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1
Eriksson, Christian, und Louise Wallin. „Biareans värdepåverkan : Hur påverkar biareans storlek och användningssätt prisbildningen för småhus?“ Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-36428.
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Denna studies syfte är att undersöka hur biareans storlek och användningssätt påverkar prisbildningen för småhusfastigheter. Genom att studera biareans prispåverkan kan studien ge indikationer gällande hanteringen av biareans värdepåverkan inom fastighetstaxeringen och om den bör genomgå en förändring. Eftersom taxeringsvärdet används vid en mängd olika situationer i samhället är det viktigt att det baseras på aktuella och tillförlitliga uppgifter. Studien utförs på uppdrag av Lantmäteriets sektion för fastighetsekonomi i Gävle. Fastighetstaxeringen i Sverige fastställs genom en form av massvärdering vilket utmynnar i taxeringsvärden för fastigheterna. Taxeringsvärdet är uppbyggt av olika värdefaktorer där storlek är en av dessa och uttrycks som värdearea i taxeringsvärdet. Denna värdearea består av boarean tillsammans med 20 % men max 20 m² av biarean. Biarea är sådan area som inte räknas som boarea, exempelvis källarutrymme, garage som nås inifrån eller inglasad altan. För att undersöka biareans prispåverkan för småhusfastigheter har hela Gävle kommun studerats genom en ortsprisanalys innehållande 559 köp. Mindre områden i Gävle har ingått i en enkätundersökning för att ta reda på fastighetsägarnas resonemang kring biareans värde. Endast småhusfastigheter med typkod 220 har ingått i studien och biarea i form av källarutrymme är den typ av biarea som studien inriktat sig främst på. Ortsprismaterialet har analyserats utefter nyckeltalen K/T-tal och pris per kvadratmeter. Studiens resultat visar att det finns en positiv prispåverkan för småhus med biarea efter analys av hela ortsprismaterialet. Efter indelning i hög- och lågvärdeområden observeras denna positiva prispåverkan även inom högvärdeområden men inte inom lågvärdeområden. Ortsprismaterialet delades efter den initiala analysen in i storleksgrupper avseende boarea och andelsgrupper avseende biareans omfattning. För småhusfastigheter med boarea mellan 61-90 m² kan det utefter studiens resultat konstateras att betalningsviljan ökar ju större andel biarea småhuset har och att det är vid förekomsten av källarutrymme som störst positiv prispåverkan observeras. Samma observation kan göras när det gäller högvärdeområden. Ortsprisanalysens resultat styrks av enkätundersökningen där majoriteten av fastighetsägarna svarade att källarutrymmet var en bidragande faktor vid köpet och att fastighetsägarna värderar denna biarea högre än dess andel av taxeringsvärdet.
2
Barder, Timothy E. „Structural studies on biaryl phosphines and palladium complexes composed of biaryl phosphines“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39676.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemistry, 2007.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Vita.
Includes bibliographical references.
Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling processes have become one of the most important and useful class of transformations in organic synthesis in the past 25 years. Supporting ligand design has been crucial in developing more effective catalysts. One highly effective class of ligand is that of biaryl phosphines. Herein are presented experimental and theoretical structural data on this class of phosphine that aids in elucidating what aspects of ligand architecture are beneficial for catalyst stability and reactivity. Additionally, examples of traditionally difficult Suzuki-Miyaura reactions are presented along with a fluorescent sensor that can be used to monitor boronic acid consumption in Suzuki-Miyaura reactions in situ. Finally, a rationale behind the resistance of dialkylbiaryl phosphines toward oxidation by molecular oxidation is described. Chapter 1. Expansion of the Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling Reaction. Chapter 2. X-Ray Crystal Structures of Biaryl Phosphine Pd(0) and Pd(II) Complexes. Chapter 3. Structural Insights into Active Catalyst Structures and Oxidative Addition to Biaryl Phosphine-Palladium Complexes via Density Functional Theory and Experimental Studies.
(cont.) Chapter 4. Structural Insights into Amine Binding to Biaryl Phosphine-Palladium Complexes via Density Functional Theory and Experimental Studies. Chapter 5. Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of an Arene/Phosphine Ligated Pd(I) Dimer. Chapter 6. A Rationale for the Resistance of Dialkylbiaryl Phosphines Toward Oxidation by Molecular Oxygen. Chapter 7. Benchtop Monitoring of Reaction Progress via Visual Recognition with a Handheld UV Lamp: In Situ Sensing of Boronic Acids in the Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction.
Timothy E. Barder.
Ph.D.
3
Smyth, Catherine. „Mono- and bidentate biaryl and biaryl like phosophines : applications in asymmetric catalysis“. Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.548007.
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Brown, Lauren. „Memory biases in worry“. Thesis, University of Hull, 2008. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:1367.
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The portfolio has three parts. Part one is a systematic literature review, in which the experimental empirical literature relating to memory biases in Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is reviewed. Information processing models have suggested that anxious individuals should be characterised by a memory bias towards threat. However, other models have proposed that memory biases may not be evident, as anxious individuals avoid the elaboration of threatening material. Ascertaining whether or not a memory bias exists is fundamental to the development of theories and associated treatment of GAD and worry, its hallmark feature. To answer this question, a systematic and comprehensive search of the literature was undertaken. The results of the review highlight that there is a paucity of studies in this area, which are conflicting in their findings. The majority of the studies examined memory biases in GAD utilising explicit and implicit memory paradigms and only one previous study has examined autobiographical memory biases in GAD. A series of conceptual and methodological issues are outlined and areas for future research are discussed.Part two, the empirical paper was derived from the recommendations described in the systematic literature review. This study explores Autobiographical Memory Biases in Worry. Sixty participants with varying levels of worry completed an autobiographical memory task in response to threatening worrisome thoughts which were rated by participants for personal relevance. The findings suggested that individuals high in pathological worry do not recall more threatening autobiographical memories when presented with highly personally relevant concerns, however when prompted with a concern that is not relevant evidence of a memory bias is suggested. It was also found that depression may be a key variable in whether a general memory bias towards threat is detected in worry. No significant results were found with regards to the relationship between the level of worry and retrieval latency of memories or the coping strategies recalled. However, there are a number of methodological and conceptual issues that should be taken into account and may explain the non-significant findings. Areas for further research are highlighted.Part three comprises the appendices.
5
Dudley, Robert Edward James. „Reasoning biases and delusions“. Thesis, Durham University, 1996. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5190/.
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We know little about the formation and maintenance of delusional beliefs. Two main approaches have dominated the scant literature. These seek to account for delusions as primarily disturbances of perception (Maher, 1988) or as differences in reasoning (Garety, 1991). The concern here is with reasoning biases. Garety and Hemsley (1994) have proposed a model in which delusions’ are caused by a "failure to utilise previously acquired information". This leads to people with delusions exhibiting characteristic information processing biases in reasoning (i.e. hastiness and overconfidence). The aim of the present research was to compare the performance on reasoning tasks of people with delusions with that of psychiatric and normal control subjects in order to examine whether these subjects exhibited die proposed characteristics of delusional thought. The reasoning tasks were manipulated in both the form of reasoning (deductive, probabilistic etc.) and in content to examine the effect of reasoning with different types of material (neutral or emotional).The results of the six studies demonstrated both abnormal and normal reasoning by people with delusions. These people were no more confident than control subjects in the certainty of the correctness of their answers (Experiment 2). Nor were people with delusions excessively swayed by information currently present in the environment (Experiments 1 and 5) which is a supposed consequence of the inability to use past experience. However, people with delusions were shown to be hasty in their decisions relative to comparison subjects (Experiment 5). This hastiness was further exaggerated when the material reasoned with was self referent in content (Experiment 6). In addition, people with delusions were significantly poorer at reasoning on one of the most researched paradigms the Wason Selection Task (Experiments 3 and 4). The relevance of these findings for theories of delusions was examined.
6
Asher, Nicholas, und Brian Reese. „Intonation and discourse : biased questions“. Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1939/.
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This paper surveys a range of constructions in which prosody affects discourse function and discourse structure.We discuss English tag questions, negative polar questions, and what we call “focus” questions. We postulate that these question types are complex speech acts and outline an analysis in Segmented Discourse Representation Theory (SDRT) to account for the interactions between prosody and discourse.
7
Shave, Evan Eric. „pH-biased isoelectric trapping separations“. Diss., Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4184.
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The classical isoelectric trapping (IET) technique, using the multicompartment
electrolyzer (MCE), has been one of the most successful electrophoretic techniques in
preparative-scale protein separations. IET is capable of achieving high resolution
discrimination of proteins, by isolating proteins in between buffering membranes, in
their isoelectric state. However, due to the inherent nature of the IET process, IET has
suffered several shortcomings which have limited its applicability. During a classical
IET separation, a protein gets closer and closer to its pI value, thus the charge of the
protein gets closer and closer to zero. This increases the likelihood of protein
precipitation and decreases the electrophoretic velocity of the protein, thus making the
separation very long. Furthermore, the problems are aggravated by the fact that the
instrumentation currently used for IET is not designed to maximize the efficiency of
electrophoretic separations.
To address these problems, a new approach to IET has been developed, pH-biased IET.
By controlling the solution pH throughout the separation, such that it is not the same as
the proteinâÂÂs pI values, the problems of reduced solubility and low electrophoretic
migration velocity are alleviated. The pH control comes from a novel use of isoelectric buffers (also called auxiliary isoelectric agents or pH-biasers). The isoelectric buffers are
added to the sample solution during IET and are chosen so that they maintain the pH at a
value that is different from the pI value of the proteins of interest. Two new pieces of
IET instrumentation have been developed, resulting in major improvements in protein
separation rates and energy efficiency. A variety of separations, of both small molecules
and proteins, have been successfully performed using the pH-biased IET principle
together with the new instrumentation.
8
Wenneker, Clemens Petrus Jozef. „Processes underlying biased language use“. [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2007. http://dare.uva.nl/document/47639.
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9
Siefert, William Thomas. „Cognitive biases in risk management“. Diss., Rolla, Mo. : University of Missouri-Rolla, 2007. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Siefert_09007dcc8042defc.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri--Rolla, 2007.Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed February 14, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 44-45).
10
Smith, Eric David. „Tradeoff Studies and Cognitive Biases“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194780.
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Decisions among alternatives that do not fit rigorous numerical frameworks are common. Such decisions, in which the various aspects of the alternatives are considered simultaneously, are called a tradeoff studies. Tradeoff studies may be more common than optimization problems, but are not generally formalized in written form.Tradeoff studies are broadly recognized and mandated as the method for considering many criteria simultaneously. They are the primary method for making a decision among alternatives listed in the Software Engineering Institute's Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) Decision Analysis and Resolution (DAR) process.The field of Decision Making can explain why the mechanics of tradeoff studies are approached with underconfidence, and can also help eliminate biases from the tradeoff process. Many conclusions obtained from Judgment and Decision Making (JDM), Cognitive Science and Experimental Economics can be used to shed light on various aspects of the tradeoff process. Of course, since many experiments were designed to reveal truths about choice at a basic level, they do not exactly model the processes of tradeoff studies. The technique used to compare the basic experiments and tradeoff studies will be abstraction.Abstraction noun 1. a general concept formed by extracting common features from specific examples, 2. the process of extracting the underlying essence.What follows is a union of the fields of tradeoff studies and cognitive decision making. Because these two areas have never before been explicitly unified, I have produced some unfinished areas in which specific research needs to be done. At this stage, the work of unification must necessarily be conducted at an abstract level.
11
Yao, Songyao. „Behavioural biases and asset pricing“. Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503246.
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Garner, Matthew James. „Cognitive biases in social anxiety“. Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416089.
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13
Vassilopoulos, Stephanos Ph. „Cognitive biases in social anxiety“. Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412331.
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14
Codling, Edward Alexander. „Biased random walks in biology“. Thesis, University of Leeds, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275673.
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15
Buckingham, Gavin. „Rightward biases during bimanual coordination“. Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446202.
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This thesis examined asymmetries during bimanual coordination, investigating proposals that attention is biased toward the right hand of right-handers (Peters, 1981). To this end, several new tasks designed to elicit this attentional asymmetry were developed. The first series of experiments (Chapter 2) utilised a discontinuous double-step reaching task, where the refractory period between bimanual and unimanual states was used to infer the direction of attention. A shorter right hand refractory period was found in the majority of these experiments, supporting the proposed attentional bias. Furthermore, altering the direction of attention during the task shifted the asymmetry in a way consistent with the attentional bias hypothesis. The third chapter examined the possibility of a related bias toward selecting the right hand. In a similar double-step task, one hand was validly or invalidly-cued to make the unimanual portion of the reach. The asymmetries in error levels and refractory period scores on the invalidly-cued trials suggested that the right hand was ‘primed’ to move following bimanual coordination. The fourth chapter’s experiments required participants to reach with both hands to either the right or left sides of space, to determine which hand was yoked to which. Although the right hand appeared to be ‘in-charge’ in terms of movement duration, the coupling appeared to favour the left hand for movement onset. The fifth chapter combined a common rhythmic coodination task with a ‘mirror illusion’, such that a virtual hand was seen in place of its counterpart. This experiment investigated which hand was more readily influenced by the visual illusion, however the bimanual coordination was unaffected by the mirror’s orientation (i.e., if the left or right hand was reflected).
16
Brown, Michael Alexander. „Cognitive biases in social anxiety“. Thesis, University of Southampton, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443063.
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Brewer, Brenda. „Children growing up with biases“. Online version, 2000. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2000/2000brewerb.pdf.
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Park, Young Joon. „Essays on biased self image“. Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3379204.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed November 17, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
19
Feiler, Lauren Elizabeth Camerer Colin. „Behavioral biases in information acquisition /“. Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 2007. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-05242007-170633.
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Do, Young Ah. „Biased learning of phonological alternations“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84416.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 198-203).
What is the initial state of the grammar when children begin to figure out patterns of phonological alternations? This thesis documents the developmental stages of children acquiring Korean verb and noun paradigms, and provides a unified account using the initial Output-Output correspondence (OO-CORR) bias. It is claimed that OO-CORR constraints are undominated in the initial state but the empirical evidence for this claim is primarily anecdotal. I provide experimental support for the claim. In the acquisition literature, children's innovative forms are normally attributed to imperfect or incomplete mastery of the adult grammar. The evidence presented in this thesis suggests that children in some intermediate stages are able to produce adult forms when the syntactic context demands it, but otherwise they avoid doing so if the forms involve phonological alternations. The specific way that children satisfy OO-CORR constraints is to inflect forms so that the output is faithful to one specific slot of the paradigm, the base form. I show that children select the base form by considering both phonological informativeness and the availability of the surface forms, and try to achieve paradigm uniformity on the basis of the base form in their production. Assuming an initial bias to output-output correspondence constraints, I model the attested learning trajectories. The observed intermediate stages are correctly predicted, showing that the learning of certain alternations is facilitated when they share structural changes with other alternations. Artificial grammar learning experiments confirm that featural overlap of alternations facilitates the learning of the patterns. I propose a learning model that incorporates the attested learning biases.
by Young Ah Do.
Ph.D.
21
Büsser, Ralf. „Cognitive Biases and Investment Behavior“. St. Gallen, 2004. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/00635086001/$FILE/00635086001.pdf.
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Moore, Michael Thomas. „Memory Biases and Depressive Realism“. Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1248092716.
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Tatineni, J. Abhiram. „Temporally Biased Search Result Snippets“. Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1441053948.
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24
Bellew, Margaret. „Information processing biases and depression“. Thesis, Keele University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292746.
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Foschi, Matteo. „Behavioural biases and contract theory“. Thesis, University of Leicester, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/37956.
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This thesis studies how concepts of behavioural biases and bounded rationality affect classical results in contract theory and industrial organization. Chapter 2 studies the concept of naïveté (Strotz, 1956) in a principal agent model. Agents are assumed to be unaware of their true type, and formbiased (naïve) beliefs about it. The latter depend on the actual type of the agent. Results show how the information about agents’ true nature, that can be elicited from their beliefs, plays a crucial role in the principal’s optimal contracting strategy. In particular, the principal faces a trade-off between exploiting the agent with the most naïve beliefs and designing efficient contracts for the most widespread type of agent, according to her posteriors. Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 analyse models where agents suffer from temptation and self-control problems (à la Gul and Pesendorfer, 2001). Chapter 3 presents a new justification for loyalty schemes in the retailing industry. In the literature, loyalty schemes have been mostly studied as competition devices (Caminal and Claici, 2007) or as ways to increase consumers’ lifetime value (Caminal, 2012). This work focuses on how a seller can use loyalty schemes to acquire information about consumers’ preferences and gain the ability to perform individual pricing. Finally, Chapter 4 presents a two-period mechanism design problem with no commitment. It shows how the presence of consumers that suffer from self-control problems can explain the existence of entry bonuses paid by the seller to the consumer, regardless of whether the latter makes the purchase or not.
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Krpálek, Jan. „Data-Snooping Biases in Backtesting“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262277.
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In this paper, we utilize White's Reality Check, White (2000), and Hansen's SPA test, Hansen (2004), to evaluate technical trading rules while quantifying the data-snooping bias. Secondly, we discuss the result with Probability of Backtest Overfitting framework, introduced by Bailey et al. (2015). Hence, the study presents a comprehensive test of momentum trading across the US futures markets from 2004 to 2016. The evidence indicates that technical trading rules have not been pro?table in the US futures markets after correcting for the data snooping bias.
27
Leeke, Rachel. „Attentional biases in social phobia“. Thesis, University of Southampton, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421195.
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Brandis, Gerrit. „Biased Evolution : Causes and Consequences“. Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk biokemi och mikrobiologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-276456.
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In evolution alternative genetic trajectories can potentially lead to similar phenotypic outcomes. However, certain trajectories are preferred over others. These preferences bias the genomes of living organisms and the underlying processes can be observed in ongoing evolution. We have studied a variety of biases that can be found in bacterial chromosomes and determined the selective causes and functional consequences for the cell. We have quantified codon usage bias in highly expressed genes and shown that it is selected to optimise translational speed. We further demonstrated that the resulting differences in decoding speed can be used to regulate gene expression, and that the use of ‘non-optimal’ codons can be detrimental to reading frame maintenance. Biased gene location on the chromosome favours recombination between genes within gene families and leads to co-evolution. We have shown that such recombinational events can protect these gene families from inactivation by mobile genetic elements, and that chromosome organization can be selectively maintained because inversions can lead to the formation of unstable hybrid operons. We have used the development of antibiotic resistance to study how different bacterial lifestyles influence evolutionary trajectories. For this we used two distinct pairs of antibiotics and disease-causing bacteria, namely (i) Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is treated with rifampicin and (ii) Escherichia coli that is treated with ciprofloxacin. We have shown that in the slow-growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resistance mutations are selected for high-level resistance. Fitness is initially less important, and over time fitness costs can be ameliorated by compensatory mutations. The need for rapid growth causes the selection of ciprofloxacin resistance in Escherichia coli not only to be selected on the basis of high-level resistance but also on high fitness. Compensatory evolution is therefore not required and is not observed. Taken together, our results show that the evolution of a phenotype is the product of multiple steps and that many factors influence which trajectory is the most likely to occur and be most beneficial. Over time, selection will favour this particular trajectory and lead to biased evolution, affecting genome sequence and organization.
29
Hecker, Kerry Robin. „Testing for sex biases and morph biases in parasitism of zygopterans (Odonata) by gregarines (Eugregarinidae)“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ48490.pdf.
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Hecker, Kerry Robin Carleton University Dissertation Biology. „Testing for sex biases and morph biases in parasitism of zygopterans (odonata) by gregarines (eugregarinidae)“. Ottawa, 1999.
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Cannon, Melinda. „Cognitive Biases in Childhood Anxiety Disorders: Do Interpretive and Judgment Biases Distinguish Anxious Youth from their Non-anxious Peers?“ ScholarWorks@UNO, 2010. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1131.
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The purpose of this study was to examine cognitive biases in clinically anxious children compared to normal children and to determine if cognitive biases could discriminate anxious youth from non-anxious youth. Two specific cognitive biases were the focus of the present study—interpretive biases (i.e., the tendency to interpret neutral stimuli in a negative way) and judgment biases (i.e., a lowered estimate of one's ability to cope with a threatening situation). Twenty-four youth comprised the anxiety disordered sample and were each matched to two normal youth on four demographic variables (gender, age, ethnicity, and family income level), thus the matched comparison sample consisted of 48 youth (ages 7 to 17). Interpretive biases were assessed with the Children's Negative Cognitive Error Questionnaire (CNCEQ) and judgment biases were assessed with the Anxiety Control Questionnaire—child form (ACQ-C). In addition, self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression and parent-reported internalizing and externalizing symptoms were measured. Results indicated that (1) children in the clinic sample exhibited significantly more interpretive biases and judgment biases relative to the control sample, and scored significantly higher on measures of anxiety, depression, and parent-reported internalizing and externalizing symptoms relative to the control sample, (2) the ACQ-C demonstrated incremental validity over the CNCEQ in predicting diagnostic status, (3) the ACQ-C predicted diagnostic status while controlling for Generalized Anxiety Disorder symptoms and parent-reported internalizing and externalizing symptoms, but not while controlling for RCMAS (anxiety) and CDI (depression) scores, and (4) the relationship between the CNCEQ and diagnostic status was moderated by age and gender. This study adds to the research literature by demonstrating elevated CNCEQ scores among youth with anxiety disorders compared to non-anxious youth and extends findings with the ACQ-C by showing its incremental validity beyond the CNCEQ. The results also add to the understanding of the assessment of negative cognitive vi errors by highlighting developmental and sex differences in their association with anxiety disorder status in youth. Implications of the positive findings for theory and practice are noted and theoretical and methodological reasons for the negative results are discussed to highlight suggestions for future work in this area.
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Jacobkersting, Bianka [Verfasser]. „Weiterentwicklung Netzwerktheorie basierender Werkzeugauslegung / Bianka Jacobkersting“. Aachen : Shaker, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1138178233/34.
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Dobner, Bianca Carola [Verfasser]. „Chemokine bei Aderhautmelanomen / Bianca Carola Dobner“. Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1023232022/34.
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Andreu, Corbatón Jordi. „Market Indices: Bases, Biases and Beyond“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2142.
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Market Indices are perhaps one of the most well known concepts in finance. They have also a crucial role in the professional financial field: hundreds of institutional investors, pension funds or investment banks use, follow and create market indexes. Since 1880, indexes have spread over the world developing a huge industry. The Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), the CAPM or the efficiency analysis contributed to this expansion, and theoretical and empirical studies concluded passive investments (or indexing) were winning strategies. Indexing grew exponentially supported by lower management costs, simplification of the manager selection, superior performance in average, and the EMH and CAPM fever. In the last 20 years indexed institutional assets have grown 40% annually. Having in mind the importance of indexing, it is really shocking not to find a complete and deep analysis of market indexes. No many books or articles about index construction are available. Regarding this reality, the main objective of this thesis was to contribute with a complete theoretical and empirical analysis of market indexes. A deep literature analysis is presented and completed with an empirical study in three articles. In the first article, a revision of financial fundamental pillars is provided. This revision is absolutely essential to understand theoretical and empirical bases of indexing and hypotheses underlying index construction. The analysis let us present five market index biases (the sample, the construction, the efficiency and the active bias, and finally, tracking error). The definition of these biases is fundamental to understand how indexes can be improved. In the second article, a deep Market Index analysis is presented. After an historical revision and a discussion about functions of an index and desirable characteristics, market index's biases are provided and studied. The author pays attention to how these biases are created and how the can be mitigated. Finally, in the last article, Minimum Risk Indices are generated for the Spanish, American and Argentinean Stock Markets. Minimum Risk Indices using VaR provide market indices with less risk and with higher profitability in some cases, due to the partial elimination of some market index biases, specially, the efficiency one.KEYWORDS: Market Indices, Biases, Passive Investment, Prtfolio Management, Minimun Risk Indices.
Los índices de mercado son uno de los conceptos más conocidos en finanzas. Además, tienen un papel importantísimo en el mundo profesiona, siendo centenares e incluso miles los inversores institucionales, fondos de pensiones o de inversión que siguen este tipo de inversión. La teoría moderna de carteras, el CAPM y la creencia en la eficiencia de mercado han ayudado a desarrollar una industria, basada en los índices de mercado, de una importancia crucial. El objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral es el de contribuir a la literatura especializada con una profunda reflexión teórica y práctica sobre la indexación. En el primer capítulo de la misma se revisan conceptos fundamentales de finanzas como son el mercado como juego de suma cero, el concepto de eficiencia, el CAPM y la inversión pasiva, poniendo especial énfasis en las hipótesis sobre las que se basan estas ideas. Las conclusiones son bastante diferentes de las tradicionales. La cartera de mercado no es una cartera totalmente eficiente ni óptima, no se sitúa sobre la frontera eficiente, y no es deseable por todos los inversiones, en contra de lo que dicen los modelos tradicionales. La indexación, como "proxy" de la cartera de mercado, se considera una estrategia sesgada. Concretamente, se presentan cinco sesgos a tener en cuenta por cualquier inversor pasivo. Finalmente, en este capítulo se presenta la Ecología como una vísión interesante y aplicable en los sistemas financieros. Una aproximación cualitativa de un sistema financiero como un sistema ecológico global, donde diferentes especies conviven y compiten por la supervivencia, es presentada al final del primer capítulo.
En el capítulo dos de la tesis doctoral se analizan con detalle los fundamentos de los índices de mercado, prestando especial énfasis a los a los sesgos que les afectan, se presentan y analizan extensamente los sesgos de muestra, de construcción, de "tracking error", el sesgo de eficiencia y el sesgo activo, tratando sus orígenes, efectos y posibles técnicas para reducirlos o minimizarlos.
En el tercer capítulo se presenta el marco conceptual de los índices de mínimo riesgo como estrategia para crear índices de mercado que reduzcan parte del sesgo de eficiencia. Se presenta un marco conceptual basado en la minimización del riesgo medido por el "value-at-risk" y se aplica la metodología presentada a tres mercados (español, margentino y americano). Los índices resultantes presentan menos riesgo que los existentes actualmente, y en el caso español y argentino presentan también mayor rendimiento, solucionando en parte los sesgos que sufren los índices actuales de estos mercados.
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Cheung, Dickson Tak Shun. „A 5.5GHz current-biased diode mixer“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0006/MQ45606.pdf.
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Li, Xiaoming Biaz Saad. „Performance evaluation of biased queue management“. Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Theses/LI_XIAOMING_37.pdf.
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Rittner, Marianne. „Abortion Coverage: Are the Media Biased?“ Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291211.
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Senior, James Daniel. „Atropisomerism in biaryl sulfides and sulfones“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498670.
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The thesis describes research carried out on the synthesis and asymmetric synthesis of atropisomeric biaryl sulfides and sulfones. Chapter one describes synthetic strategies employed in the synthesis of biaryl sulfides and sulfones. A synthetic route that allowed the incorporation ortho substituents of various sizes and the effect of these substitution patterns on barriers to rotation is described. Research towards more direct routes to compounds with the required substitution pattern is then discussed. Having uncovered suitable substitution patterns to achieve atropisomerism in biaryl sulfides and sulfones chapter two goes on to describe methods attempted in the asymmetric synthesis of these compounds. The strategies described include asymmetric cross coupling, kinetic resolution and the use of sulfoxide auxiliaries for dynamic thermodynamic resolution of biaryl sulfones. The first example of an symmetric synthesis of an atropisomeric biaryl sulfone is reported. Chapter three outlines possible applications of biaryl sulfides and sulfones and the synthesis of bis-phosphines based on the biaryl sulfone background using methods described in chapter one.
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Prendergast, Jacinta. „Selective attentional biases within paranoid psychosis“. Thesis, University of Surrey, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540723.
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Cavanagh, Kate. „UCS expectancy biases and specific phobias“. Thesis, University of Sussex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300600.
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There is now considerable evidence that phobic responding is associated with a bias towards expecting aversive or traumatic outcomes following encounters with the phobic stimulus (e.g. Davey, 1995). In terms of conditioning contingencies, this can be described as a bias towards expecting an aversive or traumatic outcome (the unconditioned stimulus - UCS) following a phobic stimulus (the conditioned stimulus - CS). Research into the role of UCS expectancy biases in the development and maintenance of specific phobias has three basic requirements. First, it is not clear whether the ues expectancy biases evidenced in specific phobias represent a stimulus specific response or a more generalised associative phenomenon. Second, it is not clear what dispositional or state factors might contribute to the development and maintenance of such ues expectancy biases. Third, it is not clear what type of cognitive mechanisms might underlie UCS expectancy biases. This thesis uses a thought experiment version of a threat conditioning procedure to explore these requirements. The key findings indicate that spider phobics tend to overestimate the likelihood of aversive outcomes following phobic, but not other fear relevant stimuli, and tend to underestimate the likelihood of aversive outcomes following fear irrelevant stimuli in comparison to non-phobic controls. This dichotomous ues expectancy bias is mirrored both in the evaluation of stimuli in terms of dangerousness and valance, and in the generation of harm and safety cues with regards to these stimuli. Both positive and negative mood states, but not arousal states contributed to ues expectancy inflation, and in the case of revulsive animals induced state disgust also increased reported ues expectancies. The thesis concludes with an evaluation of the role of UCS'S expectancies in the development and maintenance of specific phobias, and a discussion of the implications of these findings for our understanding of the information processing mechanisms underlying the specific phobias.
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Magalhães, Rosinda M. F. „Essays on skill-biased technology diffusion“. Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/49471/.
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My thesis is a collection of three essays that consider various aspects of a skillbiased technology diffusion as well as skill premium, human capital acumulation and redistributive policies. The first chapter, co-authored with Christian Hellström, investigates the effects of skill-bisead technology change (SBTC) on income inequality and skills supply in the last 30 years in the US. In spite of the intensive debate about the effects of SBTC, its general equilibrium effects on the accumulation of skills and labor supply have been neglected. Thus, we build a dynamic general equilibrium model, in which growth is driven by skill-biased technology diffusion. Households have forward-looking expectations, and differ in terms of innate and idiosyncratic acquisition of skills. Contrary to pure technology progress models, technology diffusion models provide an explanation for the slowdown of the skill premium in the 70s compatible with the slow productivity growth. We find that first, technology diffusion raises the demand for skills and, consequently, the supply of skills. Second, skill-biased technology diffusion explains both the slowdown and the sharp increase of the skill premium observed in the 70s and 80s, respectively. In spite of the slowdown of the skill premium in the 70s, households anticipate the speed up of the technology diffusion and raise their investment in education, even during the economic slowdown. Therefore, the skills supply has continually increased since the 70s. Through a calibration exercise, we replicate the US trends for the skill-premium, skills supply, unskilled wages, consumption inequality and labor supply. The second chapter is motivated by the finding that the skill-biased technology diffusion increases both the skill-premium and skills supply in the last 30 years in the US . This chapter analyzes the effectiveness of redistributive policies in periods of technology diffusion. We build a microfounded general equilibrium model with skill-biased technology diffusion, endogenous labor supply, schooling decisions and redistributive policies. We show that, under endogenous schooling decisions, lump-sum transfers are ineffective. This policy raises the skill premium, in particular during the economic boom and in the long run, and reduces the social welfare during almost all of the technology cycle. Yet education subsidies incentivize the investment in education, decreasing the skill premium, raising the skills supply and social welfare. The investment in education tends to be counter-cyclical. On the one hand, forward-looking individuals anticipate the increase of demand for skills during the economic boom, increasing their investment in education during the economic recession. On the other hand, they also anticipate the maturation of the technology diffusion, reducing their investment in education during the economic boom. Finally, we show that education subsidies are Pareto-effcient, increasing welfare of both high- and low-skilled individuals. The third chapter endogenizes the technology diffusion path assumed in the first chapter. This chapter presents a two-sector growth model that explains the adoption of a skill-biased technology. There are two types of technology: low-tech and high-tech, and the latter is more productive and skill-biased. Technology is not embodied. To adopt high-technology, users must pay an instantaneous adoption cost, which decreases over time due to technology progress. Firms are homogeneous and act strategically, maximizing their profits given their rivals' behavior, leading to a technology sequential adoption pattern due to stock effects. We found that the decrease of the adoption cost and the increase of the technology knowledge due to learning effects leads to an increasing technology diffusion over time. The former has an constant effect over time, but for the latter, although positive, the effect is not constant, changing the speed of the technology diffusion over time.
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Leung, Kit-sang. „Automaticity of cognitive biases in smokers“. Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247382.
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Namli, Hilmi. „Investigation into Suzuki biaryl bond formation“. Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265582.
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Bradbury, Katherine E. „Information processing biases in emotional disorders“. Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368153.
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Batty, Martin Joseph. „Attentional biases in sub-clinical anxiety“. Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400516.
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Stevenson, Ian Roxburgh. „Male-biased mortality in Soay sheep“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321000.
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Burg, Valentin. „Three essays on managerial behavioral biases“. Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17235.
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Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht in welchem Ausmaß Manager Optimismus finanzielle Entscheidungen von Unternehmen beeinflusst. Der erste Teil der Dissertation analysiert den Einfluss von Optimismus auf die Ausgabe von Fremdkapital. Optimistische Manager überschätzen die zukünftigen Erfolgsaussichten ihrer Firma. Daher könnten sie Verträge bevorzugen, die die Kuponzahlungen an die zukünftige Entwicklung des Kreditrisikos koppeln (sogenannte PSD Verträge). Diese Hypothese wird empirisch bestätigt. Ein weiteres Ergebnis der empirischen Analysen ist, dass in Firmen mit optimistischen Managern die Kreditqualität nach Ausgabe von PSD sinkt. Der zweite Teil untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen Manager Optimismus und Spekulation mit Finanzderivaten in Unternehmen. Optimistische Manager, die ihre Fähigkeiten generell überschätzen, könnten irrtümlicherweise denken, dass sie mit Hilfe von Derivaten in der Lage sind den Markt zu schlagen und abnormale Renditen zu erzielen. Die Studie untersucht Derivatetransaktionen von Goldproduzenten in Nordamerika. Diese Industrie ist besonders interessant durch die ausführliche Ausweisung der Derivatepositionen und durch das klare Exposure zum Goldpreisrisiko. Das Ergebnis der Studie bestätigt die Hypothese dass optimistische Manager in größerem Ausmaß spekulieren und mit den Spekulationen letztendlich Verluste produzieren. Der letzte Teil der Arbeit untersucht die Auszahlungspolitik von Firmen mit optimistischen Managern. Optimistische Manager überschätzen durch ihre verzerrte Wahrnehmung den Wert der Firma und sollten daher eher zu Aktienrückkäufen als zu Dividendenzahlungen neigen. Die empirischen Ergebnisse der Arbeit bestätigen diese Voraussage. Optimistische Manager ersetzen Dividenden mit Aktienrückkäufen, das absolute Niveau der Auszahlungen unterscheidet sich jedoch nicht zwischen Firmen mit optimistischen und rationalen Managern.This work analyses the impact of managerial optimism on financial policies of firms. The first part investigates the effect of optimism on debt contract design. Optimistic managers overestimate the credit quality of their firms and should be more likely to issue debt contracts that link coupon payments to the future credit risk of their firms (PSD contracts). This prediction is confirmed empirically. Further, firms with optimistic managers that issue PSD experience future deteriorations in their credit quality. The second part analyses the relation between managerial optimism and corporate speculation with financial derivatives. Optimistic managers overestimate their abilities and should be more likely to time markets because they believe that they have superior market timing abilities. The study uses data on North American gold producers because these firms disclose detailed data on their derivative positions and have a clear exposure to the gold price. The empirical results confirm the prediction that optimistic engage in more speculation with financial derivatives and that the cash flow resulting from speculation is lower relative to firms with rational managers. The last past analyses the relation between managerial optimism and a firm’s payout policy. As a consequence of their biased beliefs, optimistic managers perceive their firm’s equity as undervalued and should therefore be more likely to prefer share repurchases over cash dividends. The empirical analyses confirm this prediction: Firms with optimistic managers use more share repurchases relative to firms with rational managers. However, the total amount of payouts does not differ between firms with optimistic and rational managers.
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Staniland, Samantha. „Biocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of biaryl atropisomers“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/biocatalytic-asymmetric-synthesis-of-biaryl-atropisomers(fca72ad2-550c-4116-9d04-d63be929ea95).html.
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Biaryl atropisomers are common structural motifs in natural products but most importantly they are used as chiral ligands in asymmetric catalysis. Despite their utility, current methods to synthesise them are limited and lack generality. Often ligands such as QUINAP have to be synthesised as the racemate and are resolved using stoichiometric palladium which is expensive and time consuming. Biocatalytic synthesis of biaryl atropisomers offers a new alternative greener route to their production. A biocatalytic redox desymmetrisation of symmetrical biaryl diols using a mutant of galactose oxidase (M3-5) is reported. Desymmetrised biaryl atropisomers were produced in good to excellent ee and yield for a range of substrates. After the desymmetrisation a partial kinetic resolution increased the ee further as the minor enantiomer was converted to the dialdehyde. The first example of biocatalytic dynamic kinetic resolution to synthesise atropisomers asymmetrically has been developed. Freely rotating biaryl N-oxide aldehydes underwent reduction using a ketoreductase enzyme to give biaryl N-oxide products in excellent ee (96-99%). These products were found to be novel Lewis base organocatalysts for the asymmetric allylation of benzaldehyde derivatives.
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Fullwood, Michelle Alison. „Biases in segmenting non-concatenative morphology“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120676.
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Thesis: Ph. D. in Linguistics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 131-140).
Segmentation of words containing non-concatenative morphology into their component morphemes, such as Arabic /kita:b/ 'book' into root [check symbol]ktb and vocalism /i-a:/ (McCarthy, 1979, 1981), is a difficult task due to the size of its search space of possibilities, which grows exponentially as word length increases, versus the linear growth that accompanies concatenative morphology. In this dissertation, I investigate via computational and typological simulations, as well as an artificial grammar experiment, the task of morphological segmentation in root-and-pattern languages, as well as the consequences for majority-concatenative languages such as English when we do not presuppose concatenative segmentation and its smaller hypothesis space. In particular, I examine the necessity and sufficiency conditions of three biases that may be hypothesised to govern the learning of such a segmentation: a bias towards a parsimonious morpheme lexicon with a power-law (Zipfian) distribution over tokens drawn from this lexicon, as has successfully been used in Bayesian models of word segmentation and morphological segmentation of concatenative languages (Goldwater et al., 2009; Poon et al., 2009, et seq.); a bias towards concatenativity; and a bias against interleaving morphemes that are mixtures of consonants and vowels. I demonstrate that while computationally, the parsimony bias is sufficient to segment Arabic verbal stems into roots and residues, typological considerations argue for the existence of biases towards concatenativity and towards separating consonants and vowels in root-and-pattern-style morphology. Further evidence for these as synchronic biases comes from the artificial grammar experiment, which demonstrates that languages respecting these biases have a small but significant learnability advantage.
by Michelle Alison Fullwood.
Ph. D. in Linguistics
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Ives, Daniel Jeremy. „Unravelling biased segregation of mitochondrial DNA“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648336.
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