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1

Tharasawatpipat, Chaisri, Jittiporn Kruenate, Kowit Suwannahong, and Torpong Kreetachat. "Modification of Titanium Dioxide Embedded in the Bio-Composite Film for Photocatalytic Oxidation of Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compound." Advanced Materials Research 894 (February 2014): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.894.37.

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This research aimed to apply the Blown Film Extrusion technique to synthesize the titanium dioxide (TiO2) bio-composite films incorporated on a thin film as a photocatalyst. The biopolymer materials have great recognition via their renewable and biodegradable characteristic and the green composite has been a new challenge path to replace traditional polymer composite. In this work, TiO2/Polybutylene succinate (PBS) bio-composite film was developed to be used as a supporter for determining the photocatalytic oxidation activity of the TiO2 on the chlorinated volatile organic compounds degradation. PBS is a synthetic biopolymer which has a reasonable mechanical strength. The modified-TiO2/PBS bio-composite films were studied to evaluate the degradation of dichloromethane. In order to improve the distribution of the developed photocatalyst, the TiO2 powders were modified by 0.05% mole of ethyl triethoxysilane (ETES) and stearic acid (SA), respectively. The 10% wt. TiO2/PBS bio-composite films with thickness of 30 μm were prepared by blown film technique. To evaluate the dispersion efficacy, the modified-TiO2/PBS bio-composite films were characterized by Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM). Photocatalytic degradation of dichloromethane in gas phase was determined using an annular closed system photoreactor. The obtained result which was corresponding to the absorption of TiO2/PBS bio composites film was investigated in a range of 300-400 nm via UV/VIS spectrophotometry. The energy band gap of TiO2, ethyl triethoxysilane-TiO2 and stearic acid-TiO2 bio-composite film was found to be 3.18, 3.21, and 3.26 eV, respectively. The SEM shows that the modified-TiO2 with both ETES and SA exhibit uniform dispersion, while the only TiO2 shows an evidence of agglomeration in the PBS matrix. For photocatalyst efficiency, the photocatalytic activity of modified-TiO2/PBS bio-composite film increased comparing to the TiO2/PBS bio-composite film. Moreover, the photocatalytic degradation of dichloromethane by ETES-TiO2/PBS bio-composite film yielded degradation efficiency of 47.0%, whereas SA-TiO2/PBS bio-composite film yielded the removal efficiency of 41.0% for detention time at 350 min.
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Ibrahim, Ismail, Azlin Fazlina Osman, Sinar Arzuria Adnan, Lai Di Sheng, and Nazrul Haq. "Effects of hectorite loading on tear properties and biodegradability of thermoplastic starch films." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2080, no. 1 (2021): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2080/1/012031.

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Abstract Development of bio-based polymers can reduce human dependence on fossil fuel and move to a sustainable material resource. In this work, thermoplastics starch (TPS) films were produced by plasticization process, in which the crystalline structure of the starch granules was destroyed and reformed by water and glycerine through mechanical stirring and heating process. Hectorite was employed as filler to reinforce the TPS films. The hectorite was subjected to ultrasonication process for reducing the size and aggregation of particles. The ultrasonicated hectorite was added into the TPS solution to produce the TPS/hectorite bio-composite by film casting method. The TPS films with hectorite loading in the range of 1% to 5% were prepared. The morphology, tear strength and soil biodegradability of the TPS/hectorite bio-composite films were studied by altering the loading of hectorite incorporated into the TPS films. Results showed that the TPS/hectorite bio-composite films have higher tear strength compared to the pure TPS films. The tear strength of the bio-composite films slightly increased with hectorite content 1% and 2%. However, as the filler loading increased to 3%, there was a drastic increase of the tear strength. The maximum tear strength value was achieved by the TPS film when 4% hectorite filler was employed. The TPS/4% hectorite (ultrasonicated) has the lowest rate of soil biodegradation due to its lower moisture uptake and greatest interface interaction between starch and hectorite, inhibiting diffusion of bacteria into the films.
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Kalemtas, Ayse, Hasan B. Kocer, Ahmet Aydin, Pinar Terzioglu, and Gulsum Aydin. "Mechanical and antibacterial properties of ZnO/chitosan bio-composite films." Journal of Polymer Engineering 42, no. 1 (2021): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2021-0143.

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Abstract In the current study, ZnO/chitosan bio-composite films were produced via solution-casting method. Two different ZnO powders, micrometer (d50 ≅ 1.5 μm) and nanometer sized (d50 ≅ 100 nm), were used to investigate the effect of ZnO particle size and concentration (0, 2, and 8% w/w of chitosan) on the mechanical and antibacterial properties of the ZnO/chitosan bio-composite films. The incorporation of the ZnO powders into the chitosan film resulted in an increase in the tensile strength (TS) and a decrease in the elongation at break (EB) values. Mechanical test results revealed that TS and EB properties were considerably affected (p < 0.05) by the concentration and particle size of the ZnO reinforcement. Disc diffusion method demonstrated good antibacterial activities of bio-composite films containing high amount of ZnO (8% w/w of chitosan) against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Bacillus subtilis. The growth-limiting effect of the films was more pronounced for S. aureus and K. pneumoniae. Due to enhanced TS and imparted antibacterial activity of the produced ZnO/chitosan bio-composite films, these materials are promising candidates for applications such as food packaging, wound dressing, and antibacterial coatings for various surfaces.
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M’sakni, Nour Houda, and Taghreed Alsufyani. "Part B: Improvement of the Optical Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals Reinforced Thermoplastic Starch Bio-Composite Films by Ex Situ Incorporation of Green Silver Nanoparticles from Chaetomorpha linum." Polymers 15, no. 9 (2023): 2148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15092148.

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The study was used in the context of realigning novel low-cost materials for their better and improved optical properties. Emphasis was placed on the bio-nanocomposite approach for producing cellulose/starch/silver nanoparticle films. These polymeric films were produced using the solution casting technique followed by the thermal evaporation process. The structural model of the bio-composite films (CS:CL-CNC7:3–50%) was developed from our previous study. Subsequently, in order to improve the optical properties of bio-composite films, bio-nanocomposites were prepared by incorporating silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) ex situ at various concentrations (5–50% w/w). Characterization was conducted using UV-Visible (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) to understand the structure–property relationships. The FTIR analysis indicated a reduction in the number of waves associated with the OH functional groups by adding AgNPs due to the formation of new hydrogen bonds between the bio-composite matrix and the CL-WE-AgNPs. Based on mathematical equations, the optical bandgap energy, the energy of Urbach, the edge of absorption (Ed), and the carbon clusters (N) were estimated for CS:CL-CNC and CS:CL-CNC-AgNPs (5–50%) nanocomposite films. Furthermore, the optical bandgap values were shifted to the lower photon energy from 3.12 to 2.58 eV by increasing the AgNPs content, which indicates the semi-conductor effect on the composite system. The decrease in Urbach’s energy is the result of a decrease in the disorder of the biopolymer matrix and/or attributed to an increase in crystalline size. In addition, the cluster carbon number increased from 121.56 to 177.75, respectively, from bio-composite to bio-nanocomposite with 50% AgNPs. This is due to the presence of a strong H-binding interaction between the bio-composite matrix and the AgNPs molecules. The results revealed that the incorporation of 20% AgNPs into the CS:CL-CNC7:3–50% bio-composite film could be the best candidate composition for all optical properties. It can be used for potential applications in the area of food packaging as well as successfully on opto-electronic devices.
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Nordin, N. M., H. Anuar, F. Ali, and Y. F. Buys. "Tensile properties of PolyLactic Acid Composite Foamed via Supercritical Carbon Dioxide." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2129, no. 1 (2021): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2129/1/012007.

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Abstract Tensile properties of foamed PolyLactic Acid (PLA) composite were studied. In this work, PLA were incorporate with Durian Skin Fibre (DSF) and Cinnamon Essential Oil (CEO) to form PLA bio composite and further treat via supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) to form foamed PLA bio composite. The tensile strength value of foamed PLA bio composite slightly drops from foamed PLA. As for stress strain graph, the percentage of strain for foamed PLA and PLA bio composite did not distinct much. Through SEM, the foamed PLA bio composite showing that it did not fully foamed after treated via SCCO2 which due to treatment period and the thickness of the thin films.
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Akay Sefer, Ozge. "Characterization of Luffa-reinforced Polyaniline Films." Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 13, no. 1 (2025): 26–36. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1469198.

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Herein, Polyaniline (PANI)/polyethylene oxide (PEO) - luffa cylindrica bio-composite films of various mass fractions (%) have been prepared via casting solution of emeraldine base polyaniline and cellulose extracted from luffa. The biopolymer films were structurally and thermally characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fournier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC). Moreover, the electrical properties of conductive biopolymer solutions were measured by using the conductivity meter. According to the obtained results, treated luffa increases the conductivity of biopolymers. XRD results reveal that luffa increases the crystallinity of bio-composite films in comparison to PANI/PEO films. FTIR analysis proved the presence of functional groups of PANI, PEO, and luffa in the film structure. Also, an increase in the weight of luffa in the bio-composite film brings about an increase in the peak intensities of the O-H group. It is determined that luffa enhances the thermal stability of composites via the results of DSC analysis.
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Cai, Zengxiao, Abu Naser Md Ahsanul Haque, Renuka Dhandapani, and Maryam Naebe. "Sustainable Cotton Gin Waste/Polycaprolactone Bio-Plastic with Adjustable Biodegradation Rate: Scale-Up Production through Compression Moulding." Polymers 15, no. 9 (2023): 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15091992.

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Cotton gin trash (CGT), a lignocellulosic waste generated during cotton fibre processing, has recently received significant attention for production of composite bio-plastics. However, earlier studies were limited to either with biodegradable polymers, through small-scale solution-casting method, or using industrially adaptable extrusion route, but with non-biodegradable polymers. In this study, a scale-up production of completely biodegradable CGT composite plastic film with adjustable biodegradation rate is proposed. First using a twin screw extruder, the prepared CGT powder was combined with polycaprolactone (PCL) to form pellets, and then using the compressing moulding, the pellets were transformed into bio-plastic composite films. Hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as a plasticiser in the mixture and its impact on the biodegradation rate was analysed. The morphology of CGT bio-plastic composite films showed even distribution of CGT powder within the PCL matrix. The CGT incorporation improved the UV resistance, thermal stability, and Young’s modulus of PCL material. Further, the flexibility and mixing properties of the composites were improved by PEG. Overall, this study demonstrated a sustainable production method of CGT bio-plastic films using the whole CGT and without any waste residue produced, where the degradation of the produced composite films can be adjusted to minimise the environmental impact.
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Patrucco, A., A. Aluigi, C. Vineis, and C. Tonin. "Bio-Composite Keratin Films from Wool Fibrillation." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 5, no. 1 (2011): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2011.1118.

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9

Ab Rahman, Muhammad Asyraf Aiman, Sharifah Fathiyah Sy Mohamad, and Shahril Mohamad. "Development and Characterization of Bio-Composite Films Made from Bacterial Cellulose Derived from Oil Palm Frond Juice Fermentation, Chitosan and Glycerol." Trends in Sciences 20, no. 8 (2023): 4919. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2023.4919.

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This study reported for the first time, the combined effects of chitosan and glycerol addition on the properties of bacterial cellulose (BC) based films for food packaging applications. Films were prepared by solution casting method using BC derived from oil palm frond juice as the main material combined with different concentrations of chitosan (0.5 and 1 %w/v) and glycerol (0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 %v/v). Pure BC, chitosan-free and glycerol-free films were used as control. The effect of incorporating chitosan and glycerol on bacterial cellulose (BC) based films was evaluated based on the physical properties (thickness, moisture content, solubility), mechanical properties (tensile strength, modulus Young, elongation at break) and chemical structure by FTIR. Increased concentration of chitosan and glycerol affected the physical and mechanical properties. The combination of 1 %w/v chitosan and 0.5 %v/v glycerol had a strengthening effect on the BC-based films with maximum tensile strength of 15 MPa and Young’s modulus of 772 MPa. Meanwhile, BC films incorporated with 1 %w/v chitosan and 2.5 %v/v glycerol demonstrated high plasticizing effect of 7 % elongation at break. The acquired FTIR spectrum of the bio-composite films suggested intermolecular interactions between BC, chitosan, and glycerol. Therefore, the BC-based bio-composite films incorporated with chitosan and glycerol have the potential to be used as food packaging materials. HIGHLIGHTS Bio-composite films from bacterial cellulose derived from oil palm frond juice fermentation with different proportions of chitosan (0.5 and 1 % w/v) and glycerol (0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 % v/v) were developed using casting method Chitosan and glycerol contents have great influences on thickness, moisture content, water solubility and mechanical properties of the films The bio-composite films have potential application as food packaging material GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Nevo, Y., N. Peer, S. Yochelis, et al. "Nano bio optically tunable composite nanocrystalline cellulose films." RSC Advances 5, no. 10 (2015): 7713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra11840e.

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11

Onimisi, Seriki-Ege, and Saliu Adeiza Mumuni. "Characterization of Cassava Starch Films Strengthened with Glass Particulate Composite." International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science XII, no. XII (2024): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.51583/ijltemas.2023.121208.

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Characterization of cassava starch films strengthened with glass particulate composite was investigated in this study. Glass particulate starch composites was produced using solution casting process with weight percentage (wt.%) of the reinforcement phase ranging from 0% to 20% at 5wt.% interval. The mechanical and physical properties were determined out by standard methods. Themicrostructural analysis of the produced composites was carried out using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The density of the composites increased as the reinforcement content increases,the water absorption decreased as the reinforcement content increases. The SEM analysis showed good adhesion between the starch matrix and the reinforcement, the hardness of the bio-composites improved generally over the unreinforced starch and the biodegradibility of the thermoplastic polymer (starch) degrades faster when compared with the bio-composites.The development of the bio-composite will contribute to knowledge; helps convert waste to wealth and reduce environmental pollution. The bio-composite produced has light weight and can be used in food packaging applications.
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Panggabean, Hasbullah, Selamat Triono Ahmad, Sukardi Sukardi, Yahfizham Yahfizham, and Muhammad Taufiq Thahir. "Bacterial Cellulose Powder as A Filler in a Matrix Composite from Oil Palm Trunk." Journal of Fibers and Polymer Composites 3, no. 1 (2024): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.55043/jfpc.v3i1.157.

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The paper is to reveal the bacterial cellulose powder as a filler for a composite matrix with an oil palm trunk. The use of oil palm trunks is excellent because of their abundant availability and because they can reduce waste. It is low-density, environmentally friendly, inexpensive, non-toxic, and easily degraded as a matrix that produces hydrogels obtained from cross-linking. This research is a laboratory experiment that makes films by masks using the bacterial cellulose powder obtained through enzyme hydrolysis fillers with the addition of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%. Bio-composite films are readily biodegradable, so the films made from extracting oil palm trunks with stem starch are environmentally friendly. The pH value of the five preparations for film gel masks was the shelf life of bio-composite, which could last for 21 days. Characterization of film masks includes physical properties and analysis of chemical composition, where the amount of water in the film will decrease as the size of the polymer that makes up the film matrix increases. The treatment that produced bio-composite films with the best mechanical properties under the addition of bacterial cellulose powder was 3% filler. The cellulose bacterium can be applied as a filler for making composites by modifying the oil palm trunk as a matrix composite.
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Thanakkasaranee, Sarinthip, Pornchai Rachtanapun, Chitsiri Rachtanapun, et al. "Bio-Composite Films Based on Carboxymethyl Chitosan Incorporated with Calcium Oxide: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity." Polymers 16, no. 17 (2024): 2393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16172393.

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The utilization of biopolymers incorporated with antimicrobial agents is extremely interesting in the development of environmentally friendly functional materials for food packaging and other applications. In this study, the effect of calcium oxide (CaO) on the morphological, mechanical, thermal, and hydrophilic properties as well as the antimicrobial activity of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCH) bio-composite films was investigated. The CMCH was synthesized from shrimp chitosan through carboxymethylation, whereas the CaO was synthesized via a co-precipitation method with polyethylene glycol as a stabilizer. The CMCH-CaO bio-composite films were prepared by the addition of synthesized CaO into the synthesized CMCH using a facile solution casting method. As confirmed by XRD and SEM, the synthesized CaO has a cubic shape, with an average crystalline size of 25.84 nm. The synthesized CaO exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (>99.9% R). The addition of CaO into CMCH improved the mechanical and hydrophobic properties of the CMCH-CaO films. However, it resulted in a slight decrease in thermal stability. Notably, the CMCH-CaO10% films exhibited exceptional antimicrobial activity against E. coli (98.8% R) and S. aureus (91.8% R). As a result, such bio-composite films can be applied as an active packaging material for fruit, vegetable, or meat products.
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Chen, Haoyu, Keqi Xin, and Qunli Yu. "Sausage Preservation Using Films Composed of Chitosan and a Pickering Emulsion of Essential Oils Stabilized with Waste-Jujube-Kernel-Derived Cellulose Nanocrystals." Foods 13, no. 21 (2024): 3487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13213487.

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The purpose of this study was to prepare Pickering emulsions stabilized by waste jujube kernel cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) using composite essential oils (EOs) (i.e., cinnamon essential oil [CIN] combined with clove essential oil [CL]). The Pickering emulsions were blended with chitosan (CS) to generate a composite film (CS/CNC/EOs Pickering emulsions). We evaluated the mechanical properties, barrier properties, and microstructures of CS/CNC/EOs bio-based packaging films containing different concentrations of EOs. In addition, the fresh-keeping effects of the composite membranes on beef sausages were evaluated over a 12-day storage period. Notably, the EOs exhibited good compatibility with CS. With the increase in the EOs concentration, the droplet size increased, the composite films became thicker, the elongation at break decreased, the tensile strength increased, and the water vapor permeability decreased. When the composite films were used for preserving beef sausages, the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the membranes improved as the concentration of EOs increased, effectively prolonging the shelf life of the sausages. Composite membranes with an EOs concentration of 2% exerted the best fresh-keeping effects. Overall, owing to their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, the bio-based composite films prepared using CS/CNC/EOs Pickering emulsions demonstrated immense potential for application in the packaging of meat products.
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Hu, YaJie, YaShuai Niu, GenQue Fu, et al. "Turning Wood Autohydrolysate Directly into Food Packing Composite Films with Good Toughness." International Journal of Polymer Science 2018 (March 25, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2097340.

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Bio-based composite films were produced by incorporating wood autohydrolysate (WH), chitosan (CS), and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). In this work, WH was directly utilized without further purification, and CNC was introduced as the reinforced material to prepare WH-CS-CNC composite films with excellent properties. The effects of CNC on the properties of WH-CS-CNC composite films were investigated by characterizing their structures, mechanical properties, oxygen barrier, and thermal stability properties. The results suggested that CNC could improve tensile strength of the composite films, and the tensile strain at break could be up to 4.7%. Besides, the oxygen permeability of the prepared composite films could be as low as 3.57 cm3/day·m2·kPa, making them suitable for the food packaging materials. These above results showed that the addition of CNC is an effective method to enhance the toughness of composite films. In addition, WH-CS-CNC composite films have great potential in the field of sustainable food packing materials.
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Kusmono, Kusmono, Muhammad Waziz Wildan, and Fadhlan Ihsan Lubis. "Fabrication and Characterization of Chitosan/Cellulose Nanocrystal/Glycerol Bio-Composite Films." Polymers 13, no. 7 (2021): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071096.

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Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-reinforced bio-composite films containing glycerol were produced using the solution casting technique. The influences of the addition of CNC (2, 4, and 8 wt%) and glycerol (10, 20, and 30 wt%) on the properties of the bio-composite films were studied in the present work. The resulting films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), and according to their tensile, water absorption, and light transmission behavior. The introduction of 4 wt% CNC into the chitosan film did not affect the thermal stability, but the presence of 20 wt% glycerol reduced the thermal stability. The addition of 4 wt% CNC to the chitosan film increased its tensile strength, tensile modulus, and elongation at break by 206%, 138%, and 277%, respectively. However, adding more than 8 wt% CNC resulted in a drastic reduction in the strength and ductility of the chitosan film. The highest strength and stiffness of the chitosan bio-composite film were attained with 4 wt% CNC and 20 wt% glycerol. The water absorption and light transmission of the chitosan film were reduced dramatically by the presence of both CNC and glycerol.
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Juma, Hashimu, Cunshi Zhao, Qingbo Wang, et al. "Enhanced Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Polybutylene Adipate-Terephthalate/Curcumin Composite Films Using Surface-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals." Polymers 17, no. 7 (2025): 830. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17070830.

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Polybutylene adipate-terephthalate (PBAT) offers a convincing ecological alternative to the traditional fossil-based plastics due to its biodegradability and robust mechanical properties. The objective of this study is to develop PBAT-based bio-composite films through incorporating functionalized cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and curcumin (CUR). In order to improve the interfacial compatibility with the PBAT matrix and co-doping with CUR, CNC was modified using dodecyl succinic anhydride (DxCNC). In this ternary bio-composite system, CUR functioned as a bio-based antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. The presence of CUR also provides excellent UV-shielding properties, whereas the DxCNC effectively enhances the controlled release of CUR. The synergistic effect between DxCNC and CUR in boosting antimicrobial properties, with the inhibition values for E. coli and S. aureus reached 1.82 log CFU/cm2 and 2.12 log CFU/cm2, respectively. These findings indicate DxCNC/CUR/PBAT ternary composite films as a promising material for eco-friendly packaging products.
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Kizildag, Nuray. "Pullulan Films with PCMs: Recyclable Bio-Based Films with Thermal Management Functionality." Coatings 13, no. 2 (2023): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020414.

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The use of phase-changing materials (PCMs) is a practical and powerful way of buffering thermal fluctuations and maintaining the isothermal nature of the storage process. In this study, melamine formaldehyde microcapsules with paraffin cores were used as PCMs; pullulan films with PCMs were prepared by the film-casting method; and the composite films prepared were analysed with regard to their chemical structure, thermal properties, thermal stability, and recyclability. Uniform films displaying thermal management functionality were prepared. The amount of 75 wt.% PCM were added to the pullulan film structure which enabled the preparation of a composite film that displayed 104.85 J g−1 of heat storage during heating and 103.58 J g−1 of heat release during cooling. Multiple heating and cooling cycles showed that the composite films maintained their thermal management functionality after multiple heating-cooling cycles. The PCMs could be recovered with a yield of approximately 95% by the application of a simple dissolution and filtration process. The morphology, chemical structure, and thermal properties of the PCMs were maintained after the recovery process. The bio-based composite films with thermal management functionality and recyclability are proposed as an innovative, practical, and effective system for thermoactive storage and packaging applications.
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Arrieta, A. A., J. A. Ducuara, and E. M. Combatt. "BIO-BASED ELECTROACTIVE COMPOSITE BIOPOLYMER FILMS FROM CASSAVA STARCH / ANACARDIC ACID." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry, Special Issue (2022): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2022.1558189.

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The United Nations have established Responsible Consumption and Production as one Sustainable Development Goal. This goal demands strategies for the efficient utilization of natural resources, agro-industrial waste, and the development of eco-friendly materials. Thus, the objective of this work was to develop bio-based films synthesized with anacardic acid (AA) extracted from the Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) and starch extracted from cassava. Biopolymer films were synthesized at different pH values with various concentrations of AA. The biopolymer films prepared at basic pH presented higher tensile strength and the addition of AA also contributed to increasing the tensile strength. Infrared spectroscopy allowed the establishment of possible hydrogen bond interaction between AA and the polymeric chain of cassava starch, which could contribute to its higher tensile strength. The degradation rate was not affected by the synthesis pH, but by the presence of AA. Cyclic voltammetry allowed evidence of the electroactivity of glucose and AA in the composite biopolymer films. The results allowed it to conclude that it was possible to obtain a composite biopolymer from thermochemical synthesis with AA and cassava starch. The presence of AA can improve tensile strength, decrease the rate of biodegradability, and improve the electroactivity of the films.
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Amit, L. Gadre, R.Yerawar Ganesh, C. Golchha Manisha, Sangawar Vijaya, P. Deshmukh Dhananjay, and B. Madavi Bharat. "Deterioration Study of Cellulose (15%) + Polyethylene glycol (7%) in LDPE Bio-composite Thin Film." International Journal of Advance and Applied Research S6, no. 18 (2025): 5–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15254553.

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Plastics take literally hundreds of years to decompose and poisoning the environment andthe wildlife living in it in the meantime. The aim of this research paper to prepared andcharacterized study of Cellulose (15%) + PEG (7%) added in LDPE bio-composite thin film incompostable soil burial period of 90 days. This bio-composite film were characterized by weightloss and percent study, UTS and PEB measurements, SEM and XRD before and after degradationin order to study biodegradation of CEL (15%) + PEG (7%) added in LDPE thin film samples innatural condition. The CEL (15%) + PEG (7%) in LDPE bio-composite thin films after 90 daysof soil burial are found to be deteriorated and makes an environment-friendly degradablematerial in natural condition.
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Oyekanmi, A. A., U. Seeta Uthaya Kumar, Abdul Khalil H. P. S., et al. "Functional Properties of Antimicrobial Neem Leaves Extract Based Macroalgae Biofilms for Potential Use as Active Dry Packaging Applications." Polymers 13, no. 10 (2021): 1664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13101664.

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Antimicrobial irradiated seaweed–neem biocomposite films were synthesized in this study. The storage functional properties of the films were investigated. Characterization of the prepared films was conducted using SEM, FT-IR, contact angle, and antimicrobial test. The macroscopic and microscopic including the analysis of the functional group and the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry test revealed the main active constituents present in the neem extract, which was used an essential component of the fabricated films. Neem leaves’ extracts with 5% w/w concentration were incorporated into the matrix of seaweed biopolymer and the seaweed–neem bio-composite film were irradiated with different dosages of gamma radiation (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 kGy). The tensile, thermal, and the antimicrobial properties of the films were studied. The results revealed that the irradiated films exhibited improved functional properties compared to the control film at 1.5 kGy radiation dosage. The tensile strength, tensile modulus, and toughness exhibited by the films increased, while the elongation of the irradiated bio-composite film decreased compared to the control film. The morphology of the irradiated films demonstrated a smoother surface compared to the control and provided surface intermolecular interaction of the neem–seaweed matrix. The film indicated an optimum storage stability under ambient conditions and demonstrated no significant changes in the visual appearance. However, an increase in the moisture content was exhibited by the film, and the hydrophobic properties was retained until nine months of the storage period. The study of the films antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (SA), and Bacillus subtilis (BS) indicated improved resistance to bacterial activities after the incorporation of neem leaves extract and gamma irradiation. The fabricated irradiated seaweed–neem bio-composite film could be used as an excellent sustainable packaging material due to its effective storage stability.
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Yin, Shengyan, Xiaoju Men, Hang Sun, et al. "Enhanced photocurrent generation of bio-inspired graphene/ZnO composite films." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 22 (2015): 12016–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta02297e.

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23

Oredokun-Lache, Blessing A., Esther B. Ibrahim, Adekemi G. Oluwafemi, Georgina O. Erifeta, Sunday J. Josiah, and Olarewaju M. Oluba. "A circular economical application of eggshell waste as a bio-filler in the fabrication of gum Arabic composite film." Food Science and Preservation 31, no. 3 (2024): 394–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.11002/fsp.2024.31.3.394.

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The poultry industry faces disposal difficulty in waste, but recent advancements in material science and sustainability have enabled the innovative transformation of waste into valuable resources. In this study, eggshell (EC) was added as a bio-filler to gum Arabic (GA) to fabricate a GA-EC bio-composite film. Bio-composites containing 0.5 g (GA-EC0.5) and 1.0 g (GA-EC1.0) EC dispersed in 30 mL of 15% GA solution were fabricated and characterized using standard analytical techniques. The GA-EC0.5 composites showed significantly higher moisture content, transparency, water solubility, and water vapor permeability but lower tensile strength and thermal stability than GA-EC1.0. Following a post-harvest wrapping of tomato fruits with the GA-EC composite films and storage at 25±2°C for 20 days, significant (p>0.05) reductions in weight loss, pH, lycopene content, and activities of polyphenol oxidase and pectin methylesterase compared to unwrapped fruits were recorded. Adding EC to GA has enabled the fabrication of composite films with improved mechanical, barrier, and thermal properties with potential application in the post-harvest storage of tomato fruits.
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24

Wijaranakul, P., B. Hararak, C. Winotapun, P. Wannid, C. Chotirotsukon, and W. Laosiripojana. "Utilization of lignin extracted from Thai ago-waste as UV-blocking agent for BG-lignin/PLA composite films." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1234, no. 1 (2022): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1234/1/012018.

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Abstract The improving properties of poly(lactic acid), PLA, by utilizing natural resources attracted great intrigue to make such a green composite material that can be used as a commercial product in human life [1]. Lignin is one of biopolymer that can be used as bio-based filler and multifunctional bio-additive in a polymer composite. The most exciting properties of lignin that can be provided in a polymer composite is UV absorption and anti-oxidation [2]. In this current study, organosolv lignin extracted from sugarcane bagasse (BG-lignin) was utilized as multifunctional bio-additive in PLA for improving the UV absorption. The physicochemical and thermal properties of BG-lignin were determined using several techniques including SEM, GPC, quantitative 31P NMR, and DSC. BG-lignin at different loading contents (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1 wt.%) was mixed with PLA via melt-extrusion. The attained compounds were converted to composite films via blown film extrusion. With the 0.5 wt.% loading content, the PLA composite films (0.5BG-lignin/PLA) absorbed almost all UV radiation which exhibits almost 70% blocking of UVB. The onset oxidation temperature of the PLA/0.5BG composite film increased by 34% as compared to that of the neat PLA film. Adding of BG-lignin enhanced tensile strength and Young’s modulus but did not favour to elongation at break.
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Hossain, Nayem, Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury, Tauhidul Islam Noman, et al. "Synthesis and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Bio-Composite from Fenugreek as a Natural Resource." Polymers 14, no. 23 (2022): 5141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235141.

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The present study show the usability of starch (tamarind) based-bio-composite film reinforced by fenugreek by various percentages to replace the traditional petrochemical plastics. The prepared bio-composite films were systematically characterized using the universal testing machine (UTM), soil degradation, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), and antibacterial tests. The experiments showed that a lower percentage of fenugreek improves biodegradation and mechanical strength. More than 60% of biodegradation occurred in only 30 days. Almost 3 N/mm2 tensile strength and 6.5% tensile strain were obtained. The presence of micropores confirmed by SEM images may accelerate the biodegradation process. Antibacterial activity was observed with two samples of synthesized bio-composite, due to photoactive compounds confirmed by FTIR spectra. The glass transition temperature was shown to be higher than the room temperature, with the help of thermal analysis. The prepared bio-composite containing 5% and 10% fenugreek showed antibacterial activities.
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Kale, Ravindra D., Yashlok Maurya, and Tejasvi Potdar. "Paper-reinforced sodium alginate/carboxyl methyl cellulose-based bio-composite films." Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 34, no. 2 (2017): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756087917715675.

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Waste paper-reinforced sodium alginate/carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC)-based bio-composite films were prepared by solution casting method by optimum combination of 1.5% sodium alginate and 1.5% NaCMC. The optimum combination was selected on the basis of good tensile strength and low moisture sensitivity. This film was further subjected to aqueous solution of potassium aluminium sulphate (potassium alum) to reduce water vapour permeability and moisture content. This potassium alum solution treatment further enhanced the mechanical and thermal properties, and the film biodegradability was not affected either due to the cross linking or colour addition, which has potential as a substitute for the currently used polyethylene-based films. Molecular interactions between polymers and potassium alum affected mechanical, thermal, and other properties and was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray, and thermo gravimetric analysis of the films. This bio-composite film may be suitable to replace non-biodegradable and costly biodegradable packaging materials.
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27

Periyasamy, Thirukumaran, Shakila Parveen Asrafali, and Seong-Cheol Kim. "Bio-Based Polybenzoxazine–Cellulose Grafted Films: Material Fabrication and Properties." Polymers 15, no. 4 (2023): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15040849.

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Despite the fact that amino cellulose (AC) is biodegradable, biocompatible, and has excellent film-forming properties, AC films have poor mechanical properties and are not thermally stable. An AC-based composite film prepared from AC and curcumin-stearylamine based benzoxazine (C-st) is reported in order to improve its performance and promote its application. As starting materials, C-st and AC were used to produce a C-st/AC composite film possessing a synergistic property through chemical cross-linking and hydrogen bonds. Two salient features with respect to the curing behavior were obtained. Firstly, the onset of curing was reduced to 163 °C when the benzoxazine monomer was synthesized from fully bio-based precursors (such as curcumin and stearylamine). Secondly, a synergistic effect in curing behavior was obtained by mixing C-st with AC. As a result of tensile tests and thermal analysis, the poly(C-st) benefited the composite films with pronounced mechanical and thermal properties, even at elevated temperatures. There was a 2.5-fold increase in tensile strength compared to the AC film, indicating that the composite films have the potential to be used for functional purposes. These poly(C-st)/AC films with improved mechanical and thermal properties have the ability to replace naturally occurring polymer films in film-related applications.
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Chung, Tsai-Wei, Chih-Ning Huang, Po-Chun Chen, Toshihiko Noda, Takashi Tokuda, and Jun Ohta. "Fabrication of Iridium Oxide/Platinum Composite Film on Titanium Substrate for High-Performance Neurostimulation Electrodes." Coatings 8, no. 12 (2018): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8120420.

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Electrode materials for neural stimulation have been widely investigated for implantable devices. Among them, iridium and iridium oxide are attractive materials for bio-interface applications due to their desirable stability, electrochemical performance, and biocompatibility. In this study, iridium oxide/platinum (IrOx/Pt) composite films were successfully fabricated on titanium substrates by chemical bath deposition and these films are expected to be used as biocompatible stimulation electrodes. We modified the film compositions to optimize the performances. In addition, these IrOx/Pt composite films were characterized before and after annealing by SEM and XRD. We also identified the hydrophilicity of these iridium oxide/platinum composite films by measuring contact angles. Finally, the charge storage capacities of these iridium oxide/platinum composite films were evaluated by an electrochemical workstation. As a result, the charge storage capacities of the iridium oxide/platinum composite films are largely increased, and this leads to a very efficient neurostimulation electrode. Additionally, we successfully demonstrated the chemical bath deposition of IrOx film on the surface of the bullet-shaped titanium microelectrode.
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29

Kreetachat, Torpong, Jittiporn Kruenate, and Kowit Suwannahong. "Preparation of TiO2/Bio-Composite Film by Sol-Gel Method in VOCs Photocatalytic Degradation Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 390 (August 2013): 552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.390.552.

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Biodegradable of polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) and polybutylene succinate (PBS), which were biodegradable aliphatic polyesters, composite films were contained with titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a photocatalyst to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of bidegradable composite films for toluene removal. The synthesized TiO2 was prepared by sol-gel method between titanium isopropoxide with acetic acid. To form the anatase structure, it was calcined at 500°C. TiO2 were added to PLA/PBAT/PBS as a biopolymer blend at 0, 5 and 10 wt% .The TiO2/Bio-composite films were fabricated via blown film technique to produce 40 μm films. Photocatalytic activity efficiency of TiO2/Bio-composite films was performed in an annular closed system under UV light. Since the amount of TiO2 affected the efficiency of the photocatalytic activity, this work was mainly concentrated on the effort to embed the high amount of TiO2 in the biopolymer matrix. The developed photocatalyst was characterized by XRD, UV-Vis spectrophotometer and SEM. The SEM images revealed the high homogeneity of the deposition of TiO2 on the biopolymer matrix. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) ensures the deposition of TiO2 as crystalline anatase phase. In addition, the photocatalytic results shown that the toluene removal efficiencies increased with an increasing TiO2 dosages at 0 wt%, 5 wt%, and 10 wt% , respectively. As aspects, the photocatalytic degradation results showed the highest tolune photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 52.0% at 10 wt% TiO2 .
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Narita, Chieko, Yoko Okahisa, and Kazushi Yamada. "Plasticizing effect of lignin on urushi in bio-composite films." Polymer 161 (January 2019): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2018.11.063.

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31

Ashok, B., K. Obi Reddy, K. Madhukar, J. Cai, L. Zhang, and A. Varada Rajulu. "Properties of cellulose/Thespesia lampas short fibers bio-composite films." Carbohydrate Polymers 127 (August 2015): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.054.

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32

Palumbo, Fabio, Giuseppe Camporeale, Yi-Wei Yang, et al. "Direct Plasma Deposition of Lysozyme-Embedded Bio-Composite Thin Films." Plasma Processes and Polymers 12, no. 11 (2015): 1302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201500039.

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33

Nengduo, Zhang, Yin Xuesong, and Gong Hao. "Highly conductive and flexible transparent films based on silver nanowire/chitosan composite." RSC Advances 6, no. 53 (2016): 47552–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra05448j.

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The bio-derived polymer, chitosan, has been incorporated in a silver nanowire (AgNW) network to form the composite film which could solve the critical drawbacks of AgNW films including rough surface, poor adhesion and low oxidation resistance.
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34

Nesic, Aleksandra, Rodrigo Segura, Sergio Benavides, and Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas. "Biocomposite Films Intended for Agriculture Application Based on Polysaccharide/Quinoa Saponin/Ag Nanoparticles." Metallurgical and Materials Data 2, no. 3 (2024): 109–12. https://doi.org/10.30544/mmd34.

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This study aims to develop novel alginate-based composite films intended for agricultural practices. The films were prepared by the solution casting method using alginate, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and saponin-silver nanoparticles. The film formation was supported by hydrogen bonds formed between the components, as evidenced by FTIR/ATR analysis. The addition of hydroxyethyl cellulose decreased the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of alginate films, and this trend was further promoted with the addition of saponin-silver nanoparticles. However, the composite film still possessed a satisfactory mechanical resistance of 31 MPa, which is higher than that of commercial synthetic agricultural films. In addition, all composite films were not phytotoxic, demonstrated a high positive effect on the germination of radish seeds (131%), and acted as plant growth promoters. The obtained results showed that the combination of both polysaccharides with saponin-silver nanoparticles resulted in interesting bio-inspired films with the potential to replace commercially used synthetic agricultural films.
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35

Zhao, Yadong, Ayumu Tagami, Galina Dobele, Mikael E. Lindström, and Olena Sevastyanova. "The Impact of Lignin Structural Diversity on Performance of Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF)-Starch Composite Films." Polymers 11, no. 3 (2019): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030538.

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Lignin fractions having different molecular weights and varied chemical structures isolated from kraft lignins of both softwood and hardwood via a sequential solvent fractionation technique were incorporated into a tunicate cellulose nanofibers (CNF)—starch mixture to prepare 100% bio-based composite films. The aim was to investigate the impact of lignin structural diversity on film performance. It was confirmed that lignin’s distribution in the films was dependent on the polarity of solvents used for fractionation (acetone > methanol > ethanol > ethyl acetate) and influenced the optical properties of the films. The –OH group content and molecular weight of lignin were positively related to film density. In general, the addition of lignin fractions led to decrease in thermal stability and increase in Young’s modulus of the composite films. The modulus of the films was found to decrease as the molecular weight of lignin increased, and a higher amount of carboxyl and phenolic –OH groups in the lignin fraction resulted in films with higher stiffness. The thermal analysis showed higher char content formation for lignin-containing films in a nitrogen atmosphere with increased molecular weight. In an oxygen atmosphere, the phenol content, saturated side chains and short chain structures of lignin had impacts on the maximum decomposition temperature of the films, confirming the relationship between the chemical structure of lignin and thermo-oxidative stability of the corresponding film. This study addresses the importance of lignin diversities on composite film performance, which could be helpful for tailoring lignin’s applications in bio-based materials based on their specific characteristics.
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Zhao, Yadong, Christofer Troedsson, Jean-Marie Bouquet, Eric M. Thompson, Bin Zheng, and Miao Wang. "Mechanically Reinforced, Flexible, Hydrophobic and UV Impermeable Starch-Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF)-Lignin Composites with Good Barrier and Thermal Properties." Polymers 13, no. 24 (2021): 4346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13244346.

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Bio-based composite films have been widely studied as potential substitutes for conventional plastics in food packaging. The aim of this study was to develop multifunctional composite films by introducing cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and lignin into starch-based films. Instead of costly and complicated chemical modification or covalent coupling, this study optimized the performance of the composite films by simply tuning the formulation. We found that starch films were mechanically reinforced by CNF, with lignin dispersing as nanoparticles embedded in the matrix. The newly built-up hydrogen bonding between these three components improves the integration of the films, while the introduction of CNF and lignin improved the thermal stability of the starch-based films. Lignin, as a functional additive, improved hydrophobicity and blocked UV transmission. The inherent barrier property of CNF and the dense starch matrix provided the composite films with good gas barrier properties. The prepared flexible films were optically transparent, and exhibited UV blocking ability, good oxygen-barrier properties, high hydrophobicity, appreciable mechanical strength and good thermal stability. These characteristics indicate potential utilization as a green alternative to synthetic plastics especially for food packaging applications.
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Arrieta, Alvaro A., Yamid Nuñez de la Rosa, and Manuel Palencia. "Electrochemistry Study of Bio-Based Composite Biopolymer Electrolyte—Starch/Cardol." Polymers 15, no. 9 (2023): 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15091994.

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The environmental problems generated by pollution due to polymers of petrochemical origin have led to the search for eco-friendly alternatives such as the development of biopolymers or bio-based polymers. The aim of this work was to evaluate the electrochemical behavior of a biopolymer composite made from cassava starch and cardol extracted from cashew nut shell liquid. The biopolymers were prepared using the thermochemical method, varying the synthesis pH and the cardol amounts. The biopolymers were synthesized in the form of films and characterized by cyclic voltamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The biopolymers showed a rich electroactivity, with three oxidation–reduction processes evidenced in the voltamperograms. On the other hand, the equivalent circuit corresponding to the impedance behavior of biopolymers integrated the processes of electron transfer resistance, electric double layer, redox reaction process, and resistance of the biopolymeric matrix. The results allowed us to conclude that the cardol content and the synthesis pH were factors that affect the electrochemical behavior of biopolymer composite films. Electrochemical processes in biopolymers were reversible and involved two-electron transfer and were diffusion-controlled processes.
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38

Vivek, Narisetty, Nishant Gopalan, Satyajit Das, et al. "Synthesis and Characterization of Transparent Biodegradable Chitosan: Exopolysaccharide Composite Films Plasticized by Bio-Derived 1,3-Propanediol." Sustainable Chemistry 2, no. 1 (2021): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/suschem2010004.

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In this study, chitosan-based composite films blended with a dextran like exopolysaccharide derived from lactic acid bacteria were prepared using the solvent casting method. Later, these composite films were plasticized with 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) produced biologically using biodiesel derived crude glycerol. Further, their physical properties, such as tensile strength, water vapor barrier, thermal behavior, and antioxidant properties, were tested. In comparison to the control chitosan-exopolysaccharide films, 1,3-PDO plasticized films increased tensile strengths (20.08 vs. 43.33 MPa) with an elongation percentage (%E) of 20.73, which was two times more than the control films. As a polymer composite, the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum displayed the characteristic peaks at 1000 cm−1, 1500 cm−1, and 3000–3500 cm−1 to describe the functional groups related to chitosan, exopolysaccharide, and 1,3-PDOThe thermogravimetric analysis displayed a significant three-step degradation at 100–105 °C, 250–400 °C, and 600 °C, where 100% of the films were degraded. The plasticized films were observed to have enhanced water solubility (51%) and rate of moisture absorption (193%). The plasticized films displayed enhanced physico-chemical properties, anti-oxidant properties, and were100% biodegradable.
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Han, Joo Won, Jihyun Park, Jung Ha Kim, et al. "Stretchable and Conductive Cellulose/Conductive Polymer Composite Films for On-Skin Strain Sensors." Materials 15, no. 14 (2022): 5009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15145009.

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Conductive composite materials have attracted considerable interest of researchers for application in stretchable sensors for wearable health monitoring. In this study, highly stretchable and conductive composite films based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiopehe):poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) (CMC-PEDOT:PSS) were fabricated. The composite films achieved excellent electrical and mechanical properties by optimizing the lab-synthesized PEDOT:PSS, dimethyl sulfoxide, and glycerol content in the CMC matrix. The optimized composite film exhibited a small increase of only 1.25-fold in relative resistance under 100% strain. The CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite film exhibited outstanding mechanical properties under cyclic tape attachment/detachment, bending, and stretching/releasing tests. The small changes in the relative resistance of the films under mechanical deformation indicated excellent electrical contacts between the conductive PEDOT:PSS in the CMC matrix, and strong bonding strength between CMC and PEDOT:PSS. We fabricated highly stretchable and conformable on-skin sensors based on conductive and stretchable CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite films, which can sensitively monitor subtle bio-signals and human motions such as respiratory humidity, drinking water, speaking, skin touching, skin wrinkling, and finger bending. Because of the outstanding electrical properties of the films, the on-skin sensors can operate with a low power consumption of only a few microwatts. Our approach paves the way for the realization of low-power-consumption stretchable electronics using highly stretchable CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite films.
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Xiang, Heng Xue, Zi Ye Chen, Wei Chen, Zhe Zhou, Bin Sun, and Mei Fang Zhu. "Fully Biodegradable Films Based on Functionalized Natural Polyphenol/Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) as a Potential Material for Food Packaging." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 2279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.2279.

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As a potential material for food packaging, fully biodegradable composite films based on novel functionalized natural polyphenol/Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) were successfully fabricated by solution casting, and also the functionalized natural polyphenol (C18TAx) was synthesized by grafting fatty acid onto natural polyphenol Tannic Acid (TA). The resultant C18TAx with better hydrophobicity was uniformly dispersed into a PHBV matrix. The influence of C18TAx dosage on the mechanical behavior, crystallization behavior and thermal properties of the C18TAx/PHBV composite films was investigated by uniaxial tensile mechanical testing, Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), Polarizing Optical Microscope (POM) and Wide Angle X-ray Diffractometry (WAXD). The results revealed that the x value was about 0.09, showing that about 11/20 phenol hydroxy groups in TA molecules were replaced with fatty acid chains. Compared with those of neat PHBV, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the C18TA0.09/PHBV composite films with 10 wt.% C18TA0.09 content were enhanced by 121%, and 458%, respectively. This improvement was primarily ascribed to intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions in composite films. This new type of fully biodegradable bio-based composite films shows great potential for food packaging.
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41

Abotbina, Walid, S. M. Sapuan, R. A. Ilyas, M. T. H. Sultan, and M. F. M. Alkbir. "Preparation and Characterization of Black Seed/Cassava Bagasse Fiber-Reinforced Cornstarch-Based Hybrid Composites." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (2022): 12042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912042.

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Great advances have been made in the preparation of bioplastics and crude oil replacements to create a better and more sustainable and eco-friendly future for all. Here, we used cassava bagasse fibers at different ratios as reinforcement material to enhance the properties of black seed w-cornstarch films using the facile solution casting technique. The reinforced films showed compact and relatively smoother structures without porosity. The crystallinity values increased from 34.6 ± 1.6% of the control to 38.8 ± 2.1% in sample CS-BS/CB 9%, which reflects the mechanical properties of the composite. A gradual increase in tensile strength and elastic modulus was observed, with an increase in loading amounts of 14.07 to 18.22 MPa and 83.65 to 118.32 MPa for the tensile strength and elastic modulus, respectively. The composite film also exhibited faster biodegradation in the soil burial test, in addition to lower water absorption capacity. Using bio-based reinforcement material could significantly enhance the properties of bio-based packaging materials. The prepared hybrid composite could have a promising potential in food packaging applications as a safe alternative for conventional packaging.
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42

Octarina, Elly Munadziroh, Fathilah Abdul Razak, and Meircurius Dwi Condro Surboyo. "Characterisation of Bovine Amniotic Membrane with Hydroxyapatite Bio-Composite." Coatings 12, no. 10 (2022): 1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101403.

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The fabrication of bio-composite-derived bovine amniotic membrane (BAM) with hydroxyapatite (HAp) is an approach to combining organic and inorganic bio-material to improve the properties of both materials. This research aims to combine, fabricate and characterise the bio-composite of BAM–HA. The combination of bio-composite is made from BAM and HAp in a ratio of 30:70, 35:65, and 40:60. Dried BAM is immersed in saline and then blended until it forms an amniotic slurry with a jelly-like consistency. At this stage, HAp is added so that it can bind to BAM. After the mixture is homogeneous, the freeze-drying process is carried out. After fabrication, all the bio-composites were characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and porosity analysis, and biological activity was conducted using fibroblasts. The bio-composite has functional groups of amides I, II, III, A, B, OH, CO32− and PO43− according to the results of the FTIR. The XRD analysis showed the presence of HAP crystals. This functional group and the crystal HAP indicate that these two materials are bound. An SEM examination revealed a variety of porous patterns on the surface area. The bio-composite with BAM and HAp at a ratio of 35:65 has a higher mean pore size of 155.625 µm with mean porosity of 89.23% and can maintain the fibroblast viability of 95.14%. In conclusion, the study successfully combined both bio-materials BAM and HAp, which have potential synergistic effects on soft and hard tissue regeneration. The ratio of 35:65 showed good characteristics and was non-toxic.
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Lai, Di Sheng, Azlin Fazlina Osman, Sinar Arzuria Adnan, et al. "On the Use of OPEFB-Derived Microcrystalline Cellulose and Nano-Bentonite for Development of Thermoplastic Starch Hybrid Bio-Composites with Improved Performance." Polymers 13, no. 6 (2021): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13060897.

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Thermoplastic starch (TPS) hybrid bio-composite films containing microcrystalline cellulose (C) and nano-bentonite (B) as hybrid fillers were studied to replace the conventional non-degradable plastic in packaging applications. Raw oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) was subjected to chemical treatment and acid hydrolysis to obtain C filler. B filler was ultra-sonicated for better dispersion in the TPS films to improve the filler–matrix interactions. The morphology and structure of fillers were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). TPS hybrid bio-composite films were produced by the casting method with different ratios of B and C fillers. The best ratio of B/C was determined through the data of the tensile test. FTIR analysis proved the molecular interactions between the TPS and the hybrid fillers due to the presence of polar groups in their structure. XRD analysis confirmed the intercalation of the TPS chains between the B inter-platelets as a result of well-developed interactions between the TPS and hybrid fillers. SEM images suggested that more plastic deformation occurred in the fractured surface of the TPS hybrid bio-composite film due to the higher degree of stretching after being subjected to tensile loading. Overall, the results indicate that incorporating the hybrid B/C fillers could tremendously improve the mechanical properties of the films. The best ratio of B/C in the TPS was found to be 4:1, in which the tensile strength (8.52MPa), Young’s modulus (42.0 MPa), elongation at break (116.4%) and tensile toughness of the film were increased by 92%, 146%, 156% and 338%, respectively. The significantly improved strength, modulus, flexibility and toughness of the film indicate the benefits of using the hybrid fillers, since these features are useful for the development of sustainable flexible packaging film.
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Makri, Sofia P., Eleftheria Xanthopoulou, Panagiotis A. Klonos, et al. "Effect of Micro- and Nano-Lignin on the Thermal, Mechanical, and Antioxidant Properties of Biobased PLA–Lignin Composite Films." Polymers 14, no. 23 (2022): 5274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235274.

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Bio-based poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composite films were produced using unmodified soda micro- or nano-lignin as a green filler at four different contents, between 0.5 wt% and 5 wt%. The PLA–lignin composite polymers were synthesized by solvent casting to prepare a masterbatch, followed by melt mixing. The composites were then converted into films, to evaluate the effect of lignin content and size on their physicochemical and mechanical properties. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), supported by polarized light microscopy (PLM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to investigate the PLA crystallization and the interactions with Lignin (L) and Nanolignin (NL). The presence of both fillers (L and NL) had a negligible effect on the glass transition temperature (chain diffusion). However, it resulted in suppression of the corresponding change in heat capacity. This was indicative of a partial immobilization of the PLA chains on the lignin entities, due to interfacial interactions, which was slightly stronger in the case of NL. Lignin was also found to facilitate crystallization, in terms of nucleation; whereas, this was not clear in the crystalline fraction. The addition of L and NL led to systematically larger crystallites compared with neat PLA, which, combined with the higher melting temperature, provided indications of a denser crystal structure in the composites. The mechanical, optical, antioxidant, and surface properties of the composite films were also investigated. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus were improved by the addition of L and especially NL. The UV-blocking and antioxidant properties of the composite films were also enhanced, especially at higher filler contents. Importantly, the PLA–NL composite films constantly outperformed their PLA–L counterparts, due to the finer dispersion of NL in the PLA matrix, as verified by the TEM micrographs. These results suggest that bio-based and biodegradable PLA films filled with L, and particularly NL, can be employed as competitive and green alternatives in the food packaging industry.
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Hosseini, Seyed Fakhreddin, Masoud Rezaei, Mojgan Zandi, and Farhid Farahmandghavi. "Bio-based composite edible films containing Origanum vulgare L. essential oil." Industrial Crops and Products 67 (May 2015): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.01.062.

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46

Zhou, Min, and Dan Xu. "Starch-MMT composite films: Effects of bio-inspired modification on MMT." Starch - Stärke 67, no. 5-6 (2015): 470–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/star.201400231.

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47

Li, Yanjun, Laijun Yao, Ruina Bian, et al. "Potential Value of Konjac Glucomannan Microcrystalline/Graphene Oxide Dispersion Composite Film in Degradable Plastics." Coatings 13, no. 10 (2023): 1757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13101757.

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Konjac glucomannan (KGM) is a promising bio-based material that can effectively mitigate the global petroleum-based plastic pollution exacerbated by the responses to COVID-19. This study first acidified KGM to obtain KGM microcrystals (MKGM) with a relatively low molecular mass. Next, different volumes of graphene oxide (GO) dispersions were mixed with MKGM to prepare composite films via physical cross-linking using glycerol as a plasticizer. The UV barrier capability, mechanical strength, thermal stability, and water resistance of these films were subsequently assessed. GO enhanced the tensile strength of the polysaccharide, while limiting its toughness. Thus, the tensile strength of the MKGM film improved from 7.80 MPa to 39.92 MPa following the addition of 12 mL of GO dispersion, and the elongation at break decreased from 46.31% to 19.2%. A morphological study revealed that the addition of different volumes of GO caused the composite films to exhibit various degrees of porosity and an enhanced water barrier capability. Introducing GO also improved the UV barrier capability and thermal stability of the composite film. Meanwhile, the composite films exhibited excellent degradation properties. Therefore, composite films prepared via the acidification of KGM and the incorporation of GO are suitable for extensive utilization in degradable plastics.
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48

Zhu, Chaoting, Danling Ye, Tianqi Zhou, Yashuang Cui, and Jianbing Yin. "High-Antimicrobial Gallium-Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films on Bio-Based Poly(Ethylene Furanoate) Substrates for Food Packaging Application." Membranes 13, no. 2 (2023): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020239.

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Thin films of gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO), with a thickness of around fifty nanometers were deposited on bio-based poly(ethylene furanoate) (PEF) substrates by radio-frequency sputtering. By optimizing the Ga concentration in the target, the optics, water vapor barrier and antibacterial properties of PEF/GZO composite films can be adjusted. The highest visible light transmittance of the samples was around 85.1%. Furthermore, by introducing some GZO films with typical concentrations, the water vapor barrier and antibacterial properties of PEF films were improved. The optimized water vapor permeability of PEF/GZO composite film was 5.3 × 10−12 g·m/m2·s·Pa, and the highest antibacterial rate can reach 99.85% after 4 h. By XPS analysis, the antibacterial mechanism in the samples is envisaged to be mainly due cytotoxicity of Ga ions. The above results indicate that PEF/GZO films have great potential in the field of antibacterial food packaging.
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HASSAN, MOHAMMED HAMED, RAGAA ZEIN, and M. F. OSMAN. "Assessing the structure and interaction of sustainable Bio – Composite Films Prepared form deamidated Rice Bran Protein." Romanian Biotechnological Letters 27, no. 4/2022 (2022): 3583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.25083/rbl/27.4/3583.3591.

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Rice bran protein (RBP) was utilized to prepare bio-composite films after deamidation modification process with deferent percentages. The physical, mechanical properties, exposure to light properties, FT-IR analysis, surface shape by SEM, thermal stability by DSC and X-ray diffraction were applied to study the potential interaction, structure and stabilizing the thermal property of the prepared films. The deamidation process has proven successfully, depending on the cleared changes of shapes of FTIR curves resulting from RBP compared with deamidated rice bran protein (DRBP). The deamidation process enhanced tensile strength, elongation at break, haze, transparency, gloss and opacity properties of produced films from DRBP. Additionally, the produces films from DRBP presented smooth and homogenous surface with increasement of thickness, solubility and decrement of water vapor permeability and cristallinity compared with films from RBP.
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Injorhor, Preeyaporn, Tatiya Trongsatitkul, Jatuporn Wittayakun, Chaiwat Ruksakulpiwat, and Yupaporn Ruksakulpiwat. "Nano-Hydroxyapatite from White Seabass Scales as a Bio-Filler in Polylactic Acid Biocomposite: Preparation and Characterization." Polymers 14, no. 19 (2022): 4158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14194158.

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Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) as a bio-filler used in PLA composites was prepared from fish by acid deproteinization (1DP) and a combination of acid-alkali deproteinization (2DP) followed by alkali heat treatment. Moreover, the PLA/nHAp composite films were developed using solution casting method. The mechanical and thermal properties of the PLA composite films with nHAp from different steps deproteinization and contents were compared. The physical properties analysis confirmed that the nHAp can be prepared from fish scales using both steps deproteinization. 1DP-nHAp showed higher surface area and lower crystallinity than 2DP-nHAp. This gave advantage of 1DP-nHAp for use as filler. PLA composite with 1DP-nHAp gave tensile strength of 66.41 ± 3.63 MPa and Young’s modulus of 2.65 ± 0.05 GPa which were higher than 2DP-nHAp at the same content. The addition of 5 phr 1DP-nHAp into PLA significantly improved the tensile strength and Young’s modulus. PLA composite solution with 1DP-nHAp at 5 phr showed electrospinnability by giving continuous fibers without beads.
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