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AMELIA, CITRA. „KAJIAN SISTEM BUKAAN KAMAR TIDUR ASRAMA BEIYUAN GXNU TERHADAP KENYAMANAN TERMAL DAN PENCAHAYAAN ALAMI RUANG“. Serat Rupa Journal of Design 1, Nr. 2 (19.01.2018): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.28932/srjd.v1i2.456.
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Dormitory played an important role on university students life. Lot of universities oblige their students to live inside university’s dormitory with consideration that that thing would make observing students activities easier. Dormitory bedrooms comfort were crucial. This because of bedroom was the place where students would comeback to get a good rest after their daily activities outside. One of many things that could determine one rooms comfort was apertures design. Apertures design would affect a room wind circulation. Aside from natural circulation, apertures would determine the intensity of natural lighting that can get into the room. Keywords: climate; lighting; students activity; temperature
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Raanaas, Ruth Kjærsti, Grete Grindal Patil und Terry Hartig. „Health benefits of a view of nature through the window: a quasi-experimental study of patients in a residential rehabilitation center“. Clinical Rehabilitation 26, Nr. 1 (19.08.2011): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215511412800.
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Objective: To examine the health benefits of a bedroom window view to natural surroundings for patients undergoing a residential rehabilitation programme. Design: Longitudinal quasi-experiment. Setting: A residential rehabilitation centre. Subjects: Two-hundred and seventy-eight coronary and pulmonary patients provided data at all measurement points during the programme. Intervention: Blind, quasi-random allocation to a private bedroom with a panoramic view to natural surroundings or with a view either partially or entirely blocked by buildings. Main measures: Self-reported physical and mental health (SF-12), subjective well-being, emotional states, use of the private bedroom and leisure activities. Results: For women, a blocked view appeared to negatively influence change in physical health (time × view × gender interaction, F(4,504) = 2.51, P = 0.04), whereas for men, a blocked view appeared to negatively influence change in mental health (time × view × gender interaction, F(4,504) = 5.67, P < 0.01). Pulmonary patients with a panoramic view showed greater improvement in mental health than coronary patients with such a view (time × view × diagnostic group interaction, F(4,504) = 2.76, P = 0.03). Those with a panoramic view to nature more often chose to stay in their bedroom when they wanted to be alone than those with a blocked view (odds ratio (OR) = 2.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–5.01). Conclusion: An unobstructed bedroom view to natural surroundings appears to have better supported improvement in self-reported physical and mental health during a residential rehabilitation programme, although the degree of change varied with gender and diagnostic group.
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Custódio, Iazana Garcia, Adriano Akira Ferreira Hino, Cristiano Copetti Rodriguez, Edina Maria de Camargo und Rodrigo Siqueira Reis. „EXERGAMES IN ADOLESCENTS: ASSOCIATED FACTORS AND POSSIBLE REDUCTION IN SEDENTARY TIME“. Revista Paulista de Pediatria 37, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2019): 442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/;2019;37;4;00019.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the use of exergames, associated factors and to quantify the time attributed to the use of exergames within the time spent on video games in a sample of adolescents from Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that evaluated frequency and weekly volume of physical activities using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents. Weekly frequency and daily time of use of exergames and videogames were self-reported. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests were used to compare the time spent playing exergames, and Poisson regression was used to test the associations (p<0.05). Results: 495 adolescents were interviewed (51.3% girls), predominantly aged between 12 and 13 years (41.3%), under/normal weight (60.4%), medium socioeconomic status (39.8 %) and from public schools (69.3%). Most of the participants did not have video games in their bedroom (74.3%) and did not reach recommended levels of physical activity (55.5%). One in five adolescents used exergames (16.4%). Age (RP: 0.54; 95%CI 0.30-0.97, p=0.039) and having a console in the bedroom (RP: 1.89; 95%CI 1.27- 2.81, p=0.002) were associated with exergame use. Male sex (X_: 195.0; AIQ: 486.3; p=0.024) practice of leisure time physical activity (X_: 160.0; AIQ: 350.0; p=0.048) were associated with weekly volume of exergame use. Conclusions: Overall, less than two out of ten adolescents used exergames, and the use was higher among young adolescents and those who had a console in their bedrooms. Volume of use was higher among boys and those performing more than five hours of leisure time physical activity per week. In addition, a considerable part of the time devoted to the use of video games, was in fact, destined to the use of exergames.
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Sikder, Amit Kumar, Leonardo Babun und A. Selcuk Uluagac. „A egis +“. Digital Threats: Research and Practice 2, Nr. 1 (März 2021): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3428026.
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The introduction of modern Smart Home Systems (SHSs) is redefining the way we perform everyday activities. Today, myriad SHS applications and the devices they control are widely available to users. Specifically, users can easily download and install the apps from vendor-specific app markets, or develop their own, to effectively implement their SHS solutions. However, despite their benefits, app-based SHSs unfold diverse security risks. Several attacks have already been reported to SHSs and current security solutions only consider smart home devices and apps individually to detect malicious actions, rather than the context of the SHS as a whole. Thus, the current security solutions applied to SHSs cannot capture user activities and sensor-device-user interactions in a holistic fashion. To address these limitations, in this article, we introduce A egis +, a novel context-aware platform-independent security framework to detect malicious behavior in an SHS. Specifically, A egis + observes the states of the connected smart home entities (sensors and devices) for different user activities and usage patterns in an SHS and builds a contextual model to differentiate between malicious and benign behavior. We evaluated the efficacy and performance of A egis + in multiple smart home settings (i.e., single bedroom, double bedroom, duplex) and platforms (i.e., Samsung SmartThings, Amazon Alexa) where real users perform day-to-day activities using real SHS devices. We also measured the performance of A egis + against five different malicious behaviors. Our detailed evaluation shows that A egis + can detect malicious behavior in SHS with high accuracy (over 95%) and secure the SHS regardless of the smart home layout and platforms, device configurations, installed apps, controller devices, and enforced user policies. Finally, A egis + yields minimum overhead to the SHS, ensuring effective deployability in real-life smart environments.
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Ferreira, José M., Ivan Miguel Pires, Gonçalo Marques, Nuno M. García, Eftim Zdravevski, Petre Lameski, Francisco Flórez-Revuelta, Susanna Spinsante und Lina Xu. „Activities of Daily Living and Environment Recognition Using Mobile Devices: A Comparative Study“. Electronics 9, Nr. 1 (18.01.2020): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9010180.
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The recognition of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) using the sensors available in off-the-shelf mobile devices with high accuracy is significant for the development of their framework. Previously, a framework that comprehends data acquisition, data processing, data cleaning, feature extraction, data fusion, and data classification was proposed. However, the results may be improved with the implementation of other methods. Similar to the initial proposal of the framework, this paper proposes the recognition of eight ADL, e.g., walking, running, standing, going upstairs, going downstairs, driving, sleeping, and watching television, and nine environments, e.g., bar, hall, kitchen, library, street, bedroom, living room, gym, and classroom, but using the Instance Based k-nearest neighbour (IBk) and AdaBoost methods as well. The primary purpose of this paper is to find the best machine learning method for ADL and environment recognition. The results obtained show that IBk and AdaBoost reported better results, with complex data than the deep neural network methods.
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Sisson, Susan B., und Stephanie T. Broyles. „Social-Ecological Correlates of Excessive TV Viewing: Difference by Race and Sex“. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 9, Nr. 3 (März 2012): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.9.3.449.
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Background:The primary and secondary purposes were to examine social-ecological correlates of excessive TV viewing (>2hr/day) in American children 1) between race/ethnic groups and 2) between boys and girls.Methods:Children (n = 48,505) aged 6 to 18 years from the 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health were included. Social-ecological correlates included individual-, family-, and community-level variables. Logistic regression analyses were used for race/ethnicity [Non-Hispanic White (NHW), Non-Hispanic Black (NHB), Hispanic, other] and sex groups (boys, girls), to determine associated correlates.Results:By race/ethnicity, 16.6%, 37.8%, and 24.5% of NHW, NHB, and Hispanic exceeded recommendations. For boys and girls, 23.7% and 18.2% viewed excessive TV. Having a TV in the bedroom and higher poverty level were associated with excessive TV in all groups. Differences by race/ethnicity were age, sex, TV in the bedroom, extracurricular activities, physical activity, adequate sleep, family structure, family meals, knowing child’s friends, parent/ child communication, and neighborhood characteristics. Differences by sex were family structure, parent/ child communication, family meals, and neighborhood elements.Conclusion:Social-ecological correlates and associated prevalence of excessive TV viewing differed across subgroups. These specific correlates can be targeted in tailored interventions.
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Wardana, Jovina Evangeline, Ova Candra Dewi und Joice Sandra Sari. „Comfortable Room Condition for Working and Resting“. Journal of Architectural Design and Urbanism 3, Nr. 2 (24.04.2021): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jadu.v3i2.10501.
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This paper aims to determine the comfortable room condition in terms of room organization, lighting and room temperature. Due to the pandemic, many workers are forced to bring their outside home activities back home. Many of them struggle in finding one suitable and comfortable space as they do not have a dedicated space to do the work from home. A bedroom, as one of the potential rooms to maintain the balance between work and rest at home, are observed for space adjustment, especially the organisation of space, lighting and room temperature to maintain the comfort. The comfortable room condition needs to support the bedroom as a working and relaxing space. This study consists of literature review about space, lighting and temperature and observation of two study case studies. This study concludes that the room organization, lighting and room temperature affects the user physically and psychologically which results in the comfort of the user. As a worker, to increase comfort level and have good rest balance, the user needs to adjust the variables of lighting, room temperature and room organization to achieve the optimum comfort level.
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Hendrassukma, Dila. „The Influence of Room Colors in A House for Its Occupants“. Humaniora 7, Nr. 1 (31.01.2016): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v7i1.3486.
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Home was a place where each individual could go after doing various routine activities. Residential interior design would support the quality of life of its occupants. The majority of the population of Indonesia, especially in Jakarta, had been aware of the importance of design interior of their homes properly. However, the selection of interior elements of color that was supporting the smoothness of the activities in a room was not considered as whole. The research objective was to analyze a great color for every room in the home based on the theory and the psychology of color. This article was expected to be a guide for those who will design an interior room. The method used was qualitative method in the form of observation and study of literature. Results of the study is the choice of a suitable color that fit in any room home, such as the living room, bedroom, kitchen, and bathroom can maximize the function of the room for the occupants.
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Ostendorf, C. „The Influence of a Noise Barrier on Nuisance Caused by Vibrations“. Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 24, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2005): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/026309205776232781.
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Since the construction of a noise barrier beside the motorway near their home, a family suffers from nuisance caused by vibration. Prior to the building activities of the noise barrier there had never been a problem with vibration. The family is convinced that the noise barrier in some way introduces or amplifies the vibration caused by traffic using the motorway. In order to find the cause of the vibration and the relevance of the noise barrier, vibration measurements have been done. These measurements show that the traffic using the motorway is indeed the main cause of the vibration in the building. The noise barrier, however/has no influence on the vibrations. The fact that nuisance occurred in the same period as the building activities, is mainly due to the fast decline of the road-surface influenced by the building activities. The measurements also showed that the floor (especially the bedroom floor) reacted very strongly to vibration with a dominant frequency of 17 Hz. To reduce the vibration, it has been advised that the road-surface of the motorway be renewed and the possibility of modifying the floor to reduce the 17Hz resonance be considered.
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Anna N., Atarova. „The Developing Potential of the Preschool Educational Organization Framework in Solving the Problems of Developing the Independence of Children of Older Preschool Age“. Scholarly Notes of Transbaikal State University 16, Nr. 2 (Mai 2021): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2658-7114-2021-16-2-14-20.
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The article presents the results of a study of the developmental potential of the kindergarten space for solving development problems and supporting the independence of older preschool children. The development of children’s independence occurs as a result of the child’s accumulation of experience of independent activity, including the experience of integrating different types of children’s activities. Therefore, the space of a preschool educational organization should provide conditions for children to choose interesting activities, including for its integration, which allows them to obtain the intended result. The space of a preschool educational organization means not only a group room, which includes a bedroom and a dressing room, but also corridors of a preschool educational organization, staircases, walking areas, and specialists’ offices. The framework of a preschool educational organization is considered through the organization of a subject-spatial developmental environment. As a result of the study, it was revealed under what conditions the space of a preschool educational organization acquires developmental potential and contributes to the development of independence of children of senior preschool age: a variety of subject content, accessibility and ease of placement of materials, the possibility of integrating children’s activities and independent transformation of the subject-spatial environment, all types of children’s activities are reinforced in a subject-spatial environment. Keywords: Independence, developing framework, subject-spatial environment, children’s activities, integration of children’s activities, developing the potential of the subject-spatial environment
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Rosbergen, Ingrid CM, Rohan S. Grimley, Kathryn S. Hayward und Sandra G. Brauer. „The impact of environmental enrichment in an acute stroke unit on how and when patients undertake activities“. Clinical Rehabilitation 33, Nr. 4 (23.12.2018): 784–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215518820087.
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Objectives: To explore the effect of environmental enrichment within an acute stroke unit on how and when patients undertake activities, and the amount of staff assistance provided, compared with a control environment (no enrichment). Design: This is a substudy of a controlled before–after observational study. Setting: The study was conducted in an Australian acute stroke unit. Participants: The study included stroke patients admitted to (1) control and (2) environmental enrichment period. Intervention: The control group received standard therapy and nursing care, which was delivered one-on-one in the participants’ bedroom or a communal gym. The enriched group received stimulating resources and communal areas for mealtimes, socializing and group activities. Furthermore, participants and families were encouraged to increase patient activity outside therapy hours. Main measures: Behavioral mapping was performed every 10 minutes between 7.30 a.m. and 7.30 p.m. on weekdays and weekends to estimate activity levels. We compared activity levels during specified time periods, nature of activities observed and amount of staff assistance provided during patient activities across both groups. Results: Higher activity levels in the enriched group ( n = 30, mean age 76.7 ± 12.1) occurred during periods of scheduled communal activity ( P < 0.001), weekday non-scheduled activity ( P = 0.007) and weekends ( P = 0.018) when compared to the control group ( n = 30, mean age 76.0 ± 12.8), but no differences were observed on weekdays after 5 p.m. ( P = 0.324). The enriched group spent more time on upper limb ( P < 0.001), communal socializing ( P < 0.001), listening ( P = 0.007) and iPad activities ( P = 0.002). No difference in total staff assistance during activities was observed ( P = 0.055). Conclusion: Communal activities and environmental resources were important contributors to greater activity within the enriched acute stroke unit.
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Stachura, Ewa, und Katarzyna Binkowska. „A Study on Activities Related to Habitation (Indwelling) and Their Meanings“. Real Estate Management and Valuation 22, Nr. 3 (01.10.2014): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2014-0022.
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Abstract The process of transformation in Poland contributed to the dynamic development of the housing market and caused a growth of aspirations among Poles related to the housing environment. The diversity of lifestyles has brought about new, different expectations of the residential environment. Meanwhile, most surveys examining housing preferences and focused on the location of housing, services and infrastructure in housing estates, and urban and architectural standards show similar expectations of residents in regards to their housing environment. The phenomenon of the homogenization of expectations regarding the residential environment appears regardless of the household lifecycle, place of residence, or level of wealth (STACHURA 2013). Research methods testing users’ preferences allow an expected set of characteristics of the housing environment to be specified. If the respondents' aspirations regarding the housing environment are similar regardless of the segment they belong to, it may be assumed that possible differences may be revealed by a more detailed study. People perform many activities in their homes. These activities are related to everyday living, family and social life, work or hobbies. Each of them may be in assigned to one or more rooms in a dwelling. Activities may have different meanings and hold a different degree of importance to the residents. When purchasing a new dwelling, buyers prefer homes where the activities most important to them can be carried out in the most satisfactory way. The study attempts to establish the relationships between activities and sub-settings (dwelling or residential environment features) as well as between activities and their meanings. This paper presents an extended method of examining residential preferences: respondents declare, in a survey questionnaire, what activities are carried out in the dwelling, and how they attach meanings to these activities. The pilot study showed that some of the activities are strongly associated with one specific room, while others may be connected to any room. Rooms in Polish homes have many functions. Some of the functions are strictly connected with the type of room (bedroom, bathroom), but there is also a set of everyday activities that can be assigned to different rooms, selected by the resident. The present research revealed that activities can take on different meanings, which determines their level of importance to the dwelling user.
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Evans, Martin, Stephen Kralovic, Gary Roselle, Karen Lipscomb und Linda Flarida. „Potential Impact of CDC’s Enhanced Barrier Precautions Recommendations on Veterans’ Affairs Long-Term Care Facilities“. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (Oktober 2020): s19—s20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.494.
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Background: We previously showed that ~25% of Veterans’ Affairs (VA) long-term care facility (LTCF) residents had 1 or more indwelling medical devices. Of these devices, 36% were indwelling urinary catheters, 18% were percutaneous gastrostomy tubes, 12% were peripherally inserted central catheters, 8% were suprapubic urinary catheters, and 6% were peripheral intravenous catheters. Approximately 11% of those with an indwelling device developed an LTCF-acquired infection, compared to 3.5% of those without a device. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a targeted multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) in all VA LTCFs nationwide. All admissions to VA LTCFs are screened for MRSA carriage upon admission and, since 2013, those that screen positive (~21%) are placed in VA enhanced barrier precautions (EBPs). VA EBPs require that all healthcare workers entering a resident’s bedroom don gowns and gloves for specific activities likely to be associated with contamination of the worker’s hands and clothes. With proper hand hygiene and clean clothing, the colonized resident is encouraged to leave their bedroom and participate fully in all LTCF activities. In July 2019, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended the use of EBPs for all residents in LTCFs with a wound or device regardless of their colonization status if a resident is identified within the facility with novel or targeted MDROs including panresistant organisms, carbapenemase-producing gram-negative bacteria, and Candida auris. Methods: We assessed the potential impact of this recommendation on VA LTCFs by asking our 133 LTCFs to do a 1-day point-prevalence survey. Results: In total, 63 sites (47%) responded. On the survey day, there were 4,777 residents in the participating facilities, of whom 891 (18.7%) were under EBPs or contact precautions (CPs) for MRSA or other MDROs. Moreover, 963 (20.2%) residents (not already in EBP or CP) had a wound or an indwelling device such as central venous catheter, urinary catheter, feeding tube, tracheostomy or were on a ventilator (if >1 device, resident counted only once). If newly published CDC recommendations were implemented for novel or targeted MDRO precautions in VA LTCFs nationwide, 1,854 residents (38.8%) in VA LTCFs would be placed under EBPs or CPs. Conclusions: In VA LTCFs, adopting the CDC recommendation to place all patients with wounds or indwelling devices under EBPs regardless of colonization status would increase the percentage of residents on transmission-based precautions to ~40% (nearly doubling those in an isolation precaution status).Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
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Pires, Ivan Miguel, Maria Canavarro Teixeira, Nuno Pombo, Nuno M. Garcia, Francisco Flórez-Revuelta, Susanna Spinsante, Rossitza Goleva und Eftim Zdravevski. „Android Library for Recognition of Activities of Daily Living: Implementation Considerations, Challenges, and Solutions“. Open Bioinformatics Journal 11, Nr. 1 (22.05.2018): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875036201811010061.
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Background:Off-the-shelf-mobile devices have several sensors available onboard that may be used for the recognition of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and the environments where they are performed. This research is focused on the development of Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) systems, using mobile devices for the acquisition of the different types of data related to the physical and physiological conditions of the subjects and the environments. Mobile devices with the Android Operating Systems are the least expensive and exhibit the biggest market while providing a variety of models and onboard sensors.Objective:This paper describes the implementation considerations, challenges and solutions about a framework for the recognition of ADL and the environments, provided as an Android library. The framework is a function of the number of sensors available in different mobile devices and utilizes a variety of activity recognition algorithms to provide a rapid feedback to the user.Methods:The Android library includes data fusion, data processing, features engineering and classification methods. The sensors that may be used are the accelerometer, the gyroscope, the magnetometer, the Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver and the microphone. The data processing includes the application of data cleaning methods and the extraction of features, which are used with Deep Neural Networks (DNN) for the classification of ADL and environment. Throughout this work, the limitations of the mobile devices were explored and their effects have been minimized.Results:The implementation of the Android library reported an overall accuracy between 58.02% and 89.15%, depending on the number of sensors used and the number of ADL and environments recognized. Compared with the results available in the literature, the performance of the library reported a mean improvement of 2.93%, and they do not differ at the maximum found in prior work, that based on the Student’s t-test.Conclusion:This study proves that ADL like walking, going upstairs and downstairs, running, watching TV, driving, sleeping and standing activities, and the bedroom, cooking/kitchen, gym, classroom, hall, living room, bar, library and street environments may be recognized with the sensors available in off-the-shelf mobile devices. Finally, these results may act as a preliminary research for the development of a personal digital life coach with a multi-sensor mobile device commonly used daily.
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Park, Ju-Hyeong, Bogumila Szponar, Lennart Larsson, Diane R. Gold und Donald K. Milton. „Characterization of Lipopolysaccharides Present in Settled House Dust“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, Nr. 1 (Januar 2004): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.1.262-267.2004.
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ABSTRACT The 3-hydroxy fatty acids (3-OHFAs) in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) play an important role in determining endotoxin activity, and childhood exposure to endotoxin has recently been associated with reduced risk of atopic diseases. To characterize the 3-OHFAs in house dust (HD), we used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to assay 190 HD samples. Dust from beds, bedroom floors, family rooms, and kitchen floors was collected as part of a birth cohort study of childhood asthma (study 1) and a longitudinal study of home allergen and endotoxin (study 2). We also measured endotoxin activity with a Limulus assay and computed specific activity (endotoxin activity per nanomole of LPS). Longer-chain (C16:0 and C18:0) 3-OHFAs were predominant in HD compared with short-chain (C10:0, C12:0, and C14:0) acids. Endotoxin activity was positively correlated with short-chain 3-OHFAs in both studies. In study 2, 3-OH C16:0 was negatively correlated and 3-OH C18:0 was not correlated with endotoxin activity, consistent with previous findings that the Limulus assay responds preferentially to LPS containing short-chain 3-OHFAs. Kitchen dust contained the highest concentrations of 3-OH C10:0, the highest endotoxin activities, and the highest specific activities (P < 0.03). Bed dust contained the largest amounts of long-chain 3-OHFAs, the highest concentrations of LPS, and the lowest specific activities. Apartments had significantly different types of LPS (P = 0.03) compared with single-family homes in study 2. These data suggest that the Limulus assay may underestimate exposure to certain types of LPS. Because nontoxic LPS may have immune modulating effects, analysis of 3-OHFAs may be useful in epidemiologic studies.
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Steinmayr, Ricarda, Rebecca Lazarides, Anne F. Weidinger und Hanna Christiansen. „Teaching and learning during the first COVID-19 school lockdown: Realization and associations with parent-perceived students' academic outcomes“. Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie 35, Nr. 2-3 (April 2021): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1010-0652/a000306.
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Abstract. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all schools in Germany were locked down for several months in 2020. How schools realized teaching during the school lockdown greatly varied from school to school. N = 2,647 parents participated in an online survey and rated the following activities of teachers in mathematics, language arts (German), English, and science/biology during the school lockdown: frequency of sending task assignments, task solutions and requesting for solutions, giving task-related feedback, grading tasks, providing lessons per videoconference, and communicating via telecommunication tools with students and/or parents. Parents also reported student academic outcomes during the school lockdown (child's learning motivation, competent and independent learning, learning progress). Parents further reported student characteristics and social background variables: child's negative emotionality, school engagement, mathematical and language competencies, and child's social and cultural capital. Data were separately analyzed for elementary and secondary schools. In both samples, frequency of student-teacher communication was associated with all academic outcomes, except for learning progress in elementary school. Frequency of parent-teacher communication was associated with motivation and learning progress, but not with competent and independent learning, in both samples. Other distant teaching activities were differentially related to students' academic outcomes in elementary vs. secondary school. School engagement explained most additional variance in all students' outcomes during the school lockdown. Parent's highest school leaving certificate incrementally predicted students' motivation, and competent and independent learning in secondary school, as well as learning progress in elementary school. The variable “child has own bedroom” additionally explained variance in students' competent and independent learning during the school lockdown in both samples. Thus, both teaching activities during the school lockdown as well as children's characteristics and social background were independently important for students' motivation, competent and independent learning, and learning progress. Results are discussed with regard to their practical implications for realizing distant teaching.
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Sugiyama, Takashi, und Katsuya Yamori. „Consideration of Evacuation Drills Utilizing the Capabilities of People with Special Needs“. Journal of Disaster Research 15, Nr. 6 (01.10.2020): 794–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p0794.
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People with special needs are at higher risk during a disaster than those without because of delayed disaster evacuation behaviors. Therefore, one of the top priorities in the field of disaster risk reduction is implementing evacuation support for the people with special needs. However, assistance is often limited, especially in areas with declining and aging populations. In addition, past evacuation activities for people with special needs have tended to focus on the barriers they face and assistance they need during evacuation rather than their utilizable capabilities. Therefore, this study considers evacuation drills that utilize the capabilities of people with special needs. An “indoor evacuation drill” was developed and the evacuation behaviors of residents with special needs were analyzed. An indoor evacuation drill is defined as an evacuation activity that participants carry out within their own homes – for example, evacuating from the bedroom to an exit. In coastal areas, such a drill helps residents prepare to evacuate their homes in case of a tsunami, while in mountainous regions, it helps them prepare for evacuation to the upper floors in case of a landslide. The study participants were residents of Hamamachi ward (a coastal area) and Kumai ward (a mountainous area) in Kuroshio town, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. The results indicate that an indoor evacuation drill conducted in the participants’ living area, such as the entrance or second floor of their home, is easier to implement than usual disaster evacuation drills, and helps people with special needs regain autonomy in disaster risk reduction activities. Moreover, the participation rate of the target population in local evacuation drills increased after participating in the indoor evacuation drills. Existing evacuation drills often overlook people with special needs, and delays in disaster prevention for this population are often associated with their lack of interest in related activities. However, the results of this study suggest that disaster prevention activities themselves sometimes overlook the challenges faced by people with special needs and prevent them from participating.
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Pietrogrande, Maria Chiara, Lucia Casari, Giorgia Demaria und Mara Russo. „Indoor Air Quality in Domestic Environments during Periods Close to Italian COVID-19 Lockdown“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, Nr. 8 (12.04.2021): 4060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084060.
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This paper describes the in situ monitoring of indoor air quality (IAQ) in two dwellings, using low-cost IAQ sensors to provide high-density temporal and spatial data. IAQ measurements were conducted over 2-week periods in the kitchen and bedroom of each home during the winter, spring, and summer seasons, characterized by different outside parameters, that were simultaneously measured. The mean indoor PM2.5 concentrations were about 15 μg m−3 in winter, they dropped to values close to 10 μg m−3 in spring and increased to levels of about 13 μg m−3 in summer. During the winter campaign, indoor PM2.5 was found mainly associated with particle penetration inside the rooms from outdoors, because of the high outdoor PM2.5 levels in the season. Such pollution winter episodes occur frequently in the study region, due to the combined contributions of strong anthropogenic emissions and stable atmospheric conditions. The concentrations of indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and CO2 increased with the number of occupants (humans and pets), as likely associated with consequent higher emissions through breathing and metabolic processes. They also varied with occupants’ daily activities, like cooking and cleaning. Critic CO2 levels above the limit of 1000 ppm were observed in spring campaign, in the weeks close to the end of the COVID-19 quarantine, likely associated with the increased time that the occupants spent at home.
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Moedy, Emma Ratna Sari. „Manajemen Strategik Pengawasan Isi Siaran Televisi Swastasiaran Jaringandi Balioleh Komisi Penyiaran Indonesia Daerah Bali“. Jurnal Ilmiah Cakrawarti 2, Nr. 2 (07.07.2020): 46–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.47532/jic.v2i2.128.
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As one of the electronic media, television is present in the most private space of television toactually live from advertisers. The public or the public in this case is placed in one position as acommodity that is able to capture advertisers who can provide income for the life of the televisionstation. human life. Television is present in the family room, even the bedroom. audiences have the rightto receive quality shows that are useful for them, and not only give priority to the benefits of televisionstation owners. The media has so far been influenced by ratings so enforcement of the code of conductis often ignored. Ratings also cause uniformity of type of viewing on television stations. Law No. 32 of2002 concerning Broadcasting was born from the spirit of freedom of opinion and obtain the widestpossible information for the community. The Broadcasting Law is a law governing the principles ofbroadcasting that apply in Indonesia. This includes the principles, objectives, functions and directionof national broadcasting, regulating the provisions of the Indonesian Broadcasting Commission,broadcasting services, Public Broadcasting Institutions, Private Broadcasting Institutions, SubscribedBroadcasting Institutions, Community Broadcasting Institutions, Foreign Broadcasting Institutions,Broadcasting Stations and broadcast coverage, and licensing and broadcast activities. The principlesin the Broadcasting Law are held based on the Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic ofIndonesia with the principles of benefits, fair and equitable, legal certainty, security, diversity,partnerships, ethics, independence, freedom, and responsibility.
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Nizar, Achmad, Siti Maghfirotun Amin und Agung Lukito. „A Learning Trajectory of Indonesian 12-years Old Students Understanding of Division of Fractions“. Southeast Asian Mathematics Education Journal 7, Nr. 2 (29.12.2017): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46517/seamej.v7i2.52.
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The purpose of this study was to describe mathematical hands-on activities that can support students to gain better understanding of dividing fractions. This preliminary research phase was started by testing, analyzing, and refining the initial hypothetical learning trajectory (HLT), then in the pilot experimental phase the revised HLT was implemented, and ended with the teaching experimental phase by developing a learning trajectory for 12-year old students in understanding division of fractions. In developing the trajectory, a design research methodology was employed by using four contextual-based learning series (sharing biscuit, sharing remaining chocolate bar, arranging bedroom mats, and running around school yard), including providing some concrete materials or pictorial models as manipulative tools. Seven mathematics experts and twenty five 12-year old students were involved during the research. The four designed learning goals were determining the quotient of division of integer by proper fraction, proper fraction by integer, two proper fractions, and two fractions. Students succeeded in demonstrating their understanding and stated that 16:1/2 = 32; 25/36:5 = 5/36; 24/64:1/2 = 6/8; and 15/2:3/4 = 10 respectively at the end of each designed activity. The interesting results of this study are not a proof, so that a much larger study is needed to determine if the results are due to this approach or due to the teachers’ enthusiasm or what is known as the Hawthorne Effect.
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Leonard, Natalie M., Marianthie Wank, Karen Nielsen, Alicia G. Carmichael, Maren Wisniewski, Vineet Raichur und Richard Gonzalez. „CHOREOGRAPHING INTERACTION WITHIN THE U-M HOMELAB: CONSIDERATIONS FOR AN OLDER ADULT POPULATION“. Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S961—S962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3487.
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Abstract Drawing from the lens of architecture, designing a research study for a controlled, simulated environment requires the consideration of three primary types of interaction involving people and infrastructure. These three types include the interface between and among the respondent(s) and the researcher(s), the interface between and among the people playing these roles and the infrastructure surrounding them (inclusive of self-report measures, sensing technology, furniture, etc.), and the interface between and among the various types of study infrastructure. The flow of a study across these interfaces becomes a form of choreography, with implications for protocol adherence, reproducibility, and data quality. Recently, a pilot study assessing an older adult population’s upper-body performance was our first iteration of research utilizing a simulated environment: the U-M HomeLab, an ADA-accommodating, one-bedroom apartment built within the basement of a large research facility. Nine participants, aged 61 to 72, with self-reported upper-body weakness completed a series of tasks resembling activities of daily living, such as lifting laundry baskets and vacuuming. By backtracking through our development of this pilot study, we illustrate how considerations of interface play a significant role across every stage of study design, incorporating aspects of wayfinding, dialogue, safety, acclimation, and visibility that are relevant to an older adult population. From these reflections, considerations of interface inform a “check-list” for simulation choreography, providing guiding questions for assessing these types of interactions while iterating through study design.
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Steinman, Bernard, Jon Pynoos, Casandra Mittlieder, Julie Overton und Treva Sprout Ahrenholtz. „Supportive Home Environments as a Mediator Between Sensory Impairment and Disability“. Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (01.12.2020): 215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.696.
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Abstract Home environments are important to older adults and can help to preserve independence in every day functioning when they are supportive. Nevertheless, over time, the quality of “fit” between individuals and their homes can decrease because of age-related physical changes. A significant proportion of older Americans experience sensory impairments that impact their capacity to perform daily living activities necessary to remain independent at home. Home environments designed to support access and safety have potential to ameliorate disability associated with declines in sensory status. Data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) were analyzed to assess the role of supportive home environments in mediating the relationship between self-reported measures of vision impairment, hearing impairment, and dual vision-hearing impairment and related ADL/IADL outcomes in community-dwelling older adults. Guided by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), regression models included covariates for sociodemographics, chronic conditions, mobility functioning, and participation. Supportive home environments were operationalized using indicators of whether participants had access to homes from the outside without having to use stairs; presence of a bedroom, kitchen, and full bathroom with a shower or tub on the same floor; and whether bathroom fixtures had been modified with features such as grab bars. Results suggest a statistical relationship between sensory function and disability that is explained in part by the lack of supportive home features. Implications are that older adults with sensory impairments can benefit greatly by improving environments in areas of the home that are known to cause difficulty.
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Trammell, Molly, Priyanka Kapoor, Chad Swank und Simon Driver. „Improving practice with integration of patient directed activity during inpatient rehabilitation“. Clinical Rehabilitation 31, Nr. 1 (10.07.2016): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215515625100.
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Background: Early initiation of rehabilitation following stroke promotes better long-term outcomes than delayed onset, emphasizing the importance of inpatient therapy. However, literature indicates that following stroke individuals in inpatient rehabilitation spend the majority of their day in their bedroom and inactive. Consequently, since amount of functional activity is posited to relate to outcomes, the current rehabilitation model needs to be challenged with innovative solutions to maximize recovery. Rationale: In an attempt to promote greater activity and higher doses of therapy during inpatient rehabilitation, we implemented the “Patient Directed Activity Program” to facilitate specific movement and improve outcomes for patients post stroke. Our interdisciplinary activity program was conceptualized on a theoretical model for stroke recovery and principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity. Main features: The “Patient Directed Activity Program” includes distinct activity stations designed to increase repetition, stimulation, attention, and activity of the affected upper extremities, lower extremities, and trunk. Each task-specific activity was easily graded to achieve moderate- to high-intensity. The activity program prescribed individuals up to three additional 30-minute bouts of activities daily that were to be completed independently, and in addition to standard of care. Clinical application: After implementing this program in our facility for one year as a quality improvement project, the intervention has been delivered as an Institutional Review Board approved randomized controlled trial (Clinical Trial #NCT02446197). Challenges with people and facilities have been overcome, resulting in a feasible program that can be delivered in an inpatient setting. High satisfaction has been reported by patients and clinicians.
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Burman, Erica, Anat Greenstein, Joanna Bragg, Terry Hanley, Afroditi Kalambouka, Ruth Lupton, Lauren McCoy, Kate Sapin und Laura Winter. „Subjects of, or subject to, policy reform? A Foucauldian discourse analysis of regulation and resistance in UK narratives of educational impacts of welfare cuts: The case of the ‘bedroom tax’“. education policy analysis archives 25 (27.03.2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.25.2320.
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This paper draws on material generated from a qualitative study of educational impacts of a British welfare reform affecting housing rent subsidy, size and location commonly known as ‘the bedroom tax’ (Bragg et al., 2015), which was partly taken as a topic for study specifically because of its iconic status as a controversial and unpopular welfare ‘reform’ (or cut). The analysis draws on Foucauldian understandings of subjectification or subject-formation - as elaborated both from within and in relation to the social (Foucault, 1970; 1983; Ball, 1990; Olssen, 2006; Popkewitz & Brennan, 1998), read through new and newly available perspectives (Allen, 2015; Pêcheux, 2014). This approach is applied to discuss how those addressed by educational policy, and also as research participants, are both subject to prevailing political and practice-oriented discourses (of educational ‘problems’, and of the neoliberal frameworks by which poverty and welfare cuts are discussed), but also – at times – how they can become the subject of – in the sense of reformulating – these discourses in their accounts of everyday activities. After outlining our approach and the context for the study, we focus on four examples drawn from the narratives of the various stakeholders in the study – parents/carers, school staff and other community-based organisations as illustrations of how this discursive approach can provide rich readings of relevance to educational policy debates. From these we not only take further discussions of the production and regulation of subjectivities via social and educational policy practices, but also offer indicative glimpses of resistance to this as expressed by those who are its primary subjects, and where in one case such resistance brings our own research commitments under critical scrutiny. As such, the contribution of this article is both topic-related (concerning the educational impacts of policy) but, crucially, also conceptual and methodological, in motivating for a Foucauldian-influenced discursive approach that is sensitive to struggle and resistance.
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Farooq, Muhammad, Abul Doulah, Jason Parton, Megan McCrory, Janine Higgins und Edward Sazonov. „Validation of Sensor-Based Food Intake Detection by Multicamera Video Observation in an Unconstrained Environment“. Nutrients 11, Nr. 3 (13.03.2019): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11030609.
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Video observations have been widely used for providing ground truth for wearable systems for monitoring food intake in controlled laboratory conditions; however, video observation requires participants be confined to a defined space. The purpose of this analysis was to test an alternative approach for establishing activity types and food intake bouts in a relatively unconstrained environment. The accuracy of a wearable system for assessing food intake was compared with that from video observation, and inter-rater reliability of annotation was also evaluated. Forty participants were enrolled. Multiple participants were simultaneously monitored in a 4-bedroom apartment using six cameras for three days each. Participants could leave the apartment overnight and for short periods of time during the day, during which time monitoring did not take place. A wearable system (Automatic Ingestion Monitor, AIM) was used to detect and monitor participants’ food intake at a resolution of 30 s using a neural network classifier. Two different food intake detection models were tested, one trained on the data from an earlier study and the other on current study data using leave-one-out cross validation. Three trained human raters annotated the videos for major activities of daily living including eating, drinking, resting, walking, and talking. They further annotated individual bites and chewing bouts for each food intake bout. Results for inter-rater reliability showed that, for activity annotation, the raters achieved an average (±standard deviation (STD)) kappa value of 0.74 (±0.02) and for food intake annotation the average kappa (Light’s kappa) of 0.82 (±0.04). Validity results showed that AIM food intake detection matched human video-annotated food intake with a kappa of 0.77 (±0.10) and 0.78 (±0.12) for activity annotation and for food intake bout annotation, respectively. Results of one-way ANOVA suggest that there are no statistically significant differences among the average eating duration estimated from raters’ annotations and AIM predictions (p-value = 0.19). These results suggest that the AIM provides accuracy comparable to video observation and may be used to reliably detect food intake in multi-day observational studies.
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W, Eka Harisma. „GANGGUAN JIWA SEBAGAI BENTUK PERLAWANAN PEREMPUAN DALAM “THE YELLOW WALLPAPER” KARYA CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN, SEBUAH PENDEKATAN FEMINIS PSIKOANALISIS *)“. Alayasastra 17, Nr. 1 (31.05.2021): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.36567/aly.v17i1.786.
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ABSTRAK Tulisan ini mengkaji cerpen “The Yellow Wallpaper” karya Charlotte Perkins Gilman dengan menggunakan pendekatan feminis psikoanalisis Karen Horney. Pendekatan teori ini digunakan untuk menganalisis bahwa bentuk perlawanan perempuan yang tecermin dalam cerpen ini antara lain perlawanan mendekati orang lain, perlawanan melawan orang lain, dan perlawanan menjauhi orang lain. Bentuk perlawanan mendekati orang lain adalah dengan aktivitas memunculkan teman khayalan yang dianggap nyata; Perlawanan melawan orang lain ditunjukkan dengan kembalinya aktivitas menulis dan aktivas yang menunjukkan gangguan jiwa; Perlawanan menjauhi orang lain adalah dengan aktivitas mengunci pintu kamar dan tidak ingin bertemu dengan orang lain. Bentuk perlawanan yang paling kuat adalah ketika tokoh perempuan dianggap mengidap gangguan jiwa. Perlawanan-perlawanan perempuan tersebut disebabkan oleh dominasi atau belenggu patriarki dalam masyarakat. Belenggu-belenggu patriarki yang tecermin dalam cerpen ini antara lain subordinasi peran perempuan, alienasi/pengasingan perempuan dari masyarakat, dan perempuan dianggap sebagai liyan.Kata kunci: feminis psikoanalisis, perlawanan, gangguan jiwa ABSTRACTThis paper examines the short story "The Yellow Wallpaper" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman using the feminist approach of Karen Horney's psychoanalysis. This theoretical approach is used to analyze that the forms of women's resistance reflected in this short story include resistance to approaching others, resistance against other people, and resistance to staying away from others. The form of resistance to approaching others is through the activity of bringing up imaginary friends who are considered real; Resistance against others is shown by the return to writing and activities that indicate mental disorders; The resistance to staying away from others is by locking the bedroom door and not wanting to meet other people. The strongest form of resistance is when the female character is considered to have mental disorders. The women's resistance was caused by the dominance or the shackles of patriarchy in society. The patriarchal shackles that are reflected in this short story include the subordination of the role of women, alienation / alienation of women from society, and women being considered as others. Keywords: feminist psychoanalysis, resistance, neurotic insanity
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Xu, Wangyue, Xiaojing Zhao und Lan Wang. „Impact of Built Environment on Respiratory Health: An Empirical Study“. Nano LIFE 08, Nr. 02 (Juni 2018): 1840001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984418400019.
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In many heavy industrialized countries such as China and India, the impact of air pollution on respiratory health has been headline news in recent years. Among the risk issues examined, exposure to particulate matter (PM) is cited as the prime contributing factor that causes respiratory diseases, yet it is traceable and controllable. In this paper, we report on an empirical study conducted in Shanghai, based on urban spatial determinants as independent variables to investigate its link to occurrence of lung cancer in their neighborhoods. A survey was conducted on a population of 472 lung cancer patients. After reliability and validity tests, only 156 pairs were included in this report. The questionnaire designed for this survey covers 11 outdoor and 6 indoor factors; these include the building density where they live, proximity to pollution sources, volume of traffic nearby, degree of enclosure by surrounding tall buildings, being residential or commercial with reference to their homes, proximity to parks, measured in terms of the plant type, green space per capita, accessibility to public open spaces for outdoor activities and water body; while parameters inside the house cover the age of the house, bedroom sizes, space per occupant, cooling-off time of taking up residency after renovation, humidity and dust inside the houses. Data collected were classified using random forest classification and further refined with Boruta algorithm for feature selection to identify possible correlation between risk of lung cancer to both outdoor and indoor factors of built environment. The results reveal a strong correlation between lung cancer and the environment where they live, so much so that the finding confirms our long-held belief that urban redevelopment could play an important role in reducing the risk of respiratory disease. Since prevention is better than cure, if by design to relocate pollution sources away from residential areas, provision of good public transportation to cut down vehicles on our streets, creation of green spaces to improve airflow pathway to deduce the concentration of PM in the atmosphere in our neighborhoods, we could perhaps reduce or even prevent lung cancer and a range of other respiratory diseases for the residents we served.
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Rosida, Luluk, Evi Martha und Besral Besral. „Residential Density, Parents’ Sexual Activity and Teenage Sexual Behavior in Yogyakarta“. Kesmas: National Public Health Journal 10, Nr. 3 (01.02.2016): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v10i3.949.
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In dense and slum areas, parents often have to share bedroom with theirchildren, so the children have been exposed to sexual activity since early. This study aimed to determine residential density, parents’ sexual activity and its effects to teenage sexual behavior in Yogyakarta. This study used cross-sectional design by interviewing 268 families that had teenagers as selected randomly in urban slum areas and rural areas on March – May 2015. Data was analyzed using chi-square test and multivariate cox-regression. Results showed that parents living in dense residence had risk two times higher to commit sexual activity which had negative effect on their children. Parents’ sexual activity did not have any influence to risky sexual behavior among teenagers. Factors significantly related to risky sexual behavior among teenagers are male sex, negative attitude and influence of peers. Health agency and primary health care should improve counseling programs for teenagers and train peer counselors. Activities which have been conducted at schools should be expanded to risky areas, such as urban slum area with high density of residence. Kepadatan Hunian, Aktifitas Seksual Orang Tua dan Perilaku SeksualRemaja di YogyakartaPada daerah kumuh dan padat, orangtua sering terpaksa harus berbagi ruang tidur dengan anak-anaknya sehingga anak-anaknya sudah terpapardengan aktivitas seksual sejak dini. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kepadatan hunian, aktivitas seksual orangtua, dan efeknya terhadap perilaku seksual remaja di Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan mewawancarai 268 keluarga yang memiliki anak remaja yang dipilih secara acak di daerah kumuh perkotaan dan daerah pedesaan pada bulan Maret – Mei 2015. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan uji kai kuadrat dan regresi-cox multivariat. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa orangtua yang tinggal di hunian padat memiliki risiko dua kali lebih besar untuk melakukan aktivitas seksual yang berdampak negatif bagi anaknya. Aktivitas seksual orangtua tidak berpengaruh terhadap perilaku seksual berisiko pada remaja. Faktor yang berhubungan bermakna dengan perilaku seksual berisiko pada remaja adalah jenis kelamin laki-laki, sikap negatif, dan pengaruh teman sebaya. Dinas kesehatan dan puskesmas agar terus meningkatkan program penyuluhan remaja dan melatih konselor teman sebaya. Kegiatan yang selama ini telah dilakukan di sekolah sebaiknya diperluas pada daerah berisiko seperti daerah kumuh perkotaan dengan kepadatan hunian yang tinggi.
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Zendels, Philip, Aria Ruggiero, Hannah Peach und Jane Gaultney. „087 Gender differences in attitudes towards sleep moderate sleep hygiene behaviors“. Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (01.05.2021): A36—A37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.086.
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Abstract Introduction Attitudes towards sleep have been shown to be a predictor for sleep hygiene. Sleep hygiene is the set of behaviors and conditions that promote optimal sleep, such as avoiding arousing nighttime activities, avoiding eating too close before bed, having a dark and quiet bedroom, and having a regular sleep schedule. Previous literature indicates that there are gender differences in health attitudes. This study examined whether gender differences in sleep attitudes may explain differences in sleep hygiene. Methods A sample of 172 (101 males, 71 females) individuals completed surveys through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Sleep attitudes were assessed using the Charlotte Attitudes Towards Sleep Scale (CATS; Peach & Gaultney, 2017). Sleep hygiene was measured using the Sleep Hygiene Practice Scale (SHPS; Lin et al; 2007; Yang et al., 2010). Males were dummy coded as 0. Other data were collected surrounding sleep outcomes, health behaviors, and demographics. Linear regression analyses were ran to examine the impact of Sleep attitudes, gender, and an interaction term on each subscale of the SHPS. Results Sleep attitudes significantly predicted each of the components of the SHPS: arousal, eating, environment, and time (b = -3.44, -2.93, -3.80, -3.04; p<.01 for each). Gender significantly predicted sleep hygiene behaviors for eating (b = -10.35, p<.05) and environment (b = -15.40, p<.05) only. The interaction term also significantly predicted sleep hygiene eating behaviors (b = 1.70 p<.05) and environmental conditions (b = 2.91, p<.05). These findings suggest that more favorable sleep attitudes lead to better sleep hygiene behaviors, and women tend to have better eating and environment related sleep hygiene behaviors. Graphs of the interactions indicated males’ sleep attitudes associated with greater differences in sleep hygiene practices, in that positive sleep attitudes predicted better eating and environment elements of sleep hygiene. Conclusion This exploratory research suggested that men’s sleep-related behaviors may be more sensitive to the role of sleep attitudes. Future research should explore causes for gender differences in sleep attitudes and seek ways to improve behaviors and outcomes that are most relevant for specific demographic groups. Support (if any) Psychological Sciences department funding
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Zuckerman, Doug, und Andrezej Jajszczyk. „Technical activities - Bedrock of the society [The President's Page]“. IEEE Communications Magazine 46, Nr. 2 (Februar 2008): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2008.4473069.
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Jarna, A., A. Bang-Kittilsen, C. Haase, I. H. C. Henderson, F. Høgaas, S. Iversen und A. Seither. „3-DIMENSIONAL GEOLOGICAL MAPPING AND MODELING ACTIVITIES AT THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORWAY“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-2/W4 (19.10.2015): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-2-w4-11-2015.
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Geology and all geological structures are three-dimensional in space. Geology can be easily shown as four-dimensional when time is considered. Therefore GIS, databases, and 3D visualization software are common tools used by geoscientists to view, analyse, create models, interpret and communicate geological data. The NGU (Geological Survey of Norway) is the national institution for the study of bedrock, mineral resources, surficial deposits and groundwater and marine geology. The interest in 3D mapping and modelling has been reflected by the increase of number of groups and researches dealing with 3D in geology within NGU. This paper highlights 3D geological modelling techniques and the usage of these tools in bedrock, geophysics, urban and groundwater studies at NGU, same as visualisation of 3D online. The examples show use of a wide range of data, methods, software and an increased focus on interpretation and communication of geology in 3D. The goal is to gradually expand the geospatial data infrastructure to include 3D data at the same level as 2D.
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A, ESTHER ZIONIA, und SATHYAPRIYA J. „Organizational Climate As Bedrock For Talent Retention“. Restaurant Business 118, Nr. 5 (12.05.2019): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/rb.v118i5.7998.
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India’s growth rate has been increasing in this global economy. Organization plays a major role in it. Every organization has some unique climate to satisfy the employees and to retain them. Organizational climate is considered a molar concept. In this highly competitive world, Employees are expecting management support and a friendly atmosphere in order to continue their career in their respective organization. Back in the year of 1930’s organization climate is a synonym for the corporate environment. Whenever employees feel they are not satisfied with the job and the climate of an organization, they are ready to switch over the job. Employee’s migration affected the organization, especially talented employees. To retain the talented employees every organization should look into each and every nook and cranny to satisfy the employees need. The organizational climate is one of the ways to retain talented employees. This research paper, therefore, identifies the role of organizational climate & Talent Retention in promoting sustainable development at organizations and identifies the relationship between organizational climate and talent retention, to find out the impact of talent retention on organizational climate and to identify the most preferred organizational activities offered by employers to retain a talented employee with particular reference to Chennai using descriptive survey research design. The research hypothesis was tested using Statistical tools such as Correlation, Multiple Regression, and Weighted Mean Average. 277 respondents were analyzed using a Systematic Random sampling method. The findings revealed that there is a relationship between organizational climate and talent retention. Internal Promotion & Friendly Environment influences more in an organizational climate to retain a talented employee. Flexibility & Physical comfort are the most preferred organizational activities offered by employers to retain a talented employee. Hence it is proved that organizational climates drive the talented employees to retain in the organization.
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Lardeux, Frédéric, Stéphanie Depickère, Claudia Aliaga, Tamara Chavez und Lilian Zambrana. „Experimental control of Triatoma infestans in poor rural villages of Bolivia through community participation“. Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 109, Nr. 2 (19.01.2015): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/tru205.
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Abstract Background Triatoma infestans is the main vector of Chagas disease in the southern cone countries. Present control strategies based on indoor and outdoor residual insecticide spraying are not sufficient to control disease transmission, particularly in Bolivia. Techniques based on the management of the human environment may be good alternatives or supplements. Methods Social and entomological surveys were carried out in four villages of Bolivia situated in the dry inter-Andean Valleys and the Chaco region. Risk factors for house infestation by T. infestans were identified, and an eco-health intervention based on education and community participation was carried out to reduce the risks of house infestation. It consisted of implementing simple and low cost vector control techniques such as coating of mud walls, cleaning activities and removal of poultry that enter rooms to lay eggs. Results The eco-health intervention significantly reduced the number of infested bedrooms, the mean abundance of T. infestans in bedrooms and beds, especially in the Chaco region. Mud wall coating was well accepted and could be proposed as a supplementary tool to the National Program of Chagas Disease Control to enhance the effects of insecticide sprayings. Conclusions Even if cleaning activities were still neglected, community participation proved to be effective in reducing house infestation.
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Eijkelenboom, AnneMarie, Geke A. Blok und Philomena M. Bluyssen. „Comfort and satisfaction of patients, visitors and staff with patient rooms at inpatient wards, a pilot study“. E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 02036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911102036.
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The indoor environmental quality, control, layout and appearance may affect comfort and satisfaction of patients, as well as visitors and staff in hospitals. Due to differences in activities, duration of stay and health status, needs of the different groups may vary. In order to design hospitals, which positively support comfort and satisfaction of all occupants, information is needed about satisfaction and the perceived importance of different factors. This study compared comfort and satisfaction of patients, visitors and staff with inpatient bedrooms (single and multiple bedrooms). A questionnaire was designed with rating scale questions; 499 respondents participated. The groups varied in their satisfaction. Staff was the least satisfied group. All groups were most satisfied with the appearance of the patient room and least satisfied with control. A qualitative study on control may strengthen the validity of the questionnaire for future research. In order to gain more insight in the importance of different aspects, an extension of the questionnaire, regarding questions about health.
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McCormack, Meredith C., Patrick N. Breysse, Nadia N. Hansel, Elizabeth C. Matsui, Emily S. Tonorezos, Jean Curtin-Brosnan, D’Ann L. Williams, Timothy J. Buckley, Peyton A. Eggleston und Gregory B. Diette. „Common household activities are associated with elevated particulate matter concentrations in bedrooms of inner-city Baltimore pre-school children“. Environmental Research 106, Nr. 2 (Februar 2008): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2007.08.012.
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Turpin, Solveig A. „Hunting Camps and Hunting Magic: Petroglyphs of the Eldorado Divide, West Texas“. North American Archaeologist 13, Nr. 4 (April 1993): 295–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5vvy-umde-p9yw-2x68.
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Seven open bedrock petroglyph sites on the western Edwards Plateau share similarities that suggest that these locations were temporary hunting camps, used during the rainy season by people whose ranges centered around the major rivers that flow north, south, east, and west of the Eldorado Divide. All are remote from permanent water, but all contain natural bedrock cavities capable of holding casual water for at least a month in the cooler seasons. Burned rock features testify to domestic activities or processing of procured resources. Three categories of petroglyphs—meandering lines, discrete geometrics, and representational motifs, including animal tracks—have been abraded into flat expanses of exposed limestone bedrock at these sites. The association between animal tracks and casual water sources suggests that hunting magic was one reason that ritual art was produced at these otherwise obscure locations.
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Bhople, Parag, Katharina Keiblinger, Ika Djukic, Dong Liu, Franz Zehetner, Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Rainer Georg Joergensen und Rajasekaran Murugan. „Microbial necromass formation, enzyme activities and community structure in two alpine elevation gradients with different bedrock types“. Geoderma 386 (März 2021): 114922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114922.
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Schanz, Sarah A., David R. Montgomery und Brian D. Collins. „Anthropogenic strath terrace formation caused by reduced sediment retention“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, Nr. 18 (15.04.2019): 8734–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814627116.
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Across North America, human activities have been shown to cause river incision into unconsolidated alluvium. Human-caused erosion through bedrock, however, has only been observed in local and isolated outcrops. Here, we test whether splash-dam logging, which decreased in-stream alluvial cover by removing much of the alluvium-trapping wood, caused basin-wide bedrock river incision in a forested mountain catchment in Washington State. We date incision of the youngest of four strath terraces, using dendrochronology and radiocarbon, to between 1893 CE and 1937 CE in the Middle Fork Teanaway River and 1900 CE and 1970 CE in the West Fork Teanaway River, coincident with timber harvesting and splash damming in the basins. Other potential drivers of river incision lack a recognized mechanism to cause T1 incision or are not synchronous with T1 incision. Hence, the close temporal correspondence suggests that reduced sediment retention triggered by splash damming led to the observed 1.1 mm⋅y−1 to 23 mm⋅y−1 of bedrock river incision and reduction of the active floodplain to 20% and 53% of its preincision extent on the Middle and West Forks, respectively. The development of such anthropogenic bedrock terraces may be an emerging, globally widespread physiographic signature of the Anthropocene.
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Evans, Brent J., Christopher R. Marsicano und Courtney J. Lennartz. „Cracks in the Bedrock of American Democracy: Differences in Civic Engagement Across Institutions of Higher Education“. Educational Researcher 48, Nr. 1 (31.10.2018): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189x18809053.
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Preparing educated and active citizens is one of the primary goals of higher education, yet colleges and universities may neglect civic engagement due to the prioritization of labor market preparation. Drawing on neoinstitutional theory, this paper examines the missions, infrastructure, activities, and outcomes related to civic engagement across postsecondary institutional characteristics. By combining several data sources on a diverse set of institutions, we empirically demonstrate institutional isomorphism with respect to civic engagement mission and decoupling of mission from infrastructure and activities. Our most striking finding is that a residential student population is strongly associated with an increased emphasis on civic engagement even after controlling for institutional control, selectivity, research funding, and student services spending. Given the growing number of students attending nonresidential institutions, this finding has important implications for whether higher education is an effective instrument for preparing civically engaged citizens in our society.
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Abbaszadeh Shahri, Abbas, Ali Kheiri und Aliakbar Hamzeh. „Subsurface Topographic Modeling Using Geospatial and Data Driven Algorithm“. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, Nr. 5 (17.05.2021): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050341.
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Infrastructures play an important role in urbanization and economic activities but are vulnerable. Due to unavailability of accurate subsurface infrastructure maps, ensuring the sustainability and resilience often are poorly recognized. In the current paper a 3D topographical predictive model using distributed geospatial data incorporated with evolutionary gene expression programming (GEP) was developed and applied on a concrete-face rockfill dam (CFRD) in Guilan province- northern to generate spatial variation of the subsurface bedrock topography. The compared proficiency of the GEP model with geostatistical ordinary kriging (OK) using different analytical indexes showed 82.53% accuracy performance and 9.61% improvement in precisely labeled data. The achievements imply that the retrieved GEP model efficiently can provide accurate enough prediction and consequently meliorate the visualization insights linking the natural and engineering concerns. Accordingly, the generated subsurface bedrock model dedicates great information on stability of structures and hydrogeological properties, thus adopting appropriate foundations.
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Kusumawati, Desi. „MANAJEMEN SARANA PRASARANA DI DAY CARE BABY’S HOME SALATIGA“. Scholaria : Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan 7, Nr. 1 (30.01.2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24246/j.scholaria.2017.v7.i1.p17-25.
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<p><em>Day Care is one form of early childhood education </em><em>in</em><em> non</em><em> </em><em>formal education program that organize nurturing and social welfare of children from birth up to the age of 6 years</em><em>. This</em><em> study </em><em>aimed </em><em>to identify the suitability of existing infrastructure in Baby's Home day care with </em><em>the ACT of Minister of Education and Culture No. </em><em>137 of 2014 Article 32 Paragraph 3; and to provide an overview </em><em>why the</em><em> planning, maintenance and inventory in Baby's Home day care</em><em> were not optimal. </em><em>This </em><em>study</em><em> </em><em>was</em><em> qualitative research. The subject was</em><em> </em><em>Baby's Home day care</em><em> </em><em>Salatiga.</em><em> Technique</em><em> of collecting data using interviews, observation and documents. Data were analyzed using Miles and Huberman Model.</em><em> Data validation using </em><em>triangulation</em><em> technique of data</em><em>. Facilities and infrastructure in Baby's Home day care </em><em>which</em><em> </em><em>conform</em><em> with </em><em>ACT of Minister of Education and Culture No. </em><em>137 of 2014 Article 32 Paragraph 3</em><em> </em><em>of </em><em>were </em><em>the area of land, space</em><em> of</em><em> activities inside and outside, hand washing facilities, showers and latrines, </em><em>and </em><em>access to health facilities.</em><em> </em><em>While </em><em>things were not conform included</em><em> the bedroom, dining room, </em><em>and </em><em>covered trash. The cause of the planning, maintenance and inventory of facilities and infrastructure have not optimally done </em><em>because the </em><em>plan </em><em>was</em><em> not carried out continuously, the lack of personnel to assist in the maintenance, </em><em>and did </em><em>not have the administrative staff specifically for inventory.</em><em> </em><em>Advice can be given to Baby's Home day care is to conduct procurement planning infrastructure</em><em> on</em><em> sleeping room, dining room and trash. In addition, the maintenance </em><em>to</em><em> existing infrastructure must be made as well as the inventory of infrastructure in order to facilitate the planning </em><em>purchasing</em><em>.</em><em> </em><em></em></p>
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Meng, Yan Ru, Zeng Xue Li, Hai Yan Liu, Nan Jiang und Juan Liu. „Analysis of Distribution of Coalbed Methane and Geological Controlling Factors in Huanghebei Mining Area“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (Oktober 2013): 3757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.3757.
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Distribution characteristics of coalbed methane in Huanghebei mining area were studied and influence of geological factors such as faults, lithology of coal seam roof and floor, magmatic activities, burial depth and upper bedrock thickness of coal seam and hydrogeological conditions on occurrence of coalbed methane were deeply discussed in this paper. Coalbed methane content of mining area increased gradually from southeast to northwest. Coalbed methane in deep well points of mining area is dominated by methane and that in shallow parts contained higher content of nitrogen.
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Andrews, Graham D. M., Alain Plouffe, Travis Ferbey, James K. Russell, Sarah R. Brown und Robert G. Anderson. „The thickness of Neogene and Quaternary cover across the central Interior Plateau, British Columbia: analysis of water-well drill records and implications for mineral exploration potential1This article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme of New insights in Cordilleran Intermontane geoscience: reducing exploration risk in the mountain pine beetle-affected area, British Columbia. 2Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) Contribution 20100036; Mineral Deposit Research Unit (MDRU, Department of Earh and Ocean Sciences, The University of British Columbia) Contribution p-261.“ Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 48, Nr. 6 (Juni 2011): 973–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e10-080.
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Analysis of over 10 000 water-well records has been used to produce new depth-to-bedrock maps for areas around five cities on the central Interior Plateau of central British Columbia: 100 Mile House, Prince George, Quesnel, Vanderhoof, and Williams Lake. Hitherto, exploration for mineral and hydrocarbon resources has been hampered by a lack of basic knowledge of the thickness of Neogene and Quaternary lithologies. Interpretation of these new maps provides first-order constraints on the localization of thick drift in pre-Late Wisconsinan bedrock paleovalleys, some of which are now buried. Basalt lavas of the Chilcotin Group are restricted to erosional remnants of previously extensive sheets emplaced onto an older peneplain. Our results confirm that the Neogene and Quaternary cover is primarily controlled by paleotopography and is generally thin and patchy across much of the region. Increased understanding of the three-dimensional distribution of cover produces a corresponding increase in the utility of geological, geochemical, and geophysical exploration techniques, and a reduction in the risk for future mineral exploration activities, especially when combined with more sophisticated data sets.
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Tanney, Julia. „Playing the Rule-following Game“. Philosophy 75, Nr. 2 (April 2000): 203–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819100000255.
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This paper argues that there is something deeply wrong with the attempt to give rule-following explanations of broadly rational activities. It thus supports the view that rational norms are part of the ‘bedrock’ and it challenges the widespread strategy of attempting to explain an individual's rational or linguistic abilities by attributing to her knowledge of a theory of some kind. The theorist who would attempt to attribute knowledge of norms to an individual in order to explain her ability to act rationally is presented with a dilemma: either she is committed to a (vicious) explanatory regress or she destroys the normative nature of these rational practices or activities, thus making it pointless to attribute knowledge of the norms to an individual who participates in these practices. The appeal to tacit or implicit knowledge does not help in avoiding the basic dilemma.
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Talaohu, Simela. „Resources Estimation on further Exploration activities in PT. Trimegah Bangun Persada (Harita Group) Kawasi Village, South Halmahera District, North Maluku“. Journal of Earth and Marine Technology (JEMT) 1, Nr. 2 (31.03.2021): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31284/j.jemt.2021.v2i1.1727.
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PT. Trimegah Bangun Persada intends to do mining activity at the north part of IUP as the south and west parts have already been mined. This research aimed at producing natural resources of laterite nickel in the advanced exploration activity of Tangkuban Block. Besides, it also compared and determined the estimation methods having a good correlation with drilling results. Tangkuban Block carried out core drilling within total drill numbers of 286 spots and space distance 25 meters at the block area 22.16 Ha. This research began with determining the geological domain consisting of limonite, saprolite, and bedrock through a geo-statistical approach. After that, the researcher estimated nickel resources by three methods namely ordinary kriging, inverse distance weight, and nearest neighbor point. The result of estimation by ordinary kriging obtained a total volume of limonite layer 1,345,313 m3 with the content average of 1%, while the total volume of saprolite layer was 1,850,000 m3 1.64%.
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Cheng, Tsung Jung, Chih Yi Chang, Pei Ni Tsou, Ming Ju Wu und Yun Shu Feng. „The Determinants of Mass Concentration of Indoor Particulate Matter in a Nursing Home“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (Dezember 2010): 3026–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.3026.
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The study was conducted to evaluate the determinants of mass concentration of indoor particulate matter in a nursing home located in Taichung, Taiwan. PM2.5, PM10, temperature, relative humidity, CO, CO2, O3 and colony counts were collected in 2 bedrooms and their adjacent outdoor environments from November 2009 to January 2010. The results of multiple regression analysis suggested that the explanatory variables which included outdoor particle concentrations, indoor occupancy, different types of activities and ventilation accounted for 40.9% and 63.4% of the variance in the indoor PM2.5 concentration in Room A which is close to neighboring buildings and Room B which is close to main traffic, respectively. The explanatory variables accounted for 49.1% and 85.5% of the variance in the indoor PM10 concentration in Room A and B, respectively. Moreover, the result of correlation analysis showed that both indoor PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were correlated to temperature, relative humidity and CO.
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Marino, Pasquale, Luca Comegna, Emilia Damiano, Lucio Olivares und Roberto Greco. „Monitoring the Hydrological Balance of a Landslide-Prone Slope Covered by Pyroclastic Deposits over Limestone Fractured Bedrock“. Water 12, Nr. 12 (25.11.2020): 3309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123309.
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Many mountainous areas in Campania, Southern Italy, are characterized by steep slopes covered by loose unsaturated pyroclastic deposits laying upon fractured limestone bedrock. The soil covers are mainly constituted by layers of ashes and pumices. Large and intense rainfall events trigger shallow landslides, often turning into debris flows that cause huge damage and casualties. The slope of Cervinara, around 40 km Northeast of Naples, was involved in a catastrophic flowslide on 16 December 1999, triggered by a rainstorm of 325 mm in 48 h. To capture the main effects of precipitation on the slope stability, hydro-meteorological monitoring activities have been carried out at the slope to assess the water balance for three years (2017–2020). The field monitoring data allowed the identification of the complex hydrological processes involving the unsaturated pyroclastic soil and the shallow groundwater system developing in the limestone bedrock, which control the conditions that potentially predispose the slope to landslide triggering. Specifically, late autumn has been identified as the potentially most critical period, when slope drainage processes are not yet effective, and soil covers already receive large amounts of precipitation.
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Meagher, Michael E. „Daniel Boorstin and Russell Kirk“. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 7, Nr. 1 (1995): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jis199571/28.
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The erstwhile consensus on morality has disintegrated with deleterious consequences the family and the American community. The disappearance of a moral consensus has undermined the American social contract. Daniel J, Boorstin and Russell Kirk identify religion as the underlying bedrock of the American community. Kirk emphasizes the religious nature of tradition, while Boorstin celebrates God's role in humanity's creative activities. While both authors are devoted to a transcendental moral code or "essence," Boorstin suggests the trait of pragmatic adaptation as a uniquely American phenomenon. Kirk's return to tradition and Boorstin's notion of a generalized religion may offer a solution to the contemporary crisis of moral community.
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Frenda, Steven J., Shari R. Berkowitz, Elizabeth F. Loftus und Kimberly M. Fenn. „Sleep deprivation and false confessions“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, Nr. 8 (08.02.2016): 2047–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521518113.
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False confession is a major contributor to the problem of wrongful convictions in the United States. Here, we provide direct evidence linking sleep deprivation and false confessions. In a procedure adapted from Kassin and Kiechel [(1996) Psychol Sci 7(3):125–128], participants completed computer tasks across multiple sessions and repeatedly received warnings that pressing the “Escape” key on their keyboard would cause the loss of study data. In their final session, participants either slept all night in laboratory bedrooms or remained awake all night. In the morning, all participants were asked to sign a statement, which summarized their activities in the laboratory and falsely alleged that they pressed the Escape key during an earlier session. After a single request, the odds of signing were 4.5 times higher for the sleep-deprived participants than for the rested participants. These findings have important implications and highlight the need for further research on factors affecting true and false confessions.
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Larrea-Araujo, César, José Ayala-Granja, Andrea Vinueza-Cabezas und Patricia Acosta-Vargas. „Ergonomic Risk Factors of Teleworking in Ecuador during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, Nr. 10 (11.05.2021): 5063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105063.
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Due to the COVID-19 global pandemic, guidelines for people’s confinement have been implemented to prevent the disease’s spread. As a result of this, companies have implemented teleworking as an emerging way to work from home using information technology. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Ecuador, with a sample of 204 teleworkers in the city of Quito. The results show that the teleworkers rearranged their bedrooms to carry out their activities. The respondents in each age group stated they did not perceive more significant ailments than those experienced before beginning teleworking. The relationships between the variables were analyzed utilizing the Chi-Square test and Fisher’s exact test, finding a relationship between neck ailments and age of p = 0.031 * and between arm/forearm ailments of p = 0.032 *. This study contributes to a greater understanding of the ergonomic situation of the teleworkers and provides us with information to mitigate the ergonomic risks to which they are exposed.