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1
Raksuntorn, Winai, und Sarosh I. Khan. „Saturation Flow Rate, Start-Up Lost Time, and Capacity for Bicycles at Signalized Intersections“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1852, Nr. 1 (Januar 2003): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1852-14.
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A review of the literature shows that capacity and saturation flow rate for on-street bicycle lanes at intersections have not been measured on the basis of bicycle discharge at intersections at the start of the green phase. The Highway Capacity Manual 2000 recommends a saturation flow rate of 2,000 bicycles per hour for a bicycle lane at a signalized intersection. However, this recommendation is not based on field studies at the intersection and is not a function of the width of the bicycle lane. A revised estimate is provided of saturation flow rate, and an estimate is provided of start-up lost time for bicycles based on data collected at the stop line of signalized intersections. In addition, the lateral stopped distance of automobiles from bicycle lanes, the lateral stopped distance of bicycles from adjacent lanes, and the lateral and longitudinal stopped distance between pairs of bicycles at a signalized intersections are presented. Bicycles may form more than one queue within a bicycle lane at the stop line. Since bicycles maintain a certain distance from the adjacent lane and the curb, the number of queues formed varies based on the width of the bicycle lane. Therefore, the saturation flow rate for a bicycle lane depends on the number of queues or the width of the bicycle lane. The saturation flow rates for bicycle lanes of varying widths are proposed on the basis of the lateral stopped distance of bicycles. Empirical evidence from intersections in Colorado and California is used to propose a new method to estimate the capacity for a bicycle lane.
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Klotz, Dorothy. „The Bicycle Assembly Line Game“. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education 9, Nr. 3 (September 2011): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4609.2011.00317.x.
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3
Jian, Meiying, Xiaojuan Li, Jinxin Cao und Zhenyu Liu. „Exploring the Effect of Bicycle Infrastructure on Car Usage: A Case Study in Huhhot, China“. Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (11.02.2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8895057.
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This study aimed to quantitatively investigate the effect of bicycle infrastructure on car usage. The mixed logit model with random coefficients was used to capture the differences in individuals’ preferences. Based on data from a stated preference survey conducted in Huhhot, China, the estimated results showed that the mixed logit model provides better fitting than the standard logit model. Considerable variations were found in individuals’ attitudes toward the use of cars and bicycles. Riding a bicycle is preferred by most individuals. Furthermore, based on the constraints for maintaining the effect on car usage equal, the equivalent change in parking fees for improvement in bicycle infrastructures was estimated. The results showed that the effect of a 100 m reduction in walking distance to bicycle stations on the probability of driving is the same as that of an approximately 2.00 yuan/h (US 0.30$/h) increase in the parking fees, and the effect of providing bike lanes is in line with additional parking fees of approximately 3.00 yuan/h (US 0.45$/h). The findings of this study can be an important reference for decision makers to consider improvements in bicycle systems and rational allocation of infrastructure investment and road resources.
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Chen, Wan, und Kuan Min Chen. „Study on Connection of Rail Transit and Bicycle Traffic - A Case Study of Xi’an Metro Line2“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 1933–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.1933.
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The development of rail transit made travel convenient for urban residents, alleviated traffic pressure, but the long travel distance of the site and the surrounding areas affecting rail transit service level. In order to full play the rail transit large capacity, improve the appeal of the public transit, solve the problem of "last one kilometer", This paper summarized the importance of connection of rail transit and bicycle traffic with a case of xi 'an metro line 2, discussed the forecasting methods of rail transit and bicycle traffic transfer demand, then used vertical and horizontal analogy prediction method to predict the transfer demand at the Zhonglou station and Xiaozhai station in Xian metro, finally the transfer mode of rail transit and bicycle traffic transfer are proposed. This paper has certain reference value for study of rail transit and bicycle traffic.
5
Giordano, José Luis. „Stroboscopic measurement of the power-line frequency using a bicycle“. Physics Education 32, Nr. 4 (Juli 1997): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/32/4/023.
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6
Van Houten, Ron, und Cara Seiderman. „How Pavement Markings Influence Bicycle and Motor Vehicle Positioning“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1939, Nr. 1 (Januar 2005): 2–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193900101.
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The purpose of this study was to determine how pavement markings influence bicyclist and motorist positioning, particularly how far bicyclists travel from parked cars. The research examined the effects of the sequential addition of the component markings of a bicycle lane on a road with on-street parking in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The data measured were the distance that cars parked from the curb, the distance that bicyclists rode from the curb, and the distance that traveling motor vehicles drove from the curb. Data on bicyclists and moving motor vehicles were gathered by videotaping. The three pavement marking treatments–-an edge line demarcating the travel lane, the edge line and bicycle symbols, and a full bicycle lane–-were all effective at influencing bicyclists to ride farther away from parked cars than when no pavement markings were present. All three treatments significantly increased the percentage of cyclists riding more than 9 and 10 ft from the curb; these distances were used as benchmarks for where cyclists should ride to be farther from the opening-door zone of a parked car. There was variation between the signalized and the uncontrolled intersections. Before-and-after intercept surveys of cyclists and motorists were administered. In the before survey, cyclists most often responded that the best way to improve bicycling on Hampshire Street was to add bicycle lanes. Cyclists also rated the full bicycle lane most favorably in the after survey. There was no change in cyclist comfort levels between the before and the after surveys. When motorists were asked what made them most aware of cyclists on the street; the most common response in the before survey was “nothing.” In the after survey, the most common response was “the bicycle lane.”
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Yang, Hong, Xiao Guang Yu, Ze Ning Xu und Ming Xu. „Analysis and Troubleshooting of the Hydraulic System about Bicycle Assembly Line“. Advanced Materials Research 1006-1007 (August 2014): 139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1006-1007.139.
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This paper analyzes hydraulic system of the bicycle assemply line,Aiming at the problem of the hydraulic system pressure not up to design standard when there is only a hydraulic pupm in the oil supperly system. Put forward to replaced two throttle valves by two check valves. The results show validity of the method.
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CHIBANA, Kokichi. „VISIBILITY OF BICYCLE IN STRAIGHT LINE SPACE AT NIGHTTIME BY PEDESTRIAN“. Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 68, Nr. 572 (2003): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.68.61_5.
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9
Sindik, Josko. „Factors of the safety in bicycle traffic in the City of Zagreb and its surrounding“. Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 94, Nr. 3 (2014): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1403055s.
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The aim of this study was to determine the differences in underlying factors of Zagreb cycling, compared to the "types of cyclists" (driving style), i.e. different ways of using bicycles as a means of transport. The study included over 3,000 frequent participants in urban traffic cycling, sample of members of the association Cyclist Union (N = 1259) and snowball sample of "typical" of cyclists, i.e. people who are using the bike, but are not the members of the Cyclist Union (N = 1831), using the conveniently assembled questionnaire. Study participants who bike used in various applications prefer the safest driving style (only on sidewalks and bike paths / lines). Barriers of the weather conditions are ubiquitous in the safest driving style. Daily, weekly and yearly riding a bicycle are more often found in those who prefer the safest driving style. Cyclists who drive with medium secure style (roads with less traffic and lower speeds), more often ride a bike, as compared with those who prefer the safest driving style. Having a better bike line / track and other infrastructure is the most often considered at those with the highest risk driving style. The results provide the guidance for local authorities and for the cyclists to improve the conditions for a safer and more often by bicycle circulation in the City of Zagreb and its surroundings.
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Basu-Mandal, Pradipta, Anindya Chatterjee und J. M. Papadopoulos. „Hands-free circular motions of a benchmark bicycle“. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 463, Nr. 2084 (05.06.2007): 1983–2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2007.1849.
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We write nonlinear equations of motion for an idealized benchmark bicycle in two different ways and verify their validity. We then present a complete description of hands-free circular motions. Three distinct families exist. (i) A handlebar-forward family, starting from capsize bifurcation off straight-line motion and ending in unstable static equilibrium, with the frame perfectly upright and the front wheel almost perpendicular. (ii) A handlebar-reversed family, starting again from capsize bifurcation but ending with the front wheel again steered straight, the bicycle spinning infinitely fast in small circles while lying flat in the ground plane. (iii) Lastly, a family joining a similar flat spinning motion (with handlebar forward), to a handlebar-reversed limit, circling in dynamic balance at infinite speed, with the frame near upright and the front wheel almost perpendicular; the transition between handlebar forward and reversed is through moderate-speed circular pivoting, with the rear wheel not rotating and the bicycle virtually upright. Small sections of two families are stable.
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Tsukagoshi, Yuto, Takahiro Kawamura, Yuichi Sei, Yasuyuki Tahara und Akihiko Ohsuga. „Knowledge Graph Completion to Solve University Campus Issues“. Journal of Data Intelligence 1, Nr. 3 (September 2020): 333–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/jdi1.3-3.
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A number of urban challenges are encountered by modern societies. Governments, businesses and public bodies need to make statistical data widely available in order to tackle these challenges. Nonetheless, current literature and data are problematic; they have inaccuracies which lead to less effective methods of resolving these issues. This research aims to solve this challenge by thinking of a university campus as a microcosm of society, implementing a data integration schema, and combining data into a knowledge graph. Existing completion methods will then be applied and updated. Especially in regards to bicycle environment, our knowledge graph was tailored and evaluated in line with conventional methods, and secondly with our proposed derivative methods. Roughly 650 pieces of parking data, with various dates and times, was contrasted with each time's mean absolute error. Our approach accurately projected 54.5 more bicycles than the conventional method.
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Albert, Edward. „Riding a Line: Competition and Cooperation in the Sport of Bicycle Racing“. Sociology of Sport Journal 8, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1991): 341–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.8.4.341.
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The subculture of bicycle racing provides a situation in which the relationship between formal rules and dominant sport ideologies, and the taken-for-granted informal structures produced by athletes during competition, may be observed. Ethnographic and interview data suggest that such structures as pelotons and pacelines create both the opportunity for and the requirement of cooperative efforts between opponents, standing in stark contrast to more conventional conceptions of sport in which only unambiguous conflict between competitors is seen as legitimate. Here the informal norms of cooperation are central to insider definitions of the social order and are accompanied by strong sanctions for noncompliance. This cooperative informal order is seen as especially problematic for novices, as it diverges from widely held beliefs in the independence of competing units and the importance of overcoming opponents through maximum individual effort. Media coverage of the sport, in disregarding cooperative efforts, both creates and perpetuates erroneous stereotypes, making socialization into the sport more difficult.
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Hanson, M., und E. Skoufos. „Speeding things up: bicycle racing uses computers before reaching the starting line“. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 21, Nr. 5 (Juli 2001): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/38.946626.
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14
Tanaka, Y., und T. Murakami. „A Study on Straight-Line Tracking and Posture Control in Electric Bicycle“. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 56, Nr. 1 (Januar 2009): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2008.927406.
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15
Chen, Dyi Cheng, Chih Hsuan Jao und Chen Kun Huang. „Analysis of Insulating Object Plastic Injection Forming of Bicycle Dynamo Hub Power Connector“. Key Engineering Materials 622-623 (September 2014): 791–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.622-623.791.
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Bicycle industry has been an international reputation as bicycle kingdom in Taiwan, but the problem of global warming green energy rise, the development of insulating object of hub dynamo and power output connector to bring new hope to bike industry. In this study connector power output to gather public opinion related to patent, basis of collected documents as basis for design, structural components in least drawn to power output with simple connector. The study objectives connector hoped at structure strongest, highest efficiency in output performance characteristics such as use computer-aided drawing software Solid works to establish power output connector parts of 3D model. A series of simulation analyses, in which the variables relied on Moldflow and ANSYS software forming, which were execution to investigate the effective stress, effective strain, weld line, injection time, injection pressure and filling state of insulating object plastic injection forming of insulating object of bicycle dynamo hub.
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Zhang, Shuo, Li Chen und Yingzi Li. „Shared Bicycle Distribution Connected to Subway Line Considering Citizens’ Morning Peak Social Characteristics for Urban Low-Carbon Development“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 16 (18.08.2021): 9263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169263.
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The transport sector has produced numerous carbon emissions in China, and it is important to promote low carbon commuting. As an emerging mode of urban low-carbon transportation in China, shared bicycles have been used by more and more citizens on a daily basis, with advantages of green and low-carbon emissions to environment, flexibility for short trips, and convenience for covering the distance between the normal low-carbon transportation and destinations. However, the imbalanced distribution of shared bicycles along subway lines, especially during the morning peak hours, has directly restricted their performance in urban traffic. In this paper, an integer linear program model (ILPM) is proposed to obtain an optimal low-carbon distribution plan of shared bicycles connecting with the subway line (SBCSL) during the morning peak hours. First, an objective function is built to improve the carbon emission reduction of SBCSL. Second, constraint functions are extracted considering the quantity of bicycles to be distributed to the subway line as well as the distribution limits of each subway station. At last, a case study is conducted on the distribution of shared bicycles in Beijing Subway Line 13 of China during the morning peak hours. The results show that the ILPM is of significance to provide optimal distribution scheme of shared bicycles in subway line with different station types including office-oriented, residential-oriented, and hybrid-oriented stations.
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Lewandowski, Krzysztof. „Draisine railway of the Dolina Bobru“. Transportation Overview - Przeglad Komunikacyjny 2019, Nr. 2 (01.02.2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_19_02_01.
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The basis of this article is the proposal to use bicycle rail trolleys as preventive measures before draisining the Dolina Bobru railway line. This tourist attraction can be promotion for the poviat of the Lwówek Śląski. This can help to reconstruction of the regular rail connection between Legnica-Złotoryja-Lwówek Śląski-Jelenia Góra.
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DeMarco, Alyssa L., Dennis D. Chimich, Stephanie J. Bonin und Gunter P. Siegmund. „Impact Performance of Certified Bicycle Helmets Below, On and Above the Test Line“. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 48, Nr. 1 (25.11.2019): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-019-02422-x.
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Shiller, Zvi, und Satish Sundar. „Emergency Lane-Change Maneuvers of Autonomous Vehicles“. Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 120, Nr. 1 (01.03.1998): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2801319.
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This paper addresses the issue of collision avoidance using lane-change maneuvers. Of particular interest is to determine the minimum distance beyond which an obstacle cannot be avoided at a given initial speed. Using a planar bicycle model, we first compute the sharpest dynamically feasible maneuver by minimizing the longitudinal distance of a lane transition, assuming given initial and free final speeds. The minimum distance to an obstacle is then determined from the path traced by the optimal maneuver. Plotting the minimum distance in the phase plane establishes the clearance curve, a valuable tool for planning emergency maneuvers. For the bicycle model, the clearance curve is shown to closely correlate with the straight line produced by a point mass model. Examples demonstrate the use of the clearance curve for planning safe avoidance maneuvers.
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Wei, Zeng Ju, und Tian Ming Yang. „Application Research on the Small Wind Generator Based on the Motor Winding Embedding Principle“. Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (Juni 2013): 1218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.1218.
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This article is based on a company which needs to change the line of production, used the motor winding embedding principle by author, adopt description of new coil form, as well as the winding operation process, on small wind generators to electric bicycle motor research to be carried out; after improvement become waste to treasure that have a good results.
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Kaithari, Dinesh Keloth. „DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SMART PARKING SYSTEM FOR BICYCLE“. International Journal of Students' Research in Technology & Management 3, Nr. 3 (27.09.2015): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijsrtm.2015.332.
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Most of industries in our area lack of reliable information about the occupancy of on-street parking places in the inner districts of large cities that causes unnecessarily high amount of time for searching parking place. The present work is to design, fabricate and test model for smart parking system for bicycle service for on street spaces that has daily entries and exits and helps to reduce parking time. The parking system has sensor by the name IR sensor that does a line-scan for the empty parking space. After that the empty parking space comes to the customer point, returns back to the parking point after loading the bicycle. This method reduces loss of time. It is important to learn the various steps involved in completing the project such as design methods, fabrication details and testing methods. Location of the project is another important aspect. Location is identified as Sohar port.
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Lin, Hsin-Jung, Ching-Cherng Sun, Chi-Shou Wu, Xuan-Hao Lee, Tsung-Hsun Yang, Shih-Kang Lin, Yi-Jou Lin und Yeh-Wei Yu. „Design of a Bicycle Head Lamp Using an Atypical White Light-Emitting Diode with Separate Dies“. Crystals 9, Nr. 12 (09.12.2019): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9120659.
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To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a design for a bicycle head lamp with a high-contrast cutoff line using an atypical white light-emitting diode (LED) with two separate dies. The precise optical model was created by setting the weighting factor on the emitting surface. The downward reflector was designed and fabricated to produce a high-contrast cutoff line in both short- and long-axis orientations, but a yellowish outer pattern was observed. A modified two-color optical model was created to describe the yellowish patterns in both orientations and explain the yellowish effect. Such an effect was caused by the larger coverage area of the phosphor than that by the blue dies. To reduce the yellowish effect near the cutoff line, a specific phosphor area was blocked in the experiment. The yellowish effect was greatly reduced, and the contrast across the cutoff line was enhanced. The presented technology is useful for designing a high-contrast light pattern with such an atypical white LED.
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Zheng, Fanying, Fu Gu, Wujie Zhang und Jianfeng Guo. „Is Bicycle Sharing an Environmental Practice? Evidence from a Life Cycle Assessment Based on Behavioral Surveys“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 6 (14.03.2019): 1550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061550.
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As an icon of sharing economy and product service systems, bicycle sharing is gaining an increasing global popularity, yet there is little knowledge about the environmental performance of this emerging traveling mode. To seek the answer to the question, the paper employs a survey-based method and a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. We first conduct a questionnaire-based survey to identify the changes in traveling modes after the introduction of shared bicycles. The survey results show that the use of shared bicycles is more popular among young and low-income populations, and shared bicycles are predominantly used to replace walking and bus-taking. Based on the survey results, we model the environmental impacts of the changed traveling behaviors and the life cycle of shared bicycle with the aid of Gabi software. The LCA results shows that bicycle sharing is currently an environmentally friendly practice, as it brings environmental savings in all the indicators except metal consumption. Further, the results of sensitivity analysis show that aging, rising rental fees, and increasing volume of shared bicycles would impart negative impacts on the environmental performance of bicycle sharing. The findings of this work facilitate the management and development of bicycle sharing.
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Dowell, Glen. „Product line strategies of new entrants in an established industry: evidence from the U.S. bicycle industry“. Strategic Management Journal 27, Nr. 10 (2006): 959–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.552.
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Deshmukh, Santosh R., und Shankar R. Thopate. „Synthesis of Novel Fused Regioisomeric Oxetane Bicycles via Paternò-Büchi Reaction of L-Ascorbic Acid and Evaluation as Antiproliferative Agents“. Current Organic Synthesis 15, Nr. 7 (16.10.2018): 995–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179415666180808110014.
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Aim and Objective: To develop efficient method for the synthesis of unusual oxetanes bicycle and diversely functionalized oxetane motifs bearing medicinally relevant functional group in new chemical space and evaluation as cytotoxic agents. Materials and Methods: General procedure for the synthesis of 2, 3, 9 and 11: A mixture of L-ascorbic acid derivative 1 or 8 or 10 (10 mmol) and benzophenone (12 mmol) in dry benzene (125 mL) was purged with dry nitrogen for 5 min. The solution was then irradiated for 20-24 h with UV light (125 W, medium-pressure mercury lamp) in an immersion-well photoreactor at ambient temperature under nitrogen. After completion of the reaction, the solution was washed with aqueous NaHCO3 (10%), dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude product which was purified by column chromatography using ethyl acetate: n-hexane (5-20%) as eluent to yield pure product as white solid. Results: 3-O and 2-O methyl derivatives of 5,6-O-isopropylidene-L-ascorbic acid 8 and 10 were irradiated with Benzophenone to give single regioisomer 9 and 11 in 78 % and 69 % yield respectively, while in case of 5,6-O-isopropylidene-2,3-di-O-methyl-L-ascorbic acid, it gave both regioisomer 2 and 3. The presence of only oxetanes moiety improved the cytotoxic activity compared to oxetanes bicycle moiety. It was scrutinized that all the compounds in series of 2 and 4 displayed more MCF-7 cell proliferation than their regioisomers 3 and 6. Conclusion: We have developed a versatile strategy to prepare diversely functionalized fused oxetane bicycles involving alkoxy, hydroxy methyl, alkyl, and aryl substituents. A wide variety of functional groups have been introduced on the oxetane ring, accessing new chemical space. These compounds were tested for growth inhibition against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, compounds 2d, 4b, 4d and 6d showed comparable cytotoxic activity with L-ascorbic acid. These oxetane motifs will provide interesting new structural elements for medicinal chemistry programs as well as synthesis.
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Vande Velde, Christophe, Alain Collas, Matthias Zeller und Frank Blockhuys. „Twin Tandem Bicycle Pedal Motion - Using X-rays to Resolve Disorder Thermodynamic Parameters“. Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (05.08.2014): C628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314093711.
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During our research into polar crystals for organic electronic applications, we synthesized E,E-1-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethenyl]-4-[2-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]benzene, which has a polar crystal structure (space group Pc) and displays the typical bicycle pedal motion, as studied in detail by Harada and Ogawa [1], in one of its ethenylic links. A van `t Hoff plot of the logarithm of the population ratio versus 1/T, however, showed a kink instead of being a straight line, which led us to conclude that an unusual phase transition was occurring in this material [2]. In the mean time we have crystallized the same material in a second, centrosymmetric polymorph (space group P-1). There, the asymmetric unit consists of two complete molecules, and they display the same kind of bicycle pedal motion, but this time in all four different ethenylic linkers. Every one of these population differences increases with temperature, so that four van `t Hoff plots can be constructed for this structure. Two of these behave normally, the other two display a kink, just like the van `t Hoff plot of the pedaling ethenylic link in the other polymorph of this molecule. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first instance of a structure where four different dynamic equilibria can be resolved simultaneously, and only the second example in which van `t Hoff plots for the thermodynamics of dynamic disorder are not linear, indicating an unusual type of phase transition linked only to the dynamics of the molecules in the crystal.
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Renlund, D. G., E. G. Lakatta, J. L. Fleg, L. C. Becker, J. F. Clulow, M. L. Weisfeldt und G. Gerstenblith. „Prolonged decrease in cardiac volumes after maximal upright bicycle exercise“. Journal of Applied Physiology 63, Nr. 5 (01.11.1987): 1947–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.5.1947.
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Sequential exercise-gated cardiac blood pool scintigrams provide a noninvasive technique for evaluating the effect of therapeutic interventions on cardiac volumes and function only if both exercise periods are equivalent in the absence of an intervention. To assess whether they are indeed equivalent, 14 healthy subjects underwent gated blood pool scintigraphy during two maximal upright exercise periods separated by 60 min without changing position. Although resting cardiac output and blood pressure returned to base-line values 60 min after the first exercise period, mean resting heart rate was markedly higher (89.4 +/- 2.7 vs. 66.5 +/- 2.5 beats/min, P less than 0.001) and upright cardiac volumes lower [39.1 +/- 4.9 vs. 56.3 +/- 6.0 ml, P less than 0.001, for end-systolic volume (ESV) and 112.6 +/- 8.0 vs. 144.9 +/- 9.0 ml, P less than 0.001, for end-diastolic volume (EDV)] than before the first exercise period. These differences persisted during low levels of the subsequent exercise but not at high and maximum work loads. Cardiac volumes and heart rate 60 min after an identical exercise protocol in a second group of 22 subjects who received propranolol, 0.15 mg/kg iv, after their initial exercise, however, were the same as those preexercise. Thus higher sympathetic tone may be responsible for the persistently higher heart rate and decreased cardiac volumes after exercise, and the assumption that cardiac volumes and function are similar during two closely spaced sequential exercise studies is not always valid.
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López, Griselda, Rosa Arroyo und Alfredo García. „Structural Equation Approach to Analyze Cyclists Risk Perception and Their Behavior Riding on Two-Lane Rural Roads in Spain“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 15 (28.07.2021): 8424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158424.
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The use of bicycles on two-lane rural roads in Spain has been increasing in recent years. However, these roads have no bicycle infrastructure, being cyclists forced to share the road and interact with motorized vehicles. In rural environments, the interaction between road users from the cyclist’s point of view is still not well understood. To analyze it, the relationships between risk perceptions and behavioral factors of rural cyclists according to their demographic characteristics, profile, and self-reported knowledge on traffic rules were obtained. An online survey was used, which collected the opinion of 523 cyclists. Data were analyzed by using structural equation models. The Thurstonian Item Response Theory approach was adopted to include raking responses. Different perceptions among demographic groups were found. Younger cyclists present the lowest risk perception while having a higher risk behavior. The knowledge about traffic rules was correlated with safety behavior, showing the importance of this factor. These results are in line with urban cycling. However important differences under risk elements for rural cyclists, mainly associated with potential hazards on the shoulder, have been drawn. These findings may help policy makers to integrate cycling with vehicular traffic on two-lane rural roads in a safe way.
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Rubio, M. Oliver, O. Julian Mora, G. Alvaro Guarin und I. Pablo Carrizosa. „Application of Product Line Commonality Index (PCI) in a Family of Products“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 564 (Juni 2014): 650–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.564.650.
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Currently many companies base their marketing strategy around a family of products. Thus, they regularly add new variations to products in order to meet changing market needs, or to attract new customers. Although the basic functionality remains unchanged across products, new features, aesthetic appearance and technologies are incorporated in each new product. This if it is not checked, can generate the “complexity of the product,” which leads to a loss of productivity or quality. Thus, the effective management of product variations in design and manufacturing is challenging. The key is minimizing the non-value added variations through models within a range of options without limiting customers. This article discusses the factors that contribute to the "complexity of the product” and this is done through the product line commonality index (PCI) , which measures the level of common parts in a product family. A case study of bicycle frame displays its implementation and functionality. The index shows the possibility that the products in a family share parts effectively (modularity) and reduces the total number of parts (multifunctionality).
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McCole, S. D., K. Claney, J. C. Conte, R. Anderson und J. M. Hagberg. „Energy expenditure during bicycling“. Journal of Applied Physiology 68, Nr. 2 (01.02.1990): 748–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.2.748.
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This study was designed to measure the O2 uptake (VO2) of cyclists while they rode outdoors at speeds from 32 to 40 km/h. Regression analyses of data from 92 trials using the same wheels, tires, and tire pressure with the cyclists riding in their preferred gear and in an aerodynamic position indicated the best equation (r = 0.84) to estimate VO2 in liters per minute VO2 = -4.50 + 0.17 rider speed + 0.052 wind speed + 0.022 rider weight where rider and wind speed are expressed in kilometers per hour and rider weight in kilograms. Following another rider closely, i.e., drafting, at 32 km/h reduced VO2 by 18 +/- 11%; the benefit of drafting a single rider at 37 and 40 km/h was greater (27 +/- 8%) than that at 32 km/h. Drafting one, two, or four riders in a line at 40 km/h resulted in the same reduction in VO2 (27 +/- 7%). Riding at 40 km/h at the back of a group of eight riders reduced VO2 by significantly more (39 +/- 6%) than drafting one, two, or four riders in a line; drafting a vehicle at 40 km/h resulted in the greatest decrease in VO2 (62 +/- 6%). VO2 was also 7 +/- 4% lower when the cyclists were riding an aerodynamic bicycle. An aerodynamic set of wheels with a reduced number of spokes and one set of disk wheels were the only wheels to reduce VO2 significantly while the cyclists were riding a conventional racing bicycle at 40 km/h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Gunn, Anne. „The Finish Line: A Long March by Bicycle through China and Australia.Sang Ye , Nicholas Jose , Sue Trevaskes“. China Journal 35 (Januar 1996): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2950306.
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Yuan, Yufei, Bernat Goñi-Ros, Mees Poppe, Winnie Daamen und Serge P. Hoogendoorn. „Analysis of Bicycle Headway Distribution, Saturation Flow and Capacity at a Signalized Intersection using Empirical Trajectory Data“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, Nr. 6 (13.04.2019): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119839976.
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Predicting the bicycle flow capacity at signalized intersections of various characteristics is crucial for urban infrastructure design and traffic management. However, it is also a difficult task because of the large heterogeneity in cycling behavior and several limitations of traditional capacity estimation methods. This paper proposes several methodological improvements, illustrates them using high-resolution trajectory data collected at a busy signalized intersection in the Netherlands, and investigates the influence of key variables of capacity estimation. More specifically, it shows that the (virtual) sublane width has a significant effect on the shape of the headway distribution at the stop line. Furthermore, a new method is proposed to calculate the saturation headway (a key variable determining capacity), which excludes the cyclists initially located close to the stop line using a distance-based rule instead of a fixed number (as is usually done in practice). It is also shown that the saturation headway is quite sensitive to the sublane width. Moreover, a new, empirically based method is proposed to identify the number of sublanes that can be accommodated in a given cycle path, which is another key influencing variable. This method yields considerably lower estimates of the number of sublanes than traditional methods, which rely solely on the (available) cycle path width. Finally, the authors show that methodological choices such as the sublane width and the method used to estimate the number of sublanes have a considerable effect on capacity estimates. Therefore, this paper highlights the need to define a sound methodology to estimate bicycle flow capacity at signalized intersections and proposes some steps to move toward that direction.
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Hahn, Hans Peter. „The Appropriation of Bicycles in West Africa“. Transfers 2, Nr. 2 (01.06.2012): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2012.020204.
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Bicycles have a wide range of functions and roles in West Africa. They have vital functions for everyday necessities, but they also constitute prestige objects. The appreciation of bicycles in Africa started very early, almost simultaneously with their diffusion as consumer goods in Europe. However, the adoption of bicycles followed a specific pathway, which is explained in this article within the conceptual framework of appropriation. Cultural appropriation highlights the significant modifications of bicycles in Africa and the abandonment of some functions like braking. In spite of the technical simplifications, modified bicycles are perceived as having higher value, by virtue of their fitness for the tough roads and their increased reliability. Appropriation results in a specific “Africanized“ bicycle, which makes possible a prolonged usage. This essay argues that the “Africanized“ bicycle constitutes a model of sustainability in matters of transport, one which is not sufficiently recognized in current debates about sustainable innovations.
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Koltai, Tamás, Viola Tatay und Noémi Kalló. „Application of the results of simple assembly line balancing models in practice: the case of a bicycle manufacturer“. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing 27, Nr. 9 (10.09.2013): 887–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0951192x.2013.834482.
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Cook, Carrie L., und Kathleen A. Fox. „Fear of Property Crime: Examining the Effects of Victimization, Vicarious Victimization, and Perceived Risk“. Violence and Victims 26, Nr. 5 (2011): 684–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.26.5.684.
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Fear of crime research has primarily focused on fear of crime in general or on fear of specific types of violent crimes. This study builds from this line of research by focusing exclusively on the night fear of six types of property crimes, including fear of burglary while away from home, vehicle theft, bicycle theft, property theft, vandalism, and vehicle burglary. This study examines the effects of victimization, vicarious victimization, and perceived risk on fear of property crime. Survey data from college students reveal that victimization and vicarious victimization were not significant predictors of fear of property crime, whereas perceived risk was a consistent and significant predictor of fear of all property crimes.
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Manzoni, Pietro, Carlos T. Calafate, Juan-Carlos Cano und Enrique Hernández-Orallo. „Indoor Vehicles Geolocalization Using LoRaWAN“. Future Internet 11, Nr. 6 (31.05.2019): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11060124.
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One of the main drawbacks of Global Navigation Satellite Sytems (GNSS) is that they do not work indoors. When inside, there is often no direct line from the satellite signals to the device and the ultra high frequency (UHF) used is blocked by thick, solid materials such as brick, metal, stone or wood. In this paper, we describe a solution based on the Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) technology to geolocalise vehicles indoors. Through estimation of the behaviour of a LoRaWAN channel and using trilateration, the localisation of a vehicle can be obtained within a 20–30 m range. Indoor geolocation for Intelligent Transporation Systems (ITS) can be used to locate vehicles of any type in underground parkings, keep a platoon of trucks in formation or create geo-fences, that is, sending an alert if an object moves outside a defined area, like a bicycle being stolen. Routing of heavy vehicles within an industrial setting is another possibility.
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Liu, Shing-Hong, Chuan-Bi Lin, Ying Chen, Wenxi Chen, Tai-Shen Huang und Chi-Yueh Hsu. „An EMG Patch for the Real-Time Monitoring of Muscle-Fatigue Conditions During Exercise“. Sensors 19, Nr. 14 (14.07.2019): 3108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143108.
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In recent years, wearable monitoring devices have been very popular in the health care field and are being used to avoid sport injuries during exercise. They are usually worn on the wrist, the same as sport watches, or on the chest, like an electrocardiogram patch. Common functions of these wearable devices are that they use real time to display the state of health of the body, and they are all small sized. The electromyogram (EMG) signal is usually used to show muscle activity. Thus, the EMG signal could be used to determine the muscle-fatigue conditions. In this study, the goal is to develop an EMG patch which could be worn on the lower leg, the gastrocnemius muscle, to detect real-time muscle fatigue while exercising. A micro controller unit (MCU) in the EMG patch is part of an ARM Cortex-M4 processor, which is used to measure the median frequency (MF) of an EMG signal in real time. When the muscle starts showing tiredness, the median frequency will shift to a low frequency. In order to delete the noise of the isotonic EMG signal, the EMG patch has to run the empirical mode decomposition algorithm. A two-electrode circuit was designed to measure the EMG signal. The maximum power consumption of the EMG patch was about 39.5 mAh. In order to verify that the real-time MF values measured by the EMG patch were close to the off-line MF values measured by the computer system, we used the root-mean-square value to estimate the difference in the real-time MF values and the off-line MF values. There were 20 participants that rode an exercise bicycle at different speeds. Their EMG signals were recorded with an EMG patch and a physiological measurement system at the same time. Every participant rode the exercise bicycle twice. The averaged root-mean-square values were 2.86 ± 0.86 Hz and 2.56 ± 0.47 Hz for the first and second time, respectively. Moreover, we also developed an application program implemented on a smart phone to display the participants’ muscle-fatigue conditions and information while exercising. Therefore, the EMG patch designed in this study could monitor the muscle-fatigue conditions to avoid sport injuries while exercising.
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Oktavia, Mirani. „Penentuan Rute Mobil Pengangkut Sepeda dalam Proses Rebalancing sebagai Vehicle Routing Problem“. Faktor Exacta 11, Nr. 4 (31.12.2018): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/faktorexacta.v11i4.2977.
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The use of bicycles facilitated by a college can be seen as one of the interesting phenomena because the campus is required to always ensure that the number of bicycles in each bicycle storage area (shelter) must return to normal when the beginning of the lecture starts every day. While the existence of the mobility process carried out by all stakeholders of the campus is very possible to occur the increation of bicycles in a shelter which also resulted in the reduction of bicycles in other shelters. Therefore, a method is needed to return the number of bicycles like the early morning according to the capacity of each shelter using the car that is transporting which is then called the rebalancing process of bicycle. In this study a model of the operational of the car carrier was designed during the rebalancing process. Therefore, information is needed on which shelter routes to visit and how many bicycles are moved from one shelter to another. This distribution problem is categorized as one form of vehicle routing problem (VRP) to minimize mileage of the car that is transporting of bikes.
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Bogacz, Martyna, Stephane Hess, Chiara Calastri, Charisma F. Choudhury, Alexander Erath, Michael A. B. van Eggermond, Faisal Mushtaq, Mohsen Nazemi und Muhammad Awais. „Comparison of Cycling Behavior between Keyboard-Controlled and Instrumented Bicycle Experiments in Virtual Reality“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, Nr. 7 (12.06.2020): 244–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120921850.
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The use of virtual reality (VR) in transport research offers the opportunity to collect behavioral data in a controlled dynamic setting. VR settings are useful in the context of hypothetical situations in which real-world data does not exist or in situations which involve risk and safety issues making real-world data collection infeasible. Nevertheless, VR studies can contribute to transport-related research only if the behavior elicited in a virtual environment closely resembles real-world behavior. Importantly, as VR is a relatively new research tool, the best-practice with regards to the experimental design is still to be established. In this paper, we contribute to a better understanding of the implications of the choice of the experimental setup by comparing cycling behavior in VR between two groups of participants in similar immersive scenarios, the first group controlling the maneuvers using a keyboard and the other group riding an instrumented bicycle. We critically compare the speed, acceleration, braking and head movements of the participants in the two experiments. We also collect electroencephalography (EEG) data to compare the alpha wave amplitudes and assess the engagement levels of participants in the two settings. The results demonstrate the ability of VR to elicit behavioral patterns in line with those observed in the real-world and indicate the importance of the experimental design in a VR environment beyond the choice of audio-visual stimuli. The findings will be useful for researchers in designing the experimental setup of VR for behavioral data collection.
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Arvind Mallik, D. M., und Payal Jain. „A Study on Student’s Opinion on Bicycle Sharing in Campuses with Respect to Bangalore City“. Asian Review of Social Sciences 7, Nr. 3 (05.11.2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2018.7.3.1484.
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Sustainability has become the need of an hour today. This is evident not only in businesses but also in cities. Even the universities are focusing on sustainability in the past few years like adopting energy saving initiative, using of renewable energy, environmental procurement, waste management etc. Bicycle Sharing is one among these initiatives. Bicycle sharing is a service where bicycle are made available to the individuals for a short period of time. Bicycles are not owned by any individuals but anyone in the community can have access to it. The main objective of the study is to know the opinion of students regarding the proposed Bicycle Sharing Program in their Campuses. It will be used by the students to travel within the campus and it also saves the time of the students.
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Kozina, Zh L., K. A. Koval und Yu K. Vasilyev. „Development of endurance of young athletes of 12-13 years in cycling in the initial stage of training“. Health, sport, rehabilitation 5, Nr. 1 (30.03.2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34142/hsr.2019.05.01.05.
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<p>The purpose of the research is to develop and substantiate a comprehensive methodology for endurance development of middle school students by means of cycling tourism. Material and methods. This study was attended by cyclists 12-13 years of Lipkutaisha general education school l-lll degrees (9 athletes were experimental group, 9 - control). To determine the functional capabilities of middle school students, the following tests and tests were used: Harvard step-test, Stange test, Genci test, Serkin test. The method of endurance development, which involves the use of a complex of cycling routes, is developed. The complex consists of 2 parts: a complex distance "trials and figured bicycle driving" and a cycling path. The trials represent a distance of 100-200 m in length with natural and artificial obstacles (steep slope, yar, sandy, marsh and other difficult traffic areas, streams, puddles, trunks of trees lying, etc.) along a narrow corridor (up to 1.5 m) , formed by natural and artificial restrictions (ribbons between trees or racks, etc.). Figured bicycle driving involves the use of the following obstacles: "Shaft", "Snake between the stands", "Corridor", "Koliya", "Circle", "Eight", "Gate", "Ring", "Transfer of the object", "Zigzag" , "Swing", "Snake between chips", "Stop-line. Finish". The peculiarity of the campaign is that, in a separate development of endurance, he solved the problem of educational and enlightenment by familiarizing with interesting places of Slobozhanshchyna, meetings with interesting people, and others like that. Results It is shown that the author's method of complex endurance, combining the means of figurehead and cycling, is more effective in comparison with the traditional method of endurance development of middle school students, which contains exclusively the overcoming of distances; It was found that the use of a complex method of endurance development for middle school students contributes to increasing the respiratory detention time for Shtange, Gench, Serkina, as well as reduction of heart rate, heart rate after standard loading and improving the quality of rehabilitation. Conclusion. The developed method can be used in the preparation of young cyclists.</p>
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Wicks, Frank. „Credit to the Bicycle“. Mechanical Engineering 132, Nr. 07 (01.07.2010): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2010-jul-5.
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This article focuses on the engineering credit that should be given to the bicycle designs and its hand in today’s technological innovations. Design improvements during the first 90 years of the bicycle’s history provided much of the initial technology that was extended to modern motorized forms of transportation. More important than the bicycle’s effect on the close of the 19th century was its influence on the 20th. The most common hybrid vehicle of the future may not be the now familiar four-wheel automobile combining an internal combustion engine and electric motor, but the electric bicycle that can be powered either by a rider’s muscles or energy stored in a battery. A development like that would be almost full circle. The only difference between that future and the first safety bicycle would be that electric power was harnessed along the way.
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Oldenziel, Ruth, und Adri Albert de la Bruhèze. „Contested Spaces“. Transfers 1, Nr. 2 (01.06.2011): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2011.010203.
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Today most cities emphasize the construction of separate bicycle lanes as a sure path toward sustainable urban mobility. Historical evidence shows a singular focus on building bicycle lanes without embedding them into a broader bicycle culture and politics is far too narrow. Bicycle lanes were never neutral, but contested from the start. Based on comparative research of cycling history covering nine European cities in four countries, the article shows the crucial role representations of bicycles play in policymakers' and experts' planning for the future. In debating the regulation of urban traffic flows, urban-planning professionals projected separate lanes to control rather than to facilitate working- class, mass-scale bicycling. Significantly, cycling organizations opposed the lanes, while experts like traffic engineers and urban planners framed automobility as the inevitable modern future. Only by the 1970s did bicycle lanes enter the debate as safe and sustainable solutions when grass-roots cyclists' activists campaigned for them. The up and downs of bicycle lanes show the importance of encouraging everyday utility cycling by involving diverse social groups.
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Chen, Shang-Yuan, und Tzu-Tien Chen. „Dockless Shared Bicycle Flow Control by Using Kernel Density Estimation Based Clustering“. Advances in Technology Innovation 6, Nr. 3 (12.04.2021): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46604/aiti.2021.6666.
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Since dockless sharing bicycles have become an indispensable means of everyday life for urban residents, how to effectively control the supply and demand balance of bikes has become an important issue. This study aims to apply Kernel Density Estimation based (KDE-based) clustering analysis and a threshold-based reverse flow incentive mechanism to encourage the users of bicycles to adjust the supply and demand actively. And it takes Shanghai Jing’an Temple and its surroundings as the research area. Its practical steps include: (1) compilation and processing of the needed data, (2) application of KDE-based clustering, partitioning, and grading, and (3) incentives calculation based on dockless shared bicycle flow control system. The study finds that the generalization function of KDE-based clustering can be used to estimate the density value at any point in the study area to support the calculation of the incentive mechanism for bicycle reverse flow.
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Asfaw, Solomon, Leslie Lipper, Timothy J. Dalton und Patrick Audi. „Market participation, on-farm crop diversity and household welfare: micro-evidence from Kenya“. Environment and Development Economics 17, Nr. 5 (11.07.2012): 579–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x12000277.
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AbstractThis paper examines determinants of output and input market participation. It employs propensity score matching techniques to evaluate the impact of market participation on pigeonpea diversity and household welfare, using cross-sectional data of 333 households from Kenya. Results show that input and output market participation decisions are quite distinct. Output market participation is influenced by household demographics, farm size and radio ownership, while input market participation is determined by farm size, bicycle ownership and access to a salaried income. The findings reveal a positive and significant impact of output market participation on pigeonpea diversity, while input market participation had a negative and significant impact on diversity. The results indicate that output market participants have significantly higher food security status than non-participants, in line with the general findings of the literature. However, no significant impact is found between indicators of household welfare and input market participation.
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Jagiełło, Aleksander. „TRANSPORT BEHAVIOUR AND PREFERENCES OF CYCLISTS IN GDYNIA“. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego. Ekonomika Transportu i Logistyka 67 (15.11.2017): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5780.
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The aim of the article is to present preferences and transport behaviour of cyclists in Gdynia. Conducting research in this regard allows the local authorities to develop bicycle transport in a way that is adjusted to the expectations of users, while raising the chances of increasing the participation of bicycles in the daily travels of Gdynia inhabitants in general. The results presented in the article clearly indicate that the development of bicycle transport is beneficial not only for cyclists, but also for the society. The research shows how important it is for the life comfort of residents of cities to convince them to give up cars in favour of bicycles to the greatest extent possible. The discussion on this topic is upgraded also by the present situation presented in the article, where in general, a low participation of this means of transport which is consistent with the policy of sustainable mobility development of Gdynia inhabitants is observable.
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Torrens, Francisco, und Gloria Castellano. „Molecular Classification of 5-Amino-2-Aroylquinolines and 4-Aroyl-6,7,8-Trimethoxyquinolines as Highly Potent Tubulin Polymerization Inhibitors“. International Journal of Chemoinformatics and Chemical Engineering 3, Nr. 2 (Juli 2013): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcce.2013070101.
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Algorithms for classification and taxonomy are proposed based on criteria as information entropy and its production. It is classified a series of 5-amino-2-aroylquinolines (AAQs) and 4-aroyl-6,7,8-trimethoxyquinolines (TMQs) combretastatin analogues for anti-cancer activity. 5-Amino-6-methoxy-2-aroylquinoline AAQ showed anti-proliferative activity more potent as compared to combretastatin A-4 (CA4), against various human cancer cell lines and a multidrug resistance (MDR) cancer cell line. On the basis of AAQ/TMQ structure–activity relationship new derivatives are designed. The AAQs/TMQs are classified using nine characteristic chemical properties in molecules. Many classification algorithms are based on information entropy. When applying the procedures to sets of moderate size, an excessive number of results appear compatible with data and suffer a combinatorial explosion. However, after equipartition conjecture, one has a selection criterion between different variants resulting from classification between hierarchical trees. A classification of anti-cancer agents is obtained. The features denote positions R2–8 on the quinoline bicycle.
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Kristensen, Lars. „Bicycle cinema“. Thesis Eleven 138, Nr. 1 (23.01.2017): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513616689397.
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This paper examines the relationship between identities and the bicycle as portrayed in films. The analysis finds that taking the viewpoint of the bicycle emancipates the bicycle from being subjected to closure, as the constructionists would have it, and thus articulates the differences with which the bicycle can communicate to its rider. The paper examines the bicycle as depicted in three films: Premium Rush (Davis Koepp, 2012), A Sunday in Hell (Jørgen Leth, 1977) and Life on Earth (Abderrahmane Sissako, 1998). It engages with the concept of ‘interpretative flexibility’ and the development of the bicycle, as examined by Wiebe Bijker and others, and argues that the interpretative flexibility of bicycles does not cease just because the high-wheeler was abandoned and the ‘safety’ bicycle was universally accepted. The fight for the role of the bicycle continues and the bicycle is subject to constant transformations in order to reconstruct it according to human needs. Andrew Feenberg’s modified constructivism is applied to re-examine the technical development of the bicycle, claiming that technology is dependent on specific social structures as well as human agency. The paper argues that just as social structures are negotiable and unfixed at any point in time, the bicycle too is never neutral but remains negotiable and unfixed. Consequently, since the bicycle constantly ‘speaks’ back to the user, there is never closure in the technical development of the bicycle. Drawing on the writings of Bruno Latour and the Deleuzian idea of assemblages, the bicycle and its rider are considered as an organic entity that is constantly forged and un-forged. Understanding the rhetoric of the bicycle machine helps the convergence of a bicycle becoming with becoming a rider, marking the bicycle as equal to its rider. Viewed in this way, the hierarchy of agency collapses and a crystallization emerges out of the rider and bicycle entwinement.
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Tan, Hongze, und Shengchen Du. „The Governance Challenge within Socio-Technical Transition Processes: Public Bicycles and Smartphone-Based Bicycles in Guangzhou, China“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 16 (23.08.2021): 9447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169447.
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In urban China, utilitarian cycling plays a significant role in achieving sustainable mobility. Within this context, different kinds of sharing-bicycle programs equipped with new technologies/devices emerge and extend. By comparing two generations of them in Guangzhou (China), this paper explores how new technologies impact existing modes of mobility governance. First, the technical innovations, e.g., app-based bicycle locks and micro-GPS equipment, contribute to liberating emerging private companies from existing governmental regulations based on land control. Second, the adoption of these innovations not only contributes to the accumulation of cultural and symbolic capitals based on a fashionable lifestyle but also links bicycles to personal point-to-point travel data that could be translated to economic capital. Third, the discrepancy between the dispositions of the government and private companies regarding the innovations opens an opportunity for the quick extension of sharing bicycles, which brings both positive and negative consequences on citizens’ daily travel and life. The absence of other civic actors in the decision-making process accelerates the negative consequences caused by the profit-driven fast extension of sharing bicycles and the governmental top-down governing logic. These findings provide academia with implications for understanding the impact of innovations on achieving sustainable mobility.
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le Clercq, Frank, und Jaap S. de Vries. „Public Transport and the Compact City“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1735, Nr. 1 (Januar 2000): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1735-01.
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The compact-city policy is a prudent strategy for carrying out city intensification and expansion. Similarly, public transport is seen as the most appropriate mode of transportation for this urban form. The connection between the two is clear—public transport makes sense in a compact city, and the compact city seeks to increase the use of public transport. However, the validity of this claim from the perspective of the residents is questionable. The length of trips made by city residents in compact cities tends to be so short in the Netherlands that these trips are often carried out by nonpublic transport modes, such as bicycle and car. Moreover, by increasing densities in and around the compact city, public-transport systems no longer can meet the disperse pattern of transportation demands of all citizens. An evolutionary relationship exists between urban expansion and types of public transport. When a transport system is developed on a regional scale, a choice will need to be made between two alternatives—the commonly used line-by-line approach and the integration and nodal approach. In the first case, success will depend on land use policies, whereas the latter tends to correspond better to the increasing diffuse travel patterns of residents and to evolve according to the features of the city structure and the opportunities for expansion within the system.