Zeitschriftenartikel: „Bilayer electrolyte“

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Pesaran, Alireza, A. Mohammed Hussain, Yaoyou Ren und Eric Wachsman. „Optimizing Bilayer Electrolyte Thickness Ratios for High Performing Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells“. ECS Transactions 111, Nr. 6 (19.05.2023): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.0075ecst.

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Over the last several years, significant developments have been made in bilayer electrolytes (e.g. GDC(Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-δ)/ESB((Er0.20Bi0.80O1.5)) suitable for low-temperature operating solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Such bilayer electrolytes offer the potential for developing high performing LT-SOFCs by lowering the ohmic area specific resistance (ASR), and by improving the open circuit voltage (OCV) of mixed ionic/electronic conducting (MIEC) type electrolyte (e.g., GDC). However, optimizing the thickness ratio of the bilayer electrolyte is essential to achieve high power densities at low-temperatures (650-500 ℃). Here, we made a systematic study by varying the thickness ratios between GDC and YCSB((Bi0.75Y0.25)1.86Ce0.14O3±δ) bilayer electrolytes on an anode-supported LT-SOFCs, in all cases, the maximum power density (MPD) of the bilayer electrolyte cells is higher than pristine GDC based cells with reduced ohmic ASR values. Specifically, a high MPD of ~1 W/cm2 at 650 ℃ was achieved on a GDC(20μm) / YCSB(12μm) bilayer electrolyte based SOFC.

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Pesaran, Alireza, A. Mohammed Hussain, Yaoyou Ren und Eric Wachsman. „Optimizing Bilayer Electrolyte Thickness Ratios for High Performing Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, Nr. 54 (28.08.2023): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-015417mtgabs.

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Over the last several years, significant developments have been made in bilayer electrolytes (e.g. GDC(Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-δ)/ESB((Er0.20Bi0.80O1.5)) suitable for low-temperature operating solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Such bilayer electrolytes offer the potential for developing high performing LT-SOFCs by lowering the ohmic area specific resistance (ASR), and by improving the open circuit voltage (OCV) of mixed ionic/electronic conducting (MIEC) type electrolyte (e.g., GDC). However, optimizing the thickness ratio of the bilayer electrolyte is essential to achieve high power densities at low-temperatures (650-500 ℃). Here, we made a systematic study by varying the thickness ratios between GDC and YCSB((Bi0.75Y0.25)1.86Ce0.14O3±δ) bilayer electrolytes on an anode-supported LT-SOFCs, in all cases, the maximum power density (MPD) of the bilayer electrolyte cells is higher than pristine GDC based cells with reduced ohmic ASR values. Specifically, a high MPD of ~1 W/cm2 at 650 ℃ was achieved on a GDC(20μm) / YCSB(12μm) bilayer electrolyte based SOFC, which is 62% higher than pristine GDC based SOFC (0.64 W/cm2) operating on humidified H2 as fuel. Such enhancement is due to the 9.3% improvement in OCV (from 0.791 to 0.865 V) and a considerable 36% reduction in ohmic ASR values (from 0.094 to 0.069 Ω.cm2). Such reduction in ohmic ASR of the GDC/YCSB bilayer electrolyte SOFCs is due to the increase of GDC electrical conductivity as a result of lower pO2 at the interface of YCSB and GDC, and hence, must be considered in optimizing the thickness ratio of the bilayer electrolyte for achieving higher power density SOFCs. Figure 1

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Meng, Xuan, Huiyu Liu, Ning Zhao, Yajun Yang, Kai Zhao und Yujie Dai. „Molecular Dynamics Study of the Effect of Charge and Glycosyl on Superoxide Anion Distribution near Lipid Membrane“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, Nr. 13 (30.06.2023): 10926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310926.

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To examine the effects of membrane charge, the electrolyte species and glycosyl on the distribution of negatively charged radical of superoxide anion (·O2−) around the cell membrane, different phospholipid bilayer systems containing ·O2− radicals, different electrolytes and phospholipid bilayers were constructed through Charmm-GUI and Amber16. These systems were equilibrated with molecular dynamics by using Gromacs 5.0.2 to analyze the statistical behaviors of ·O2− near the lipid membrane under different conditions. It was found that in the presence of potassium rather than sodium, the negative charge of the phospholipid membrane is more likely to rarefy the superoxide anion distribution near the membrane surface. Further, the presence of glycosyl significantly reduced the density of ·O2− near the phospholipid bilayer by 78.3% compared with that of the neutral lipid membrane, which may have a significant contribution to reducing the lipid peroxidation from decreasing the ·O2− density near the membrane.

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Bagarinao, Katherine Develos, Toshiaki Yamaguchi und Haruo Kishimoto. „Direct Deposition of Dense YSZ/Ni-YSZ Thin-Film Bilayers on Porous Anode-Supported Cells with High Performance and Stability“. ECS Transactions 111, Nr. 6 (19.05.2023): 1501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.1501ecst.

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We present an approach for integrating a thin-film bilayer combination comprising a Ni(O)-YSZ nanocomposite layer and a YSZ thin-film electrolyte prepared using pulsed laser deposition into the architecture of porous Ni-YSZ-supported cells. Achieving a minimum bilayer thickness threshold of ~1.5 µm is found to be critical to achieve a high open circuit voltage value, as well as a significant decrease in the ohmic resistance to ~0.06 Ωcm2 at 750 °C and increase in maximum power density to 1.83 W/cm2. Short-term durability tests up to 45 h at a constant potential of 0.8 V showed stable operation with current densities reaching ~1.7 A/cm2. Cells utilizing thin-film bilayers can overcome issues associated degradation in conventionally sintered cells, in terms of maintaining excellent contact with the anode support and significantly suppressing Ni diffusion into the YSZ electrolyte.

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Otomo, Junichiro, Shun Yamate und Julián Andrés Ortiz-Corrales. „Bilayer Cell Model and System Design of Highly Efficient Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, Nr. 54 (28.08.2023): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0154165mtgabs.

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Protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) are promising devices for highly efficient next-generation fuel cell systems. PCFCs provide several benefits. Water formation at the cathode can improve fuel utilization. Also, lowering operation temperature using proton-conducting solid electrolyte membranes will enable a long lifetime and low system costs. On the other hand, ionic and electronic transport properties, i.e., proton, oxide ion, hole, and electron conductions, in PCFCs induce leakage current in electrolyte membranes and decrease energy conversion efficiency. Therefore, controlling the transport properties and designing cell structures to prevent them are important issues for developing highly efficient PCFCs. In this study, a comprehensive design approach was conducted from a bilayer cell to a PCFC system. It has been reported that bilayer electrolytes can improve the interface between cathode and electrolyte and also prevent nickel diffusion (1). Additionally, it has been reported that bilayer electrolytes can suppress leakage current by using a hole blocking layer (2, 3). Therefore, the use of bilayer electrolytes can help improve the efficiency and performance of PCFCs. In this study, a bilayer PCFC consisting of BaZr0.8Y0.2O3−δ (BZY) and BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3−δ (BZCYYb) was modeled by considering the transport properties of each electrolyte. The main objective of the modeling was to determine the best cell design and operating conditions that maximize PCFC efficiency. Calculations were done by solving the set of integral equations described by Choudhury and Patterson (4) but extended for bilayer electrolytes (3) to obtain the cell potential, and the total and proton current densities. It was found that higher efficiencies were obtained when using a thin layer of BZY with a thicker layer of BZCYYb. The calculations suggest that the thin BZY layer acts as an electron-blocking layer. For example, leakage currents of less than 5% can be achieved by using a BZY(1 µm)|BZCYYb (19 µm). It was also found that the PCFC efficiency increased with decreasing temperature. Thus, higher efficiencies were obtained at 500°C than at 600°C. In addition, the energy conversion efficiency of a 5kW(DC)-class PCFC system was evaluated. In this study, the fuel in an anode was assumed to be hydrogen obtained by steam reforming of methane. Gas compositions in the streams of the PCFC system were calculated based on thermodynamic equilibrium at atmospheric pressure. The operating temperature of PCFC module was set as 500°C-600°C, and the external current density was assumed to be 300 mA/cm2. Here, the leakage current ratio was defined as a percentage of the leakage current to the total ion current density. The system efficiency was defined as an extracted power of the PCFC to the combustion heat of methane (25°C, LHV). The results are described as a standard case of 600°C as follows. A system efficiency of 69.5％ (LHV, DC) was attainable, assuming the cell voltage of 0.85 V, leakage current ratio of 1%, and fuel utilization of 94.2％. In this case, the steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) was 2.5. In addition, a system efficiency of over 70％ (LHV, DC) was obtained under the cell voltage of 0.9 V, leakage current ratio of less than 5%, and fuel utilization of over 90％. Based on the above results, a cell design with bilayer electrolyte was discussed considering electrode/electrolyte materials and physical properties (e.g., transport number and conductivity). Acknowledgments This work was supported by a project, (JPNP20003), commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) and JSPS KAKENHI JP21H04938 and JP21J14251. References 1. H. Shimada, Y. Yamaguchi, M. M. Ryuma, H. Sumi, K. Nomura, W. Shin, Y. Mikami, K. Yamauchi, Y. Nakata, T. Kuroha, M. Mori, and Y. Mizutani, J. Electrochem. Soc., 168(12), 124504 (2021). 2. Y. Matsuzaki, Y. Tachikawa, Y. Baba, K. Sato, H. Iinuma, G. Kojo, H. Matsuo, J. Otomo, H. Matsumoto, S. Taniguchi, and K. Sasaki, ECS Trans., 91(1), 1009 (2019). 3. H. Matsuo, K. Nakane, Y. Matsuzaki, and J. Otomo, J . C eram. S oc. Jpn ., 129(3), 147–153 (2021). 4. N. S. Choudhury and J. W. Patterson, J. Electrochem. Soc., 118(9), 1398–1403 (1971).

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Otomo, Junichiro, Shun Yamate und Julián Andrés Ortiz-Corrales. „Bilayer Cell Model and System Design of Highly Efficient Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells“. ECS Transactions 111, Nr. 6 (19.05.2023): 1075–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.1075ecst.

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A highly efficient power generation system was designed by minimizing leakage current in protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) using bilayer electrolytes. The best electrolyte designs are achieved by optimizing the cell efficiency based on the transport properties of electrolyte materials assuming hydrogen as fuel. In parallel, the effect of the electrodes on the overall cell performance was also considered. Additionally, a PCFC system was modeled using the designed cells. Two PCFC systems were investigated. One based on hydrogen as a fuel, and another based on methane as fuel. It was found that a bilayer electrolyte consisting of BaZr0.8Y0.2O3−δ (BZY) with a thin layer of lanthanum tungstate (La28-xW4+xO54+3x/2v2-3x/2) is the most effective at reducing leakage current at 600°C. For this cell, a system efficiency of 69% (LHV, DC) and 65% (LHV, AC) were obtained under the cell voltage of 0.93 V, with a leakage current ratio of less than 1%, and fuel utilization of 95% when using hydrogen as fuel. On the other hand, when methane was used as fuel, the efficiency increased up to 78% (LHV, DC) and 74% (LHV, AC).

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Ding, Changsheng, Hiroshi Iwai und Masashi Kishimoto. „Fabrication and Characterization of YSZ/GDC Bilayer Electrolyte Thin Films by Spray-Coating and Co-Sintering“. ECS Transactions 91, Nr. 1 (10.07.2019): 1139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/09101.1139ecst.

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Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is the most popular electrolyte material for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). However, when cobaltite-based perovskite cathode materials, for example lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCF), are used, an insulating layer is easy to be formed at the cathode-electrolyte interface. For preventing the interfacial reaction, a gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) interlayer is usually employed between YSZ and cathode. In this work, we investigated the fabrication of YSZ/GDC bilayer electrolyte thin films by a simple spray coating process and co-sintering. Dense YSZ/GDC bilayer electrolyte thin films were successfully fabricated. There is no crack and delamination observed for the YSZ/GDC bilayer. A Ni-YSZ/YSZ/GDC/LSCF-GDC anode-supported single cell with 4 µm thick YSZ layer and 2 µm thick GDC layer shows an open-circuit voltage of 1.1 V and a maximum power density of about 0.6 W/cm2 with humidified H2 as fuel and air as oxidant at 700°C.

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He, Jianyu, Qiuqiu Lyu, Tenglong Zhu und Qin Zhong. „(Digital Presentation) GDC/YSZ Bilayer Electrolyte Fabrication by In-situ Hydrothermal Growth“. ECS Transactions 111, Nr. 6 (19.05.2023): 2495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.2495ecst.

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In this work, we report a highly dense GDC/YSZ bilayer electrolyte prepared via cost-competitive method, at a relatively low sintering temperature. An ultra-thin and dense GDC barrier layer is grown on the surface of as-sintered YSZ electrolyte by twice successive in-situ hydrothermal growth at 180 oC. The GDC/YSZ bilayer electrolyte is successfully fabricated under low sintering temperature below 1200 oC, with overall layer as thick as ~540 nm and ultra-high density as the YSZ electrolyte. The anode supported single cell with LSCF cathode shows maximum power density of ~0.961 W/cm2 at 780 oC. Moreover, the cell runs stably at 720 oC for 300 hours, showing decent durability.

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Kwon, Tae-Hyun, Taewon Lee und Han-Ill Yoo. „Partial electronic conductivity and electrolytic domain of bilayer electrolyte Zr0.84Y0.16O1.92/Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95“. Solid State Ionics 195, Nr. 1 (Juli 2011): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2011.05.002.

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10

Asheim, K., P. E. Vullum, N. P. Wagner, H. F. Andersen, J. P. Mæhlen und A. M. Svensson. „Improved electrochemical performance and solid electrolyte interphase properties of electrolytes based on lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide for high content silicon anodes“. RSC Advances 12, Nr. 20 (2022): 12517–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra01233b.

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Lithiation of silicon in an LiFSI electrolyte results in a bilayer SEI, with an inner, inorganic layer, and an outer, organic. This SEI is more conductive, flexible and homogeneous compared to the SEI formed in an LiPF6 electrolyte.

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Asheim, K., P. E. Vullum, N. P. Wagner, H. F. Andersen, J. P. Mæhlen und A. M. Svensson. „Improved electrochemical performance and solid electrolyte interphase properties of electrolytes based on lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide for high content silicon anodes“. RSC Advances 12, Nr. 20 (2022): 12517–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra01233b.

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Lithiation of silicon in an LiFSI electrolyte results in a bilayer SEI, with an inner, inorganic layer, and an outer, organic. This SEI is more conductive, flexible and homogeneous compared to the SEI formed in an LiPF6 electrolyte.

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Karimi, Hediyeh, Rubiyah Yusof, Mohammad Taghi Ahmadi, Mehdi Saeidmanesh, Meisam Rahmani, Elnaz Akbari und Wong King Kiat. „Capacitance Variation of Electrolyte-Gated Bilayer Graphene Based Transistors“. Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/836315.

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Quantum capacitance of electrolyte-gated bilayer graphene field-effect transistors is investigated in this paper. Bilayer graphene has received huge attention due to the fact that an energy gap could be opened by chemical doping or by applying external perpendicular electric field. So, this extraordinary property can be exploited to use bilayer graphene as a channel in electrolyte-gated field-effect transistors. The quantum capacitance of bi-layer graphene with an equivalent circuit is presented, and also based on the analytical model a numerical solution is reported. We begin by modeling the DOS, followed by carrier concentration as a functionVin degenerate and nondegenerate regimes. To further confirm this viewpoint, the presented analytical model is compared with experimental data, and acceptable agreement is reported.

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Spencer Jolly, Dominic, Dominic L. R. Melvin, Isabella D. R. Stephens, Rowena H. Brugge, Shengda D. Pu, Junfu Bu, Ziyang Ning et al. „Interfaces between Ceramic and Polymer Electrolytes: A Comparison of Oxide and Sulfide Solid Electrolytes for Hybrid Solid-State Batteries“. Inorganics 10, Nr. 5 (26.04.2022): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10050060.

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Hybrid solid-state batteries using a bilayer of ceramic and solid polymer electrolytes may offer advantages over using a single type of solid electrolyte alone. However, the impedance to Li+ transport across interfaces between different electrolytes can be high. It is important to determine the resistance to Li+ transport across these heteroionic interfaces, as well as to understand the underlying causes of these resistances; in particular, whether chemical interphase formation contributes to giving high resistances, as in the case of ceramic/liquid electrolyte interfaces. In this work, two ceramic electrolytes, Li3PS4 (LPS) and Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 (LLZTO), were interfaced with the solid polymer electrolyte PEO10:LiTFSI and the interfacial resistances were determined by impedance spectroscopy. The LLZTO/polymer interfacial resistance was found to be prohibitively high but, in contrast, a low resistance was observed at the LPS/polymer interface that became negligible at a moderately elevated temperature of 50 °C. Chemical characterization of the two interfaces was carried out, using depth-profiled X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, to determine whether the interfacial resistance was correlated with the formation of an interphase. Interestingly, no interphase was observed at the higher resistance LLZTO/polymer interface, whereas LPS was observed to react with the polymer electrolyte to form an interphase.

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Spencer Jolly, Dominic, Dominic L. R. Melvin, Isabella D. R. Stephens, Rowena H. Brugge, Shengda D. Pu, Junfu Bu, Ziyang Ning et al. „Interfaces between Ceramic and Polymer Electrolytes: A Comparison of Oxide and Sulfide Solid Electrolytes for Hybrid Solid-State Batteries“. Inorganics 10, Nr. 5 (26.04.2022): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10050060.

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Hybrid solid-state batteries using a bilayer of ceramic and solid polymer electrolytes may offer advantages over using a single type of solid electrolyte alone. However, the impedance to Li+ transport across interfaces between different electrolytes can be high. It is important to determine the resistance to Li+ transport across these heteroionic interfaces, as well as to understand the underlying causes of these resistances; in particular, whether chemical interphase formation contributes to giving high resistances, as in the case of ceramic/liquid electrolyte interfaces. In this work, two ceramic electrolytes, Li3PS4 (LPS) and Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 (LLZTO), were interfaced with the solid polymer electrolyte PEO10:LiTFSI and the interfacial resistances were determined by impedance spectroscopy. The LLZTO/polymer interfacial resistance was found to be prohibitively high but, in contrast, a low resistance was observed at the LPS/polymer interface that became negligible at a moderately elevated temperature of 50 °C. Chemical characterization of the two interfaces was carried out, using depth-profiled X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, to determine whether the interfacial resistance was correlated with the formation of an interphase. Interestingly, no interphase was observed at the higher resistance LLZTO/polymer interface, whereas LPS was observed to react with the polymer electrolyte to form an interphase.

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Heymann, Lisa, Moritz L. Weber, Marcus Wohlgemuth, Marcel Risch, Regina Dittmann, Christoph Baeumer und Felix Gunkel. „Separating the Effects of Band Bending and Covalency in Hybrid Perovskite Oxide Electrocatalyst Bilayers for Water Electrolysis“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, Nr. 58 (22.12.2023): 2824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02582824mtgabs.

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Testing single crystalline epitaxial thin films as model systems for metal oxide electrocatalysts in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) enables differentiating the OER descriptors such as crystal facet orientation, surface chemical composition, electronic structure and band bending at the interface to the electrolyte [1,2,3]. We designed single crystalline perovskite oxide bilayer structures to systematically tune the surface electronic structure and the band bending at the electrode/electrolyte interface to understand their role in the OER. The Co−O covalency in perovskite oxide cobaltites such as La1 − x SrxCoO3 is believed to impact the electrocatalytic activity during the OER. Additionally, space charge layers through band bending at the interface to the electrolyte may affect the electron transfer into the electrode, complicating the analysis and identification of true OER activity descriptors. Here, we separate the influence of covalency and band bending in hybrid epitaxial bilayer structures of highly OER-active La0.6Sr0.4CoO3 and undoped and less-active LaCoO3. Ultrathin LaCoO3 capping layers of 2−8 unit cells on La0.6Sr0.4CoO3 show intermediate OER activity between La0.6Sr0.4CoO3 and LaCoO3 evidently caused by the increased surface Co−O covalency compared to single LaCoO3 as detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A Mott−Schottky analysis revealed low flat band potentials for different LaCoO3 capping layer thicknesses, indicating that no limiting extended space charge layer exists under OER conditions as all catalyst bilayer films exhibited hole accumulation at the surface [1]. The combined X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Mott−Schottky analysis of atomically defined bilayer structures thus enables us to differentiate between the influence of the covalency and intrinsic space charge layers, which are indistinguishable in a single physical or electrochemical characterization. Our results emphasize the prominent role of transition metal oxygen covalency in perovskite electrocatalysts and introduce a bilayer approach to fine-tune the surface electronic structure [1]. [1] L. Heymann, M. L. Weber, M. Wohlgemuth, M. Risch, R. Dittmann, C. Baeumer, F. Gunkel (2022) Separating the Effects of Band Bending and Covalency in Hybrid Perovskite Oxide Electrocatalyst Bilayers for Water Electrolysis, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces [2] M. Wohlgemuth, M. L. Weber, L. Heymann, C. Baeumer, F. Gunkel (2022) Activity-Stability Relationships in Oxide Electrocatalysts for Water Electrolysis, Front. Chem. [3] M. L. Weber, G. Lole, A. Kormanyos, A. Schwiers, L. Heymann, F. D. Speck, T. Meyer, R. Dittmann, S. Cherevko, C. Jooss, C. Baeumer, F. Gunkel, (2022) Atomistic Insights into Activation and Degradation of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-δ Electrocatalysts under Oxygen Evolution Conditions Figure 1

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He, Jianyu, Qiuqiu Lyu, Tenglong Zhu und Qin Zhong. „(Digital Presentation) GDC/YSZ Bilayer Electrolyte Fabrication by In-situ Hydrothermal Growth“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, Nr. 54 (28.08.2023): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0154384mtgabs.

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GDC (gadolinia-doped ceria) can be used as barrier layer between the high-performance LSCF (La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ) cathode and YSZ (8% mol yttria stabilized zirconia) electrolyte, to prevent chemical incompatibility and elements diffusion. However, the GDC layer is difficult to achieve as high density as the YSZ electrolyte, especially under low sintering temperatures. While, increase sintering temperature over ~1200 ℃ could induce the formation of (Ce,Zr)O2 solid solution. In this work, we report a highly dense bilayer GDC/YSZ electrolyte prepared at low sintering temperature. Specifically, the as-sintered anode supported SOFC half-cell with already-dense YSZ electrolyte was immersed in solution of Gd(NO3)3·6H2O and Ce(NO3)3·6H2O, followed by a hydrothermal treatment at 180 ℃ (accounts for steam pressure of ~1 MPa) for 36 h. This yielded a dense GDC layer growth on YSZ electrolyte with thickness of ~200 nm. Then, the cells were sintered at 1100, 1150 and 1200 ℃, respectively. Afterwards, the hydrothermal treatment was repeated once, to grow an additional GDC layer. This post-grown GDC was then co-sintered with the screen printed LSCF cathode at 1075 ℃. Results show that, the GDC/YSZ bilayer electrolyte is successfully fabricated under low sintering temperature below 1200 ℃, with overall GDC layer as thick as ~540 nm and ultra-high density as the YSZ electrolyte. The single cell with 1200 ℃ sintered GDC, named as GDC-1200, shows the best output performance, i.e. maximum power density of ~0.96 W/cm2 at 780 ℃. Moreover, the cell runs stably at 720 ℃ for 300 hours, showing decent durability. Fig. 1 (a) j-V-P curves of bilayer electrolyte SOFCs with varied GDC sintering temperature; (b) operation voltage versus time for GDC-1200 cell under constant current mode; (c) SEM images and (d) EDS mapping of single cell (GDC-1200) fracture Figure 1

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Liu, Ying, Fang Fu, Chen Sun, Aotian Zhang, Hong Teng, Liqun Sun und Haiming Xie. „Enabling Stable Interphases via In Situ Two-Step Synthetic Bilayer Polymer Electrolyte for Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries“. Inorganics 10, Nr. 4 (29.03.2022): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10040042.

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Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based electrolyte is considered to be one of the most promising polymer electrolytes for lithium metal batteries. However, a narrow electrochemical stability window and poor compatibility at electrode-electrolyte interfaces restrict the applications of PEO-based electrolyte. An in situ synthetic double-layer polymer electrolyte (DLPE) with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) layer and PEO layer was designed to achieve a stable interface and application in high-energy-density batteries. In this special design, the hydroxy group of PEO-SPE can form an O-H---N hydrogen bond with the cyano group in PAN-SPE, which connects the two layers of DLPE at a microscopic chemical level. A special Li+ conducting mechanism in DLPE provides a uniform Li+ flux and fast Li+ conduction, which achieves a stable electrolyte/electrode interface.LiFePO4/DLPE/Li battery shows superior cycling stability, and the coulombic efficiency remains 99.5% at 0.2 C. Meanwhile, LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2/DLPE/Li battery shows high specific discharge capacity of 176.0 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C between 2.8 V to 4.3 V, and the coulombic efficiency remains 95% after 100 cycles. This in situ synthetic strategy represents a big step forward in addressing the interface issues and boosting the development of high-energy-density lithium-metal batteries.

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Kovalchuk, Anastasya N., Alexey M. Lebedinskiy, Andrey A. Solovyev, Igor V. Ionov, Egor A. Smolyanskiy, Anna V. Shipilova, Alexander L. Lauk und Maiya R. Rombaeva. „Performance Characteristics of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with YSZ/CGO Electrolyte“. Key Engineering Materials 743 (Juli 2017): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.743.281.

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This paper presents the results of performance evaluation of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) with magnetron sputtered YSZ/CGO bilayer electrolyte, and composite LSCF-CGO cathode. Deposition of the YSZ/CGO electrolyte with the thickness of up to 14 microns was performed on the commercial anode substrates with dimensions of 5×5 cm2. The LSCF-CGO cathode of the fuel cells was formed by the screen-printing method. The microstructure of the YSZ/CGO bilayer electrolyte and LSCF-CGO cathode was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Comparison of the fuel cells performance with different thicknesses of the YSZ and CGO layers was carried out by measuring current-voltage and power characteristics, and also by testing the long-term stability of cell power at the temperature of 750 °C and voltage of 0.7 V.

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Kim, Junseok, Sahn Nahm, Jong-Ho Lee und Ho-il Ji. „A Simple Preparation of Electrolyte Powder for Stoichiometric Electrolyte in Protonic Ceramic Cells“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, Nr. 54 (28.08.2023): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0154283mtgabs.

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Among various eco-friendly energy conversion technologies, solid oxide cells (SOCs) exhibit superior energy conversion efficiency and performance owing to the kinetic and thermodynamic advantages. Recently, protonic ceramic cells (PCCs) have begun to attract attention with expectation that the operating temperature of SOCs can be lowered around 500oC, thereby achieving better durability with maintaining higher conversion efficiency. However, the promising proton conducting electrolytes in PCCs are mostly Ba-containing perovskites exhibiting highly refractory property, thus substantially have challenges associated with barium volatilization during high-temperature sintering process. At the same time, Ni-containing transient phases generated at the electrode and supplied to the electrolyte during sintering of electrode/electrolyte bilayer not only facilitate the sintering of electrolyte, but also induce the compositional change owing to the residue thereof. Such off-stoichiometry indeed degrades the electrical properties, and thus most of all reported performance of PCCs could not fully reflect the intrinsic property of electrolytes. Here, we describe a simple but effective strategy to realize the highly conductive electrolyte in PCCs via suppression of barium volatilization as well as minimization of supplied amount of transient phases; a low-temperature calcination process. The electrolyte powder calcined at the relatively lower temperature, which is high enough to react all the precursors without residue, but low enough to suppress the Ba volatilization. The PCCs fabricated using this low-temperature calcined electrolyte powder shows the reduced ohmic resistance, and in turn, enhanced electrochemical performance. While the research on PCCs, up to now, have mainly been focused on processing technique or new materials for the better performance, the result of this study implies that the status of initial electrolyte powder can significantly influence the overall cell characteristics.

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Li, Tian Jun, Meng Fei Zhang, Ya Jie Yuan, Xiao Hui Zhao und Wei Pan. „Fabrication of YSZ/SNDC Bilayer Electrolytes by Spark Plasma Sintering“. Solid State Phenomena 281 (August 2018): 748–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.281.748.

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Doped ceria has been reported as a promising candidate of electrolyte applicable for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and oxygen sensors due to its high ionic conductivity at intermediate temperature. However, it suffers from certain limitations including the existence of electronic conductivity at reduced atmosphere, which would thus increase the leakage current in cells, and the low fracture strength. In this work, we fabricated a bilayer electrolyte with samarium and neodymium co-doped ceria (SNDC) and yttrium stabilized zirconia (YSZ) using spark plasma sintering (SPS) method, which possess the advantages of two layers, high conductivity of SNDC and good electron blocking ability of YSZ. Both layers of the specimen we obtained were dense and well crystallized according to the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The bilayer electrolyte exhibits improved ionic conductivity than YSZ with the value of 1.7 S/cm at 550.

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Ali, Yasir, Noman Iqbal, Imran Shah und Seungjun Lee. „Mechanical Stability of the Heterogenous Bilayer Solid Electrolyte Interphase in the Electrodes of Lithium–Ion Batteries“. Mathematics 11, Nr. 3 (19.01.2023): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11030543.

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Mechanical stability of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is crucial to mitigate the capacity fade of lithium–ion batteries because the rupture of the SEI layer results in further consumption of lithium ions in newly generated SEI layers. The SEI is known as a heterogeneous bilayer and consists of an inner inorganic layer connecting the particle and an outer organic layer facing the electrolyte. The growth of the bilayer SEI over cycles alters the stress generation and failure possibility of both the organic and inorganic layers. To investigate the probability of mechanical failure of the bilayer SEI, we developed the electrochemical-mechanical coupled model with the core–double-shell particle/SEI layer model. The growth of the bilayer SEI is considered over cycles. Our results show that during charging, the stress of the particle changes from tensile to compressive as the thickness of bilayer SEI increases. On the other hand, in the SEI layers, large compressive radial and tensile tangential stress are generated. During discharging, the compressive radial stress of the bilayer SEI transforms into tensile radial stress. The tensile tangential and radial stresses are responsible for the fracture and debonding of the bilayer SEI, respectively. As the thickness ratio of the inorganic to organic layers increases, the fracture probability of the inorganic layer increases, while that of the organic layer decreases. However, the debonding probability of both layers is decreased. In addition, the SEI covering large particles is more vulnerable to fracture, while that covering small particles is more susceptible to debonding. Therefore, tailoring the thickness ratio of the inorganic to organic layers and particle size is important to reduce the fracture and debonding of the heterogeneous bilayer SEI.

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Fujinami, T. „Polymer electrolyte bilayer films with photorechargeable battery characteristics“. Solid State Ionics 92, Nr. 3-4 (02.11.1996): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2738(96)00474-2.

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23

Lee, Sukhyung, Junsik Kang und Hochun Lee. „Dual Electrolyte Additives Enabling Bilayer SEI to Suppress Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Aqueous Li-Ion Batteries“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, Nr. 2 (28.08.2023): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-012545mtgabs.

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Aqueous Li-ion batteries (LIBs) feature safe operation, low cost, and environmental friendliness, but suffer from low energy density due to narrow electrochemical stability window (ESW) of aqueous electrolytes. While exploiting high-salt-concentration strategy of water-in-salt electrolytes (WiSEs) is effective in improving the electrochemical stability, the improvement is still insufficient to ensure practical feasibility of aqueous LIBs. In particular, the reduction stability of WiSEs needs further improvement to enable stable operation of low-voltage anode materials including Li4Ti5O12. This talk reports that the co-use of two electrolyte additives can effectively expand the cathodic limit of various WiSE systems. The synergistic effect between the two additives is attributed to the formation of unique solid-electrolyte interphase composed of organic and inorganic bilayers. The inner inorganic layer suppresses hydrogen evolution reaction, while the outer hydrophobic organic polymer mitigates the dissolution of inner SEI. LiMn2O4/Li4Ti5O12 cells employing 21 m LiTFSI WISE with the dual additives exhibit excellent long-term cycling (>70% retention after 400 cycles at 25 oC) and good rate capability (110 mAh/g at 6 mA/cm2). The efficacy of the dual-additive approach is also demonstrated for other WiSE solutions including water-in-bisalt, hydrate melt, and aqueous/organic hybrid electrolytes, suggesting the general applicability of the dual-additive strategy. Figure 1

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Shi, Changmin, Adelaide Nolan, Saya Takeuchi, Zhezhen Fu, Joseph Dura und Eric Wachsman. „3D Asymmetric Bilayer Garnet Hybridized High-Energy-Density Lithium-Sulfur Batteries“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, Nr. 4 (09.10.2022): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024544mtgabs.

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Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) has high ionic conductivity and stability against a Li metal anode making it a promising solid electrolyte for Lithium-Sulfur batteries. However, typically reported discharge capacity does not achieve theoretical. Therefore, we addressed this by forming a stable sulfur cathode/LLZO interface through a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based interlayer, with a small amount of catholyte used to maintain physical contact and ionic conduction between sulfur cathode and the PEO-based interlayer. With a thin bilayer LLZO and the stabilized sulfur cathode/LLZO interface, the hybridized Li-S batteries achieved an initial discharge capacity of 1307 mAh/g at a current density of 0.2 mA/cm2 (0.03C) at room temperature (22°C) without any indication of a polysulfide shuttle. With specific optimization, an energy density of 1308 Wh/L and 485 Wh/kg is achievable. The mechanisms regarding the cell stabilization are presented: 1). X-ray Diffraction and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy indicate that the PEO-based interlayer which physically separates the sulfur cathode and LLZO, is both chemically and electrochemically stable with LLZO. 2). Due the physical separation between liquid electrolyte and LLZO through the PEO-based film, the proton/Li+ exchange with the moisture in liquid electrolytes was avoided. 3). PEO-based interlayer can adapt to the stress/strain associated with sulfur volume expansion during lithiation to protect LLZO from failure.

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Le, Hang T. T., Duc Tung Ngo, Van-Chuong Ho, Guozhong Cao, Choong-Nyeon Park und Chan-Jin Park. „Insights into degradation of metallic lithium electrodes protected by a bilayer solid electrolyte based on aluminium substituted lithium lanthanum titanate in lithium-air batteries“. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, Nr. 28 (2016): 11124–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta03653h.

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26

Nosova, Elena, Aslan Achoh, Victor Zabolotsky und Stanislav Melnikov. „Electrodialysis Desalination with Simultaneous pH Adjustment Using Bilayer and Bipolar Membranes, Modeling and Experiment“. Membranes 12, Nr. 11 (04.11.2022): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12111102.

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A kinetic model of the bipolar electrodialysis process with a two-chamber unit cell formed by a bilayer (bipolar or asymmetric bipolar) and cation-exchange membrane is proposed. The model allows describing various processes: pH adjustment of strong electrolyte solutions, the conversion of a salt of a weak acid, pH adjustment of a mixture of strong and weak electrolytes. The model considers the non-ideal selectivity of the bilayer membrane, as well as the competitive transfer of cations (hydrogen and sodium ions) through the cation-exchange membrane. Analytical expressions are obtained that describe the kinetic dependences of pH and concentration of ionic components in the desalination (acidification) compartment for various cases. Comparison of experimental data with calculations results show a good qualitative and, in some cases, quantitative agreement between experimental and calculated data. The model can be used to predict the performance of small bipolar membrane electrodialysis modules designed for pH adjustment processes.

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Cook, Korey, Jacob Wrubel, Zhiwen Ma, Kevin Huang und Xinfang Jin. „Modeling Electrokinetics of Oxygen Electrodes in Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cells“. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, Nr. 11 (01.11.2021): 114510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac35fc.

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A microscale model is presented in this study to simulate electrode kinetics of the oxygen electrode in a solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC). Two mixed ionic/electronic conducting structures are examined for the oxygen producing electrode in this work: single layer porous lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCF), and bilayer LSCF/SCT (strontium cobalt tantalum oxide) structures. A yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte separates the hydrogen and oxygen electrodes, as well as a gadolinium doped-ceria (GDC) buffer layer on the oxygen electrode side. Electrochemical reactions occurring at the two-phase boundaries (2PBs) and three-phase boundaries (3PBs) of single-layer LSCF and bilayer LSCF/SCT oxygen electrodes are modeled under various SOEC voltages with lattice oxygen stoichiometry as the key output. The results reveal that there exists a competition in electrode kinetics between 2PBs and 3PBs, but 3PBs are the primary reactive sites for single-layer LSCF oxygen electrode under high voltages. These locations experience the greatest oxygen stoichiometry variations and are therefore the most likely locations for dimensional changes. By applying an active SCT layer over LSCF, the 2PBs become activated to compete with the 3PBs, thus alleviating oxygen stoichiometry variations and reducing the likelihood of dimensional change. This strategy could reduce lattice structural expansion, proving to be valuable for electrode-electrolyte delamination prevention and will be the focus of future work.

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Fei, Honghan, Xiaojuan Fan, David L. Rogow und Scott R. J. Oliver. „Solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells from polymer-templated TiO2 bilayer thin films“. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 90, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2012): 1048–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v2012-065.

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We report an inexpensive method using solvent-swollen poly(methyl methacrylate) as a sacrificial template for mesoporous titanium oxide thin films with tunable meso/nano morphology. The conversion efficiency reaches 4.2% despite using a solid-state electrolyte, which circumvents the longevity issues of liquid electrolytes. The cells show a large short-circuit photocurrent density of 7.98 mA, open-circuit voltage of 0.78 V, and maximum conversion efficiency of 4.2% under air-mass 1.5 global illumination. At higher titania precursor ratios, nanodisk particles are formed that increase light scattering and double the efficiency over our previous reports. The tunability of the semiconductor morphology and all solid-state nature of the cells makes the method a viable alternative to existing solar cell technology.

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Hsieh, Wen-Shuo, Pang Lin und Sea-Fue Wang. „Characteristics of electrolyte supported micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells with GDC-ScSZ bilayer electrolyte“. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39, Nr. 30 (Oktober 2014): 17267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.08.060.

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30

Wheeler, Samuel, Eloise Tredenick, Yige Sun und Patrick Grant. „(Invited) Bi-Layer Cathodes Comprising Different Active Material Sublayers Demonstrate Superior Fast Charge Capability“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, Nr. 2 (28.08.2023): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-012477mtgabs.

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Sluggish electrolyte transport properties result in a tradeoff between energy density and rate capability in lithium-ion batteries. To increase energy density, electrodes are made thicker and less porous. However, once thick enough, lithium transport in the electrolyte becomes the rate limiting process, and capacities at elevated C rates are reduced as a result of underutilisation of active material near the current collector. Strategies have been proposed to overcome these limitations, including pore engineering to reduce through-plane tortuosity, to varying degrees of success. We introduce bilayer cathodes that aim to improve the rate performance of thick electrodes by controlling the through-thickness charging rate. The bilayer cathode structure is comprised of two discrete sublayers containing the active materials lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC). Due to LFP and NMC having open-circuit voltage (OCV) profiles in different voltage windows, the through-thickness charging rate is dependent on the location of the two active materials. The bilayer electrodes are manufactured by multi-pass doctor blade coating and, in principle, could also be produced using twin-slot dies which would require only a minor modification to the current commercial manufacturing methods. The electrochemical performance of the bilayer cathodes are compared with a blended electrode (single layer containing intimately mixed LFP and NMC) and a uniform NMC electrode, all at constant areal capacity (4.5 mAh cm-2) and porosity (30%). We report significant differences in voltage profiles when charging from 0% state of charge as well as intermediate (e.g. 50%) states of charge in electrodes containing the same mass fraction of LFP and NMC, demonstrating that the location of the active material through the electrode thickness impacts behaviour. Moreover, the best performing bilayer electrode structure (LFP layer adjacent to the current collector, NMC layer on top of the LFP layer) outperforms the uniform NMC electrode in fast charge tests. At 3C, the best performing bilayer cathode maintains 84% of its capacity whilst the uniform NMC electrode maintains only 53%. In discharge, the same electrodes both maintain approximately 52% capacity at 3C, demonstrating the anisotropic charging/discharge performance introduced by the bilayer structure. An understanding of the through-thickness charging rate, and distribution of state of charge, throughout charging is required to explain why the bilayer cathode outperforms a conventional uniform cathode. In uniform electrodes, with the same active material through the thickness of the electrode, a gradient in state of charge is formed due to a gradient in resistance to charge through the electrode thickness. This is due to much higher ionic resistance within the electrolyte than the electronic resistance within the composite electrode. In thick electrodes this effect is pronounced enough so that at the end of charge there is far greater underutilisation of active material in the part of the electrode nearest the current collector. In the bilayer cathode structure, by placing active material with a lower OCV near the current collector, we can, somewhat counterintuitively, achieve much more even through-thickness charging compared to uniform electrodes, minimising underutilisation of active material near the current collector and increasing rate performance.

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Chan, S. „A simple bilayer electrolyte model for solid oxide fuel cells“. Solid State Ionics 158, Nr. 1-2 (Februar 2003): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2738(02)00758-0.

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32

Chappell, J. S., und P. Yager. „Electrolyte effects on bilayer tubule formation by a diacetylenic phospholipid“. Biophysical Journal 60, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1991): 952–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(91)82129-4.

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Komura, Shigeyuki, Hisashi Shirotori und Tadashi Kato. „Phase behavior of charged lipid bilayer membranes with added electrolyte“. Journal of Chemical Physics 119, Nr. 2 (08.07.2003): 1157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1579675.

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34

Wu, Fanglin, Shan Fang, Matthias Kuenzel, Thomas Diemant, Jae-Kwang Kim, Dominic Bresser, Guk-Tae Kim und Stefano Passerini. „Bilayer solid electrolyte enabling quasi-solid-state lithium-metal batteries“. Journal of Power Sources 557 (Februar 2023): 232514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.232514.

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35

Mat, Zuraida Awang, Yap Boon Kar, Tan Chou Yong und Saiful Hasmady Abu Hassan. „A Short Review of Material Combination in Bilayer Electrolyte of IT-SOFC.“ International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, Nr. 4.35 (30.11.2018): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.22901.

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The technology of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is attractive as it is considered as one of promising clean energy due to its efficiency and clean production of electricity. However, high operating temperature of SOFC are main issue in range of applications such as in transportation and portable equipment. One of many goals of SOFC is to lower the operating temperature. Bi-layer electrolyte has become one of the solution in order to reduce the high operating temperature. This review article provides the preliminary information of bi-layer electrolyte in order to achieve high performance at intermediate temperature.

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Fyles, T. M., D. Loock und X. Zhou. „Ion channels based on bis-macrocyclic bolaamphiphiles: effects of hydrophobic substitutions“. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 76, Nr. 7 (01.07.1998): 1015–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v98-097.

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Four new bis-macrocyclic bolaamphiphiles were prepared to explore the effects of hydrophobic substitutions on ion transport. In bilayer vesicles the new compounds were remarkably similar to more hydrophilic derivatives prepared previously. Planar bilayer conductance experiments showed the new compounds induced an unique current-time signal consisting of a rapid rise time, followed by a slower decay time. Signal shape was cation dependent and was related to a modest selectivity between cations. Cation-anion selectivity was very high, approaching an ideal cation selectivity. One compound also showed voltage dependence of the signal shape and duration. Qualitative changes in signal shape, duration, and voltage dependence were provoked by variation in the electrolyte pH and by masking the head-group electrostatic interactions with low levels of barium ions. A model for the signal shape is proposed, involving a rapid current rise due to aggregate restructuring, followed by slower decay due to development of the local Donnan potential that results from the high cation-anion selectivity.Key words: ion channel, synthesis, bilayer membrane, bilayer clamp, mechanism.

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Wen, Tianpeng, Jingkun Yu, Endong Jin, Lei Yuan, Yuting Zhou und Chen Tian. „Fabrication of ZrO2(MgO)/CaAl2O4+CaAl4O7 Bilayer Structure Used for Sulfur Sensor by Laser Cladding“. Applied Sciences 9, Nr. 6 (13.03.2019): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061036.

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The ZrO2(MgO)/CaAl2O4+CaAl4O7 bilayer structure used for sulfur sensor was fabricated by the laser powder cladding (LPC) method using the MgO partially stabilized zirconia (2.7 wt% MgO-PSZ) as the substrate and the CaAl2O4 + CaAl4O7 composites as the coating material. The microstructure, phase composition and ionic conductivity of this bilayer structure were investigated for better application in the sulfur determination. The results indicated that the structure of the coating was dense and well-distributed with a thickness of 100 μm. The ionic conductivity of the ZrO2(MgO)/CaAl2O4+CaAl4O7 bilayer structure was up to 2.06 × 10−3 S·cm−1 at 850 °C that met the required ionic conductivity of ionic conductor for solid electrolyte sulfur sensor. Furthermore, the sulfur sensor Mo|Cr+Cr2O3| ZrO2(MgO)| CaAl2O4+CaAl4O7|[S]Fe| Mo was assembled used this bilayer structure and tested in carbon-saturated liquid iron at 1773 K and 1823 K. The stability and reproducibility of the sulfur sensor were satisfactory and could be used for sulfur determination in the liquid iron.

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Tu, Yu-Chieh, Chun-Yu Chang, Ming-Chung Wu, Jing-Jong Shyue und Wei-Fang Su. „BiFeO3/YSZ bilayer electrolyte for low temperature solid oxide fuel cell“. RSC Adv. 4, Nr. 38 (2014): 19925–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra01862a.

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Highly crystalline perovskite BiFeO₃ is obtained by a facile solution method. We have reported that the YSZ/BFO electrolyte with 17 μm/30 μm thickness, respectively, showed a maximum power density of 165 mW cm⁻² and open-circuit voltage of 0.75 V at 650 °C.

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Fabbri, Emiliana, Daniele Pergolesi, Alessandra D'Epifanio, Elisabetta di Bartolomeo, G. Balestrino, S. Licoccia und Enrico Traversa. „Improving the Performance of High Temperature Protonic Conductor (HTPC) Electrolytes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Applications“. Key Engineering Materials 421-422 (Dezember 2009): 336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.421-422.336.

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This work investigated the possibility of coupling the high conductivity of cerates and the good chemical stability of zirconates as proton conductor electrolytes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Two different approaches are discussed: the synthesis of barium cerate and zirconate solid solutions, and the fabrication of a bilayer electrolyte made of a Y-doped barium cerate pellet covered by a thin protecting layer of Y-doped barium zirconate. The chemical stability of the tailored samples was tested exposing them to 100% CO2 atmosphere at 700°C for 3 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to investigate the phase composition of the specimens before and after the CO2 treatment. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were carried out in humidified H2. Hydrogen-air breathing fuel cell experiments were carried out at 700°C.

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Jin, Xinfang, Puvikkarasan Jayapragasam, Yeting Wen und Kevin Huang. „Electro-Chemical-Mechanical Coupled Modeling of Oxygen Electrodes in Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cells“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, Nr. 37 (07.07.2022): 1621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01371621mtgabs.

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Solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOECs), which is an electrochemical device to split water with electricity to generate hydrogen, have received widespread attention for multi-day or seasonal energy storage to integrate variable renewable energy (VRE) into the grid [1]. Even though there have been tremendous material development and performance improvement of the technology in the past decade [2], challenges remain in understanding its degradation mechanism, especially the delamination of oxygen electrode/electrolyte interface [3-5]. Developing new oxygen electrodes which could decelerate the degradation and extend the stack lifetime beyond 60,000 hours at 1.5A/cm2 would significantly drive the stack price down to $100/kW and hydrogen cost down to $2/kg [6]. In the state-of-the-art SOECs, pure ionic conductor 8 mol% Y2O3 doped ZrO2 (YSZ) and Gadolinium-doped Ceria (GDC) are usually used as the dense electrolyte and the buffer layer; mixed electronic and ionic conductor (MIEC) La1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3-d (LSCF) is widely used as the oxygen electrode [7]. Such cells still suffer from short lifetimes with current densities over 1A/cm2. To overcome the challenge, a bilayer oxygen electrode structure, consisting of a commercial LSCF-GDC porous backbone coated by a thin SrCo0.9Ta0.1O3- d (SCT10) film (denoted as LSCF-SCT bilayer design), has been proposed and demonstrated with much higher performance compared to traditional LSCF electrode (single layer design) [8]. The new oxygen electrode has an inherently fast oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrokinetics (or high oxygen evolution rate) and can mitigate the delamination problem by minimizing the accumulation of oxygen in oxygen evoluation reaction (OER) electrode lattice and thus chemical stresses. In this study, based upon an Electro-Chemical-Mechanical coupled model, we will correlate the crack length at the oxygen electrode/electrolyte interface with the electrochemical performance of the cell, specifically the voltage-current curve (Fig.1a). We will use J-integral (Fig.1b) as the fracture criteria to evaluate the crack growth rate under different current densities and with different oxygen electrode designs. LSCF single layer design is the baseline of the study. The long-term performance improvement of LSCF-SCT bilayer design will be compared against the baseline and its degradation mechanism will be investigated. The model will also be validated by long-term overpotential testing data as a function of time under 1A/cm2. It will be used as an optimization tool to mitigate delamination and extend the cell lifetime under higher current densities. Key Words: Electrolysis, Oxygen Electrode (OE), Delamination, Chemical Expansion, J integral, Crack Growth Rate Figure 1

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Stetson, Caleb, Manuel Schnabel, Zhifei Li, Steven P. Harvey, Chun-Sheng Jiang, Andrew Norman, Steven C. DeCaluwe, Mowafak Al-Jassim und Anthony Burrell. „Microscopic Observation of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Bilayer Inversion on Silicon Oxide“. ACS Energy Letters 5, Nr. 12 (30.10.2020): 3657–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c02081.

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42

Cho, Sungmee, YoungNam Kim, Jung-Hyun Kim, Arumugam Manthiram und Haiyan Wang. „High power density thin film SOFCs with YSZ/GDC bilayer electrolyte“. Electrochimica Acta 56, Nr. 16 (Juni 2011): 5472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.03.039.

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43

Fu, Kun (Kelvin), Yunhui Gong, Gregory T. Hitz, Dennis W. McOwen, Yiju Li, Shaomao Xu, Yang Wen et al. „Three-dimensional bilayer garnet solid electrolyte based high energy density lithium metal–sulfur batteries“. Energy & Environmental Science 10, Nr. 7 (2017): 1568–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee01004d.

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44

Li, Pengxiang, Tiejian Li, Munehide Ishiguro und Yang Su. „Comparison of Same Carbon Chain Length Cationic and Anionic Surfactant Adsorption on Silica“. Colloids and Interfaces 4, Nr. 3 (20.08.2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids4030034.

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Adsorption of a cationic surfactant dodecyl pyridinium chloride (DPC) on silica was studied to show a comparison with the adsorption of an anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), whose carbon chain length is the same and on the same silica. Results provided a better understanding of the adsorption mechanism of cationic and anionic surfactant on negatively charged silica. The experiment covered different electrolyte concentrations and pH values. Results indicated that at the same pH, the DPC adsorption amounts are higher when the electrolyte concentration is higher; at a higher DPC equilibrium concentration, the adsorption amount difference is larger than that at low DPC equilibrium concentration, and when DPC equilibrium concentration is lower than 0.1 mmol/L, the adsorption amount difference cannot be observed. At charge compensation point (CCP, 0 zeta potential), the negative surface charge of silica was compensated by DP+, a continuous increasing zeta potential indicated a bilayer adsorption of DPC on silica. The adsorption amount increased with increasing pH. The calculated lines by Gu and Zhu model show a two-step property, including a bilayer and hemi-micelle adsorption. DPC adsorbed more strongly on silica than SDS due to the combination of electrostatic and hydrophobic attraction.

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Ugrozov, V. V., und A. N. Filippov. „Kinetic Transport Coefficients Through a Bilayer Ion Exchange Membrane during Electrodiffusion“. Мембраны и мембранные технологии 13, Nr. 6 (01.11.2023): 486–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2218117223060081.

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Analytical expressions for the specific coefficients of electrical conductivity and electrodiffusion through a bilayer ion exchange membrane during the electrodiffusion process are obtained within the framework of thermodynamics of irreversible processes and a homogeneous model of a fine-porous membrane. The influence of physicochemical characteristics of the modifying layer and electrolyte concentration on the values of the obtained coefficients at fixed physicochemical characteristics of the substrate has been investigated by the method of mathematical modelling. It is shown that electrical conductivity and electrodiffusion of the modified membrane at coincidence of signs of volume charges of the membrane layers increase with an increase of density of volume charge of the modifying layer and decrease at their difference or an increase of thickness of the modifying layer. With increasing electrolyte concentration, the abovementioned characteristics of the modified membrane increase regardless of the sign of the charges of the membrane layers. The obtained analytical expressions can be used in modelling electromembrane processes and predicting the parameters of new surface modified ion exchange membranes.

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Lee, Christopher H., Joseph A. Dura, Amy LeBar und Steven C. DeCaluwe. „Direct, operando observation of the bilayer solid electrolyte interphase structure: Electrolyte reduction on a non-intercalating electrode“. Journal of Power Sources 412 (Februar 2019): 725–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.11.093.

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Yu, Tsung-Yu, Shih-Chieh Yeh, Jen-Yu Lee, Nae-Lih Wu und Ru-Jong Jeng. „Epoxy-Based Interlocking Membranes for All Solid-State Lithium Ion Batteries: The Effects of Amine Curing Agents on Electrochemical Properties“. Polymers 13, Nr. 19 (24.09.2021): 3244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193244.

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In this study, a series of crosslinked membranes were prepared as solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) for all-solid-state lithium ion batteries (ASSLIBs). An epoxy-containing copolymer (glycidyl methacrylate-co-poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, PGA) and two amine curing agents, linear Jeffamine ED2003 and hyperbranched polyethyleneimine (PEI), were utilized to prepare SPEs with various crosslinking degrees. The PGA/polyethylene oxide (PEO) blends were cured by ED2003 and PEI to obtain slightly and heavily crosslinked structures, respectively. For further optimizing the interfacial and the electrochemical properties, an interlocking bilayer membrane based on overlapping and subsequent curing of PGA/PEO/ED2003 and PEO/PEI layers was developed. The presence of this amino/epoxy network can inhibit PEO crystallinity and maintain the dimensional stability of membranes. For the slightly crosslinked PGA/PEO/ED2003 membrane, an ionic conductivity of 5.61 × 10−4 S cm−1 and a lithium ion transference number (tLi+) of 0.43 were obtained, along with a specific capacity of 156 mAh g−1 (0.05 C) acquired from an assembled half-cell battery. However, the capacity retention retained only 54% after 100 cycles (0.2 C, 80 °C), possibly because the PEO-based electrolyte was inclined to recrystallize after long term thermal treatment. On the other hand, the highly crosslinked PGA/PEO/PEI membrane exhibited a similar ionic conductivity of 3.44 × 10−4 S cm−1 and a tLi+ of 0.52. Yet, poor interfacial adhesion between the membrane and the cathode brought about a low specific capacity of 48 mAh g−1. For the reinforced interlocking bilayer membrane, an ionic conductivity of 3.24 × 10−4 S cm−1 and a tLi+ of 0.42 could be achieved. Moreover, the capacity retention reached as high as 80% after 100 cycles (0.2 C, 80 °C). This is because the presence of the epoxy-based interlocking bilayer structure can block the pathway of lithium dendrite puncture effectively. We demonstrate that the unique interlocking bilayer structure is capable of offering a new approach to fabricate a robust SPE for ASSLIBs.

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Hasumi, Shunsuke, Sogo Iwakami, Yuto Sasaki, Sharifa Faraezi, Md Sharif Khan und Tomonori Ohba. „Fast Ion Transfer Associated with Dehydration and Modulation of Hydration Structure in Electric Double-Layer Capacitors Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Experiments“. Batteries 9, Nr. 4 (01.04.2023): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9040212.

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Carbon materials, such as graphite and activated carbon, have been widely used as electrodes in batteries and electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). Graphene, which has an extremely thin sheet-like structure, is considered as a fundamental carbon material. However, it was less investigated as an electrode material than graphite and activated carbons. This is because graphene is a relatively new material and is difficult to handle. However, using graphene electrodes can enhance the performance of nanodevices. Here, the performance of EDLCs based on single-layer and bilayer graphene electrodes in LiCl, NaCl, and KCl aqueous electrolyte solutions was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry, and the charging mechanism was evaluated using molecular dynamics simulations. KCl aqueous solution provided the highest capacitance compared to LiCl and NaCl aqueous solutions in the case of single-layer graphene electrodes. In contrast, the dependence of the capacitance on the ion species was hardly observed in the case of bilayer graphene. This indicates that Li and Na ions also contributed to the capacitances. The high EDLC performance can be attributed to the fast ion transfer promoted by the dehydration and modification of the second hydration shell on the bilayer graphene because of the relatively strong interaction of ions with the bilayer graphene.

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Liu, Fudong, Shaobin Yang, Xu Zhang, Shuwei Tang und Yingkai Xia. „Insight into the Desolvation of Quaternary Ammonium Cation with Acetonitrile as a Solvent in Hydroxyl-Flat Pores: A First-Principles Calculation“. Materials 16, Nr. 10 (20.05.2023): 3858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16103858.

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Supercapacitors have a wide range of applications in high-technology fields. The desolvation of organic electrolyte cations affects the capacity size and conductivity of supercapacitors. However, few relevant studies have been published in this field. In this experiment, the adsorption behavior of porous carbon was simulated with first-principles calculations using a graphene bilayer with a layer spacing of 4–10 Å as a hydroxyl-flat pore model. The reaction energies of quaternary ammonium cations, acetonitrile, and quaternary ammonium cationic complexes were calculated in a graphene bilayer with different interlayer spacings, and the desolvation behavior of TEA+ and SBP+ ions was described. The critical size for the complete desolvation of [TEA(AN)]+ was 4.7 Å, and the partial desolvation size ranged from 4.7 to 4.8 Å. The critical size for the complete desolvation of [SBP(AN)]+ was 5.2 Å, and the partial desolvation size ranged from 5.2 to 5.5 Å. As the ionic radius of the quaternary ammonium cation decreased, the desolvation size showed a positive trend. A density of states (DOS) analysis of the desolvated quaternary ammonium cations embedded in the hydroxyl-flat pore structure showed that the conductivity of the hydroxyl-flat pore was enhanced after gaining electrons. The results of this paper provide some help in selecting organic electrolytes to improve the capacity and conductivity of supercapacitors.

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Yang, Dong Fang. „Pulsed Laser Deposition of Sm_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9/Zr_0.9Sc_0.1O₂ Bilayer Films for Fuel Cell Application“. Materials Science Forum 539-543 (März 2007): 1344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.1344.

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Samarium doped ceria exhibits relative high conductivity of 0.1 S/cm at 700 °C and has been considered to be an attractive electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells operating at the temperature range between 500 to 600 °C. Although the material exhibits better chemical and structural compatibility with electrodes as well as higher ionic conductivity than Yttria-stabilized Zirconia, the reduction of Ce4+ to Ce3+ induces n-type electronic conduction which tends to decrease power output of solid oxide fuel cells. The problem can be eliminated by using a barrier of thin Zr0.9Sc0.1O2 layer deposited over SDC layer as an alternative electrolyte to improve the stability of Samarium doped ceria under reducing atmosphere. In this work, we will report the results on the development of the Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) process to fabricate Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9/Zr0.9Sc0.1O2 bilayer films. Bilayer films with controlled microstructures, density, and interfacial properties were successfully grown by the PLD at various deposition temperatures on Si(100) substartes. X-ray diffraction was used to determine their crystal structures, while the cross section images of the film-film and film-substrate interfaces were examined by field-emission SEM. The film density was calculated from the index of reflection data determined by a fiber-optic spectrophotometer.

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