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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Bengal settlers“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Bengal settlers"
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Sengupta, Debjani. „The dark forest of exile: A Dandakaranya memoir and the Partition’s Dalit refugees“. Journal of Commonwealth Literature 57, Nr. 3 (September 2022): 520–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219894221115908.
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The Partition of India in 1947 has often been studied through the lenses of territoriality, communal identity, and the high nationalist politics of the attainment of the two nation-states of India and Pakistan. However, the history of nation-making is inextricably linked with the account of Dalit communities in divided Bengal, their aspirations and arrival in West Bengal, and their subsequent exile outside the newly formed state to a government-chosen rehabilitation site called Dandakaranya in central India. From the 1950s, the Dalit population of East Pakistan began migrating to West Bengal in India following their leader Jogendra Nath Mandal who had migrated earlier. Subsequently, West Bengal saw a steady influx of agriculturalist Dalit refugees whose rehabilitation entailed a different understanding of land resettlement. Conceived in 1956, the Dandakaranya Project was an ambitious one-time plan to rehabilitate thousands of East Bengali Namasudra refugees outside the state. Some writings on Dandakaranya, such as those by Saibal Kumar Gupta, former chairman of the Dandakaranya Development Authority, offer us a profound insight into the plight of Dalit refugees during post-Partition times. This article explores two texts by Gupta: his memoir, Kichu Smriti, Kichu Katha, and a collection of essays compiled in a book, Dandakaranya: A Survey of Rehabilitation. Drawing on official data, government reports, assessments of the refugee settlers, and extensive personal interaction, Gupta evaluates the demographic and humanitarian consequences of the Partition for the Dalit refugees. These texts represent an important literary archive that unearths a hidden chapter in the Indian Partition’s historiography and lays bare the trajectory of Scheduled Caste history understood through the project of rehabilitation and resettlement in independent India.
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Wemyss, Georgie. „White Memories, White Belonging: Competing Colonial Anniversaries in ‘Postcolonial’ East London“. Sociological Research Online 13, Nr. 5 (September 2008): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1801.
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This paper explores how processes of remembering past events contribute to the construction of highly racialised local and national politics of belonging in the UK. Ethnographic research and contextualised discourse analysis are used to examine two colonial anniversaries remembered in 2006: the 1606 departure of English ‘settlers’ who built the first permanent English colony in North America at Jamestown, Virginia, and the 1806 opening of the East India Docks, half a century after the East India Company took control of Bengal following the battle of Polashi. Both events were associated with the Thames waterfront location of Blackwall in the east London borough of Tower Hamlets, an area with the highest Bengali population in Britain and significant links with North America through banks and businesses based at the regenerated Canary Wharf office complex. It investigates how discourses and events associated with these two specific anniversaries and with the recent ‘regeneration’ of Blackwall, contribute to the consolidation of the dominant ‘mercantile discourse’ about the British Empire, Britishness and belonging. Challenges to the dominant discourse of the ‘celebration’ of colonial settlement in North America by competing discourses of North American Indian and African American groups are contrasted with the lack of contest to discourses that ‘celebrate’ Empire stories in contemporary Britain. The paper argues that the ‘mercantile discourse’ in Britain works to construct a sense of mutual white belonging that links white Englishness with white Americaness through emphasising links between Blackwall and Jamestown and associating the values of ‘freedom and democracy’ with colonialism. At the same time British Bengali belonging is marginalised as links between Blackwall and Bengal and the violence and oppression of British colonialism are silenced. The paper concludes with an analysis of the contemporary mobilisation of the ‘mercantile discourse’ in influential social policy and ‘regeneration’ discourse about ‘The East End’.
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Shamsuddoha, Md, und Ms Rifat Jahan. „Santal Community in Bangladesh: A Socio-historical Analysis“. Asian Journal of Humanity, Art and Literature 5, Nr. 2 (31.12.2018): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v5i2.339.
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The Santals are one of the most ancient indigenous communities in Bangladesh. Many historians denote them as the earliest settlers in greater Bengal. They mainly belong to Austro-Asiatic group of pre-Aryan settlers. Being the indigenous community of the country, they should have been more influential and developed. But the reality is different. Santals are deprived of stately rights and privileges in many aspects. It has a historical legacy of isolation and clash. As Santals live isolated from mainland people, proper attention was never given to them. Rather they were tortured and oppressed both by colonial and post-colonial rulers, which led them to launch many resistances. But ultimately those resistances could not completely stop the deprivation. In spite of all these challenges, Santals are still struggling to uphold their socio-cultural tradition. The absence of written document in Santal society created a paucity of information in the reconstruction of their history. Therefore, secondary source was mainly used in this research. This study tries to explore the social customs, livelihood and cultural features of Santal community keeping a special focus on the historical development. It indicates that they have historically been deprived in many ways, but they are still able to uphold their distinct cultural features in most of the cases.
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Sen, Amrita, und Sarmistha Pattanaik. „How can traditional livelihoods find a place in contemporary conservation politics debates in India? Understanding community perspectives in Sundarban, West Bengal“. Journal of Political Ecology 24, Nr. 1 (27.09.2017): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v24i1.20971.
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Abstract We document the economic and socio-cultural vulnerability of a forest-dependent community inhabiting the forest fringe island of Satjelia in the Indian Sundarban. Using simple artisanal methods, they have practiced traditional livelihoods like fishing and collecting wild honey from the forests for more than a century. Despite having established cultural integrity and traditional occupations, this group is not indigenous, and are therefore treated as 'others' and 'settlers.' An ethnographic study describes these various forms of livelihoods and the ways that threatens local subsistence. We also document the bureaucratic and hierarchical structure of protected area (PA) management, showing it has little or no accommodation of this community's local traditional knowledge. Finally, we ask whether there is any scope for integrating 'non-indigenous' environmental knowledge, for a more egalitarian transformation of socio ecological relations within these communities. Keywords: Conservation, conflict, indigenous, political ecology, Sundarban, traditional livelihoods
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Haque, C. Emdad, und Md Jakariya. „Bengal Delta, Charland Formation, and Riparian Hazards: Why Is a Flexible Planning Approach Needed for Deltaic Systems?“ Water 15, Nr. 13 (27.06.2023): 2373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15132373.
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A comprehensive understanding of the dynamic characteristics of geomorphological, ecological, and human systems is essential to explaining complex charland (mid-channel island) processes and crafting and implementing policy measures. This work demonstrates that the characteristics and outcomes of riparian hazards are determined by the interactive dynamics between hydrogeology and human conditions, which constitutes a novel contribution to the literature in this research area. We further contend that such dynamic social-ecological systems demand a flexible, adaptive management and planning approach. The present research has three key interdisciplinary objectives: (i) to analyze the salient features and characteristics of the geomorphological and riparian systems of the Bengal Delta; (ii) to analyze the evolutionary discourse of the legal systems concerning eroded (diluvion) and accreted (alluvion) land in Bangladesh; and (iii) to assess the characteristics of the coping and adaptation strategies employed by charland inhabitants. The findings of this research reveal that delta-building processes, which are characterized by dynamic shifts in the river channels, along with the erosion and accretion of charlands have made Bangladesh’s land and water systems very dynamic and unstable. The destabilization of these systems increases the inhabitants’ vulnerability to riparian hazards, which consistently results in the displacement of settlers and, consequently, a serious deterioration in their socioeconomic status. At present, Bangladesh does not have an effective institutional framework and structure for resettlement planning; therefore, the formulation of a comprehensive national resettlement policy with adequate flexibility to adapt to changing scenarios is urgently needed.
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Vink, Markus. „From the Cape to Canton: The Dutch Indian Ocean World, 1600-1800 — A Littoral Census“. Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies 3, Nr. 1 (18.09.2019): 13–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/jiows.v3i1.59.
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As an exercise in trans-oceanic history, this article focuses on the Dutch IndianOcean World in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries from the Dutch EastIndia Company or VOC’s permanent colony at Cape Town, South Africa, inthe Far West to its seasonal trading factory at Canton (Guangzhou), in the FarEast. It argues that the ‘seismic change’ after 1760 noted by Michael Pearsonand associated with the British move inland from their Bengal ‘bridgehead’should be extended to the contemporary polycentric Dutch expansion intothe interior of, most notably, South Africa, Ceylon, Java, and Eastern Indonesia.Demographic measuring points include the number of Dutch citizens andsubjects, comprising European settlers, mixed peoples, and indigenous populations; and: the size and composition of the population of central nodal places in the Dutch Indian Ocean thalassocratic network in the late seventeenth and late eighteenth centuries. By the end of the period, both ‘John Company’(EIC) and ‘Jan Kompenie’ (VOC) effectively were, to some extent, reversingthe colonial gaze inland turning from maritime merchants into landlords andtax collectors. These seismic changes with multiple epicenters were the harbinger of tidal waves about to sweep both the littoral and interior of the modern Indian Ocean World.
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Hyslop, Jonathan. „The world voyage of James Keir Hardie: Indian nationalism, Zulu insurgency and the British labour diaspora 1907–1908“. Journal of Global History 1, Nr. 3 (November 2006): 343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022806003032.
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In 1907–1908, the British labour leader, James Keir Hardie, made a round-the-world tour, which included visits to India, Australasia and southern Africa. The support for Indian nationalism which he expressed precipitated a major international political controversy, in the course of which Hardie came under severe attack from the Right, both in Britain and in her colonies. In southern Africa, the issue, combined with Hardie’s earlier criticism of the repression of the 1906 Bambatha rising in Natal, sparked rioting against Hardie by British settlers during his visit. This article seeks to show how Hardie’s voyage illuminates the imperial politics of its moment. Hardie’s journey demonstrates how politics in the British colonies of his era took place not within local political boundaries, but in a single field which covered both metropolis and colonies. The article is a case study which helps to illustrate and develop an argument that the white working classes in the pre-First World War British Empire were not composed of nationally discrete entities, but were bound together into an imperial working class which developed a distinct common ideology, White Labourism, fusing elements of racism and xenophobia with worker militancy and anti-capitalism. The current paper refines this analysis of the politics of the imperial working class by situating it in relation to the rising force of Indian nationalism in the same period, and to the changes this development generated in the politics of the settler colonies and the imperial centre. In India, Hardie forged links with the dynamic new political mobilization that had followed on the crisis over the partition of Bengal. In doing so, he entered, as an ally, into the discursive struggle which Indian nationalists were waging for self-government. By taking a pro-Indian position he antagonized the British Right. Labourites in the white settlement colonies wanted to defend Hardie, as a representative figure of British labour, but were embarrassed by the fact that Hardie’s position on India went against the grain of White Labourist ideology. In southern Africa, local leaders of British labour did opt to defend Hardie. But they did so not only at the risk of alienating their members, but also at the price of being forced into direct confrontations with anti-Hardie groupings.
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Rashid, Masud Ur. „In Search of a Settlement Pattern for Bengal Delta Through Theoretical Re-Interpretations“. Creative Space 8, Nr. 1 (30.11.2020): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/cs.2020.81003.
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The purpose of this study based on secondary source materials is to reinterpret and classify settlementtypology that has relevance to the Bengal Delta. The theoretical analysis were used to figure out the Delta Settlement typologies and to study commonalities or core issues related to settlement formation. This desktop study together with available literature shows that many studies were carried out on the evolution of settlements and also on patterns of settlements. Globally settlements were seen to be fundamentally classified into two broad groups on the basis of their historic origin, that is, hunters and gatherers settlements and settled agricultural settlements. Among the settled agricultural pattern, there is a sub-group of wet-rice cultivation culture. Studies show that Bengal Delta typology is situated in a special thread of ‘rain-fed rice cultivation culture’ in the ‘warm-humid’ Bengal Delta region. With this textual footing, several conceptual ideas were evaluated and finally, the five principles of Doxiadis regarding the universal settlement formulation specifying the core components have been found relevant and also Mowla’s hypothesis for settlement formation in the warm humid Bengal Delta has been found to be of relevance to explain the formation and evolution of the settlements model of the Bengal Delta found through the historic interpretation of old documents and subsequent studies.
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Baral, Sayantika, und Tuhin Ghosh. „Partition of Bengal: Impact on Displaced Women and their Contribution to Refugee Movement in West Bengal“. Feminist Research 8, Nr. 1 (02.05.2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21523/gcj2.24080101.
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Indian independence in 1947 and its consequences created a major change in the Indian administrative structure in which British India split into Hindu-dominated India and Muslim-dominated Pakistan, respectively. This division also fragmented the undivided Bengal and West Bengal and East Pakistan appeared on the world political map. These partitions played a crucial role among the inhabitants of both regions and they started to leave their country of origin. Hindus from East Pakistan especially women were one of those migrants who were displaced from their motherland and settled in West Bengal. This study deals with the situation, women faced during and after their displacement in West Bengal. It highlights their movement to achieve rehabilitation benefits from the government and their struggle to be financially independent individuals. Several archival reports, books, newspaper articles, etc. helped provide information regarding refugee women’s conditions from East Pakistan to West Bengal.
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Hossain, Ashfaque. „The world of the Sylheti seamen in the Age of Empire, from the late eighteenth century to 1947“. Journal of Global History 9, Nr. 3 (13.10.2014): 425–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022814000199.
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AbstractThis article examines the maritime activities and emigration of Muslim Sylhetis, from what today is north-eastern Bangladesh. Among the Bengali people, Sylhetis were the pioneers in crossing the sea in the Age of Empire. In their voyages, they worked as crewmen on merchant ships, and then began to settle abroad, mainly in Britain and the USA. Some of those who settled in Britain started restaurants and lodging houses. One of the unexplored questions of South Asian historiography is: why was it the Sylhetis who became seamen and emigrants, even though they lived about 300 miles away from the sea? This article traces the socioeconomic, religious, and ecological environment of Sylhetis to understand their transnational mobility, notably within the increasingly interconnected realms of the British empire.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Bengal settlers"
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Bhattacharya, Dahlia. „History of the Bengal settlers in burma (1826-1962) : their impact on the political economic and cultural life of Burma (Myanmar)“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1675.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBücher zum Thema "Bengal settlers"
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Doullah, M. Sujaud. Immigration of East Bengal farm settlers and agricultural development of the Assam Valley, 1901-1947. New Delhi: Institute of Objective Studies, 2003.
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Grewal, J. S. Emergence of the Demand for Territorial Reorganization of East Punjab. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199467099.003.0018.
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Master Tara Singh’s differences with the Congress Government in political matters began to emerge in 1948. In March 1948, the Akali legislators joined the Congress party in the legislature. Master Tara Singh underscored, nevertheless, that it was essential to preserve Sikh identity in religious, social, and political matters. The Akali Dal made it clear in October 1948 that the most effective safeguard for a minority was the right to choose its own representatives through separate electorates. In February 1949, Master Tara Singh emphasized that the root of all demands and all principles for the Sikhs was to have political power. Sardar Patel kept Master Tara Singh under detention for about eight months as a political prisoner under the Bengal Regulation III of 1818, which did not allow any legal intervention. His purpose was to settle all major Sikh issues without Master Tara Singh.
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Holderness, Thomas William, und Baden Henry Baden-Powell. Short Account of the Land Revenue and Its Administration in British India: With a Sketch of the Land Tenures. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
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A Short Account of the Land Revenue and Its Administration in British India: With a Sketch of the Land Tenures. Franklin Classics, 2018.
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Holderness, Thomas William, und Baden Henry Baden-Powell. A Short Account of the Land Revenue and Its Administration in British India: With a Sketch of the Land Tenures. Franklin Classics Trade Press, 2018.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Bengal settlers"
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Glynn, Sarah. „Sailors, students and settlers“. In Class, ethnicity and religion in the Bengali East End, 6–31. Manchester University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719095955.003.0002.
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Glynn, Sarah. „Sailors, students and settlers“. In Class, ethnicity and religion in the Bengali East End. Manchester University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7765/9781847799593.00006.
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Uddin, Ala. „The Transforming Role of Education in a Post-Conflict Region in Southeastern Bangladesh“. In Indigenous Studies, 295–310. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0423-9.ch016.
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This paper attempts to provide an insight into the transforming role of education in peace-building in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT). The region has been witnessed ethnic conflict since the mid-1970s. However, the situation intensified with the government sponsored population transfer program (1979 onward), which not only changed the demographic profile, it forcibly displaced many indigenous people—who less than two decades earlier had already been displaced by the Kaptai hydroelectric project (in 1960s). Consequently, the indigenous people who were already in duress because of land scarcity caused by the dam and transmigration faced further survival problem in competition with the Bengali settlers. In this situation, the indigenous people resisted the influx of the Bengali settlers in the hills. In response to the resistance, the Bangladesh government deployed a huge number of military and other armed forces to foil the “insurgency”. In consequence, many incidents of massacre, attack and reprisal attack, killing, sexual violence, etc. took place, often committed by the armed forces and Bengali settlers. However, a couple of initiatives led to a long-awaited agreement in 1997, which formally ended the two and half-decade-long bloody conflict in the hills. Even though 17 years have elapsed since the signing of the Accord, the region is neither a peaceful nor a secured region to its people. Under the circumstances, this paper proposes education can transform the communities toward peaceful coexistence. Addressing the sensitive issues education can contribute to reconstruct and social renewal in the aftermath of violent conflict. Based on empirical findings, also consulted with secondary sources, the paper posits, merely education is not the solution of the long-standing conflict; however, it has significant role to play in peace-building in the post-conflict and conflict-affected societies, like the CHT.
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Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar, und Anasua Basu Ray Chaudhury. „Camps and Borderlands“. In Caste and Partition in Bengal, 105–49. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192859723.003.0004.
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After arriving in West Bengal, the Dalit peasant refugees were first taken to various refugee camps scattered across the state. The chapter begins with a description of the refugee camps as ‘spaces of hospitality’ and as sites for renegotiating old identities and forming new ones. These were not ‘spaces of exception’ where refugees could be reduced to ‘bare life’, but rather locations where we observed remarkable signs of agency of these displaced people, and expressions of their righteous indignation against the failings of the state and its local functionaries. The chapter shows how their resistance was initiated at the grassroots level by Dalit camp leaders, who organised themselves into Bastuhara Samitis. A major feature of this refugee resistance was the leading role taken by the women residents of the camps. But the very logic of their movement also prevented them from raising the caste question, as they came under wider political influences. The major resistance of the Dalit refugees was to the government’s rehabilitation plan of dispersal, and here they needed the support and mediation of mainstream opposition parties. And that put constraints on their autonomy and agency. It also looks at the struggles and self-rehabilitation endeavours of those Dalit refugees who settled in the border districts of Nadia and 24-Parganas.
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„Introduction“. In Women Performers in Bengal and Bangladesh, herausgegeben von Manujendra Kundu, 1–60. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192871510.003.0001.
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Abstract The introductory chapter endeavours to contextualize the articles in this volume traversing more than two centuries’ socio-politico-cultural-scape vis-à-vis women’s position/challenges/negotiations as performers/cultural workers in Bengal and Bangladesh touching upon/considering those areas that the contributors chose to discuss in their articles. On the basis of an argument that ‘home’ (not just the place of abode but workplace as well) is the most ‘treacherous terrain’ vis-à-vis women performers’ precarity, the Introduction is a synopsis of the processes of construction of women in Bengal and Bangladesh and their resistance to it. It has been attempted to conflate the intellectual exercises of bhadramahila (gentlewoman) writers-thinkers-activists and women performers-thinkers (both bhadra, i.e. gentle and ‘fallen’) in concatenation. The word ‘performer’ has been seen to denote them who labour for an audience as entertainers and/or artistic preceptors and those who belong(ed) to other types of social, political agencies, yet also influence(d) cultural/artistic performances through various industrious performances/processes. It has been argued that the trials and tribulations of women performers have to be read together with the challenges of writer/activist/reformer and performer, and not in isolation. However, in spite of improvements, with time, this contested locale has transformed itself to appear more ‘democratic’, ‘equitable’, and ‘permissive’, but the elemental truths have remained unchanged, more so because of rising religious fundamentalism coupled with deep-seated misogyny and poor economic policies. So far, it has been a story of existential dialectics which will persevere to settle and unsettle in this part of South Asia!
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Ray, Reeju. „Games of Jurisdictions“. In Placing the Frontier in British North-East India, 50—C3N75. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192887085.003.0003.
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Abstract Building on the arguments of the previous chapter, Chapter 2 focuses on jurisdictional boundary disputes between British and non-British territories of Sylhet, Khasi, Jaintia, Garo hills, and Assam. This chapter shows how the ambiguity and imprecision of colonial boundaries intensified legally sanctioned violence. The chapter points to the shifting relationship between colonial administrators in Bengal, local authorities in the hills, inhabitants of the hills, and settler-proprietors in Sylhet in the first half of the nineteenth century. This chapter highlights the tensions within emerging ruler-subject relations, within colonial spatial and civilizational categories, and within colonial sovereignty. By looking at the constant flux of jurisdictional boundaries—visible in the recurrent disputes, raids, and incommensurable socio-political practices in the hills that the colonial authorities defined as extortion and nomadism—we can see how the contested nature of sovereignty functioned as a strategy of imperial governance. The case studies in this chapter point towards the relationship between various dimensions of colonial law—corporal, embodied, and epistemological.
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Jha, Mithilesh Kumar. „Maithili Language and the Movement, Part–I“. In Language Politics and Public Sphere in North India, 110–66. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199479344.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the ways through which the Maithili movement became more provocative and assertive from the beginning of the 1920s until the independence of India. It begins with not just a categorical refutation to Hindi’s claim of Maithili being its ‘dialect’, but by invoking the cultural and historical figures like Vidyapati, Govinda Das, which led to controversy between the supporters of Bengali and Maithili, it tried to galvanize and broaden its support among the Maithili speakers who were divided on the basis of caste, class, religion, region, and sects. In this period, there were many Bengali scholars who tried to project Vidyapati and Govinda Das as Bengali poets. However, the controversy was settled by the Bengali scholars themselves through their meticulous research on Vidyapati and eventually they began to support the cause of Maithili as an independent language. All these developments galvanized the support for Maithili among the Maithils who otherwise were suspicious of Maithili’s prospect in terms of either getting good education or employment. Whereas on the other hand, learning Hindi was seen not only as supporting the nationalist cause but a language that can provide better opportunities. However, Maithili elites remained ambivalent to Hindi. They could foresee its prospect but were not willing to forgo the rich literary traditions of Maithili for championing the cause of Hindi. So, while they were not inimical to Hindi, they rallied solidly behind Maithili to assert its status as an independent modern Indian language. The broadening of Maithili journalism attempts to revive its script—Mithilakshar, and formation of the Maithili Sahitya Parishad were other significant developments in this period. Gradually, these developments led to the growth of a new sense of geopolitical identity on the basis of Maithili. And Mithila-Maithil-Maithili became the key slogan of this phase of the Maithili movement.
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Chatterji, Bankimchandra. „Chapter 1 “. In Debī Chaudhurānī, 190–213. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195388367.003.0006.
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Abstract “the leaseholder”: ijārādār. (from the Persian word, izārā, meaning “lease”). Hara- ballabh didn’t pay his dues directly to the government. His estates were leased to him by Debisingh, who allegedly extorted a large proportion of the revenue they yielded, only to pay a proportion of this himself to his political masters. This was often the practice at the time. Burke referred to this practice in his speech of February 18th, 1788 (see endnotes under ch.8, Part I). Mr. Kumud Ranjan Biswas, a retired Indian Administrative Service officer who is an expert on the history of land tenure, writes (private communication, 12.07.2007): “[In Bengal, toward the end of the Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb’s reign in the early 1700s] land was settled with different kinds of people. Some chieftains held it directly under the central authority, calling themselves Rajas, and others held it on izara (a Persian word meaning lease) from the provincial governor. These izaradars often sub-leased parts of their holdings to people who came to be known as talukdars and by various other names. Debi Chaudhurani’s father-in-law, Haraballabh, must have been one such talukdar under one of the most infamous and oppressive izaradars, Debi Singh. There were disputes among these people over the extent of their geographical jurisdictions, each one trying to encroach upon the others’ holdings. This was because their boundaries were not precisely demarcated. Moreover, the izaradars and talukdars had their own private armies called paiks and barkandazes. Taking advantage of the lawlessness of the time, these landholders, both superior and subordinate, committed widespread depredations. [At that time] the Permanent Settlement of 1793 was yet to be introduced [by the British]. So the izaradars, zamindars [Bengali: jamidar] and talukdars were not the zamindars under the Permanent Settlement Regulation. After the Permanent Settlement came into force all landholders immediately under the government were uniformly called zamindars. There were sublease-holders under them called by various names—talukdars, pattanidars etc.” Bankim does not clarify these time-bound distinctions.
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Safa, Noorie. „Development Interventions and Masculinity in Transition“. In Handbook of Research on Women's Issues and Rights in the Developing World, 382–96. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3018-3.ch024.
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Intent of the study was to trace the shifts in masculinities among three generation's indigenous Marma men due to their increased affiliation with development interventions and its impact on gender relationship in Marma community. Following qualitative methodology, total 28 in-depth interviews and 10 focus group discussions were carried out at Bandarban Sadar, Tigerpara and Balaghata areas. Study covered 70 Marma men of three different generations, where age ranged from 13 to 60 years above. It reflected that to keep pace with modernization or to fill up increased gap with Bengali settlers, indigenous men are moving from primitive non hegemonic order to hegemonic order as existing situation is forcing them to grow up with competitive mind for survival purpose. Gigantic gap among men of three generations, in terms of their perception on what it ought to be a ‘real man' signifies how stereotypical gender norms, values, practices are getting engrossed in indigenous Marma communities which is putting serious impact in gender relationships by leaving indigenous women in vulnerable state.
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Singha, Radhika. „Making the Desert Bloom?“ In The Coolie's Great War, 95–158. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197525586.003.0004.
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World War one witnessed the first dense flow of Indian labor into the Persian Gulf. To reconstruct the campaign in Mesopotamia/Iraq after the reverses of 1915-16, the Indian Army demanded non-combatants for dock-work, construction labor and medical and transport services. This chapter explores the Government of India’s anxious deliberations about the choice of legal form in which to meet this demand. The sending of labor for military work overseas had to be distanced conceptually from the stigmatized system of indentured labor migration. There was a danger of disrupting those labor networks across India and around the Bay of Bengal which maintained the supply of material goods for the war. Non-combatant recruitment took the war into new sites and spaces. Regimes of labor servitude were tapped but some form of emancipation had to be promised. The chapter focusses on seven jail- recruited Indian Labor and Porter Corps to explore the work regime in Mesopotamia. Labor units often insisted on fixed engagements rather than ‘duration of war’ agreements, but had to struggle for exit at the conclusion of their contract. After the Armistice, Britain still needed Indian labor and troops in Mesopotamia but sought to prevent the emergence of a settler population.