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Jundt, Dustin K., und Verlin B. Hinsz. „INFLUENCES OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE AFFECT ON DECISIONS INVOLVING JUDGMENTAL BIASES“. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 30, Nr. 1 (01.01.2002): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.1.45.
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This study examines the influences of positive and negative affect on decisions involving seven judgmental biases. For nonpersonally relevant biases, it was hypothesized that negative affect would lead to more in-depth thinking and less biased decisions while positive affect would lead to shallower thinking and more biased responses. For the personally relevant self-serving bias, it was hypothesized that negative affect would lead to more shallow processing and more biased responses, while positive affect would lead to more in-depth processing and less biased responses. Significantly biased responses were found for all of the judgmental biases. Results supported the hypotheses for the self-serving biases, but not for the nonpersonally relevant biases, suggesting that affect may have differential influences on personally relevant and nonpersonally relevant judgments.
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Restiyadi, Andri, Lolita Refani Lumban-Tobing, Anik Juli Dwi Astuti, Churmatin Nasoichah und Mochammad Fauzi Hendrawan. „KONSTELASI KERUANGAN BIARA SANGKILON, KAWASAN KEPURBAKALAAN PADANG LAWAS BAGIAN SELATAN PADA ABAD XI—XIV MASEHI“. Forum Arkeologi 33, Nr. 1 (30.04.2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/fa.v33i1.587.
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Biara Sangkilon is one of the many biaras in the in Padang Lawas archaeological area located in Sangkilon Village, Lubuk Barumun District, Padang Lawas Regency. In general, the arrangement of biaras in this region has its own characteristics, namely the main building facing the mandapa, with one gate. The problem raised in this paper is how the spatial constellation of Biara Sangkilon is? The writing purpose of this article is to get a description of the space boundaries based on the distinction of spatial functions and their relationships in the Biara Sangkilon Complex. Through descriptive-analytical research it can be seen in fact through the form of structure, distance, findings artifactual, and boundaries, there is a fairly clear division of space between sacred space, and profane at Biara Sangkilon. Biara Sangkilon merupakan salah satu dari sekian banyak biara di Kawasan Kepurbakalaan Padang Lawas yang terletak di Desa Sangkilon, Kecamatan Lubuk Barumun, Kabupaten Padang Lawas. Secara umum, susunan biara-biara yang terdapat di kawasan ini memiliki ciri khas tersendiri yaitu bangunan utama berhadapan dengan mandapa, dengan satu pintu gerbang. Adapun permasalahan yang diangkat dalam makalah ini adalah bagaimanakah konstelasi keruangan Biara Sangkilon? Tujuan dari penulisan artikel ini untuk mendapatkan gambaran tentang batas-batas ruang yang didasarkan pada pembedaan fungsi-fungsi ruang beserta relasirelasinya yang terdapat di Kompleks Biara Sangkilon. Melalui penelitian yang bersifat deskriptifanalitis dapat diketahui ternyata melalui bentuk struktur, jarak, temuan artefaktual, dan batasbatas, terdapat pembagian ruang yang cukup jelas antara ruang sakral, dan profan di Biara Sangkilon.
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Biswas, Mriganka, und John Murray. „Can Cognitive Biases in Robots Make More ‘Likeable' Human-Robot Interactions than the Robots Without Such Biases“. International Journal of Artificial Life Research 6, Nr. 1 (Januar 2016): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijalr.2016010101.
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The research presented in the paper aims to develop long-term companionship between cognitively imperfect robots and humans. In order to develop cognitively imperfect robot, the research suggests to implement various cognitive biases in a robot's interactive behaviours. In the authors' understanding, such cognitively biased behaviours in robot will help the participants to relate with it easily. In the current paper, they show comparative results of the experiments using five biased and one non-biased algorithms in a 3D printed humanoid robot MARC. The results from the experiments show that the participants initially liked the robot with biased and imperfect behaviours than the same robots without any mistakes and biases.
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Eva, Kevin W., und Geoffrey R. Norman. „Heuristics and biases - a biased perspective on clinical reasoning“. Medical Education 39, Nr. 9 (September 2005): 870–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02258.x.
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Macewicz, Jerzy. „Czy proporcja udziału ziarniaków z warstwą i bez warstwy subaleuronowej determinuje poziom i jakość białka w plonie jęczmienia?“ Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 1, Nr. 1 (31.12.2003): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2003.1.1.07.
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Wysokobiałkowe odmiany jęczmienia mogą różnić się zawartością białka w plonie nawet o 50%. Stwierdzamy tę między odmianową zmienność, mimo że warstwa aleuronowa, gromadząca białka zapasowe ma jednakową wielkość w ziarniakach wszystkich odmian. Dotąd brak było morfologicznej interpretacji, wskazującej gdzie w ziarniakach gromadzona jest ta dodatkowa ilość białka, którą wyróżniają się odmiany wysokobiałkowe. Wykonano porównawcze obserwacje struktury endospermu w odmianie najwyżej- i najniżej białkowej. Autorzy barwili białka własną metodą histochemiczną: na powierzchni przełomu nie utrwalonego endospermu. Dzięki zastosowaniu tej prostej metody, stały się możliwe badania porównawcze dużej ilości pojedynczych ziarniaków. Wykazały one, że u części ziarniaków każdej rośliny wysokobiałkowej występuje specyficzna tkanka subaleuronowa. W obrazach mikroskopowych widoczna jest ona między skrobią endospermu a warstwą aleuronową i nie występuje w pozostałych ziarniakach tej samej rośliny. Zatem w niektórych ziarniakach białko gromadzone jest nie tylko w warstwie aleuronowej ale dodatkowo także w tkance subaleuronowej endospermu. Obecność białka subaleuronowego w części ziarniaków rośliny, zwiększa zawartość białka w plonie z tej rośliny czyniąc ją wysokobiałkową. U pozostałych roślin, ziarniaki wysokobiałkowe występują z niższą częstością lub nie występują wcale . rośliny te są niskobiałkowe. Udowodniliśmy w ten sposób, że wysokobiałkowe odmiany jęczmienia wyróżniają się zwiększonym udziałem ziarniaków wysokobiałkowych, zawierających obie tkanki gromadzące białka zapasowe: aleuronową i subaleuronową. Potwierdzeniem uzyskanego wyniku jest 100%-wy udział ziarniaków z tkanką subaleuronową we wszystkich roślinach etiopskiej formy jęczmienia - Hiproly.
Ponadto celem pracy jest wykazanie, że ziarniaki zbierane z pojedynczej rośliny różnią się nie tylko ilością białek, ale i ich jakością. Podjęto w tym celu próbę identyfikacji białek obecnych w obu typach ziarniaków stosując metody analityki biochemicznej. We frakcji białek wydzielonej z ziarniaków zawierających tkankę subaleuronową (wysokobiałkowych), w porównaniu do analogicznej frakcji białek wyizolowanej z ziarniaków bez tej tkanki (niskobiałkowych), stwierdzono znacznie silniejszą obecność kilku peptydów o masach cząsteczkowych w przedziale od 41 kDa do 34 kDa. Przypuszcza się, że są to izoformy endo-B-1, 4-ksylanazy.
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Porębski, Szymon, und Agnieszka Grzelak. „Klucz do badania procesów komórkowych - białka reporterowe“. Kosmos 70, Nr. 1 (30.03.2021): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36921/kos.2021_2680.
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Celem pracy jest zaprezentowanie powszechnie wykorzystywanych białek reporterowych. Ważne w rozwoju nauk biologicznych jest nie tylko rozumienie białek reporterowych jako produktów genów markerowych, ale narzędzia przydatne do wysoce specyficznych analiz. Zostało zaprezentowane i zdefiniowane pojęcie genu oraz białka reporterowego, z podkreśleniem niezbędnych cech, które powinien prezentować reporter. Scharakteryzowane zostały fluorescencyjne białka reporterowe, z naciskiem na białko zielonej fluorescencji. Wyróżnione zostały podklasy fotoaktywowalnych, fotoprzełączalnych oraz fotokonwertowalnych białek reporterowych. Opisane zostały klasyczne reportery enzymatyczne: ?-galaktozydazy oraz ?-glukuronidazy; wraz z ich alternatywnymi substratami. Przedstawione zostały lucyferazy ze szczególnym rozróżnieniem ze względu na przynależność systematyczną gatunku z którego dany enzym pochodzi. Zaprezentowane zostały podstawowe zastosowania białek reporterowych jako specjalistycznych narzędzi biologii molekularnej: w technice FRET oraz w roli biosensorów. Praca ugruntowuje wiedzę na temat specyficznych aplikacji danych reporterów i stanowi podstawę do dalszej analizy tematu pod względem konkretnej metody lub poszczególnych modyfikacji technik reporterowych.
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Burris, Jessica L., Denise Oleas, Lori Reider, Kristin A. Buss, Koraly Pérez-Edgar und Vanessa LoBue. „Biased Attention to Threat: Answering Old Questions With Young Infants“. Current Directions in Psychological Science 28, Nr. 6 (13.09.2019): 534–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721419861415.
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For decades, researchers have been interested in humans’ ability to quickly detect threat-relevant stimuli. Here, we review recent findings from infant research on biased attention to threat and discuss how these data speak to classic assumptions about whether attention biases for threat are normative, whether they change with development, and what factors might contribute to this developmental change. We conclude that although there is some stability in attention biases in infancy, various factors—including temperamental negative affect and maternal anxiety—also contribute to shaping the development of biased attention.
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Kliszcz, Beata, und Andrzej Kasprzak. „Rola białek motorycznych w transporcie aksonalnym“. Kosmos 67, Nr. 1 (10.07.2018): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36921/kos.2018_2371.
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Transport wzdłuż mikrotubul aksonu i dendrytów jest niezbędny nie tylko dla zachowania ogólnej struktury i funkcjonowania komórki nerwowej, ale również całego układu nerwowego. W aksonie transport odbywa się dwukierunkowo, wzdłuż jednorodnie zorientowanych mikrotubul. Transport od ciała komórki w kierunku synapsy wymaga aktywności kinezyn i umożliwia dostarczanie białek (enzymów, cząsteczek sygnałowych, neurofilamentów, motorów molekularnych), pęcherzyków lipidowych i organelli, takich jak mitochondria do dystalnej części aksonu. Za transport w przeciwnym kierunku odpowiada dyneina cytoplazmatyczna, która przenosi zużyte lub niepoprawnie sfałdowane białka oraz cząsteczki sygnałowe do ciała komórki. W niniejszej pracy opisujemy elementy neuronu, które biorą udział transporcie aksonalnym oraz mechanizmy transportu. Przedstawiamy również czynniki, od których zależy transport aksonalny, włączając w to obecność białek adaptorowych (Milton/TRAK), białek MAP (białka związane z mikrotubulami) oraz modyfikacji potranslacyjnych tubuliny.
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Hetmann, Anna, und Stanisław Kowalczyk. „Supresja odporności podstawowej typu PTI przez syntetyzowane w fitopatogenach białka efektorowe wprowadzane do wnętrza komórek infekowanej rośliny“. Postępy Biochemii 65, Nr. 1 (22.03.2019): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/pb.2019_257.
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Układ odpornościowy roślin obejmuje dwa, powiązane ze sobą poziomy obrony lokalnej. Pierwszą linię obrony (PTI) aktywują cząsteczki MAMP/PAMP i DAMP rozpoznawane przez zlokalizowane w błonie plazmatycznej białka receptorowe typu PRR. Jednakże fitopatogeny syntetyzują i wprowadzają do komórek rośliny gospodarza białka efektorowe wykorzystujące wspólne, ale także swoiste dla różnych fitopatogenów strategie molekularne nakierowane na supresję układu odpornościowego. Wiele białek efektorowych atakujereceptory PRR bądź białkowe i niebiałkowe elementy szlaków sygnałowych, inne zakłócają ważne procesy komórkowe, w tym m. in.: ubikwitylację i degradację białek w proteasomach, transport pęcherzykowy, reoorganizację cytoszkieletu, funkcjonowanie chloroplastówi mitochondriów, biosyntezę fitohormonów i przekazywanie sygnałów hormonalnych, ekspresję genów. Efektem tłumienia reakcji odpornościowych przez białka efektorowe jest wzrost podatności rośliny na infekcję ETS (ang. Effector-Triggered Susceptibility to infection)sprzyjający przeżywaniu i namnażaniu fitopatogena. W odpowiedzi na syntetyzowane przez fitopatogeny białka efektorowe, rośliny wykształciły w toku ewolucji immunoreceptory wewnątrzkomórkowe NB-LRR/NLR rozpoznające w sposób bezpośredni lub częściej w sposóbpośredni wprowadzane do wnętrza komórek białka efektorowe. Zmiany konformacyjne w immunoreceptorze NB-LRR/NLR, towarzyszące rozpoznaniu białka efektorowego, aktywują wewnątrzkomórkowe szlaki sygnałowe uruchamiające cały wachlarz odpowiedzi obronnychtypu ETI (ang. Effector-Triggered Immunity) stanowiących drugą linię obrony lokalnej.
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Wolska, Jolanta, Katarzyna Janda und Izabela Gutowska. „SPEKTROFOTOMETRYCZNE OZNACZANIE ZAWARTOŚCI BIAŁKA W MONOCYTACH/MAKROFAGACH THP-1 – OPIS METODY“. Pomeranian Journal of Life Sciences 61, Nr. 1 (20.07.2016): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21164/pomjlifesci.57.
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Białka są podstawowym elementem budowy tkanek, wchodzą w skład enzymów i hormonów, regulując wiele ważnych procesów życiowych. Zmiany ich stężenia kontrolują procesy metaboliczne komórki. Ilościowe oznaczanie zawartości białek podzielono na metody pośrednie (np. Kjeldahla) i bezpośrednie (biuretowa, Lowry’ego, immunoenzymatyczna, formolowa, metody oparte na wbudowaniu barwników, spektrofotometrii w zakresie nadfioletu oraz oparte na zjawisku selektywnego pochłaniania promieniowania w zakresie podczerwieni). Jednym ze sposobów oznaczania zawartości białek jest metoda spektrofotometryczna opisana przez Bradford. Procedura oznaczenia stężenia protein wykorzystuje zjawisko tworzenia się kompleksu barwnik (Coomassie Brillant Blue G-250)–białko, a natężenie barwy jest proporcjonalne do zawartości białka w roztworze. Celem pracy było sprawdzenie przydatności tej metody do oznaczania zawartości białka w komórkach THP-1 hodowanych z dodatkiem ekstraktów z owocostanów pokrzywy zwyczajnej (Urtica dioica L.). W badaniach wykorzystano wodne i alkoholowe ekstrakty w dwóch stężeniach. Wykazano, że spektrofotometryczne oznaczanie zawartości białka metodą Bradford jest skuteczną i dokładną metodą określenia stężenia protein w makrofagach THP-1. Otrzymane wyniki wskazują, że metodę tę można polecić do oznaczania zawartości białka w innych hodowlach komórkowych.
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Batt, Robert J., und Jordan D. Tong. „Mean Service Metrics: Biased Quality Judgment and the Customer–Server Quality Gap“. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management 22, Nr. 5 (September 2020): 975–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/msom.2019.0783.
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Problem definition: People often make service-quality judgments based on information about the quality of each server even though they care primarily about the quality each customer experiences. When and how do server-level quality metrics differ from customer-experienced ones? Can people properly account for these differences, or do they drive human judgment and decision biases? Academic/practical relevance: Biased judgments about service quality can cause governments to fund programs suboptimally, organizations to promote the wrong employees, and customers to make disappointing purchases. We further our understanding of the role that cognitive biases play in services and how to manage quality information in light of them. Methodology: We use a mathematical model to define the gap between server-level and customer-experienced quality metrics. We use secondary data in the context of the higher-education industry to quantify the customer–server quality gap in practice. We construct a behavioral model to derive hypotheses about how environmental factors impact the direction and magnitude of judgment biases. Controlled laboratory experiments test the hypothesized biases and mitigation techniques. Results: Our empirical study reveals that the two measures differ enough to drive significant differences in the rank order of school majors, teachers, and airports. Our experiments support our main conjecture that judgments and decisions about customer-experienced metrics are biased toward server-level metrics. Consequently, (1) judgments about customer-experienced quality are biased high/low when quality and server load are negatively/positively correlated, (2) judgments about a server’s absolute impact on customer experience are biased high/low when a server has a smaller/larger load than average, and (3) providing customer-experienced quality metrics mitigate these biases. Managerial implications: Our results help identify when and why service-quality metrics are likely to mislead judgments and bias decisions as well as who is likely to benefit from such biases. The results also guide system designers on how to report metrics when seeking to help support effective decision making.
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Mahanama, Sarith P. P., und Randal D. Koster. „AGCM Biases in Evaporation Regime: Impacts on Soil Moisture Memory and Land–Atmosphere Feedback“. Journal of Hydrometeorology 6, Nr. 5 (01.10.2005): 656–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm446.1.
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Abstract Because precipitation and net radiation in an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) are typically biased relative to observations, the simulated evaporative regime of a region may be biased, with consequent negative effects on the AGCM’s ability to translate an initialized soil moisture anomaly into an improved seasonal prediction. These potential problems are investigated through extensive offline analyses with the Mosaic land surface model (LSM). The LSM was first forced globally with a 15-yr observation-based dataset. The simulation was then repeated after imposing a representative set of GCM climate biases onto the forcings—the observational forcings were scaled so that their mean seasonal cycles matched those simulated by the NASA Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction Project (NSIPP-1; NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office) AGCM over the same period. The AGCM’s climate biases do indeed lead to significant biases in evaporative regime in certain regions, with the expected impacts on soil moisture memory time scales. Furthermore, the offline simulations suggest that the biased forcing in the AGCM should contribute to overestimated feedback in certain parts of North America—parts already identified in previous studies as having excessive feedback. The present study thus supports the notion that the reduction of climate biases in the AGCM will lead to more appropriate translations of soil moisture initialization into seasonal prediction skill.
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Moraczewska, Joanna. „Filamenty cienkie i mikrofilamenty – funkcjonalne kompleksy aktyny z tropomiozyną“. Kosmos 67, Nr. 1 (10.07.2018): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36921/kos.2018_2366.
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Aktyna jest uniwersalnym białkiem o strukturze dobrze zachowanej w toku ewolucji. W komórkach aktyna istnieje w równowadze pomiędzy formą monomeryczną i filamentową. Pomimo zachowanej w toku ewolucji struktury, aktyna pełni zdumiewająco wiele różnorodnych funkcji. Jest to możliwe dzięki zdolności aktyny do oddziaływania z wieloma białkami, wśród których znajdują się motory miozynowe oraz białka regulujące dynamiczną polimeryzację i depolimeryzację aktyny. Nadrzędnymi regulatorami filamentów aktynowych są tropomiozyny, rodzina superhelikalnych białek, które polimeryzują wzdłuż filamentowej aktyny, dzięki czemu stabilizują filamenty zapobiegając ich depolimeryzacji oraz kontrolują dostęp i aktywność białek wiążących aktynę. Tropomiozyny działają jako „stróże” filamentu, którzy kontrolują oddziaływania aktyny, co prowadzi do segregacji białek wiążących aktynę do swoistych przedziałów komórkowych gdzie białka te realizują określone funkcje komórkowe. W artykule zostały omówione zależne od tropomiozyny mechanizmy regulacji oddziaływań aktyny z niektórymi miozynami oraz z Arp2/3 i kofiliną – białkami, które inicjują rozgałęzianie, polimeryzację i depolimeryzację filamentów aktynowych.
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Hidalgo·Hartmann, Arquitectos. „Casa Bianna en Mas Llistosella. Vall de Bianya, La Garrotxa. Gerona“. EN BLANCO. Revista de Arquitectura 1, Nr. 2 (17.09.2008): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/eb.2009.7280.
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<p>Situada en un valle de carácter agrícola rodeado de montañas, la casa se somete al protagonismo de su entorno natural con respeto, integrándose en sus tierras y abriéndose a las vistas con aperturas precisas que enmarcan el paisaje.</p><p>Con sus perfiles alargados, y de poca altura, esta vivienda funciona como nexo de unión entre los diferentes rasgos de su entorno que quedan atrapados en su interior mediante los porches y patios bajo la cubierta continua que los engloba.</p>
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Lu, P. X., D. A. Huber und T. L. White. „Potential biases of incomplete linear models in heritability estimation and breeding value prediction“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, Nr. 6 (01.06.1999): 724–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-047.
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Potential biases associated with incomplete linear models in the estimation of heritability and the prediction of breeding values have been investigated. Results indicate that estimates of additive genetic variance and heritability as well as predicted parental breeding values from incomplete models will inevitably be biased as long as the true variance components of ignored effects are not zero. While models ignoring the interaction effect of males and females (SCA) × environment (E) interaction downwardly biased the estimates of additive genetic variance and heritability, models ignoring SCA and (or) the additive genetic effect (GCA) × E interaction yielded upward biases. The magnitudes of biases are functions of population genetic architecture, mating design, and field experimental design and can be precisely assessed with formulae derived for balanced data. Numerical simulations using unbalanced data of different mating and field experimental designs suggest that the formulae from balanced data can be used to approximate the minimum biases associated with unbalanced data. Because of the magnitudes of biases for some typical forest genetic scenarios, it is suggested that models ignoring SCA and (or) GCA × E should be avoided when the numbers of test sites and crosses per parent are small. However, incomplete model ignoring SCA × E interaction may be used to reduce computational demand with only negligible consequences.
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Uhlmann, Eric Luis, und Brian A. Nosek. „My Culture Made Me Do It“. Social Psychology 43, Nr. 2 (Januar 2012): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000089.
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The present research examined the effects of egocentric motivations on individuals’ explanations for how their automatic racial prejudices came into being. The majority of participants reported experiencing biased thoughts, feelings, and gut reactions toward minorities which they found difficult to consciously control, and they attributed such biases to cultural socialization. Of particular interest, ego-threatened participants were significantly more likely to attribute their automatic racial biases to their culture and significantly less likely to attribute such biases to themselves. Results suggest that attributing one’s racial biases to cultural socialization can be a defensive, motivated process aimed at diminishing personal responsibility.
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Hoza, Betsy, Dianna Murray-Close, L. Eugene Arnold, Stephen P. Hinshaw und Lily Hechtman. „Time-dependent changes in positively biased self-perceptions of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A developmental psychopathology perspective“. Development and Psychopathology 22, Nr. 2 (28.04.2010): 375–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457941000012x.
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AbstractThis study examined changes in the degree of positive bias in self-perceptions of previously diagnosed 8- to 13-year-old children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 513) and comparison peers (n = 284) over a 6-year period. The dynamic association between biased self-perceptions and dimensional indices of depressive symptoms and aggression also were considered. Across the 6-year time span, comparison children exhibited less bias than children with ADHD, although a normative bolstering of social self-views during early adolescence was observed. Decreases in positive biases regarding social and behavioral competence were associated with increases in depressive symptoms over time, whereas increases in levels of positively biased self-perceptions in the behavioral (but not social) domain were predictive of greater aggression over time. ADHD status moderated the dynamic association between biases and adjustment. Finally, evidence indicated that there was a bidirectional relationship between biases and aggression, whereas depressive symptoms appeared to inversely predict later bias.
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Kamińska, Joanna, und Damian Kolakowski. „Białka z rodziny Vps13 – od funkcji molekularnej do patogenezy chorób neurodegeneracyjnych“. Postępy Biochemii 64, Nr. 4 (29.12.2018): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/pb.2018_141.
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Grupa białek Vps (ang. vacuolar protein sorting) zaangażowanych w transport do wakuoli została odkryta u drożdży Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Wśród białek Vps, jest rodzina Vps13, której przedstawiciele występują u organizmów z różnych grup systematycznych. U drożdży jest jedno białko Vps13, a u ludzi są cztery Vps13 – hVps13A-D. Są to białka duże, o charakterystycznej budowie domenowej. Mutacje w genach hVPS13 są powiązane z rzadkimi chorobami neurodegeneracyjnymi: pląsawicą-akantocytozą (hVPS13A), zespołem Cohena (hVPS13B/COH1), usposabiają do wczesnej choroby Parkinsona (hVPS13C) i prowadzą do ataksji/kurczowego porażenia kończyn (hVPS13D). Brak jasnych kryteriów diagnostycznych, szerokie spektrum niespecyficznych objawów powodują, że chorzy z neurodegeneracją są często źle diagnozowani i trudno jest określić liczbę pacjentów z mutacjami w genach hVPS13. Istotność białek z rodziny Vps13 dla zdrowia ludzi nakierowuje badania na poznanie ich funkcji molekularnej, która jest nieznana. Badania najczęściej prowadzone są w modelowych układach doświadczalnych, w których wywołano deficyt tych białek na drodze delecji lub wyciszenia ekspresji odpowiednich genów oraz na komórkach pochodzących od pacjentów. Opisano wiele zmian na poziomie komórkowym wywołanych brakiem białek Vps13, które dotyczą transportu komórkowego białek między cysternami aparatu Golgiego, błoną komórkową i endosomami, funkcjonowania mitochondriów i organizacji cytoszkieletu komórkowego, głównie aktynowego. Nie wiadomo jednakże, które zmiany są zmianami pierwotnymi, a które wtórnymi, kompensacyjnymi. Ostatnio badania na drożdżach pokazały Vps13, jako białko zlokalizowane w miejscach kontaktu błon, strukturach zapewniających wymianę metabolitów między różnymi organellami. Taka lokalizacja wydaje się być kluczowa dla funkcji Vps13. Na podstawie danych literaturowych proponujemy hipotezę o aktywnym udziale białek Vps13 w wymianie lipidów między błonami organelli w miejscach kontaktu błon, która tłumaczy większość fenotypów obserwowanych przy braku białka Vps13.
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Namkung, Yoon, Christian LeGouill, Sahil Kumar, Yubo Cao, Larissa B. Teixeira, Viktoriya Lukasheva, Jenna Giubilaro et al. „Functional selectivity profiling of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor using pathway-wide BRET signaling sensors“. Science Signaling 11, Nr. 559 (04.12.2018): eaat1631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.aat1631.
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G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important therapeutic targets that exhibit functional selectivity (biased signaling), in which different ligands or receptor variants elicit distinct downstream signaling. Understanding all the signaling events and biases that contribute to both the beneficial and adverse effects of GPCR stimulation by given ligands is important for drug discovery. Here, we report the design, validation, and use of pathway-selective bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) biosensors that monitor the engagement and activation of signaling effectors downstream of G proteins, including protein kinase C (PKC), phospholipase C (PLC), p63RhoGEF, and Rho. Combined with G protein and β-arrestin BRET biosensors, our sensors enabled real-time monitoring of GPCR signaling at different levels in downstream pathways in both native and engineered cells. Profiling of the responses to 14 angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor (AT1R) ligands enabled the clustering of compounds into different subfamilies of biased ligands and showed that, in addition to the previously reported functional selectivity between Gαq and β-arrestin, there are also biases among G protein subtypes. We also demonstrated that biases observed at the receptor and G protein levels propagated to downstream signaling pathways and that these biases could occur through the engagement of different G proteins to activate a common effector. We also used these tools to determine how naturally occurring AT1R variants affected signaling bias. This suite of BRET biosensors provides a useful resource for fingerprinting biased ligands and mutant receptors and for dissecting functional selectivity at various levels of GPCR signaling.
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Rędowicz, Maria Jolanta. „Modyfikacje potranslacyjne aktyny“. Kosmos 67, Nr. 1 (10.07.2018): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36921/kos.2018_2367.
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Aktyna, komponent cytoszkieletu komórek eukariotycznych, to jedno z białek najistotniejszych dla funkcjonowania organizmów i najlepiej zachowanych w toku ewolucji. Ta globularna cząsteczka o masie cząsteczkowej około 42,3 kDa występuje zarówno w formie monomerycznej, jak i spolimeryzowanej (filamenty), a zdolność do dynamicznej reorganizacji aktyny jest niezbędna dla życia komórki. Przejście pomiędzy obiema formami jest możliwe dzięki precyzyjnej w czasie i przestrzeni, dynamicznej regulacji organizacji aktyny przez szereg białek wiążących się zarówno z monomerami, jak i filamentami aktyny. Istotnym czynnikiem wpływającym na stopień spolimeryzowania aktyny są także liczne modyfikacje potranslacyjne tego białka. Niniejszy artykuł przeglądowy jest poświęcony omówieniu tego obszernego i wciąż mało poznanego zagadnienia, a w szczególności opisowi jakim modyfikacjom ulega aktyna i w jaki sposób modyfikacje te wpływają na strukturę i funkcje tego wyjątkowego białka.
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Zhang, Xuefeng, Shaoqing Zhang, Zhengyu Liu, Xinrong Wu und Guijun Han. „Parameter Optimization in an Intermediate Coupled Climate Model with Biased Physics“. Journal of Climate 28, Nr. 3 (01.02.2015): 1227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00348.1.
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Abstract Imperfect physical parameterization schemes in a coupled climate model are an important source of model biases that adversely impact climate prediction. However, how observational information should be used to optimize physical parameterizations through parameter estimation has not been fully studied. Using an intermediate coupled ocean–atmosphere model, the authors investigate parameter optimization when the assimilation model contains biased physics within a biased assimilation experiment framework. Here, the biased physics is induced by using different outgoing longwave radiation schemes in the assimilation model and the “truth” model that is used to generate simulated observations. While the stochastic physics, implemented by initially perturbing the physical parameters, can significantly enhance the ensemble spread and improve the representation of the model ensemble, the parameter estimation is able to mitigate the model biases induced by the biased physics. Furthermore, better results for climate estimation and prediction can be obtained when only the most influential physical parameters are optimized and allowed to vary geographically. In addition, the parameter optimization with the biased model physics improves the performance of the climate estimation and prediction in the deep ocean significantly, even if there is no direct observational constraint on the low-frequency component of the state variables. These results provide some insight into decadal predictions in a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model that includes imperfect physical schemes that are initialized from the climate observing system.
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Luhring, Thomas M., Grant M. Connette und Christopher M. Schalk. „Trap characteristics and species morphology explain size-biased sampling of two salamander species“. Amphibia-Reptilia 37, Nr. 1 (2016): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003034.
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Demographic studies often depend on sampling techniques providing representative samples from populations. However, the sequence of events leading up to a successful capture or detection is susceptible to biases introduced through individual-level behaviour or physiology. Passive sampling techniques may be especially prone to sampling bias caused by size-related phenomena (e.g., physical limitations on trap entrance). We tested for size-biased sampling among five types of passive traps using a 9-year data set for two species of aquatic salamanders that have a 20 and 61 fold change in length over their ontogeny (Amphiuma means, Siren lacertina). Size-biased trapping was evident for both species, with body size distributions (body length mean and SD) of captured individuals differing among sampling techniques. Because our two species differed in girth at similar lengths, we were able to show that size biases (in length) were most likely caused by girth limitations on trap entry rates, and potentially by differences in retention rates. Accounting for the biases of sampling techniques may be critical when assessing current population status and demographic change.
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Zhang, Guiming. „Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Volunteer Data Contribution Activities: A Case Study of eBird“. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, Nr. 10 (11.10.2020): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100597.
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Volunteered geographic information (VGI) has great potential to reveal spatial and temporal dynamics of geographic phenomena. However, a variety of potential biases in VGI are recognized, many of which root from volunteer data contribution activities. Examining patterns in volunteer data contribution activities helps understand the biases. Using eBird as a case study, this study investigates spatial and temporal patterns in data contribution activities of eBird contributors. eBird sampling efforts are biased in space and time. Most sampling efforts are concentrated in areas of denser populations and/or better accessibility, with the most intensively sampled areas being in proximity to big cities in developed regions of the world. Reported bird species are also spatially biased towards areas where more sampling efforts occur. Temporally, eBird sampling efforts and reported bird species are increasing over the years, with significant monthly fluctuations and notably more data reported on weekends. Such trends are driven by the expansion of eBird and characteristics of bird species and observers. The fitness of use of VGI should be assessed in the context of applications by examining spatial, temporal and other biases. Action may need to be taken to account for the biases so that robust inferences can be made from VGI observations.
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Cheung, Sai On, und Keyao Li. „Biases in construction project dispute resolution“. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 26, Nr. 2 (18.03.2019): 321–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-03-2018-0109.
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PurposeThis study aims to propose a framework of bias in construction project dispute resolution (CPDR hereafter).Design/methodology/approachWith reference to the literatures on effects of bias, manifestations of bias in CPDR were developed. Based on data obtained from construction professionals about their frequency of having these bias manifestations, the underlying constructs of biased behaviors were explored by a principal component factor analysis. A confirmatory factor analysis was further conducted to validate the framework of bias in CPDR.FindingsFour types of bias were identified as the constructs that underlie biased behaviors in CPDR. These four biases were included in the bias framework proposed: preconception, self-affirmation, optimism and interest-oriented. The potency of these types of bias was also evaluated.Practical implicationsFirst, the findings inform that the existence of bias in CPDR is real. Early detection allows management to intervene and steer CPDR team back to rational courses. Second, this study suggests optimizing CPDR procedures to diminish the chance of bias occurring.Originality/valueBias is almost an uncharted area in CPDR. The study fills this research gap by conceptualizing the underlying constructs of biased behaviors. The findings inform construction professionals of the likelihood of practicing biased behaviors in CPDR. Repeated dispute decisions in the commonly used multi-tiered dispute resolution process would enable the creeping in of biases.
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Tonta, Kate E., Joel A. Howell, Penelope A. Hasking, Mark E. Boyes und Patrick J. F. Clarke. „Attention biases in perfectionism: Biased disengagement of attention from emotionally negative stimuli“. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 64 (September 2019): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.02.009.
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Watterson, G. A. „Estimating the proportion of neutral mutants“. Genetical Research 50, Nr. 2 (Oktober 1987): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300023569.
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SummaryKimura used the heterozygosity and the number of low-frequency alleles to estimate that about 14% of mutations are selectively neutral. The method is shown to be subject to biases and to disruption due to bottleneck effects. Let deleterious alleles have selective disadvantage, s, compared with neutral alleles and let Ne denote the effective diploid population size. The estimator, , of the proportion of neutral alleles is positively biased if (roughly) 4NeS < 25 or if 4Nes > 200. In the former case, one cannot adequately detect the different influences of deleterious and neutral alleles, whereas in the latter case, deleterious alleles will rarely appear in the sample. These difficulties cause the biases in , and are likely to cause similar biases for any estimation method based solely on allele frequencies. There is substantial sampling variability in in cases of practical interest, when data from 11 loci, or even as many as 31 loci, are pooled. If there has been a recent contraction in population size, will be positively biased, often yielding values greater than 1 or even being infinite. But after a recent expansion in population size, the heterozygosity will not have made as quick an increase and will be negatively biased. Population expansion alone can produce values close to those observed by Kimura, even if all alleles are neutral. In an appendix, a new method for simulating samples of neutral and deleterious genes is described.
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Manata, Brian, Franklin J. Boster, Gwen M. Wittenbaum und Daniel E. Bergan. „Assessing the Effects of Partisan Bias at the Group Level of Analysis: A Hidden Profile Experiment“. American Politics Research 47, Nr. 6 (16.07.2018): 1283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673x18788052.
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Although there is some evidence in the political arena that pooling information can overcome individual biases to improve decision-making accuracy, research from the group communication and psychology arenas suggests otherwise. Specifically, research on the hidden profile, a group-level decision-making problem, suggests that groups are decidedly biased when making decisions. This laboratory experiment tested whether or not partisan biases manifest at the group level of analysis. In the main, it was found that groups composed of either all Republican or all Democratic group members were likely to make a decision that was consonant with their party’s political ideology, which ultimately impacted hidden profile solution rates (i.e., decision accuracy). Moreover, supplemental analyses suggest that Republican and Democratic groups reached their biased decisions through different means. A discussion is provided in which the implications of these results are considered.
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Everaert, Jonas, Amit Bernstein, Jutta Joormann und Ernst H. W. Koster. „Mapping Dynamic Interactions Among Cognitive Biases in Depression“. Emotion Review 12, Nr. 2 (28.01.2020): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073919892069.
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Depression is theorized to be caused in part by biased cognitive processing of emotional information. Yet, prior research has adopted a reductionist approach that does not characterize how biases in cognitive processes such as attention and memory work together to confer risk for this complex multifactorial disorder. Grounded in affective and cognitive science, we highlight four mechanisms to understand how attention biases, working memory difficulties, and long-term memory biases interact and contribute to depression. We review evidence for each mechanism and highlight time- and context-dependent dynamics. We outline methodological considerations and recommendations for research in this area. We conclude with directions to advance the understanding of depression risk, cognitive training interventions, and transdiagnostic properties of cognitive biases and their interactions.
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Kaneko, Asuka, Yui Asaoka, Young-A. Lee und Yukiori Goto. „Cognitive and Affective Processes Associated with Social Biases“. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 24, Nr. 8 (30.04.2021): 645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyab022.
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Abstract Background Our social activities are quite often erroneous and irrational, based on biased judgements and decision-making, known as social biases. However, the cognitive and affective processes that produce such biases remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated associations between social schemas, such as social judgment and conformity, entailing social biases and psychological measurements relevant to cognitive and affective functions. Method This study recruited 42 healthy adult subjects. A psychological test and a questionnaire were administered to assess biased social judgements by superficial attributes and social conformity by adherence to social norms, respectively, along with additional questionnaires and psychological tests for cognitive and affective measurements, including negative affects, autistic traits, and Theory of Mind (ToM). Associations of social judgment and conformity with cognitive and affective functions were examined using a multiple regression analysis and structural equation modeling. Results Anxiety and the cognitive realm of ToM were mutually associated with both social judgments and conformity, although social judgements and conformity were still independent processes. Social judgements were also associated with autistic traits and the affective realm of ToM, whereas social conformity was associated with negative affects other than anxiety and an intuitive decision-making style. Conclusions These results suggest that ToM and negative affects may play important roles in social judgements and conformity, and the social biases connoted in these social schemas.
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Charness, Gary, Ryan Oprea und Sevgi Yuksel. „How do People Choose Between Biased Information Sources? Evidence from a Laboratory Experiment“. Journal of the European Economic Association 19, Nr. 3 (28.01.2021): 1656–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvaa051.
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Abstract People in our experiment choose between two information sources with opposing biases in order to inform their guesses about a binary state. By varying the nature of the bias, we vary whether it is optimal to consult information sources biased towards or against prior beliefs. Even in our deliberately-abstract setting, there is strong evidence of confirmation-seeking and to a lesser extent contradiction-seeking heuristics leading people to choose information sources biased towards or against their priors. Analysis of post-experiment survey questions suggests that subjects follow these rules due to fundamental errors in reasoning about the relative informativeness of biased information sources.
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Sanchez Ruelas, Jafet G., Tarık Şahin und Thomas Vietor. „Development of Decision–Model and Strategies for Allaying Biased Choices in Design and Development Processes“. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 7, Nr. 2 (24.04.2021): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7020118.
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The design and development processes are full of decisions. Ranging from simple and straightforward to complex and elaborated. These decisions are taken by individuals that constantly rely on their intuition and heuristics to support their decision-making processes. Although heuristics tend to be very helpful, in many cases, they can lead to cognitive biases. This article postulates a method to recognize some of these biases and to apply dedicated strategies to diminish their effects. To do so, the study reviews different decision models in engineering design and consolidates them into one; here, called ABC decision model—ABC stands for Allaying Biased Choices. This model consists of four phases describing four different decision types. Subsequently, four matching strategy sets are prescribed to target some of the most prone biases on those phases. Then, to demonstrate the application opportunities of this method, the ABC decision model is applied to the process of Strategic Release Planning (SRP). Finally, to show the theory in real-world conditions, the results of a pilot industrial application are presented. This article offers promising opportunities for allaying biased choices in design and development processes.
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Chakraborty, Rahul, Amy Louise Schwarz und Phillip Vaughan. „Speech-Language Pathologists' Perceptions of Nonnative Accent: A Pilot Study“. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 4, Nr. 6 (26.12.2019): 1601–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_pers-sig17-2019-0030.
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Purpose Considering the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's (ASHA) global influence and continued emphasis on heightening multicultural receptivity, a major consideration for ASHA is to cultivate cultural sensitivity and competence in its largely female (95.30%), monolingual (93.46%), and White (92.10%) workforce. ASHA's 32-year transition from no formal multicultural education to mandatory multicultural education infusion provokes to enquire whether multicultural education in speech-language pathologists (SLPs) has modified SLPs' perceptions toward multicultural issues. In this article, we explored an aspect of such sensitivity. We want to know whether there exists a linear relationship between SLPs' age, as an index of their exposure to formal multicultural education, and SLPs' bias toward nonnative accent, as an index of their multicultural sensitivity. Method Two hundred sixty-eight SLP ASHA members completed a web-based pilot survey testing whether SLPs made biased associations based on personality traits, sociocultural factors, professional attire, and physical appearance of persons with nonnative accent and whether the SLPs thought they had an accent. Logistic regression tested whether age predicts explicit biased associations for these five outcomes. Results ASHA SLPs made biased associations with accent for all outcomes, but age only predicted the likelihood of explicit accent-based biases for physical appearance. The relationship was curvilinear, with 40- to 45-year-olds making the most biased associations and older SLPs making progressively fewer biased associations. Conclusion Clearly, the specific psychosocial attributes associated with perception of nonnative accent need to be explored from a dynamical systems perspective to discover potential variables that might directly or indirectly influence accent perception and potential biases.
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Amer, T. S., und Sury Ravindran. „The Effect of Visual Illusions on the Graphical Display of Information“. Journal of Information Systems 24, Nr. 1 (01.03.2010): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jis.2010.24.1.23.
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ABSTRACT: Graphical displays of business and accounting information are widely used as decision aids. Theoretical work in visual perception indicates graphs that exhibit certain characteristics create visual illusions that may result in biased decision making. This paper reports the results of an experiment that demonstrates how such two-dimensional and three-dimensional visual illusions cause viewers to make biased comparison judgments. The experiment also shows that these decision biases can be mitigated by including gridlines in both two- and three-dimensional graphs.
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Schwemmer, Carsten, Carly Knight, Emily D. Bello-Pardo, Stan Oklobdzija, Martijn Schoonvelde und Jeffrey W. Lockhart. „Diagnosing Gender Bias in Image Recognition Systems“. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 6 (Januar 2020): 237802312096717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023120967171.
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Image recognition systems offer the promise to learn from images at scale without requiring expert knowledge. However, past research suggests that machine learning systems often produce biased output. In this article, we evaluate potential gender biases of commercial image recognition platforms using photographs of U.S. members of Congress and a large number of Twitter images posted by these politicians. Our crowdsourced validation shows that commercial image recognition systems can produce labels that are correct and biased at the same time as they selectively report a subset of many possible true labels. We find that images of women received three times more annotations related to physical appearance. Moreover, women in images are recognized at substantially lower rates in comparison with men. We discuss how encoded biases such as these affect the visibility of women, reinforce harmful gender stereotypes, and limit the validity of the insights that can be gathered from such data.
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Pishghadam, Reza, und Hannaneh Abbasnejad. „Judgments under emotioncy’s influence“. Cognitive Linguistic Studies 4, Nr. 2 (31.12.2017): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00006.pis.
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Abstract Following a number of studies on discovering the controlling dormant forces in linguistic biases, this study attempts to introduce the concept of emotioncy as a driving force in explicating the causes of prejudice manifested through biases in speech. To this end, two scales for measuring individuals’ bias and their emotioncy levels were devised and validated through Rasch measurement. A total number of 341 participants were asked to take the scales. Afterward, structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to investigate the probable relationships between sub-constructs of the scales. The results indicated that as individuals’ emotioncy level increases, the bias level decreases. In other words, involvement slides people toward being less judgmental and thus less biased in language, while exvolvement leads people toward using more abstract words, and therefore more biased language. In the end, implications of the findings were discussed in the realm of judgment and decision making.
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Genthon, Christophe, Delphine Six, Vincent Favier, Matthew Lazzara und Linda Keller. „Atmospheric Temperature Measurement Biases on the Antarctic Plateau“. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 28, Nr. 12 (01.12.2011): 1598–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00095.1.
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Abstract Observations of atmospheric temperature made on the Antarctic Plateau with thermistors housed in naturally (wind) ventilated radiation shields are shown to be significantly warm biased by solar radiation. High incoming solar flux and high surface albedo result in radiation biases in Gill (multiplate)-styled shields that can occasionally exceed 10°C in summer in cases with low wind speed. Although stronger and more frequent when incoming solar radiation is high, biases exceeding 8°C are found even when solar radiation is less than 200 W m−2. Compared with sonic thermometers, which are not affected by radiation but are too complex to be routinely used for mean temperature monitoring, commercially available aspirated shields are shown to efficiently protect thermistor measurements from solar radiation biases. Most of the available in situ reports of atmospheric temperature on the Antarctic Plateau are from automatic weather stations that use passive shields and are thus likely warm biased in the summer. In spite of low power consumption, deploying aspirated shields at remote locations in such a difficult environment may be a challenge. Bias correction formulas are not easily derived and are obviously shield dependent. On the other hand, because of a strong dependence of bias to wind speed, filtering out temperature reports for wind speed less than a given threshold (about 4–6 m s−1 for the shields tested here) may be an efficient way to quality control the data, albeit at the cost of significant data loss and records that are biased toward high wind speed cases.
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Jonauskaite, Domicele, Adam Sutton, Nello Cristianini und Christine Mohr. „English colour terms carry gender and valence biases: A corpus study using word embeddings“. PLOS ONE 16, Nr. 6 (01.06.2021): e0251559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251559.
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In Western societies, the stereotype prevails that pink is for girls and blue is for boys. A third possible gendered colour is red. While liked by women, it represents power, stereotypically a masculine characteristic. Empirical studies confirmed such gendered connotations when testing colour-emotion associations or colour preferences in males and females. Furthermore, empirical studies demonstrated that pink is a positive colour, blue is mainly a positive colour, and red is both a positive and a negative colour. Here, we assessed if the same valence and gender connotations appear in widely available written texts (Wikipedia and newswire articles). Using a word embedding method (GloVe), we extracted gender and valence biases for blue, pink, and red, as well as for the remaining basic colour terms from a large English-language corpus containing six billion words. We found and confirmed that pink was biased towards femininity and positivity, and blue was biased towards positivity. We found no strong gender bias for blue, and no strong gender or valence biases for red. For the remaining colour terms, we only found that green, white, and brown were positively biased. Our finding on pink shows that writers of widely available English texts use this colour term to convey femininity. This gendered communication reinforces the notion that results from research studies find their analogue in real word phenomena. Other findings were either consistent or inconsistent with results from research studies. We argue that widely available written texts have biases on their own, because they have been filtered according to context, time, and what is appropriate to be reported.
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Johnson, Valerie B., und Alexander L. Kaufman. „Errata: Volume 1“. Bulletin of the International Association for Robin Hood Studies 2, Nr. 1 (23.04.2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/biarhs.2.1.39.
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Ferson, Wayne E., Sergei Sarkissian und Timothy Simin. „Asset Pricing Models with Conditional Betas and Alphas: The Effects of Data Snooping and Spurious Regression“. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 43, Nr. 2 (Juni 2008): 331–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109000003549.
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AbstractThis paper studies the estimation of asset pricing model regressions with conditional alphas and betas, focusing on the joint effects of data snooping and spurious regression. We find that the regressions are reasonably well specified for conditional betas, even in settings where simple predictive regressions are severely biased. However, there are biases in estimates of the conditional alphas. When time-varying alphas are suppressed and only time-varying betas are considered, the betas become biased. Previous studies overstate the significance of time-varying alphas.
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Jaworski, Jacek. „Białka z rodziny +TIP – „agenci” śledzący mikrotubule w rozwoju i plastyczności neuronów“. Kosmos 67, Nr. 1 (11.07.2018): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36921/kos.2018_2374.
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Mikrotubule są jednym z elementów cytoszkieletu a ich rolą jest zapewnienie prawidłowego transportu wewnątrzkomórkowego, utrzymanie kształtu komórek oraz generowanie sił mechanicznych. Aby mikrotubule mogły pełnić swoje funkcje komórkowe konieczna jest licznagrupa białek je wiążących, odpowiedzialnych za ich polimeryzację, stabilizację i dynamikę. Należą do nich między innymi białka śledzące koniec plus mikrotubul (ang. microtubule plus-end tracking proteins, +TIP). W ciągu ostatnich 10 lat poczyniono ogromne postępy w rozumieniu zarówno podstawowych aspektów działania tych białek na poziomie molekularnym, jak i ich udziału w rozwoju i plastyczności komórek nerwowych. Celami niniejszego artykułu są: zapoznanie czytelnika z podstawowymi informacjami na temat białek +TIP oraz z rolą jaką pełnią one w neuronach w trakcie powstawania aksonu, dendrytów i plastyczności synaptycznej.
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Liu, Siyuan, Jakob Seidlitz, Jonathan D. Blumenthal, Liv S. Clasen und Armin Raznahan. „Integrative structural, functional, and transcriptomic analyses of sex-biased brain organization in humans“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, Nr. 31 (20.07.2020): 18788–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1919091117.
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Humans display reproducible sex differences in cognition and behavior, which may partly reflect intrinsic sex differences in regional brain organization. However, the consistency, causes and consequences of sex differences in the human brain are poorly characterized and hotly debated. In contrast, recent studies in mice—a major model organism for studying neurobiological sex differences—have established: 1) highly consistent sex biases in regional gray matter volume (GMV) involving the cortex and classical subcortical foci, 2) a preponderance of regional GMV sex differences in brain circuits for social and reproductive behavior, and 3) a spatial coupling between regional GMV sex biases and brain expression of sex chromosome genes in adulthood. Here, we directly test translatability of rodent findings to humans. First, using two independent structural-neuroimaging datasets (n> 2,000), we find that the spatial map of sex-biased GMV in humans is highly reproducible (r> 0.8 within and across cohorts). Relative GMV is female biased in prefrontal and superior parietal cortices, and male biased in ventral occipitotemporal, and distributed subcortical regions. Second, through systematic comparison with functional neuroimaging meta-analyses, we establish a statistically significant concentration of human GMV sex differences within brain regions that subserve face processing. Finally, by imaging-transcriptomic analyses, we show that GMV sex differences in human adulthood are specifically and significantly coupled to regional expression of sex-chromosome (vs. autosomal) genes and enriched for distinct cell-type signatures. These findings establish conserved aspects of sex-biased brain development in humans and mice, and shed light on the consistency, candidate causes, and potential functional corollaries of sex-biased brain anatomy in humans.
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Chang, Edmund K. M., Yanjuan Guo, Xiaoming Xia und Minghua Zheng. „Storm-Track Activity in IPCC AR4/CMIP3 Model Simulations“. Journal of Climate 26, Nr. 1 (01.01.2013): 246–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00707.1.
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Abstract The climatological storm-track activity simulated by 17 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4)/phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) models is compared to that in the interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim). Nearly half of the models show significant biases in storm-track amplitude: four models simulate storm tracks that are either significantly (>20%) too strong or too weak in both hemispheres, while four other models have interhemispheric storm-track ratios that are biased by over 10%. Consistent with previous studies, storm-track amplitude is found to be negatively correlated with grid spacing. The interhemispheric ratio of storm-track activity is highly correlated with the interhemispheric ratio of mean available potential energy, and this ratio is biased in some model simulations due to biases in the midlatitude temperature gradients. In terms of geographical pattern, the storm tracks in most CMIP3 models exhibit an equatorward bias in both hemispheres. For the seasonal cycle, most models can capture the equatorward migration and strengthening of the storm tracks during the cool season, but some models exhibit biases in the amplitude of the seasonal cycle. Possible implications of model biases in storm-track climatology have been investigated. For both hemispheres, models with weak storm tracks tend to have larger percentage changes in storm-track amplitudes over the seasonal cycle. Under global warming, for the NH, models with weak storm tracks tend to project larger percentage changes in storm-track amplitude whereas, for the SH, models with large equatorward biases in storm-track latitude tend to project larger poleward shifts. Preliminary results suggest that CMIP5 model projections also share these behaviors.
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Kaiser, Roselinde H., Hannah R. Snyder, Franziska Goer, Rachel Clegg, Manon Ironside und Diego A. Pizzagalli. „Attention Bias in Rumination and Depression: Cognitive Mechanisms and Brain Networks“. Clinical Psychological Science 6, Nr. 6 (21.09.2018): 765–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702618797935.
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Depressed individuals exhibit biased attention to negative emotional information. However, much remains unknown about (a) the neurocognitive mechanisms of attention bias (e.g., qualities of negative information that evoke attention bias or functional brain network dynamics that may reflect a propensity for biased attention) and (b) distinctions in the types of attention bias related to different dimensions of depression (e.g., ruminative depression). Here, in 50 women, clinical depression was associated with facilitated processing of negative information only when such information was self-descriptive and task-relevant. However, among depressed individuals, trait rumination was associated with biases toward negative self-descriptive information regardless of task goals, especially when negative self-descriptive material was paired with self-referential images that should be ignored. Attention biases in ruminative depression were mediated by dynamic variability in frontoinsular resting-state functional connectivity. These findings highlight potential cognitive and functional network mechanisms of attention bias specifically related to the ruminative dimension of depression.
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Vadillo, Miguel A., Fernando Blanco, Ion Yarritu und Helena Matute. „Single- and Dual-Process Models of Biased Contingency Detection“. Experimental Psychology 63, Nr. 1 (Januar 2016): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000309.
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Abstract. Decades of research in causal and contingency learning show that people’s estimations of the degree of contingency between two events are easily biased by the relative probabilities of those two events. If two events co-occur frequently, then people tend to overestimate the strength of the contingency between them. Traditionally, these biases have been explained in terms of relatively simple single-process models of learning and reasoning. However, more recently some authors have found that these biases do not appear in all dependent variables and have proposed dual-process models to explain these dissociations between variables. In the present paper we review the evidence for dissociations supporting dual-process models and we point out important shortcomings of this literature. Some dissociations seem to be difficult to replicate or poorly generalizable and others can be attributed to methodological artifacts. Overall, we conclude that support for dual-process models of biased contingency detection is scarce and inconclusive.
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Leong, Yuan Chang, Roma Dziembaj und Mark D’Esposito. „Pupil-Linked Arousal Biases Evidence Accumulation Toward Desirable Percepts During Perceptual Decision-Making“. Psychological Science 32, Nr. 9 (September 2021): 1494–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09567976211004547.
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People’s perceptual reports are biased toward percepts they are motivated to see. The arousal system coordinates the body’s response to motivationally significant events and is well positioned to regulate motivational effects on perceptual judgments. However, it remains unclear whether arousal would enhance or reduce motivational biases. Here, we measured pupil dilation as a measure of arousal while participants ( N = 38) performed a visual categorization task. We used monetary bonuses to motivate participants to perceive one category over another. Even though the reward-maximizing strategy was to perform the task accurately, participants were more likely to report seeing the desirable category. Furthermore, higher arousal levels were associated with making motivationally biased responses. Analyses using computational models suggested that arousal enhanced motivational effects by biasing evidence accumulation in favor of desirable percepts. These results suggest that heightened arousal biases people toward what they want to see and away from an objective representation of the environment.
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Harris, Chris, Klaus Fiedler, Hans Marien und Ruud Custers. „Biased preferences through exploitation: How initial biases are consolidated in reward-rich environments.“ Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 149, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2020): 1855–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xge0000754.
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Marlowe, Cynthia M., Sandra L. Schneider und Carnot E. Nelson. „Gender and attractiveness biases in hiring decisions: Are more experienced managers less biased?“ Journal of Applied Psychology 81, Nr. 1 (Februar 1996): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.1.11.
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Ball, Gregory F. „Species variation in the degree of sex differences in brain and behaviour related to birdsong: adaptations and constraints“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, Nr. 1688 (19.02.2016): 20150117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0117.
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The song-control system, a neural circuit that controls the learning and production of birdsong, provided the first example in vertebrates of prominent macro-morphological sex differences in the brain. Forebrain nuclei HVC, robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) and area X all exhibit prominent male-biased sex differences in volume in zebra finches and canaries. Subsequent studies compared species that exhibited different degrees of a sex difference in song behaviour and revealed an overall positive correlation between male biases in song behaviour and male biases in the volume of the song nuclei. However, several exceptions have been described in which male biases in HVC and RA are observed even though song behaviour is equal or even female-biased. Other phenotypic measures exhibit lability in both sexes. In the duetting plain-tailed wren ( Pheugopedius euophrys ), males and females have auditory cells in the song system that are tuned to the joint song the two sexes produce rather than just male or female components. These findings suggest that there may be constraints on the adaptive response of the song system to ecological conditions as assessed by nucleus volume but that other critical variables regulating song can respond so that each sex can modify its song behaviour as needed.
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Welch, David J., Bruce D. Mapstone, Campbell R. Davies und Garry R. Russ. „Spatial and fishing effects on sampling gear biases in a tropical reef line fishery“. Marine and Freshwater Research 61, Nr. 10 (2010): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09278.
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Biased estimates of population parameters for harvested stocks can have severe implications for fishery management strategy choices. Hook-and-line fishing gear is size-selective and therefore collects biased samples from wild populations. Such biases may also vary in space and time. To assess this assertion, we compared line- and spear-caught samples of the main target species of an Australian hook-and-line fishery to quantify relative bias in size and age structure estimates. We also assessed the consistency of biases among four fishery regions and between two management zones – areas open and closed to fishing. Fish less than 310 mm and younger than 4 years comprised a larger proportion of the speared than the line samples regardless of region or management zone. Conversely, hook-and-line sampled more fish in larger size classes (>370 mm) and older age classes (≥6 years) relative to spear fishing. These biases were qualitatively, but not quantitatively, consistent in all regions and management zones. This variation in sampling resulted in different inferences about regional and zone-related patterns in population size and age structure. We recommend careful consideration of sampling bias when drawing conclusions about regional and management zone effects on fish populations.
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Burris, Jessica L., Kristin Buss, Vanessa LoBue, Koraly Pérez-Edgar und Andy P. Field. „Biased attention to threat and anxiety: On taking a developmental approach“. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology 10, Nr. 3 (Juli 2019): 204380871986071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043808719860717.
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Several researchers have proposed a causal relation between biased attention to threat and the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders in both children and adults. However, despite the widely documented correlation between attention bias to threat and anxiety, developmental research in this domain is limited. In this review, we highlight the importance of taking a developmental approach to studying attention biases to threat and anxiety. First, we discuss how recent developmental work on attention to threat fits into existing theoretical frameworks for the development of anxiety and how attention biases might interact with other risk factors across development. Then we review the developmental literature on attention bias to threat and anxiety and describe how classic methodologies can be modified to study attention biases in even the youngest infants. Finally, we discuss limitations and future directions in this domain, emphasizing the need for future longitudinal research beginning in early infancy that tracks concurrent developments in both biased attention and anxiety. Altogether, we hope that by highlighting the importance of development in the study of attention bias to threat and anxiety, we can provide a road map for how researchers might implement developmental approaches to studying a potential core mechanism in anxiety.