal contaminants. The resulting contamination of soils is a persistent contamination. In order to better understand the effects of metal contamination caused by this industrial activity and ultimately to propose measures for the rehabilitation and/or ecological restoration of the sites but also because of its economic importance, particular attention has been paid on the palm date (Phoenix dactylifera). The aim of this work was to study seed germination and growth of the Deglet Nour variety in various metal contamination contexts by means of plant biotechnology techniques involving in silico research and in vitro culture of vitroplant. Two approaches have been performed. An individual integrative approach that used numerous measurements of morphological and biochemical biomarkers in date palm exposed to various metal stresses. A second approach, more molecular and mechanistic, was performed to identify genes that respond when plants are exposed to Cd, Cu, or Cr which help for the prediction of the metabolic pathways that are affected by contaminants or involved in detoxification processes. This second approach, based on the exploitation of a cDNA library of the Deglet Nour variety, allowed the identification of genes coding for metal chelators and transporters. Monitoring of the levels of expression of these genes made it possible to better understand the detoxification mechanisms of metals in the palm date
Kuster, Nils. „Biomarqueurs des risques cardiaque et métabolique“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT049/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleProfound interactions exist between cardiac and renal functions. Acute or chronic dysfunction of an organ may induce acute or chronic dysfunction of the other. These complex interactions have been grouped under the term cardiorenal syndrome.A Biomarker is defined as a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. Biological markers are useful for the exploration of pathological renal and cardiac phenomenon. In clinical practice, renal function is estimated from glomerular filtration markers, mainly creatinine and cystatin C. Much progress has recently been made recently toward exploration of cardiac dysfunction. From an analytical point of vue, improvement in measurement of cardiac troponine led to the so-called hypersensitive cardiac troponin assays. Furthermore, new markers of cardiac dysfunction are under initensive inverstigation. These markers(soluble ST2, galectin-3) provide information regarding specific pathophysiological pathways, such as fibrosis.After a review of the litterature regarding cardiac and renal biomarkers, this work aims at optimize the interpretation of abovementioned biological markers.In the fist part, consacred to renal markers, this work tries to optimize the estimation of glomerular filtration rate, firstly regarding analytical process then in clinical practice. Glomerular filtration rate is in clincal practice derived from creatinine level. Analytically, our work indaicates that compensated Jaffe methods for the measurement of creatinine should be replaced with enzymatic ones, which are muche more performant. These conclusions have been drawn in different populations, from hospital databases and in cirrhotic patients. In this population , creatinine as a filtration marker suffers from important limitations, mainly beacause of the loss of muscle mass observed in these patients. Cystatin C is an alternative filtration marker whose level is independent of muscle mass. Some algorithms predicting glomerular filtration rate from cystatin C, sole or in association with creatinine have recently been proposed.The second part of this work is consacred to cardiac markers. Cardiac troponins , proteins which are part of the contractile apparatus, are released in the blood flow in case of necrosis. The recent improvement of analytical methods, enabling measurement of cardiac troponine levels in at leats 50% of a healthy reference population require a precise control of manufacturing process. Furthermore, hypersensitive troponins require from physician an exact interpretation in patients with chronic (elderly, chronic kidney disease patients) or acute (post myocardial infarction kinetics) elevation. A study regarding soluble ST2, a n emerging marker of cardiac fibrosis, is also presentedOptimization of the use of biomarkers move nowadays toward multimarkers strategies as illustrated by approaches combining cystatin C with creatinine for estimating glomerular filtration rate or the development of scores for predicting mortality risk in heart failure patients based on cardiac troponins, natriuretic peptides and soluble ST2
Boulet, Marie Michèle. „Identification de biomarqueurs du syndrome métabolique par une approche métabolomique chez l'humain“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25462.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMetabolomic profiling of obese individuals revealed high blood levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) possibly linked to altered adipose tissue BCAA catabolism. We examined plasmatic AA profiling linked with visceral obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors as well as gene expression and protein abundance of BCAA-catabolizing enzymes in adipose tissue of lean-to-obese women. We showed that obese women had significantly higher circulating BCAA, glutamate and tyrosine levels. Moreover, circulating BCAA levels were positively related to glucose homeostasis variables in addition to total and subcutaneous adiposity markers while glutamate and C3 acylcarnitine levels were positively associated with visceral adipose tissue area and triglycerides. Obese women had lower expression and protein levels of BCAA-catabolizing enzymes in visceral adipose tissue specifically. The results of this study suggest that plasma concentrations of BCAA, tyrosine and glutamate are elevated in obese individuals. This could be associated with a reduction in expression and protein abundance of BCAA-catabolizing enzymes mainly observed in omental adipose tissue of obese individuals.
Jullian-Desayes, Ingrid. „Biomarqueurs du risque cardio-métabolique dans les pathologies respiratoires chroniques : impact de la prise en charge“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV020/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with related metabolic and cardiovascular comorbidities. Chronic intermittent hypoxia the hallmark of OSA induces deleterious intermediary mechanisms such as oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Cardiovascular and metabolic comorbidities are also key features of other chronic respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS). Chronic hypoxia and deleterious intermediary mechanisms also trigger occurrence and progression of non alcoholic fatty liver disease. This link between chronic respiratory diseases and liver injury is observed through modifications of specific liver biomarkers in OSA and COPD. A variety of cardiometabolic biomarkers have been studied for stratification of cardio-metabolic risk and assessing treatment impact in chronic respiratory diseases. The first part of this PhD thesis is a systematic review of cardio-metabolic biomarkers in 3 respiratory diseases: OSA, COPD and OHS.Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) the first line therapy for OSA improves symptoms and quality of life. However, CPAP effects on cardio-metabolic consequences remains still debated. In the second part of the PhD thesis, we will address CPAP impact on different cardiometabolic biomarkers and more specifically in markers of liver injury by reporting original results of a randomized controlled trial (RCT).Polypharmacy is usual in patients with OSA, COPD or OHS. Beyond CPAP or non invasive ventilation treatment, it is essential address the contribution of associated medications. Indeed, pharmacological treatments can interfere with the severity of the disease and control of associated comorbidities. The third part of the thesis will present a RCT evaluating Bosentan in hypertensive OSA patients and will present how medications for comorbidities decrease bicarbonate diagnosis value for OHS.We will conclude by underlining the crucial importance of personalized medicine and integrated care in chronic respiratory diseases
Dusseault-Bélanger, Francis. „L'analyse en composantes principales comme outil biostatistique : une routine pour étudier une structure de biomarqueurs“. Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6581.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCarter, Sophie. „Caractérisation d'IGFBP-2 comme biomarqueur intégrateur de la santé cardiométabolique“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26978.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLa protéine de liaison aux facteurs de croissance analogues à l’insuline (IGFBP)-2 est une protéine circulante fortement associée à la résistance à l’insuline qui module les effets métaboliques d’IGF-I et IGF-II en s’y associant directement, et qui exerce aussi des actions IGF-indépendantes via sa liaison à la matrice extracellulaire et aux intégrines. Chez l’homme, de faibles niveaux d’IGFBP-2 sont associés à un profil lipidique délétère, ainsi qu'à une augmentation de la masse grasse et de la résistance à l’insuline. Les travaux décrits dans cette thèse montrent chez l’humain et la souris que les niveaux d’IGFBP-2 sont associés de manière indépendante aux composantes du risque cardiométabolique. Chez l’homme, de faibles niveaux d’IGFBP-2 sont associés à la dyslipidémie athérogène. Une valeur seuil d’IGFBP-2 de 221.5 ng/mL a permis de discriminer entre les sujets métaboliquement sains et ceux répondant aux critères du syndrome métabolique. En plus de son association avec la résistance à l’insuline et les composantes du profil lipidique, de faibles niveaux d’IGFBP-2 sont associés à une fonction cardiaque diminuée chez les patients atteints de sténose aortique, tel qu’évaluée par le volume d’éjection indexé, un indice de fonction global du ventricule gauche qui intègre la fonction pompe et le remodelage du tissu. Chez l’homme, des niveaux d’IGFBP-2 élevés sont associés à un tissu adipeux brun plus volumineux ainsi qu’à une activité métabolique plus importante de ce dernier. Ces observations, telles qu’évaluées par PET/CT, sont aussi validées chez les souris surexprimant la forme humaine d’IGFBP-2. Nos travaux démontrent que les niveaux d’IGFBP-2 sont fortement associés au métabolisme des lipoprotéines et des lipides, à la fonction cardiaque ainsi qu’à l’activité du tissu adipeux brun. L’influence des niveaux d’IGFBP-2 par différentes altérations métaboliques menant à l’augmentation du risque cardiométabolique pourrait faire de ce dernier un biomarqueur précoce et intégrateur. Les travaux exposés dans la présente thèse soulignent aussi un rôle mécanistique potentiel pour IGFBP-2 dans la protection contre certaines altérations du métabolisme.
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-2 is a circulating protein strongly associated with insulin resistance. IGFBP-2 modulates the metabolic actions of IGF-I and IGF-II by direct binding, but can also exert IGF-independent effects through extracellular matrix and integrin binding. In humans, lower IGFBP-2 levels are associated with a deleterious lipid profile, increased fat mass and decreased insulin sensitivity. Causal links between IGFBP-2 levels and surrogate markers of cardiometabolic risk and the potential of IGFBP-2 as a biomarker of metabolic alteration have been scarcely studied. The work presented herein shows in humans and mice that IGFBP-2 levels are independently associated with components of the metabolic syndrome. In men, low IGFBP-2 levels are associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia. A cut-off value for IGFBP-2 at 221.5 ng/mL allowed us to identify subjects with or without the metabolic syndrome. In addition to its association with insulin resistance and the components of the lipoprotein-lipid profile, low IGFBP-2 levels are linked to decreased cardiac function in aortic stenosis patients, as assessed by stroke volume index, a global marker of left ventricle function and remodeling. In men, high IGFBP-2 levels are associated with a more important volume of brown adipose tissue and an increased activity. These observations, as assessed by PET/CT, were also confirmed in mice overexpressing the human form of IGFBP-2. Our results show that IGFBP-2 levels are strongly associated to lipid metabolism, cardiac function and brown adipose tissue activity. The combined influence of different metabolic alterations on IGFBP-2 levels could make it an early and integrative biomarker. The work presented here highlights a potential mechanistic role for IGFBP-2 in the protection against certain metabolic alterations.
Bakli, Mahfoud. „Marqueurs d'exposition aux piqûres de moustiques du genre Culex et processus physiopathologiques d'infection au virus de West Nile“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5056/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWest Nile Virus,WNV is responsible for thousands of cases of morbidity and mortality in birds, horses and humans. WNV is transmitted mainly by mosquitoes by Culex species, to avian hosts. Entomological methods did not give direct individual evaluation of the host/vector contact. 5 salivary proteins from the Culex genus were selected for a production under recombinant forms for further evaluation as potential antigenic candidates of exposure to Culex bites. Sera from individuals living in south of France exposed to distinct Culex density and sera from horses exposed to WNV infection were tested. The recombinant protein30 kDa was recognized only by horses exposed to Culex. However, no difference of antibody response between low and high exposed to Culex. Concerning the pathophysiological processes of WNV disease, a kinetics host brain protein expression profiles of WNV-infected mice using samples collected prior and after clinical signs apparition was performed using proteomic approaches 2D-DIGE and iTRAQ. 148 distinct proteins was found altered following WNV infections. The functional signaling networks in samples collected during early and late infection have been identified. Un examination of CSF protein profiles between patients with neuroinvasive disease (WNND) and control individuals was performed using iTRAQ approach. 47 proteins were found differentially expressed in WNND patients compared to controls. A potential biomarker candidates, defensin-alpha1 was assessed by ELISA using other human paired CSF/serum samples. The putative biomarker identified in this study may potentially be a valuable tool in the assessment of the extent of WNV severity
Saleh, Abdelsalam. „VEGF : un biomarqueur potentiel dans la physiopathologie cardiovasculaire“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0017/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVEGF-A is involved in several diseases, including cardiovascular disease and several types of cancer. The existence of common signaling between the VEGF-A, cell adhesion molecules and inflammatory molecules may help to explain the wide range of functions of VEGF-A in different pathological situations. As part of this thesis, we have developed an integrative approach to study of VEGF-A and its position in several metabolic pathways. This approach involves the identification of genetic variants associated with VEGF-A and their biological function by a transcriptomic approach. Thus, the general aim of this thesis is to investigate the complex relationships between four polymorphisms associated with VEGF-A, its plasma levels and its expression with cell adhesion molecules, inflammatory molecules, plasma lipids, candidate genes (NOS3, CD14, MMP3 and IL-4) and with cardiovascular risk factors (obesity and blood pressure) in healthy individuals. For our studies, we used a subgroup of the STANISLAS Family Study and other populations available in the Biological Resources Center IGE-PCV. Our transcriptomics experiments have been performed with peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The results showed: • An association between VEGF-A145 isoform with the levels of ICAM-1 mRNA, L-selectin mRNA and TNF-α mRNA. • An association between the levels of VEGF-A and the levels of ICAM-1 and E selectin. • An epistatic interactions between the VEGF-A related variants for the levels of E selectin, TNF-α], ICAM-1 and IL-6. • An association of rs4416670 with levels of mRNA of L selectin. • An association between rs6921438 and levels of HDL-C and LDL-C. • An interaction between rs4416670 and hypertension for the interindividual variation of apolipoprotein E. • Significant associations between the expression of VEGF-A with NOS3, CD14, MMP3, IL4R and IL-4 polymorphisms. • Significant epistatic interactions between genetic variants of NOS3, CD14, MMP3, IL4R, and IL4 and the four polymorphisms related to VEGF-A on the plasma levels of VEGF-A. • Significant interactions between rs1800779 in NOS3 and HDL-C, triglycerides, and obesity, as well as interactions of rs6921438 with hypertension on plasma levels of VEGF-A. • Significant associations and gene × blood lipids interactions between all genetic variants of VEGF-A with obesity traits. • A significant association between rs4416670 and pulse pressure. • An epistatic interaction between rs6921438 and rs10738760 on pulse pressure. • Significant associations between the rs10738760 variant of VEGF-A and the risk of metabolic syndrome. The results of this thesis indicate the central role of VEGF-A in the regulation of various physiological processes and offer VEGF-A as a potential novel biomarker for cardiovascular disease to be further evaluated clinically
Maymone, Ana. „Le diabète gestationnel est-il un facteur de risque indépendant de maladies cardiométaboliques chez les enfants à naître?“ Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6341.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGueugneau, Marine. „Altérations du muscle squelettique humain lors du vieillissement associé ou non au syndrome métabolique et identification de nouveaux marqueurs“. Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF1MM06.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMuscle aging (sarcopenia) contributes to both loss of autonomy and decreased capacity to prevent metabolic aggressions, but the mechanisms involved are complex and remain unclear. Therefore in this thesis, we have undertaken a top-down differential proteomic approach to reveal novel potential biomarkers of sarcopenia, and 73 differentially expressed proteins were identified. In addition to alterations of skeletal muscle, aging favors metabolic syndrome (MS), a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. However, the effects of MS on skeletal muscle in old individuals have poorly been investigated. Immunohistochemical studies were performed with vastus lateralis muscle biopsies from young (25 years) and old (75 years) men with and without MS, to reveal the importance of age-dependent and MS-associated modifications on fiber-type characteristics. An atrophy of type-II fibers and altered fiber shape characterized muscle aging in lean healthy men. In contrast, increased cross sectional area of fibers, and reduced cytochrome c oxidase activity in all fiber types characterized MS, even in active elderly men. Moreover, aging and particularly MS were associated with accumulation of intramyocellular lipid droplets. Finally, while few differences were observed in lean healthy men, the capillary supply was strongly altered in old men with MS. Thereafter, a differential proteomic approach identified 42 potential biomarkers implicated in muscle aging and/or in metabolic syndrome. Overall the results obtained in this thesis may improve our understanding of the factors influencing sarcopenia, and may both identify new regulatory pathways and provide potential therapeutical targets
Chahin, Abir. „Bioindicateurs métaboliques de l'exposition des ruminants laitiers aux Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (HAP) : domaines scientifiques : biochimie, métabolisme des xénobiotiques, biologie animale“. Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL031N/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are persistent organic pollutants (POP) produced during the incomplete burning of organic materials. Their production can be of natural origin (forest fire) or anthropic origin (gaz heating, vehicular traffic, industry). The ingestion of PAH contaminated vegetal covers or soils by farm animals, coupled with the high lipophily of these PAH, therefore represents a potential hazard in terms of contamination of animal products (milk, meat, eggs…). In the present work, we focused on the evaluation of the dairy ruminant exposure to PAH through the use of metabolic biomarkers of exposure. At first we tested the potential of 1-hydroxypyrene excreted in urine or milk to be used as a metabolic and specific biomarker of subchronic (7 to 40 days) and oral exposure of the goat to a ternary mixture consisting of phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene. Each PAH was solubilized in oil to reach contamination levels in the range 0.04-50 mg/day. Results demonstrate that (i) 1-hydroxypyrene excretion in milk and urine is proportional to the level of exposure all along the tested exposure range (stable transfer rates of 1-OH pyrene: about 1% in milk and 10 % in urine); (ii) excretion of 1-OH pyrene reached a plateau at the latest 10 days after the beginning of exposure. In the second part of this work, it was demonstrated that the ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) activity, when measured in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), can be used as a convenient and non-specific biomarker of oral and chronic exposure of dairy ruminant to CYP 450 inducting POP, such as many PAH. Induction kinetic of EROD activity PBL could be fitted with a logistic-like model over 40 days of exposure followed by 10 days post-exposure. An approximate dose/response curve could be fitted using a Michaelis-Menten-like model, allowing for several comments about the metabolism of PAH in dairy ruminant. A final kinetic study, which was run on rats under subchronic conditions (32 days), next to other results, showed a good correlation between EROD activities in PBL, liver and brain. Achieved results demonstrate the relevance of the combined use of the EROD activity in PBL and of the 1-OH pyrene in milk or urine as convenient and cost-limited tools for risk assessment in terms of PAH and more generally POP ingestion by dairy ruminants
Milinkovitch, Thomas. „Stratégie de lutte contre les catastrophes pétrolières et risque environnemental associé : évaluation de la toxicité d'un dispersant en milieu côtier chez Liza sp“. Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00589750.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAl, Zallouha Margueritta. „Étude prospective pilote des effets d'une exposition ex vivo de lymphocytes T humains à la pollution atmosphérique particulaire : recherche de biomarqueurs et influence de l'âge“. Thesis, Littoral, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017DUNK0472/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAtmospheric fine particulate matter (FP) are able to enter the lungs where some compounds can interact with lung cells and reach the bloodstream . Exposure to FP affects in particular susceptible populations such as the elderly. This thesis is part of a project aiming to identify the effects of FP on human T lymphocytes (LT) while attempting to determine biomarkers related to exposure and to evaluate the variation of the cellular response as a function of age. LT were isolated from blood samples of 91 volunteers belonging to three age groups (20-30, 45-55, 70-85 years) then exposed ex vivo for 72h to 45 µg/µl of FP collected in Dunkirk. The steps of isolation, purification and activation of LT were first optimized. Following the characterization of the sampled population, a homogeneous study population was selected (10 subjects/age class). We have demonstrated an induction of the genes coding for the enzymes involved in the metabolic activation of PAH identified in the PF sample. Characterization of the LT profile made it possible to propose a mixed th1/th2 profile cause by the exposure. Teh transcriptomic study of miRNAs revealed an overexpression of miR-124-3p involved in the regulation of several functions in the immune system and miR-1290 involved in several types of cancer. As for the influence of age, overexpression of the genes coding for the antioxidant enzymes (NQO1 and HMOX1), an increase in the concentration of cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) as well as a modification of the expression profile of some miRNAs were noted on the elderly
Lutier, Simon. „Développement et sélection de métabolites urinaires des Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques en tant que biomarqueur d’exposition des populations“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAS001/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous carcinogenic pollutants emitted into the atmosphere in complex mixtures constituted of gaseous PAHs and particulate PAHs. Urinary exposure biomarkers are most commonly used in order to perform human biomonitoring (HB) to PAHs, especially the 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) that is considered as the golden standard. However, its use to characterized mixture exposure is controversial. The 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (3-OHBaP) is recently used because it is a metabolite of the benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), the only PAH classified as carcinogenic to humans. Monohydroxylated metabolites of the most abundant gaseous PAHs are also used to perform HB. The aim of this thesis was to develop and select a set of exposure biomarkers that enables a relevant and effective HB for both environmental and occupational exposures. Firstly, the 1-OHP and the 3-OHBaP which are used as exposure biomarkers of carcinogenic PAHs (mainly contained in the particulate phase) were studied. The variability of the emitted atmospheric mixtures, especially the relative abundance between the gaseous and the particulate phases complicates the use of the 1-OHP to assess specific carcinogenic PAH exposure. Indeed, 1-OHP urinary concentrations depend on atmospheric pyrene concentrations (a non-carcinogenic PAH) which is present in both phases. The study of urinary elimination kinetic of the 3-OHBaP revealed atypical elimination kinetics (as in rats) and confirmed that sampling time should be done 16 hours after the end of the shift. Thus, sampling is recommended at pre-shift of the last day worked. The study of diuresis adjustment confirmed the need to take into account the urine’s degree of dilution and that urinary creatinine adjustment is suitable to correct concentrations of the 1-OHP and the 3-OHBaP. HB in occupational sectors with low exposure can’t be performed with 3-OHBaP due to its low urinary abundance. Secondly, monohydroxylated metabolites of gaseous PAHs were compared to select relevant biomarkers for low occupational exposure. Among the compared metabolites, the 2-hydroxyfluorene and the 2-hydroxyphenanthrene were proposed because they are those that best reflect occupational exposure. However, these two metabolites were not specific of carcinogenic PAH exposure in the particulate phase. Finally, an analytical method of the (±)trans-anti-BaP-tetraol (Tetraol-BaP) was developed for routine application (the limit of quantification was 0,02ng/L). The first urinary analysis indicated that the Tetraol-BaP is at least as abundant as the 3-OHBaP and that it could be a relevant biomarker to assess carcinogenic risk. Indeed, the Tetraol-BaP is a product of toxic metabolism pathways of the BaP, which allows it to be closer to the toxic effect than the 3-OHBaP. This thesis highlights the difficulty to use a single biomarker to assess PAH mixture exposure due to their important variability and suggests different biomarkers that would characterize mixture PAH exposure
Milinkovitch, Thomas. „Stratégie de lutte contre les catastrophes pétrolières et risque environnemental associé : évaluation de la toxicité d’un dispersant en milieu côtier chez Liza sp“. Thesis, La Rochelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LAROS322/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDispersant application is an oil spill response technique which accelerates the dispersion of petroleum from the sea surface into the water column by inducing the formation of oil droplets. In coastal areas this response technique is controversial since the low water depth reduces the dissemination of oil droplets and by the way increases the exposure of aquatic ecosystems to petroleum. To evaluate the toxicity of dispersant application in nearshore areas, an experimental approach was conducted. Juvenile of Liza sp. were exposed to three scenarios of contamination: (i) to chemically dispersed oil - simulating, in vivo, dispersant application ; (ii) to mechanically dispersed oil - simulating, in vivo, natural dispersion due to meteorological conditions ; (iii) to an undispersed oil slick simulating, in vivo, oil slick confinement as a response technique. Toxicity of each condition of exposure was evaluated through the mortality upon a group of individuals, through the swimming performance and the metabolic scope at the organism level, and through the measurement of biomarkers at the organ level.Comparison between an undispersed oil slick and a chemically dispersed oil slick shows that dispersant application induces an increase of the mortality and decreases the ability of the animal to cope with environmental contaminants (deduced from gill and liver total glutathione rate). Conversely, comparison between both a mechanically and a chemically dispersed oil slick, suggests that, when sea water is under mixing processes, dispersant application does not enhance petroleum toxicity. Taken together these results suggest that (i) an oil slick must not be dispersed when recovery can be conducted; (ii) dispersant application could be considered as a response technique when meteorological conditions are appropriated
Willemin, Marie-Émilie. „Modélisation de la toxicocinétique des isomères cis et trans de la perméthrine et de ses métabolites chez le rat et de leur métabolisme sur hépatocytes humains“. Thesis, Compiègne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014COMP2149/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePopulation is largely exposed to pyrethroids, an insecticide family. The parent compound is suspected to induce neuronal and hormonal modifications in humans. Among this family, permethrin, a mixture of isomers cis/trans, is mainly used in house tratments. In this PhD project, we developed a PBK model of permethrin and some urinary metabolites uses as biomarkers of exposure. The matabolic interactions between the two isomers were also evaluated. A three steps strategy was followed. An analytical method by GC-MS/MS was developed to measure these compounds simultaneously in the different matrices. A PBPK of permethrin in rat was associated to a reduced PBPK model of DCCA and a 2-compartment model of 4'-OH-PBA and 3-PBA. The toxicokinetics parameters of each compound were estimated in a Bayesian framework from in vivo experiments in rats orally dosed with 25 mg/kg of cis- or trans permethrin. The PBPK model of permethrin was validated on the kinetic data of a mixture of permethrin. The hepatic metabolism was quantified in humans in primary hepatocytes in optimal conditions for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation, by incubating the isomers separately and as a mixture. This work underlines that a general PBPK model for Type 2 pyrethroids can be considered for the parent compound The lack of interaction between isomers during in vitro experiments and the validation of the PBPK model of permethrin could simplify the characterization of the exposure to a mixture of pyrethroids
England, Jade. „Identification de biomarqueurs génétiques pour la détection précoce des séquelles métaboliques chez les survivants de la leucémie pédiatrique“. Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18864.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIntroduction. Avec l’optimisation des traitements, le taux de guérison de la leucémie lymphoblastique aigüe (LLA) de l’enfant approche 90%. Cependant, 60% des survivants devront faire face à des complications à long-terme en lien avec les traitements. Ces patients ont un risque accru de complications cardiométaboliques telles que l’obésité, la résistance à l’insuline, la dyslipidémie et l’hypertension artérielle. Alors qu’il est reconnu que des facteurs génétiques contribuent au développement de ces complications, peu d’études ont observé l’impact de ces déterminants chez les survivants. Le but de cette étude est d’évaluer les associations entre les variantes rares et communes et le développement des complications cardiométaboliques chez les survivants de la LLA. Méthodes. La caractérisation du profil cardiométabolique et le séquençage de l’exome ont été réalisés dans une cohorte de 209 survivants de la LLA pédiatrique. Les variantes associées avec les complications cardiométaboliques ont été identifiées avec PLINK (commune) ou SKAT (rare et commune) et une régression logistique a été utilisée pour évaluer leur impact dans des modèles multivariés. Résultats. Nos analyses ont démontré que des variantes rares et communes dans les gènes BAD et FCRL3 sont associées au risque de présenter un phénotype dit extrême, soit trois facteurs de risque cardiométabolique et plus. Les variantes communes dans OGFOD3 et APOB et les variantes rares et communes dans BAD ont été associées à la dyslipidémie. Les variantes communes dans BAD et SERPINA6 ont été associées respectivement à l’obésité et la résistance à l’insuline. Conclusion. Notre étude a révélé une susceptibilité génétique au développement des complications cardiométaboliques chez les survivants de la LLA pédiatrique. Ces biomarqueurs pourront être utilisés pour la détection précoce et l’intervention chez cette population à haut risque.
Background. While cure rates for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (cALL) now exceed 80%, over 60% of survivors will face treatment-related long-term sequelae, including cardiometabolic complications such as obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Although genetic susceptibility contributes to the development of these problems, there are very few studies that have so far addressed this issue in a cALL survivorship context. In this study, we aimed at evaluating the associations between common and rare genetic variants and long-term cardiometabolic complications in survivors of cALL. Method. We examined the cardiometabolic profile and performed whole-exome sequencing in 209 cALL survivors from the PETALE cohort. Variants associated with cardiometabolic outcomes were identified using PLINK (common) or SKAT (common and rare) and a logistic regression was used to evaluate their impact in multivariate models. Results. Our results showed that rare and common variants in the BAD and FCRL3 genes were associated (p<0.05) with an extreme cardiometabolic phenotype (3 or more cardiometabolic risk factors). Common variants in OGFOD3 and APOB as well as rare and common BAD variants were significantly (p<0.05) associated with dyslipidemia. Common BAD and SERPINA6 variants were associated (p<0.05) with obesity and insulin resistance, respectively. Conclusion. In summary, we identified genetic susceptibility loci as contributing factors to the development of late treatment-related cardiometabolic complications in cALL survivors. These biomarkers could be used as early detection strategies to identify susceptible individuals and implement appropriate measures and follow-up to prevent the development of risk factors in this high-risk population.
Morel, Sophia. „Complications cardiométaboliques chez les survivants de la leucémie lymphoblastique aiguë pédiatrique : rôles de la dysbiose intestinale et de la nutrition dans leur développement“. Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25544.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAs a result of therapeutic advances, more than 90% of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survive the disease. However, many survivors are at risk of developing long-term morbidities caused by the cancer and its treatments, especially since these are administered during a crucial period of their development. Long-term adverse effects include cardiometabolic disorders such as obesity, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes. Although their precise etiology is not fully understood, some mechanisms underlying the development of long-term complications have been proposed. Surprisingly, few studies have evaluated the relationship between diet and cardiometabolic complications in childhood cancer survivors. In the general population, poor dietary habits are associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome components and atherosclerosis. Also, the intestinal microbiota appears to play a major role in the pathogenesis and progression of cardiometabolic disturbances in the general population. This role has been poorly studied in cancer survivor populations, where treatments could lead to significant changes in intestinal microbiota composition, diversity and function. We studied the cardiometabolic and nutritional health status of childhood ALL survivors and determined the associations between the two. In addition, we explored the intestinal microbiota as an underlying mechanism of cardiometabolic complication development. This work was carried out as part of the PETALE (Preventing Late Effects of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatments) study at the Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine in Montreal. Our results highlighted the high prevalence of cardiometabolic complications in adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood ALL. They also confirmed their increased cardiovascular risk compared to the general Canadian population, particularly those exposed to cranial radiotherapy. In addition, alterations in lipoprotein and apolipoprotein profiles, indicative of an increased risk of atherosclerosis, were identified. We observed that survivors have poor compliance with dietary recommendations and that poor eating habits affect their nutritional and metabolic status. Our results confirm the association of diet quality and a better survivors’ cardiometabolic health. We identified an inverse association between a high intake of specific macro- and micronutrients (protein, selenium, zinc, copper, riboflavin and niacin) as well as meat and the risk of having low HDL-C levels in survivors, while fast food was positively associated with this risk. It should be noted that despite low vitamin D intake, the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency is no greater among survivors than in the general Canadian population. We identified associations between plasma biomarkers of visceral inflammation and endotoxemia and cardiometabolic complications in childhood ALL survivors. We also demonstrated the relationship between metabolic endotoxemia, inflammation and the presence of cardiometabolic complications. A review of the literature detailed the emerging role of intestinal dysbiosis in the metabolic sequelae found in survivors. In our exploratory work, we found that, in a large proportion of metabolically unhealthy survivors, there was a reduced abundance of bacteria families with protective role towards endotoxemia. We also demonstrated the feasibility of using a xenogenic mouse model of ALL to study the mechanisms explaining the development of cardiometabolic complications. The identification of biomarkers and biological mechanisms and a better understanding of how diet and nutritional components may affect survivors of childhood ALL will allow the development of prevention strategies to minimize long-term sequelae, improve patient follow-up and optimize the quality of life of this high-risk population.