Dissertationen zum Thema „Biological levels“
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1
Clarke, Ellen. „Biological individuality and the levels of selection“. Thesis, University of Bristol, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.529868.
2
Phan, Thi Thanh Hoi [Verfasser]. „Testing levels of competencies in biological experimentation / Thi Thanh Hoi Phan“. Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1019552891/34.
3
Walker, Martin Keith. „Determination pf physiological levels of alkanals and hydroxyalkenals in biological samples“. Thesis, Brunel University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385819.
4
Sousa, Ana Catarina Almeida. „Levels and biological effects of selected EDC's in the portuguese coast“. Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/980.
Annotation:
Doutoramento em BiologiaOs compostos orgânicos de estanho (OTs), de entre os quais se destaca o tributilestanho (TBT), encontram-se amplamente dispersos no meio aquático devido à sua intensa utilização como agente biocida em tintas antivegetativas. Estudos anteriores sobre a poluição por organoestanhos em Portugal demonstraram que estes compostos se encontram presentes não só na linha de costa mas também em zonas da plataforma, sendo as zonas portuárias (onde se incluem portos comerciais, portos de pesca, marinas e estaleiros navais) os principais focos de poluição. A presente tese tem como objectivo investigar o estado actual da poluição por organoestanhos na costa Portuguesa confirmando se os padrões espaciais acima descritos se mantêm, por meio da quantificação de diversos OTs, nomeadamente, butilestanhos, fenilestanhos e octilestanhos. Assim, os níveis destes compostos foram avaliados em populações de Mytilus galloprovincialis e Nassarius reticulatus ao longo da costa continental Portuguesa, com particular incidência na Ria de Aveiro onde se quantificaram os níveis de OTs em mexilhões, gastrópodes e sedimentos, recolhidos numa malha de amostragem mais densa. A distribuição espacial dos organoestanhos foi determinada utilizando o bivalve M. galloprovincialis como espécie bioindicadora. Os níveis totais de estanho (SnT) foram quantificados nos tecidos do mexilhão e relacionados com os níveis totais de OTs nos mesmos tecidos, incluindo monobutilestanho (MBT), dibutilestanho (DBT), tributilestanho (TBT), difenilestanho (DPhT), trifenilestanho (TPhT), monoctilestanho (MOcT) e dioctilestanho (DOct). A contribuição dos OTs para os valores de estanho total (SnT) foi superior nas estações de amostragem localizadas no interior de portos onde atingiram proporções próximas dos 50%. De entre estes, os butilestanhos (BuTs=MBT+DBT+TBT) contribuíram em média com 98.6% para o valor total de OTs, tendo sido detectados em todas as amostras analisadas. Os valores mais elevados foram registados no interior ou na proximidade de portos, corroborando a ideia anterior de que constituem importantes focos de poluição. A variação das concentrações de TBT no mexilhão situou-se entre os 0,9 e 720 ng Sn.g-1 de peso seco (ps). Estes valores são, em 69% das estações amostradas, superiores ao valor do proposto pela OSPAR (4,9 ng TBT-Sn.g-1 ps) para tecidos de mexilhão o que sugere a forte probabilidade de ocorrência de efeitos adversos sobre os ecossistemas. Os níveis de OTs foram também quantificados em tecidos de N. reticulatus recolhidos ao longo da costa em 2008 Os butilestanhos representaram a maioria dos compostos organoestânicos quantificados e os níveis mais elevados foram novamente detectados no interior ou nas imediações de portos. Os valores de TBT nos tecidos deste gastrópode variaram entre 3,5 e 380 ng Sn.g-1 ps, representando uma percentagem média de 50,4% do total de butilestanhos. Simultaneamente, os níveis de imposex foram também avaliados e relacionados com os valores deste composto nos tecidos. As distribuições espaciais de imposex e de TBT seguiram a mesma tendência, sendo que em todos os locais amostrados foram encontradas fêmeas afectadas. Os valores de VDSI (índice da sequência do vaso deferente) variaram entre 0,2 e 4,4. Em 91% dos locais os valores de VDSI foram superiores a 0,3 (definido pela OSPAR como o valor de VDSI em N. reticulatus acima do qual o objectivo de qualidade ecológica não é atingido), confirmando a suspeição da existência de efeitos adversos nos ecossistemas. Em todos os compartimentos analisados na Ria de Aveiro, os butilestanhos foram os principais contribuintes para estanho orgânico total. A utilização do imposex em N. reticulatus como biomarcador da poluição por TBT permitiu determinar um gradiente decrescente desde o interior da Ria (onde se situa a zona portuária) até zonas costeiras adjacentes. O mesmo gradiente foi observado relativamente às concentrações de TBT em tecidos de mexilhão. Para os sedimentos, as concentrações de TBT são bastante variáveis com valores entre 2,7 e 1780 ng Sn.g-1 ps encontrando-se significativamente correlacionadas com o conteúdo em matéria orgânica da amostra. Em todas as amostras analisadas os níveis de TBT são elevados e superiores ao valor inferior (provisório) de EAC (critério de avaliação ambiental) proposto pela OSPAR (0,004 ng TBT-Sn.g-1 ps). A análise da evolução temporal da poluição por TBT ao longo da costa foi concretizada por meio da comparação entre níveis de organoestanhos em N. reticulatus em amostras de 2008 e 2003 e também através da comparação dos níveis de imposex registados em campanhas realizadas naqueles dois anos. Os resultados obtidos indicam a ocorrência de reduções significativas nas concentrações de TBT, DBT e MBT, assim como uma diminuição significativa nos valores de VDSI entre 2003 e 2008. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a redução verificada se deve à implementação do Regulamento 782/2003 da Comunidade Europeia, que tem por objectivo a erradicação das descargas e emissões de TBT para o ambiente a partir dos sistemas antivegetativos A diminuição da poluição por TBT ao longo dos últimos anos foi acompanhada por um aumento no número de fêmeas com um vaso deferente, mas sem pénis (imposex do tipo b): 3,5% em 2000, 11% em 2003 e 24% em 2008. Um aumento no número de locais onde se registou o fenómeno também é evidente: dois em 2000, sete em 2003 e treze em 2008. A proporção de fêmeas b no estádio 1 de VDS apresentou igual tendência com aumento de 38% em 2000 para 65% em 2008. O aumento no número de fêmeas com esta via parece estar associado à diminuição da poluição por TBT. Face à esperada diminuição da presença do composto no meio ambiente, devido à sua proibição, o aumento de fêmeas com imposex do tipo b é previsível. A ocorrência de compostos xenoestrogénicos no ambiente aquático foi também estudada e os níveis de estrona (E1), 17α-e 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α- etinilestradiol (EE2), bisfenol-A (BPA) e nonilfenol (NP) foram quantificados em efluentes de estações de tratamento de águas residuais (ETARs) localizadas na região de Aveiro, bem como no efluente final descarregado no Oceano Atlântico, através de um emissário submarino (S. Jacinto), sendo amostras recolhidas na entrada da Ria e ao largo usadas como referência. Os níveis de hormonas esteróides e compostos fenólicos registados nos locais de referência são baixos. De entre as hormonas esteróides os níveis mais elevados foram registados para a estrona, com valores máximos de 85.3 ng.L- 1 . Os níveis mais elevados de compostos fenólicos foram detectados em efluentes industriais (máximos de NP e BPA de 2410 ng.L-1 e 897 ng.L-1 , respectivamente). Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os níveis de compostos xenoestrogénicos em locais de referência são baixos e não parecerem acarretar risco ecológico, no entanto o mesmo não será verdadeiro para as imediações do emissário de S. Jacinto que liberta efluentes com concentrações muito elevadas de E1, NP e BPA. Foram realizadas experiências laboratoriais de forma a elucidar o papel do receptor retinóico X (RXR) no mecanismo de indução de imposex (presentemente o mecanismo que demonstra maior promessa na explicação do desencadear deste fenómeno). Fêmeas de Nucella lapillus e N. reticulatus foram injectadas com TBT em etanol ou com ácido 9-cis- retinóico em FBS (soro fetal bovino) tendo-se procedido à sua observação nos 30 dias subsequentes. Tanto o TBT como o 9CRA induziram o desenvolvimento de imposex em N. lapillus e N. reticulatus. Aumentos significativos nos valores de VDSI e FPL entre o controlo de etanol e o tratamento de TBT e o controlo de FBS e o tratamento de 9CRA foram registados. Os resultados obtidos fornecem novas provas do envolvimento da via de sinalização associada ao RXR no desenvolvimento de imposex em ambas as espécies.
5
Lee, Nina Louise. „The roles of diet and SirT3 levels in mediating signaling network changes in insulin resistance“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81674.
Annotation:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biological Engineering, 2013.Title as it appears in MIT Commencement Exercises program, June 2013: Signaling network changes in high fat diet-induced insulin resistance Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-80).
The goal of my research is to understand the mechanism by which high fat diets mediate insulin sensitivity and the role SirT3 plays in high fat diet-induced insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is defined as the inability of cells and tissues to respond properly to ordinary amounts of insulin and is a precursor to many metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obesity, brought on in large part by caloric excess from high fat diet feeding, is a major contributor to insulin resistance. The recent drastic increase in the prevalence of obesity makes it imperative that steps are taken to more effectively treat and cure obesity-linked diseases such as diabetes. To identify optimal therapeutic targets, it is crucial to first gain a mechanistic understanding of obesity-induced insulin resistance, and understand how specific changes in the signaling network affect insulin sensitivity. Previous work has demonstrated that levels of SirT3, a mitochondrial protein deacetylase, are diet dependent. Additionally, SirT3 expression levels have been shown to mediate insulin and glucose tolerance in animals in a diet-dependent manner. Perturbations in SirT3 levels also alter the levels of phosphorylation on several canonical insulin signaling proteins. In my research, I further investigated the link between SirT3, diet and insulin resistance from a signaling network perspective. Using mouse liver as a model system, I analyzed liver tissue from mice fed a normal diet (insulin sensitive) or mice fed a high fat diet, thus inducing insulin resistance. Quantification of phenotypic and network events in response to insulin and utilization of computational techniques revealed activated pathways and nodes mediating insulin response, some of which had not been previously associated with the canonical insulin signaling network. I extended the study to analyze the role SirT3 plays in diet-mediated insulin sensitivity by perturbing the level of SirT3 in mice on both normal chow and high fat diets. The results of this research are useful for designing more efficacious therapies to treat insulin resistance-induced diseases.
by Nina Louise Lee.
S.M.
6
JOHNSON, GREGORY S. „ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGY AND NEUROBIOLOGY: LEVELS IN THE COGNITIVE AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1178290821.
7
Gonzales, Melissa 1963. „Occupational exposure to azinphos-methyl: Correlating biological markers to environmental residue levels“. Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291604.
Annotation:
Peach harvester exposure to azinphos-methyl (AZM) residues estimated by the Transfer Factor (TF) ratio of Dislodgeable Foliar Residue (DFR) to Daily Dermal Exposure (DDE) was compared to estimates based on the relationship between dermal exposure and dialkylphosphate metabolite excretion. DFR was monitored in four orchards from the time of pesticide application through harvest. Eleven male harvesters wore cotton tee-shirt dosimeters and provided area-specific skin washes and wipes for DDE monitoring during work operations. Urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites of AZM were also monitored and compared to DDE results. During a later harvest for which DDE was not determined, the dermal exposure estimated by the TF (1,310 μg) was comparable to the estimates based on dialkylphosphate excretion (1,456-1,534 μg). A repeated measures ANOVA showed that harvesters' cholinesterase levels were significantly lower than 'non-harvesters'. No significant reductions in cholinesterase levels were detected over time.
8
Hodges, Jennefer Anne. „Making sense of biological naturalism“. Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/13889.
Annotation:
Searle’s theory of Biological Naturalism has been largely ignored in the philosophical literature and Searle’s commentators are confused by his seemingly contradictory views. In this dissertation I attempt to make sense of Biological Naturalism. In chapter 2 I will ascertain which concerns prevent Searle’s readers from understanding his position. The remaining chapters aim to dissolve the tensions and dispel any confusion. Chapter 3 considers Searle’s notion of first-person ontology, finding that it expresses a belief that experiences are essentially subjective and qualitative. In chapter 4 I consider the notions of levels of description, causal reduction and what Searle means by causation and realisation. Chapter 5 turns to the question of how to categorise Searle’s position. Many of his critics charge him with being a property dualist. By highlighting the difference between the meaning of irreducibility intended by the property dualist and Searle I show that there is sufficient difference in their use of the term so as to reject an interpretation of Biological Naturalism as a form of property dualism. Chapter 6 is where I turn to the other end of the physicalism/dualism spectrum and assess whether Searle should be seen as holding a form of identity theory. I first argue for a neutral form of identity that I call real identity, which does not include the inherent reductive privileging of standard identity. I then argue that Searle should be seen as advocating a form of real identity theory; a form of token identity theory which does not privilege the physical over the mental. In chapter 7 I return to the main barriers to making sense of Biological Naturalism which I identified in chapter 2 and lay out my response to each. I conclude with a coherent interpretation of Searle’s position.
9
Brooks, Daniel Stephen [Verfasser]. „The concept of levels of organization in the biological sciences / Daniel Stephen Brooks“. Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1082033960/34.
10
Canty, Martin Neil. „Marine pollution and echinoderms : a biomarker study integrating different levels of biological organisation“. Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1310.
Annotation:
There is growing concern that the invertebrate test organisms commonly employed in the field of aquatic ecotoxicology may not be sufficient to accurately screen for the possible deleterious effects of contaminants discharged into the marine environment. The use of echinoderms has been proposed to redress this problem, due to their ecological importance and their evolutionary closeness to the chordates. But to date, there is a paucity of data in the published literature which has utilised the adult stages of echinoderms in laboratory based toxicology studies. The present studies aimed to fill this lack of information. A suite of biomarkers which operated at different levels of biological organisation (sub-cellular, cellular and individual level) were identified for use with different echinoderm species (the common sea star, Asterias rubens, the purple sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus and the common brittle star, Ophiothrix fragilis). These biomarkers used were micronucleus induction, the Comet assay, the modified Comet assay, phagocytosis, neutral red retention, clearance rate and righting time. Concurrent exposures showed that echinoderms were more sensitive to model contaminants than a commonly used sentinel ecotoxicological test species, namely the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. These contaminants included: the reference toxicants hydrogen peroxide (Chapter 2) and methyl methanesul phonate (Chapter 3); a pharmaceutical, cyclophosphamide (Chapter 3); a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, benzo(a)pyrene (Chapter 4) and a heavy metal, cadmium (Chapter 5). The results for all the exposures showed that the biomarkers which operated at the lower levels of biological organisation (i. e. at the subcellular level – namely the micronucleus and Comet assays) were the most sensitive at detecting the deleterious effects of the contaminants. But, interestingly, some strong correlations were found between these sub-cellular consequences and those that operated at higher levels of biological organisation (for example, between righting time and both micronucleus induction and Comet assay in Asterias rubens following cyclophosphamide exposure). Theses correlations suggest that biomarkers which operate at the whole organism level (namely righting time and clearance rate) may serve as rapid and accurate indicators of possible damage induced by xenobiotics in echinoderms and bivalve molluscs.
11
Ringger, Nancy C. „A novel biomarker for traumatic brain injury csf alphaii-spectrin breakdown product levels /“. [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0006487.
Annotation:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Florida, 2004.Typescript. Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 119 pages. Includes Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Cebrian, Pujol Emma. „Sublethal effects of heavy metal contamination on marine sponges: Responses at different biological levels“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/805.
Annotation:
Many antrophic activities release pollutants to the marine environment. Among them heavy metals are of great importance, since they are conservative pollutants, which can be accumulated through trophy chains. Sometimes, the liberation to the marine waters is acute and drastic, leading to massive mortalities. However, more often, the liberation is by means of low and chronic concentrations. The main objective of the present thesis is to analyze the sponge responses in face to sublethal concentrations of heavy metals and to determine, if it is possible, whether they can be used as biomonitors of such kind of pollution. First, we have studied their availability to accumulate havey metals in both, temporal and especial scales. And then, by means of the use of different biomarkers, to analyze the sublethal effects of heavy metals on sponges at different levels of biological organization, from molecules to populations. The present thesis has been performed by means of experiments in situ and at the laboratory, in order to elucidate heavy metal accumulation patterns and their effects depending on the specie and metal considered.TÍTOL DE LA TESI: "Efectes subletals de la contaminació per metalls pesats en esponges marines: Respostes a diferents nivells d'organització".
TEXT:
Moltes activitats antròpiques alliberen contaminants en el medi. Entre els contaminants hem de destacar els metalls pesants, ja que són contaminants conservatius y que s'acumulen a través de les xarxes tròfiques. En alguns casos la alliberació dels contaminants en el medi es dona de forma aguda i dràstica, el què pot provovar mortalitats massives. De totes formes, de forma general l'alliberació al medi dels metalls pesants es dóna a baixes concentracions i de forma crónica. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesis és analitzar les respostes de les esponges a concentracions subletals de metalls pesants i determinar la seva utilitat com a biomonitors d'aquest tipus de contaminació. En primer lloc, s'ha d'estudiar la capacitat de les esponges per acumular metalls pesants tant a una escala temporal com espaial. En segon lloc, mitjançant l'ús de diferents biomarcadors, analitzar els efectes subletals dels metalls en les esponges, a diferents nivells d'organització biológica, desde les molècules fins a les poblacions. Aquesta tesis s'ha dut a terme mitjançant experiments que convinen aproximacions in situ i en el laboratori per tal de compendre de millor maners els models d'acumulació i els seus efectes en funció de l'espècie i el metall considerat.
13
Martino, Orsolina I. „The role of biological rhythms and blood glucose levels in maintaining a positive mood state“. Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/68593.
Annotation:
Although the effects of both the menstrual and circadian cycles on mood have been well documented, the question of whether the two interact to influence mood has not yet been addressed, despite evidence for such an interaction on other variables. Blood sugar level is a major contributor to the mediation of mood and is easily regulated by dietary intervention; there is also evidence that it is influenced by both the menstrual and circadian cycles. The present research takes a positive psychological approach to managing mood; the aims were to identify where natural variations in mood occur in relation to its underlying physiology, taking an applied approach to suggest ways of effectively managing positive mood and maintaining psychological well-being. A series of studies was carried out to measure fluctuations in mood in relation to biological rhythms, and in response to cognitively demanding situations and simple interventions. Mood was measured throughout the research using the UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist. The most consistent results were in relation to the Energetic Arousal dimension. This was shown to be influenced by both the menstrual cycle and the time of day, as well as an interaction between these two factors, and was consistently related to changes in blood glucose levels. Energetic Arousal also appeared to be more sensitive to the effectsof the suggested interventions. Diurnal changes in mood throughout the course of a normal day were more evident among women in their premenstrual to menstrual phases, and also become more apparent in response to cognitive tasks. Trait Anxiety was a mediating factor in how individuals reacted to such tasks. Mood was closely related to blood glucose levels, and raising blood glucose to a robust but safe level effectivelyenhanced positive mood in cognitively demanding situations. Oral contraceptives generally tended to eliminate menstrual cycle-related effects on mood and responses to intervention. It was concluded that mood states among healthy women are influenced by a complex interplay between biological rhythms, physiological states, individual differences and the context in which these moods take place. Simple interventions that can easily be incorporated into one’s daily routine may be efficacious in maintaining a positive mood state, which has beneficial implications for psychological well-being.
14
Beck, Jason Lee. „Optimization of Biological Nitrogen Removal From Fermented Dairy Manure Using Low Levels of Dissolved Oxygen“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35593.
Annotation:
A pilot scale nitrogen (N) removal system was constructed and operated for approximately 365 days and was designed to remove inorganic total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) from solids-separated dairy manure. An anaerobic fermenter, upstream of the N removal reactor, produced volatile fatty acids (VFAs), to be used as an electron donor to fuel denitrification, and TAN at a COD:N ratio of 18:1. However, sufficient amounts of non-VFA COD was produced by the fermenter to fuel the denitrification reaction at an average NO3- removal rate of 5.3 ± 2 mg/L NO3--N. Total ammonia N was removed from the fermenter effluent in an N removal reactor where a series of aerobic and anoxic zones facilitated aerobic TAN oxidation and anoxic NO3- and NO2- reduction. The minimum dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration allowing for complete TAN removal was found to be 0.8 mg/L. However, TAN removal rates were less than predicted using default nitrifying kinetic parameters in BioWin®, a biological modeling simulator, which indicated the presence of a nitrification inhibitor in fermented dairy manure. Furthermore, an N balance during the aerobic zone indicated that simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) was occurring in the aerobic zone of the N removal reactor and was most apparent at DO concentrations below 1.3 mg/L.
A series of nitrite generation rate (NGR) experiments confirmed the presence of an inhibitor in fermented dairy manure. A model sensitivity analysis determined that the most sensitive ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) kinetic parameters were the maximum specific growth rate, , and the substrate half saturation coefficient, . Nitrifying inhibition terms of competitive, non-competitive, mixed competitive, and un-competitive were applied to the growth rate equation in BioWin® but an accurate representation of the observed TAN removal rates in the pilot scale system could not be found by adjusting the kinetic parameters alone. Reducing the default BioWin® hydrolysis rate by approximately 50% produced a more accurate calibration for all inhibition terms tested indicating that the hydrolyization of organic N in dairy manure is less than typical municipal waste water.Master of Science
15
Radl, Michaela Stefanie. „Meiofauna analyses of saltmarsh development with changing sea-levels in the UK“. Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/24718.
Annotation:
Coastal saltmarshes are vital ecosystems because (a) they physically buffer the land against storms and flooding from the sea and (b) ecologically they are high-productivity systems in estuaries and marine coastlines that shelter and support fish and bird populations. Saltmarshes are highly sensitive to sea level change. Any saltmarshes are now threatened by rising sea level, but how they will respond and at what rate is unclear. Managing saltmarshes is therefore necessary, but requires a good understanding of their development in order to predict how they might respond to sea level change. Current management practice in the UK is mainly managed realignment landward and future scenarios are predicted with computer models. Both use the hypothesis of facilitation succession, whereby saltmarsh progrades seawards. An alternative hypothesis is saltmarsh development by transgression landward due to rising sea level. This thesis critically examines how saltmarshes have developed under different sea-level change regimes in order to gain an insight into how they are likely to be affected by future sea level rise. Using established micropalaeontological techniques, Foraminifera tests and Ostracoda shells were extracted from sediment cores taken from saltmarshes representing a range of sea level change histories during the Holocene. Sampling of modern environments allowed saltmarsh vegetation zones to be characterised by foraminiferal and ostracod assemblages which were then used to reconstruct the development of saltmarshes over time as preserved in the cores. Sediment layers in the cores were dated using three techniques: Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL), radio carbon (14C) and 137Cs / 210Pb. The latter hypothesis is supported in southern England where marine transgression caused saltmarshes to migrate landwards, in contradiction to the facilitation succession hypothesis. In Scotland saltmarshes advanced seawards but due to a marine regression. Future studies should explore the applicability of these findings to saltmarshes outside the British Isles.
16
Weitzel, Lindsay-Rae B. „Differential protein levels related to breast cancer in tissue and in plasma /“. Connect to full text via ProQuest. Limited to UCD Anschutz Medical Campus, 2008.
Annotation:
Thesis (Ph.D. in Epidemiology) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2008.Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-112). Free to UCD affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;
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Oakley, Emilie W. „The assessment of pre-morbid levels of intellectual functioning in people with dementia“. Thesis, University of Warwick, 2012. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/55970/.
Annotation:
This thesis consists of three papers: a literature review, an empirical paper and a reflective paper. The literature review considers the validity of measures of premorbid intellectual functioning with people with varying levels of dementia severity. It aims to be of use to British clinicians by focussing specially on tests that were designed for use with a British English speaking population. No single measure of pre-morbid intellectual functioning is found to be valid for use with people of all levels of dementia severity. The use of multiple measures for estimating pre-morbid intellectual functioning are indicated. The empirical paper investigates the relationship between a person’s pre-morbid level of intellectual functioning and the amount of cognitive decline that they experience prior to gaining a diagnosis of dementia. It uses a retrospective correlational design to analyse data from existing memory clinic files. A significant positive Pearson’s correlation coefficient is found between pre-morbid intellectual functioning and amount of cognitive decline at the point of diagnosis, in all three of the diagnostic groups. This suggests that people with high pre-morbid functioning have to undergo greater cognitive decline before they are given a diagnosis of dementia. Changes to current clinical practice are indicated which take account of relative amounts of cognitive decline in the diagnostic process. Finally, a reflective account is presented which is based on the author’s thoughts and experiences of carrying out research in the field of dementia. This focuses on the challenges in accessing retrospective clinical data. Suggestions are made regarding future research and clinical practice.
18
Goetsch, Alexandra. „How low levels of glucose and tryptophan may signal changes in development and symbiotic potential of ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor“. Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysiologisk botanik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-179259.
Annotation:
Symbiosis between tree species and ectomycorrhizal fungi is a fundamental relationship that promotes the overall health of boreal and temperate forests. Nutrient exchange between the two organisms is mutualistic in nature however establishment of this relationship is still not fully understood. Many molecules including phytohormones, sugars, and amino acids have been shown to be involved in this symbiotic process from establishment to prolonged interactions. Fungal auxin is known to be a key phytohormone in this interaction and it has been proposed that its production in ectomycorrhizal fungi is to aid in the fungi’s ability to establish symbiosis. Other molecules, however, have been proposed to work in conjunction with auxin to initiate these organismal interactions, questioning the role of fungal auxin as a master regulator. In this study, the effect of sugar and tryptophan feeding on growth and ectomycorrhiza formation was assessed. Free-living cultures of model ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor and lines altered (either overexpressing or RNAi-silenced) for expression of the auxin biosynthesis enzymes Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Ald1 and Ald2 were utilized. A selection of these lines were grown in contact with common symbiotic tree species partner Populus. Fungal biomass, expression of auxin biosynthesis and transport-related genes, auxin production and the presence of ectomycorrhiza under different sugar and tryptophan concentrations was assessed. Eight out of 21 tested genetically modified L. bicolor lines secreted significantly different levels of indole-3-acetic acid as compared to the wild type when grown in standard glucose conditions and supplemented with tryptophan. Biomass production of wild type L. bicolor and transgenic lines was positively correlated to sugar concentrations in the medium, regardless of supplementation with tryptophan or genotype. Expression analysis for four of five auxin-related genes showed reduced expression for auxin-biosynthesis genes Ald1, Ald2 , and Ald3 and the putative auxin transport gene, ABCB5, in a selected line that was RNAi-silenced for Ald2. In addition, expression of Ald1, 2, 3 and ABCB5 in the WT fungus appeared to be up-regulated in low-sugar conditions as compared to standard sugar conditions supplemented with tryptophan. Bringing together these results allows for proposition of a first model to conclude how low glucose and tryptophan work together as signals to impact auxin pathways in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor to modulate fungal growth and affect its symbiotic potential.
19
Mutavhatsindi, Itani Victor. „The influence of foraging habitat on acoustic signal source levels in two bat species, Neoromicia capensis (Vespertilionidae) and Tadarida aegyptiaca (Molossidae)“. Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28084.
Annotation:
The source level of echolocation pulses is an essential parameter because it has an impact on the range at which bats perceive their environment and, most importantly, at which they detect prey. Echolocation pulse source level is under the control of the echolocator and its operational range is likely to vary with body size and foraging habitat because these determine the operational range needed by the bat. This study thus attempted to answer the following questions; (1) is the source levels of animal acoustic signals different in different situations? (2) Does body size and foraging habitat affect the source levels of animal acoustic signals? There are only a few studies that report on the source levels of echolocation pulses of free-ranging bats because of the difficulty of measuring the distance of the bat from the recording microphone. This distance is essential in calculating source levels of echolocation pulses. I used multiple microphone array system to investigate the echolocation sound signals, three-dimensional (3-D) acoustic flight paths and source levels of echolocation pulses at 10 cm standard reference distance from the mouth of a free-flying frequency-modulated (FM) bat, Neoromicia capensis and quasi-constant frequency (QCF) bat, Tadarida aegyptiaca. The two bat species differ in body size and foraging habitat. I found as predicted, that T. aegyptiaca, the larger of the two species and an open-air aerial hawker, emitted echolocation pulses of higher source levels and therefore had greater maximum detection distances than the smaller, clutter-edge aerial hawker, N. capensis. Tadarida aegyptiaca emitted echolocation pulses with an average of 146.9±4.6 (range 137.7 - 154.8) dB peSPL during emergence from the roost and an average of 143.0±4.9 (range 136.4 - 153.3) dB peSPL during foraging, extending the known range of free-flying bats. Neoromicia capensis emitted echolocation pulses with an average of 129.3±4.0 (range 119.3 - 138.7) dB peSPL during emergence from the roost and average of 132.8±5.0 (range 117.8 - 142.9) dB peSPL during foraging. As anticipated, I found N. capensis to be emitting echolocation pulses of higher source levels during foraging than when it emerged from the roost. However, there was no significant difference in the source levels of T. aegyptiaca between emergence from the roost and foraging habitat. The estimated maximum detection distances for the three insect size categories i.e. small, medium and large was greater for T. aegyptiaca than N. capensis. My data therefore suggests that bats might adjust their echolocation pulse source levels to suit their foraging habitat and situation.
20
Perryman, Sarah Alicia Michelle. „The effect of heavy metal contamination on estuarine benthic fauna at varying levels of biological organisation“. Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1083.
Annotation:
Biological monitoring techniques, selected to cover increasing levels of biological organisation (cellular, individual, population and community), were compared and contrasted to determine the relative sensitivities of these approaches to heavy metal contammation. The study was centred on the Fal Estuary in Cornwall, an ideal experimental field site-with well documented heavy metal contamination resulting firom the long-term discharge of waste from a local tin mine. Five creeks leadmg from the estuary differ dramatically in the concentrations of heavy metals in the sediments, but little in natural environmental variables (sediment granulometry, salinity etc.). The contaminant induced damage was evaluated at the cellular level in Mytilus edulis by the Neutral Red Assay to detect lysosomal membrane damage. Parameters of the energy budget of this species were determined to estmiate 'Scope for Growth' of mdividuals. along with a Larval Survival assay to estabUsh their reproductive and developmental success. At the population level. Cohort Growth studies were undertaken using the polychaete Nephtys hombergi. At the community level, data firom an extensive three year survey of benthic macrofauna structure were analysed. In addition to investigating biological parameters, contammant levels in sedunent and tissue were determuied using Atomic Absorption Spectrommetry. All techniques, except the population level, detected the extreme pollution of the most contaminated creek, Restronguet, but did not accurately reflect the known metal gradient. However, community studies established distinct macrofaunal assemblages between both sites and years. Techniques were compared and validated in a novel approach using the program BIOENV, with the multivariate analysis package PRIMER (Plymouth Routines in Multivariate Ecological Research). The cellular assay correlated reasonably well agamst the heavy metal levels, the larval survival assay correlated well to the community structure. However, the community structure approach was the most sensitive and relevant monitoring method to determme the long-term contamination of the Fal Estuary.
21
Zohren, Jasmin. „Introgression in Betula species of different ploidy levels and the analysis of the Betula nana genome“. Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/24564.
Annotation:
Two of the most rapid drivers of evolution are hybridisation and polyploidisation. Hybridisation allows the rapid introduction of novel genetic material, potentially much faster than mutations, but this process is impeded by reproductive barriers between species. Differencesinploidylevelcanformsuchabarrier. Hybridisationaswellaspolyploidyareknown to occur frequently in the plant kingdom, including the genus Betula, which is investigated in this thesis. Three species of the Betula genus that exist in the United Kingdom are studied here: B. nana (dwarf birch), B. pendula (silver birch), and B. pubescens (downy birch). They differ in ploidy: B. nana and B. pendula are diploid and B. pubescens is a tetraploid. HybridisationandgeneflowbetweenthesethreespecieswasanalysedbyusingaRAD-seq dataset derived from 196 wild individuals. It was found that introgression acts unidirectionally from the diploid into the tetraploid species and that there is a cline of introgression between the north and south of the UK. This result suggests a range shift of the species from different distributions in the past. Gene flow from B. nana to B. pubescens could be a neutral or even maladaptive consequence of their past species distributions. Alternatively, it could be an adaptive process: alleles from B. nana could be helping B. pubescens to adapt to harsher, more northerly populations. To gain a preliminary understanding of the possible effects of introgression, the loci in close linkage to RAD tags introgressed from B. nana into B. pubescens were investigated and their putative function inferred by comparing their homologs in related species. To enhance the analyses, a draft whole genome sequence assembly of a B. nana individual was improved with long read data generated by PacBio sequencing, as well as the addition of RNA-seq data. This produced a more contiguous and complete reference sequence, enabling a closer look at more genes in linkage to the RAD tags.
22
Walker, Kenneth N. (Kenneth Neal). „Differential Effects of Biofeedback Input on Lowering Frontalis Electromyographic Levels in Right and Left Handers“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331405/.
Annotation:
This investigation was an attempt to replicate and expand previous research which suggested that laterality of electromyographic biofeedback input had a significant effect in lowering frontalis muscle activity. In 1984 Ginn and Harrell conducted a study in which they reported that subjects receiving left ear only audio biofeedback had significantly greater reductions in frontalis muscle activity than those receiving right ear only or both ear feedback. This study was limited to one biofeedback session and subjects were selected based on demonstration of right hand/ear dominance. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the left ear effect reported by Ginn and Harrell could be replicated. Furthermore, the current investigation sought to extend the previous finding to left handed subjects and explore the stability of the effect, if found, by adding a second biofeedback session.
Subjects were 96 students recruited from undergraduate psychology classes. They were screened for handedness by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory which resulted in identification of 48 right handers and 48 left handers. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of four groups consisting of left ear feedback, right ear feedback, both ears feedback, and controls. This resulted in eight conditions.
Analysis of variance of microvolt changes from baseline found no statistically significant differences between groups. An examination of the rank order of the data reveal a left ear group performance in the same direction as those reported by Ginn and Harrell (1984).
23
HENN, SCOTT ANTHONY. „THE RELATIONSHIP OF URINARY 1-HYDROXYPYRENE AND DNA ADDUCT LEVELS FROM ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE EXPOSURE“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1012495849.
24
Górska, Anna [Verfasser], und Daniel [Akademischer Betreuer] Huson. „Bioinformatics approaches to study antibiotics resistance emergence across levels of biological organization. / Anna Górska ; Betreuer: Daniel Huson“. Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1177790750/34.
25
Taylor, Jacqueline Ann, und Jackie (name change) O'Flaherty. „Factors affecting the metabolic control of cytosolic and lysosomal glycogen levels in the liver“. Thesis, University of Auckland, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/2380.
Annotation:
Although glycogen is a chemically homogeneous material it is polydisperse, exhibiting a broad molecular weight spectrum and a metabolic lability that is molecular weight dependent. The lower molecular weight (β-particle) glycogen was found to be extremely labile, while the higher molecular weight (α-particle) exhibited a far lower metabolic activity, indicating that it may act as a glycogen store for mobilisation in stress situations. These observations, coupled to the existence of Pompe’s Disease, a glycogen storage disease involving the lysosomal system, supports the hypothesis that α - and β -particulate glycogen may be partially separated from one another within the cell i.e. compartmentalised. By the use of a rapid differential centrifugation technique it was possible to show, both physiochemically and ultrastructurally, the existence of glycogen of a very large molecular size associated with the lysosomal fraction. This glycogen exhibited a different molecular weight distribution from that isolate from the liver as a whole i.e. cytosol + lysosomal. It is suggested that appreciably more than 10% of cellular glycogen is located within the lysosomes and that this is of predominantly high molecular weight. The size-distribution of liver glycogen was shown to be distinctly affected by the anti-inflammatory drugs, salicylate and Indomethacin. By measurement of the incorporation of radioactive glucose into glycogen, salicylate was shown to have a depressing effect on overall liver glycogen metabolism. These effects appear to arise from a stabilisation of the lysosomal membrane by the drugs. The incorporation, via liposomes, of purified anti-1,4-α-glucosidase antibodies into the liver lysosomes of normal Wistar rats and rats with a genetic deficiency of phosphorylase kinase, caused a distinct decrease in 1,4-α-glucosidase activity and in the content of high molecular weight glycogen. These changes were enhanced by prolonged liposomal-antibody treatment and suggested that a possible feedback control mechanism operates in the incorporation of glycogen into lysosomes. The 1-4- α -glucosidase inhibitor, Acarbose, when injected intraperitoneally into normal and phosphorylase kinase-deficient rats similarly disturbed liver lysosomal metabolism, causing distinct and persistent inhibition of enzymes and acute disturbances of lysosomal glycogen metabolism. Again a feedback control mechanism appears to operate, which effects cytosolic carbohydrate metabolism. The biochemical effects closely resembled those occurring in Pompe’s disease and were confirmed by electron microscopy. A model for the adult form of the lysosomal storage disease has been suggested.
26
Swartz, Carol Dorothea. „Integrating environmental sampling and wildlife biomonitoring in exposure and effects assessment: genotoxins at multiple levels of biological organization“. Diss., Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/269.
Annotation:
Ecotoxicology studies attempt to evaluate the consequences of exposure to environmental contaminants by defining exposure and effects parameters across multiple levels of biological organization. Genetic markers are well-suited for these studies as they can track both somatic and evolutionary effects. In the studies reported here, connections among contaminant levels in environmental media and biota, in vitro bioassay results, and changes in individual- and population-level biomarkers were explored. Sediment and/or wildlife samples were collected from each of three sites of documented environmental contamination, Sumgayit and Baku in the Republic of Azerbaijan and East Fork Poplar Creek in Tennessee. Sumgayit and Baku are heavily contaminated with petroleum and petrochemical wastes. Sediments from several areas and tissues from turtles inhabiting a contaminated wetland contained high levels of several compounds, including mercury, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides. Sediment extracts produced variable responses in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay and did not necessarily reflect contaminant burden. Micronucleus counts in European pond turtles were not statistically different from counts in the same species from an uncontaminated reference site. The counts were statistically correlated with tissue levels of mercury, heptachlor, DDD, hexachlorobenzene, and trans-nonachlor. These results confirmed that Sumgayit and Baku are heavily contaminated with a complex mixture of pollutants and demonstrated that genotoxic effects from exposure to contaminated sediments appear to be slight. East Fork Poplar Creek is a stream that receives contaminant influx from a former Department of Energy nuclear weapons production facility and several point and non-point sources around the city of Oak Ridge, Tennessee. In this study, coefficient of variation in cellular DNA content and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers were examined in central stonerollers and compared to previous studies in which the same markers were evaluated in red-breasted sunfish from the same sites. While assay responses were attenuated in stonerollers compared to the sunfish, there is some evidence of genetic damage in both species at the most contaminated sampling site. A common problem in the wildlife studies was high within sample variability combined with small sample size, which most likely masked potential contaminant-induced differences in markers used in these studies.
27
Rouse, Jillian Grace. „Effects of Mechanical Stimuli on Biological Interactions with Amino Acid-Derivatized Fullerenes at the Tissue and Cellular Levels“. NCSU, 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03212007-144330/.
Annotation:
Engineered nanomaterials have structural features with at least one dimension in the 1?100 nm range. Because of their small size, nanoparticles possess unique chemical, mechanical, electrical, optical, magnetic, and biological properties that make them ideal candidates for a variety of novel commercial and medical applications. Particularly, carbon-based nanomaterials such as fullerenes, nanotubes, and nanowires are considered key elements in the development of new nano-applications with the potential to be used in everything from biomedicine and drug delivery systems to nanoelectronics and energy conservation mechanisms. Relatively unknown, however, is how exposure to nanoscale particles effects normal biological functions and processes. A major focus of recent toxicological research has begun to investigate the interactions between the biological environment and engineered nanoparticles and to determine appropriate safety standards that should be considered when interacting with nanomaterials. The purpose of this research is to investigate how fullerene-based amino acids interact with the biological environment both at the tissue and cellular levels and to identify factors, such as mechanical stimulation, that increase these interactions.
28
Hayward, April Kolasa Jurek. „The role of organism metabolism in determining patterns in structure and function at higher levels of biological organisation“. *McMaster only, 2007.
29
Jones, Jacklyn. „An exploratory study to determine the relationship between levels of habitual activity and nutritional status, functional status, dietary intake and fatigue in older adults“. Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2015. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7372.
Annotation:
Introduction: Scotland has an ageing population which has significant implications for health and social care services. Encouraging older people to engage in healthy lifestyle behaviours has the potential to maintain a person’s functional ability, increase healthy life years and thus has the potential to enable older people to live at home independently for longer. Recommendations for levels of activity have been produced for older adults but whether these are being achieved is currently unknown. Levels of activity are influenced by many factors including nutritional and functional status, dietary intake and fatigue but as yet the relationship between these parameters and habitual activity has not been established. Therefore the aims of this study were 1) to determine the relationship between levels of habitual activity and nutritional status, functional ability, dietary intake, and levels of fatigue in older adults and 2) to inform physical activity targets for the aging population. Methods: Older adults were recruited from a range of social and leisure facilities across central Scotland. Habitual activity was measured continuously for seven consecutive days using an activPALTM accelerometer. Nutritional status (BMI, waist circumference (WC), tricep skinfold and mid arm muscle circumference) was measured using ISAK methodology. Functional status (handgrip dynamometry, sit to stand (STS), six minute walk (6MW) and gait speed (m/s)) was measured along with dietary intake using a seven day unweighed diet diary. In addition levels of fatigue were measured using the Multi-dimensional Fatigue Inventory. Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis was utilised to establish relationships between levels of habitual activity and markers of nutritional status, functional status and dietary intake. Spearman’s rho correlation analysis was utilised to establish the relationship between levels of habitual activity and levels of fatigue. Partial correlation analysis was used to establish the influence of age and gender on these relationships. Results: Forty four (21m, 23f) healthy older adults were recruited and completed the study. Participants were found to spend a mean±sd 551 ± 88 min in sedentary behaviour daily which equates to 61±10% awake time being sedentary. They took 8721 ± 3585 steps daily and spent 108±38 min stepping, 253±78 min standing and 1080±103 min sitting or lying each day. Percent time in sedentary behaviour was positively associated with BMI (r=.302, p=.049), WC (cm) (r=.302, p=.049), percent energy intake from fat (r=.535, p<.001) and saturated fat (r=.381, p=.011) and was negatively associated with 6MW (m) (r=-.445, p=.002) and % energy from non-milk extrinsic sugar (r=-.314, p=.038). Total weekly time in moderate intensity activity accumulated in blocks of at least 10 minutes was positively associated with 6MW (r=0.321, p=.041), daily protein intake (g) (r=.350, p=.025) and mean daily vitamin D intake (μg) (r=.404, p=.009) and was negatively associated with STS (r=-.321, p=.041). Age but not gender influenced the relationships. Conclusion: This is the first study to report objectively measured levels of sedentary behaviour where habitual activity was measured continuously over seven days and sedentary behaviour was considered during waking hours only in a Scottish older adult population. Recommendations for physical activity were not consistently met and there is therefore some indication that current recommendations for sedentary behaviour and physical activity should be reviewed. However activity cannot be considered in isolation as many factors influence this including nutritional status, functional status, dietary intake and levels of fatigue.
30
Alshabanah, Othman A. „Polyamine and acetylpolyamine levels during phenylhydrazine-induced erythropoiesis in mouse spleen“. Scholarly Commons, 1988. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/3406.
Annotation:
The phenylhydrazine-induced erythropoietic mouse spleen is used as a model system to demonstrate the relationship between tissue growth and polyamine metabolism. Phenylhydrazine produced significant changes in spleen weights, hematocrits and reticulocyte counts in Swiss-Webster mice. The average spleen weight went up from a control of 155 mg to 875 mg at 96 hours after phenylhydrazine administration, while a 49% reduction in the value of hematocrit was observed at 72 hours. Reticulocyte counts in peripheral blood went from 0.8 to 58% at 168 hours after treatment with phenylhydrazine. Phenylhydrazine at a dose of 40 mg/kg produced significant increases in the levels of putrescine, spermidine and spermine with maxima reached within 72 hours. The levels of N$\sp1$-acetylspermidine reached a maximum of 2.7-fold compared to control at 96 hours. When the dose of phenylhydrazine was increased to 120 mg/kg, peak levels of acetylated polyamines were reached within 96 hours at which time N$\sp1$-acetylspermidine levels rose to 2.9-fold and N$\sp8$-acetylspermidine levels went from not detectable to detectable levels. the levels of putrescine, spermidine and spermine reached maxima at 96 hours of 289, 1248 and 934 nmoles/g, respectively. DL-$\alpha$-difluoromethylornithine hydrochloride monohydrate (DFMO) inhibited the increases in putrescine levels and potentiated the increases in spermine levels induced by phenylhydrazine, while 7-(N-(3-aminopropyl)amino) heptan-2-one.2HCl (APAH) induced significant increases in the levels of N$\sp8$-acetylspermidine. APAH potentiated the increases in spleen weights induced by phenylhydrazine.
31
O'Reilly, Jennifer Eileen. „Arsenic sepcification in environmental and biological samples from Argentina : relationship between natural and anthropogenic levels and human health status“. Thesis, University of Surrey, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518688.
32
Härer, Andreas [Verfasser]. „Of eyes and gut microbiomes in Nicaraguan cichlid fishes : convergent diversification at different levels of biological organization / Andreas Härer“. Konstanz : KOPS Universität Konstanz, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1219853232/34.
33
Jewett, Benjamin E. „Inverse Changes in Ghrelin and A2A Receptor Gene Expression Levels in the Hippocampus of Heart Failure Canines Following Spinal Cord Stimulation“. Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/262.
Annotation:
Myocardial infarction (MI), often referred to as a heart attack, is a serious health issue in the United States. There is a well-documented link between MI and major depressive disorder (MDD), with a high incidence of MDD occurring after an MI. Overlapping pathologies have been observed within the hippocampus of the brain in animal models of MI and depression. These observations suggest that pathobiological cross-talk between the heart and brain could have a role in the etiology of MDD that occurs after an MI. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has previously been shown to have both cardioprotective and neuroprotective effects post-MI, and hence may protect individuals from developing depression post-MI. In this study, we examined the potential biochemical mechanisms that might underlie the neuroprotective actions of SCS following MI. Brain tissues were obtained from three groups of canines: sham-operated animals, animals subjected to experimental myocardial infarction/mitral regurgitation (MI/MR), and animals subjected to MI/MR that were simultaneously administered SCS. The whole hippocampus and hippocampal dentate gyrus were dissected from frozen brains. Quantitative endpoint-PCR and RT-qPCR techniques were employed to measure select biochemical mediators of neuroprotection, i.e. adenosine A2A receptor, ghrelin, and ghrelin receptor expression in hippocampal samples. SCS induced a significant decrease in A2A receptor expression and a dramatic increase in ghrelin expression in MI/MR canines as compared to the MI/MR group without SCS. These findings suggest that adenosine receptors and ghrelin may play a biochemical role in SCS-induced neuroprotection of the hippocampus. Understanding the neuroprotective actions of SCS has the potential to aid the development of new treatments or preventative measures for depression following a heart attack.
34
Rashed, Ismail Ismail Ibrahim. „The association between vitamin D deficiency and tuberculosis : Effects of different levels of vitamin D deficiency - A meta-analysis“. Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-38922.
Annotation:
Aim: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of all published studies studying the risk of vitamin D deficiency in tuberculosis patients and in healthy controls. Additionally, subgroup meta-analysis was performed based on the level of vitamin D to test the risk in TB groups and in healthy groups. Methods: Pubmed was searched for observational studies in human and English that discussed the association between risk of low serum vitamin D and TB. Meta-analysis was performed on all relevant studies combined and for subgroups of each vitamin D level. Results: 22 studies were selected and pooled in the analysis. The results were consistent with previous studies examining the same risk. The overall log risk ratio (log RR) of low vitamin D was significantly higher in TB patients 1.68 times than healthy controls. In 4 subgroup meta- analyses based on vitamin D level below (20 nmol/L, 30 nmol/L, 50 nmol/L, and 75 nmol/L), the risk of having low vitamin D in TB patients was (1.82, 2.89, 1.38, 1.32) respectively. That subgroup analysis showed more clearly the higher RR were below 20 and 30 nmol/L. The smallest RR was at 75 nmol/L level. Conclusion: This study verified the association between risk of low vitamin D level and TB development. It also clarified that, the risk increased by decreasing vitamin D level.
35
Timpano, Anthony Joseph. „Levels of Dissolved Solids Associated with Aquatic Life Effects in Headwater Streams of Virginia's Central Appalachian Coalfield Region“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41884.
Annotation:
Benthic macroinvertebrate communities in headwater streams influenced by Appalachian coal mining often differ from communities in minimally distrubed streams. Total dissolved solids (TDS) associated with mining have been suggested as stressors to these communities. In studies of such streams conducted to date, both non-TDS stressors and elevated TDS have been present as potential influences on biota. Here the association between dissolved salts and benthic macroinvertebrate community structure was examined using a family-level multimetric index and genus-level taxa sensitivity distributions. Test sites were selected along a gradient of elevated TDS, with non-TDS factors of reference quality. Virginia Stream Condition Index (VASCI) scores were regressed against log-transformed measures of TDS, specific conductance, and sulfate (SO42-) using ordinary least squares and quantile regression techniques. Biological effects, as defined by VASCI scores indicating stressed or severely stressed conditions, were observed with increasing probability from 0% at â ¤ 190 mg/L TDS to 100% at â ¥ 1,108 mg/L TDS, with 50% probability of effects observed at 422 mg/L TDS. Associations between water quality measures and biological condition were variable, with approximately 48% of the variance explained by TDS. Genus-level analysis using a field sensitivity distribution approach indicated 95% of reference genera were observed at sites with TDS â ¤ 281 mg/L, and 80% of genera were observed at sites with TDS â ¤ 411 mg/L. This is evidence that TDS, specific conductance, or SO42- can be used to establish dissolved solids levels for streams influenced by Appalachian coal mining above which aquatic life effects are increasingly probable.Master of Science
36
Timpano, Anthony J. „Levels of Dissolved Solids Associated with Aquatic Life Effects in Headwater Streams of Virginia's Central Appalachian Coalfield Region“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41884.
Annotation:
Benthic macroinvertebrate communities in headwater streams influenced by Appalachian coal mining often differ from communities in minimally distrubed streams. Total dissolved solids (TDS) associated with mining have been suggested as stressors to these communities. In studies of such streams conducted to date, both non-TDS stressors and elevated TDS have been present as potential influences on biota. Here the association between dissolved salts and benthic macroinvertebrate community structure was examined using a family-level multimetric index and genus-level taxa sensitivity distributions. Test sites were selected along a gradient of elevated TDS, with non-TDS factors of reference quality. Virginia Stream Condition Index (VASCI) scores were regressed against log-transformed measures of TDS, specific conductance, and sulfate (SO42-) using ordinary least squares and quantile regression techniques. Biological effects, as defined by VASCI scores indicating stressed or severely stressed conditions, were observed with increasing probability from 0% at â ¤ 190 mg/L TDS to 100% at â ¥ 1,108 mg/L TDS, with 50% probability of effects observed at 422 mg/L TDS. Associations between water quality measures and biological condition were variable, with approximately 48% of the variance explained by TDS. Genus-level analysis using a field sensitivity distribution approach indicated 95% of reference genera were observed at sites with TDS â ¤ 281 mg/L, and 80% of genera were observed at sites with TDS â ¤ 411 mg/L. This is evidence that TDS, specific conductance, or SO42- can be used to establish dissolved solids levels for streams influenced by Appalachian coal mining above which aquatic life effects are increasingly probable.Master of Science
37
Yusko, Brittany. „Effects of Increased Levels of Prenatal Mesotocin on Postnatal Individual Recognition and Stress Responsiveness in Northern bobwhite quail (Colinus Virginianus)“. FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1217.
Annotation:
Oxytocin (OT) plays a key role in the mediation of social and stress behaviors across many species; however, the mechanism is still unclear. The present study investigated the influence of prenatal levels of mesotocin (MT; avian homologue of OT) on postnatal social and stress behavior in Northern bobwhite quail. Experiment one determined endogenous levels of MT during prenatal development using an enzyme-linked immunoassay kit. Experiment two examined the influence of increased MT during prenatal development on chicks' individual recognition ability and stress response to a novel environment. Experiment one showed MT levels increased significantly throughout embryonic development. Experiment two showed significant differences in stress behavior for chicks with increased MT during prenatal development; however, no significant differences were found for social behavior. This study suggests MT serves different functions depending on the stage of embryonic development and that increasing MT levels affects postnatal stress behavior, but not social behavior.
38
Flesher, Mary Melissa. „Acetylcholine levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus during trace and delay conditioning“. CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3370.
39
Gaika, Lindiwe. „Adequacy of existing protected areas in conserving biodiversity at global and regional levels in relation to socio-economic conditions“. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9646_1254305009.
Annotation:
At a meeting of worl leaders at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, it was recognized that because of the tremendous increase in the size of the global populations (which now is estimated to exceed six billion), there were concerns that global biodiversity was at risk if insufficient land were not put aside for conservation within formal Protected Areas. The primary aim of this study was to compare investment in Protected Areas in relation to socio-economic conditions at global and regional levels.
40
Weidele, Kathrin [Verfasser]. „Raising cellular NAD+ levels in human cells by nicotinic acid supplementation : biological consequences related to PARP-1 mediated reactions / Kathrin Weidele“. Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1049892836/34.
41
SACCHI, ANGELA. „ASSESSING EFFECTS TO ACQUATIC ORGANISMS OF CONTAMINANTS EXPOSURE ACROSS LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANISATION, IN THE FRAME OF WFD 2000/60/EC“. Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/977.
Annotation:
Gli ecosistemi acquatici sono il comparto ambientale finale per molti contaminanti introdotti nell’ambiente, specialmente per quelli persistenti, provenienti da diverse attività antropiche. Gli organismi acquatici sono esposti simultaneamente a differenti classi di composti chimici e, la loro fisiologia può esserne affetta anche da basse concentrazioni ambientali che ne determinano un effetto a cascata drammatico sull’intero ciclo vitale delle stesse.
Per identificare gli effetti ecotossicologici si devono scegliere delle variabili di studio che sono sensibili a cambiamenti di esposizione e quindi possono registrare informazioni a differenti livelli di organizzazione biologica (ad es.: comunità, specie, alterazioni cellulari, molecolari). Il presente lavoro ha come scopo di studiare biomarker biochimici e bioindicatori su invertebrati acquatici capaci di rispondere all’effetto dei contaminanti e predirne il rischio di tossicità, requisito fondamentale dell’attuale legislazione comunitaria ambientale. Questo lavoro, nell’ambito della Water Frame Directive (WFD), affronta questa tematica con diversi tipi di approccio per implementare un sistema di monitorizzazione efficiente. Lo SPEAR ad esempio è in grado di diagnosticare la contaminazione di ecosistemi acquatici da pesticidi operando a livello di comunità di invertebrati acquatici. Inoltre si sono presi in considerazione anche biomarker a livello cellulare in bivalvi (Tapes philipphinarum and Mya arenaria): attività enzimatiche coinvolti nelle risposte aerobiche (CCO) e antiossidative (SOD and CAT), risposte genotossicologiche come la frequenza dei micronuclei, e, infine, a livello di organismo, risposte di carattere comportamentale.Aquatic ecosystems are the final sink for most of contaminants introduced in the environment, especially persistent organic pollutants coming from different human activities. Most of the freshwater and coastal organisms are exposed simultaneously to different classes of chemicals, and their physiology may be affected by toxic chemical even at low environmental concentrations with a cascade event on population dynamics. Identifying ecotoxicological effects requires descriptors that are sensitive to changes in exposure and thus can indicate information at different levels of biological organisation (i.e. communities, sub-individual level). The present work aims to investigate biochemical biomarkers and bioindicators in aquatic invertebrates able to detect biological effects and predict risk of toxicity, with a special focus paid to the requirements of current EU regulation. Therefore, the present work faced on different kinds of approach identified to be efficient tools within the context of the WFD requirements (Water Frame Directive, 2000/60/EC), for investigative and operational monitoring. Work include the SPEAR approach as trait based indicator descriptor of freshwater aquatic macroinvertebrates communities, able to diagnose pesticide contamination in aquatic ecosystems. Further diagnostic approaches in environmental status are included, as assay representing biological responses for different enzymes involved in the aerobic (CCO) and antioxidant responses, (SOD, and CAT), behavioural endpoints, and genotoxicity biomarker associated with micronuclei frequency in bivalve species (Tapes philipphinarum and Mya arenaria).
42
SACCHI, ANGELA. „ASSESSING EFFECTS TO ACQUATIC ORGANISMS OF CONTAMINANTS EXPOSURE ACROSS LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANISATION, IN THE FRAME OF WFD 2000/60/EC“. Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/977.
Annotation:
Gli ecosistemi acquatici sono il comparto ambientale finale per molti contaminanti introdotti nell’ambiente, specialmente per quelli persistenti, provenienti da diverse attività antropiche. Gli organismi acquatici sono esposti simultaneamente a differenti classi di composti chimici e, la loro fisiologia può esserne affetta anche da basse concentrazioni ambientali che ne determinano un effetto a cascata drammatico sull’intero ciclo vitale delle stesse.
Per identificare gli effetti ecotossicologici si devono scegliere delle variabili di studio che sono sensibili a cambiamenti di esposizione e quindi possono registrare informazioni a differenti livelli di organizzazione biologica (ad es.: comunità, specie, alterazioni cellulari, molecolari). Il presente lavoro ha come scopo di studiare biomarker biochimici e bioindicatori su invertebrati acquatici capaci di rispondere all’effetto dei contaminanti e predirne il rischio di tossicità, requisito fondamentale dell’attuale legislazione comunitaria ambientale. Questo lavoro, nell’ambito della Water Frame Directive (WFD), affronta questa tematica con diversi tipi di approccio per implementare un sistema di monitorizzazione efficiente. Lo SPEAR ad esempio è in grado di diagnosticare la contaminazione di ecosistemi acquatici da pesticidi operando a livello di comunità di invertebrati acquatici. Inoltre si sono presi in considerazione anche biomarker a livello cellulare in bivalvi (Tapes philipphinarum and Mya arenaria): attività enzimatiche coinvolti nelle risposte aerobiche (CCO) e antiossidative (SOD and CAT), risposte genotossicologiche come la frequenza dei micronuclei, e, infine, a livello di organismo, risposte di carattere comportamentale.Aquatic ecosystems are the final sink for most of contaminants introduced in the environment, especially persistent organic pollutants coming from different human activities. Most of the freshwater and coastal organisms are exposed simultaneously to different classes of chemicals, and their physiology may be affected by toxic chemical even at low environmental concentrations with a cascade event on population dynamics. Identifying ecotoxicological effects requires descriptors that are sensitive to changes in exposure and thus can indicate information at different levels of biological organisation (i.e. communities, sub-individual level). The present work aims to investigate biochemical biomarkers and bioindicators in aquatic invertebrates able to detect biological effects and predict risk of toxicity, with a special focus paid to the requirements of current EU regulation. Therefore, the present work faced on different kinds of approach identified to be efficient tools within the context of the WFD requirements (Water Frame Directive, 2000/60/EC), for investigative and operational monitoring. Work include the SPEAR approach as trait based indicator descriptor of freshwater aquatic macroinvertebrates communities, able to diagnose pesticide contamination in aquatic ecosystems. Further diagnostic approaches in environmental status are included, as assay representing biological responses for different enzymes involved in the aerobic (CCO) and antioxidant responses, (SOD, and CAT), behavioural endpoints, and genotoxicity biomarker associated with micronuclei frequency in bivalve species (Tapes philipphinarum and Mya arenaria).
43
Guillon, Christopher. „Systemic alteration of defense-related gene transcript levels in mycorrhizal bean plants infected with Rhizoctonia solani“. Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33767.
Annotation:
A time course study was conducted to monitor disease development and expression of the defense-related genes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), and hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices , and post-infected with the soil-borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Pre-colonization of bean plants by the AM fungus did not significantly reduce the severity of rot symptoms. RNA blot analysis revealed a systemic increase in transcript levels of the four defense-related genes in response to R. solani infection. On the other hand, pre-colonization of bean plants with G. intraradices elicited no change in PAL, CHS and CHI transcripts, but an increase of HRGP transcripts in leaves was detected. A differential and systemic alteration in the expression of all four defense genes was observed in AM beans post-infected with R. solani. Depending on the time after infection with R. solani and the tissue examined, varying responses from stimulation, suppression, to no change in transcript levels were detected.
44
Sorribas, Mellado Juan José. „Biological control of California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae): spatial and temporal distribution of natural enemies, parasitism levels and climate effects“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/14794.
Annotation:
En muchas áreas citrícolas del mundo el piojo rojo de California (PRC), Aonidiella aurantii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), está considerado una plaga clave. En el Este de España se ha extendido durante las últimas décadas hasta cubrir una amplia extensión de cítricos. El control químico es difícil y frecuentemente es seguido de infestaciones recurrentes en poco tiempo, de la aparición de resistencias a diferentes productos usados para su control y de la eliminación de enemigos naturales en el campo. La mejora del manejo
integrado y las técnicas de control biológico del PRC requieren conocer la composición de los enemigos naturales en cada zona climática, la fluctuación en su abundancia estacional, los niveles de parasitismo y depredación, como se distribuyen en la planta y como son afectados por el clima y el cambio climático.
Aunque mucho se ha estudiado en laboratorio sobre los parasitoides Aphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), los principales agentes de control del PRC, todavía no se conoce qué combinación de enemigos naturales consigue el mejor nivel de control en el campo, cómo varían los niveles de parasitismo a lo largo del año o cómo los parasitoides se distribuyen y compiten en el campo en relación con el clima. La acción de los Aphytis, ectoparasitoides, es complementada en muchas zonas citrícolas por los endoparasitoides
Comperiella bifasciata y Encarsia perniciosi (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), los cuales pueden parasitar estadíos diferentes a Aphytis. Muy poco se sabe sobre el comportamiento y las respuestas biológicas bajo diferentes condiciones climáticas de estos endoparasitoides. Del mismo modo, el efecto de los depredadores sobre la población del piojo ha sido raramente estudiado. Actualmente, A. melinus, una especie introducida en el Este de España y el competidor superior, ha desplazado al parasitoide nativo A. chrysomphali de las zonas cálidas y secas ya que puede tolerar mejor las temperaturas cálidas del verano.Sorribas Mellado, JJ. (2011). Biological control of California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae): spatial and temporal distribution of natural enemies, parasitism levels and climate effects [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/14794
Palancia
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Carvalho, Paulo S. M. „Effects of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in rainbow trout early life stages : evaluation at different levels of biological organization with a focus on visual functions /“. free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3052161.
46
Bhakta, Draupadi. „Comparison of dietary patterns of first generation South Asian migrants and native British women, with a particular focus on intake and biological levels of phytoestrogens“. Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409538.
47
Walker, Christopher J. „The Role of Neurotensin Receptors on Visceral Pain and Activity Levels in Mice“. UNF Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/588.
Annotation:
This study examines the effects of neurotensin (NT) receptor sites on the sensation of visceral pain. Previous work by researchers has found, through the use of NT analogs, that visceral pain is closely associated with NT receptor 2 (NTSR2). This study tested 70 genetically modified mice. The mice were either missing NTSR1, NTSR2, or were wild-type (WT) mice that were not missing any NT receptors. The mice were injected intraperitoneally with either saline or acetic acid then observed for a 60 minute period and writhing behavior was recorded. Twenty four hours later activity levels were recorded in the open field assay. We found that contrary to previous research, NTSR2 is not solely responsible in the sensation of visceral pain. We also found that NTSR1 plays a more significant role than NTSR2, contrary to previous research. Additionally, we found that the NT receptors may be affected by age related factors. The findings of this study suggest that NTSR2 does in fact play a role in the sensation of visceral pain but that NTSR1 may modulate the degree of activation of NTSR2. It can also be concluded that age may have a role in the effectiveness of NTSR sites in visceral pain. This information allows for further research to analyze possible age-dependent effects of NT receptor sites that could alter the possible usefulness of NT analogues in the future.
48
Szollas, Rosemary. „8-isoprostane levels in exhaled breath condensate of pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women; is there a baseline difference?“ [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001606.
49
Schwarz, Simon [Verfasser]. „Effects of the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac and the beta-blocker metoprolol in brown trout Salmo trutta f. fario and freshwater invertebrates at different levels of biological organization / Simon Schwarz“. Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1228814902/34.
50
Remez, Vinogradov Nikita 1985. „Drug design at biological systems level“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/396352.
Annotation:
The explosion of reductionist approaches at the end of the XXth
century allowed for fast and high-throughput data collection in
pharmaceutical industry, but did not deliver the expected gain in
drug discovery performance. Omics methodologies were able to
provide large amounts of information on one-to-one cause-effect
relationships, but could not explain some of the complex effects in
living organisms and biological systems in general. This Thesis,
performed in the premises of an emerging biotech company,
represents an attempt to explore the impact of an integrative
systems approach to drug discovery. On the one hand, in silico
prediction of drug-target interactions developed at Chemotargets
was applied to the identifcation of cancer-relevant targets, the
design of a biologically diverse chemical library, and the
implementation of a novel methodology for predictive drug safety.
On the other hand, major efforts were devoted to develop and
carefully validate a new approach to anticipating in vivo organ
toxicities from in vitro pharmacological profles and gene expression
datas. This novel methodology was designed to complement and
assist the expert toxicologist by providing insights at the anatomical
level . Last but no least, key contributions have been made to develop
a brand new platform-independent version of the company’s flagship
software, CT-link, allowing for easy distribution and
commercializationA les darreries del segle XX, l'auge de les aproximacions reduccionistes van permetre a la industria farmacèutica la recopilació de gran quantitat de informació, pero l’impacte en el rendiment de la producció de nous fàrmacs no va ser l’esperat. Encara que es van extreure moltes dades sobre les relacions un-a-un entre entitats sistèmiques els efectes complexos causats als sistemes biològics no es van poder adreçar adequadament. Aquesta tesi, desenvolupada en el marc d’una empresa biotecnolòica emergent, intenta introduir un marc de referència integral per l’aproximació sistèmica al disseny de fàrmacs. D'una banda, s’ha aplicat la predicció in silico de xarxes fàrmac-diana per identifcar les proteïnes relacionades amb càncer, per la construcció d’una biblioteca química d’amplia cobertura biològica i per anticipar la toxicitat relacionada amb dianes secundàries. D'altra banda, es va ampliar l’aproximació de biologia de sistemes per abastar les connexions anatòmiques. Aquesta nova metodologia fou dissenyada per complementar i assistir al toxicòleg expert en la identificació de toxicitats a nivell anatòmic. Finalment, durant aquests anys s’ha contribuit de manera important al desenvolupament d’una nova versió independent de la plataforma del programari estrella de l’empresa, CT-link, que n’ha facilitat enormement la seva distribució i comercialització.