Zeitschriftenartikel: „Batteries lithium-ion – Recyclage“

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de Margerie, Victoire. "Batteries de véhicules électriques : quelles alternatives à la technologie lithium ion ?" Annales des Mines - Responsabilité et environnement N° 111, no. 3 (2023): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/re1.111.0067.

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L’arrêt d’ici à 2035 de la production des véhicules à moteurs thermiques au profit principalement de véhicules électriques pose le défi des matières premières requises par ces derniers. La très forte croissance actuelle de leur production ne suffira pas pour répondre à la demande, le recyclage, bien qu’essentiel, pas plus, dans la mesure où il n’y aura pas assez de véhicules à recycler à moyen terme et où demeurent des pénuries prévisibles en cuivre et en nickel et des aléas géopolitiques pour le reste. L’acceptabilité de voitures à faible autonomie est limitée. Les innovations technologiques auront donc un rôle crucial à jouer : batteries au fer, au soufre ou au sodium, réduction des consommations de matériaux critiques dans d’autres activités… Si le progrès technique a dans le passé permis de résoudre nombre d’autres problèmes complexes, le rythme imposé de cette transition est ici sans précédent.

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Coyle, Jaclyn, Kae Fink, Andrew Colclasure, and Matthew Keyser. "Recycling Electric Vehicle Batteries: Opportunities and Challenges." AM&P Technical Articles 181, no. 5 (2023): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2023-05.p019.

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Abstract A surge in electric vehicle production is ushering in a new era of research on the best methods to recycle used lithium-ion batteries. This article describes existing recycling methods and the work needed to establish a more fully circular economy for lithium-ion batteries.

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Hsiang, Hsing-I., and Wei-Yu Chen. "Electrochemical Properties and the Adsorption of Lithium Ions in the Brine of Lithium-Ion Sieves Prepared from Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (2022): 16235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142316235.

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Because used LiFePO4 batteries contain no precious metals, converting the lithium iron phosphate cathode into recycled materials (Li2CO3, Fe, P) provides no economic benefits. Thus, few researchers are willing to recycle them. As a result, environmental sustainability can be achieved if the cathode material of spent lithium-iron phosphate batteries can be directly reused via electrochemical technology. Lithium iron phosphate films were developed in this study through electrophoretic deposition using spent lithium-iron phosphate cathodes as raw materials to serve as lithium-ion sieves. The lithium iron phosphate films were then coated with a layer of polypyrrole (PPy) conductive polymer to improve the electrochemical properties and the lithium-ion adsorption capacity for brine. Cyclic voltammetry, charge/discharge testing, and an AC impedance test were used to determine the electrochemical properties and lithium-ion adsorption capacity of lithium-ion sieves. The findings indicate that lithium iron phosphate films prepared from spent LiFePO4 cathodes have a high potential as a lithium-ion sieve for electro-sorption from brine.

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Wang, Feng, Rong Sun, Jun Xu, Zheng Chen, and Ming Kang. "Recovery of cobalt from spent lithium ion batteries using sulphuric acid leaching followed by solid–liquid separation and solvent extraction." RSC Advances 6, no. 88 (2016): 85303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra16801a.

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Wang, Shubin, Zuotai Zhang, Zhouguang Lu, and Zhenghe Xu. "A novel method for screening deep eutectic solvent to recycle the cathode of Li-ion batteries." Green Chemistry 22, no. 14 (2020): 4473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc00701c.

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Wan, Taotianchen, and Yikai Wang. "The Hazards of Electric Car Batteries and Their Recycling." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1011, no. 1 (2022): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1011/1/012026.

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Abstract In recent years, under the double pressure of energy exhaustion and environmental deterioration, the development of electric vehicles has become the major development trend of the automotive industry in the future. This paper discusses the problem of abandoned batteries caused by the limited life of a large number of batteries with the prosperity of new energy vehicle industry. This paper lists and analyzes the different characteristics of batteries commonly used by three new energy vehicles in the market :(1) lead-acid batteries will not leak in the use process due to tight sealing, but their use cycle is very short. (2) The production of nickel metal hydride battery is relatively mature, its production cost is low, and compared with lithium electronic battery is safer. (3) Lithium-ion batteries are made of non-toxic materials, which makes them known as “green batteries”. However, they are expensive to make and have poor compatibility with other batteries. Because discarded batteries pose a threat to human health and environmental sustainability, lithium-ion batteries may overheat and fire when exposed to high temperatures or when penetrated, releasing carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide that can be very harmful to human health. In addition, waste batteries will also cause water pollution and inhibit the growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms and other potential dangers. Therefore, it is necessary to recycle it efficiently. This paper then introduces the advantages of three recycling methods: step utilization and recovery, ultrasonic recovery and sodium ion battery. These recycling methods can maximize the reuse efficiency of waste batteries. This paper expects to find a better way to recycle waste batteries to solve the potential problems of improper disposal of waste batteries and reduce the environmental hazards of waste batteries.

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Zaidi, S. Z. J., M. Raza, S. Hassan, C. Harito, and F. C. Walsh. "A DFT Study of Heteroatom Doped-Pyrazine as an Anode in Sodium ion Batteries." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 24, no. 1 (2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v24i1.a01.

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Lithium ion batteries cannot satisfy increasing demand for energy storage. A range of complementary batteries are needed which are environmentally acceptable, of moderate cost and easy to manufacture/recycle. In this case, we have chosen pyrazine to be used in the sodium ion batteries to meet the energy storage requirements of tomorrow. Pyrazine is studied as a possible anode material for bio-batteries, lithium-ion, and sodium ion batteries due to its broad set of useful properties such as ease of synthesis, low cost, ability to be charge-discharge cycled, and stability in the electrolyte. The heteroatom doped-pyrazine with atoms of boron, fluorine, phosphorous, and sulphur as an anode in sodium ion batteries has improved the stability and intercalation of sodium ions at the anode. The longest bond observed between sodium ion and sulphur-doped pyrazine at 2.034 Å. The electronic charge is improved and further enhanced by the presence of highly electronegative atoms such as fluorine and bromine in an already electron-attracting pyrazine compound. The highest adsorption energy is observed for the boron-doped pyrazine at -2.735 eV. The electron-deficient sites present in fluorine and bromine help in improving the electronic storage of the sodium ion batteries. A mismatch is observed between the adsorption energy and bond length in pyrazine doped with fluorine and phosphorus.

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Marshall, Jean, Dominika Gastol, Roberto Sommerville, Beth Middleton, Vannessa Goodship, and Emma Kendrick. "Disassembly of Li Ion Cells—Characterization and Safety Considerations of a Recycling Scheme." Metals 10, no. 6 (2020): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060773.

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It is predicted there will be a rapid increase in the number of lithium ion batteries reaching end of life. However, recently only 5% of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) were recycled in the European Union. This paper explores why and how this can be improved by controlled dismantling, characterization and recycling. Currently, the favored disposal route for batteries is shredding of complete systems and then separation of individual fractions. This can be effective for the partial recovery of some materials, producing impure, mixed or contaminated waste streams. For an effective circular economy it would be beneficial to produce greater purity waste streams and be able to re-use (as well as recycle) some components; thus, a dismantling system could have advantages over shredding. This paper presents an alternative complete system disassembly process route for lithium ion batteries and examines the various processes required to enable material or component recovery. A schematic is presented of the entire process for all material components along with a materials recovery assay. Health and safety considerations and options for each stage of the process are also reported. This is with an aim of encouraging future battery dismantling operations.

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Fahimi, Ario, Alessandra Zanoletti, Antonella Cornelio, et al. "Sustainability Analysis of Processes to Recycle Discharged Lithium-Ion Batteries, Based on the ESCAPE Approach." Materials 15, no. 23 (2022): 8527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238527.

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There are several recycling methods to treat discharged lithium-ion batteries, mostly based on pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical approaches. Some of them are promising, showing high recovery efficiency (over 90%) of strategic metals such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel. However, technological efficiency must also consider the processes sustainability in terms of environmental impact. In this study, some recycling processes of spent lithium-ion batteries were considered, and their sustainability was evaluated based on the ESCAPE “Evaluation of Sustainability of material substitution using CArbon footPrint by a simplifiEd approach” approach, which is a screening tool preliminary to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The work specifically focuses on cobalt recovery comparing the sustainability of using inorganic or organic acid for the leaching of waste derived from lithium-ion batteries. Based on the possibility to compare different processes, for the first time, some considerations about technologies optimization have been done, allowing proposing strategies able to save chemicals. In addition, the energy mix of each country, to generate electricity has been considered, showing its influence on the sustainability evaluation. This allows distinguishing the countries using more low-carbon sources (nuclear and renewables) for a share of the electricity mix, where the recycling processes result more sustainable. Finally, this outcome is reflected by another indicator, the eco-cost from the virtual pollution model 99′ proposed by Vogtländer, which integrates the monetary estimation of carbon footprint.

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Tsai, Lung Chang, Fang Chang Tsai, Ning Ma, and Chi Min Shu. "Hydrometallurgical Process for Recovery of Lithium and Cobalt from Spent Lithium-Ion Secondary Batteries." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 1688–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.1688.

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Hydrometallurgical process for recovery of aluminum, lithium and cobalt from the spent secondary lithium–ion batteries of Yun–lin battery recycle corporation was investigated. The recovery efficiency of spent lithium–ion secondary batteries on the hydrometallurgical process of their leachant concentration, temperature (T), time (t), solid–to–liquid ratio (S:L) were investigated. The experimental procedure include the following three major steps: (1) solvent extraction separation of aluminum by NaOH, (2) solvent extraction separation of lithium and cobalt by 3 mol/L H2SO4 (4.76 % (v/v) 35% (v/v) H2O2) from the final solution after aluminum removal. Finally, (3) cobalt are precipitated by ammonium oxalate ((NH4)2C2O4) from the final solutions after aluminum removal. The experimental results for treating 3 g of anode plus in the battery by this new technique were reported, and some evaluation were also carried out. In the processing, the percent removal of impurities, such as aluminum could reach 90.6% or more, and that of lithium and cobalt were all more than 90.0%.

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Miao, Yu, Patrick Hynan, Annette von Jouanne, and Alexandre Yokochi. "Current Li-Ion Battery Technologies in Electric Vehicles and Opportunities for Advancements." Energies 12, no. 6 (2019): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061074.

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Over the past several decades, the number of electric vehicles (EVs) has continued to increase. Projections estimate that worldwide, more than 125 million EVs will be on the road by 2030. At the heart of these advanced vehicles is the lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery which provides the required energy storage. This paper presents and compares key components of Li-ion batteries and describes associated battery management systems, as well as approaches to improve the overall battery efficiency, capacity, and lifespan. Material and thermal characteristics are identified as critical to battery performance. The positive and negative electrode materials, electrolytes and the physical implementation of Li-ion batteries are discussed. In addition, current research on novel high energy density batteries is presented, as well as opportunities to repurpose and recycle the batteries.

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Gmar, Soumaya, Laurence Muhr, Florence Lutin, and Alexandre Chagnes. "Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling: Metal Recovery from Electrolyte and Cathode Materials by Electrodialysis." Metals 12, no. 11 (2022): 1859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12111859.

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The potential of electrodialysis to recycle spent lithium-ion batteries was assessed by investigating the recovery of lithium(I) from a synthetic solution representative of the aqueous effluent generated by shredding spent lithium-ion batteries underwater. Likewise, electrodialysis was tested for the selective recovery of lithium(I) towards cobalt(II), nickel(II) and manganese(II) from a synthetic solution representative of the leaching liquor of cathode materials. NMR spectroscopy showed that the implementation of electrodialysis to extract lithium from the aqueous effluent produced during battery shredding underwater should take into account the presence of HF generated by PF6− hydrolysis. In particular, it seems relevant to perform shredding under calcium chloride solution in order to precipitate fluoride and reduce HF generation. This work also showed that electrodialysis is an interesting technology for selectively recovering lithium from the leach solution of spent cathode materials, providing that divalent cations were previously removed to avoid metal precipitation inside the electrodialysis membranes. After removing cobalt(II) and nickel(II) at pH 2.8 and manganese(II) partially at pH 5.5 by using the ion exchange resin Dowex M4195, it is possible to extract and selectively concentrate lithium by electrodialysis without coextracting manganese(II) by using a lithium-selective membrane (faradic efficiency of 57.6%, permselectivity for lithium towards manganese of 6.9). Finally, a hybrid flowsheet implementing mineral processing and hydrometallurgy, including electrodialysis, ion exchange and crystallization stages, was proposed based on these results to reduce effluent generation and produce metal salts from spent lithium-ion battery.

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Peng, Jingyao. "Environment impacts and recycling methods of spent lithium-ion batteries." Applied and Computational Engineering 23, no. 1 (2023): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/23/20230603.

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As the lithium-ion battery market continues to expand so far, the number of spent lithium-ion batteries continue to increase, and its impact on the environment cannot be ignored. It is of great necessity to find out a scientific and effective process to recycle spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Starting from the specific pollution of each part of LIBs to the environment, this paper expounds the recycling methods and emerging technologies of cathode materials with the largest proportion and the highest economic value. This paper believes that from the pre-treatment of spent LIBs, and then goes through whether it is thermometallurgy, hydrometallurgy or direct regeneration, each step of recovery process has its own use scenarios. There are still certain problems in industrial applications, recovery rate, safety, secondary pollution and other aspects. Some technologies such as bio-leaching are yet to be developed and are expected to be widely used in the near future. This paper looks forward to a more comprehensive development and breakthrough in the recycling technology of LIBs in the future, rather than being limited to cathode materials.

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Xu, Xiaoying, and Wenxi Zhang. "Applications and Recycling of Lithium-ion Batteries." MATEC Web of Conferences 386 (2023): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338603006.

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With the rise of global warming, people have turned to electricity as a means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have emerged as a popular energy conservation solution. However, as the use of LIBs increases, the recycling industry is facing significant wastemanagement challenges. The decreasing content of precious metals in LIBs has led to a decline in recycling income. This article explores the application of LIBs in new energy vehicles, and evaluates the challenges faced by the recycling industry and provides suggestions for overcoming them. Currently, lithium iron phosphate, lithium nickel cobalt manganese and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum batteries have been used in new energy vehicle power batteries. The main recycle methods include direct recycling, hydrometallurgy, and pyrometallurgy. The article then suggests that improved recycling lines that use artificial intelligence and renew manufacturing standards may be beneficial solutions. By addressing these challenges, the problems associated with LIB recycling may be transformed into opportunities for the future.

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Lin, Cheng, Aihua Tang, Hao Mu, Wenwei Wang, and Chun Wang. "Aging Mechanisms of Electrode Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/104673.

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Electrode material aging leads to a decrease in capacity and/or a rise in resistance of the whole cell and thus can dramatically affect the performance of lithium-ion batteries. Furthermore, the aging phenomena are extremely complicated to describe due to the coupling of various factors. In this review, we give an interpretation of capacity/power fading of electrode-oriented aging mechanisms under cycling and various storage conditions for metallic oxide-based cathodes and carbon-based anodes. For the cathode of lithium-ion batteries, the mechanical stress and strain resulting from the lithium ions insertion and extraction predominantly lead to structural disordering. Another important aging mechanism is the metal dissolution from the cathode and the subsequent deposition on the anode. For the anode, the main aging mechanisms are the loss of recyclable lithium ions caused by the formation and increasing growth of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and the mechanical fatigue caused by the diffusion-induced stress on the carbon anode particles. Additionally, electrode aging largely depends on the electrochemical behaviour under cycling and storage conditions and results from both structural/morphological changes and side reactions aggravated by decomposition products and protic impurities in the electrolyte.

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Peng, Jingyao. "Environment impacts and recycling methods of spent lithium-ion batteries." Applied and Computational Engineering 23, no. 7 (2023): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/23/ojs/20230603.

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 As the lithium-ion battery market continues to expand so far, the number of spent lithium-ion batteries continue to increase, and its impact on the environment cannot be ignored. It is of great necessity to find out a scientific and effective process to recycle spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Starting from the specific pollution of each part of LIBs to the environment, this paper expounds the recycling methods and emerging technologies of cathode materials with the largest proportion and the highest economic value. This paper believes that from the pre-treatment of spent LIBs, and then goes through whether it is thermometallurgy, hydrometallurgy or direct regeneration, each step of recovery process has its own use scenarios. There are still certain problems in industrial applications, recovery rate, safety, secondary pollution and other aspects. Some technologies such as bio-leaching are yet to be developed and are expected to be widely used in the near future. This paper looks forward to a more comprehensive development and breakthrough in the recycling technology of LIBs in the future, rather than being limited to cathode materials.

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Shi, Yang, Gen Chen, and Zheng Chen. "Effective regeneration of LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries: a direct approach towards high-performance active particles." Green Chemistry 20, no. 4 (2018): 851–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7gc02831h.

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A green, simple and energy-efficient strategy that combines hydrothermal treatment and short thermal annealing has been developed to recycle and regenerate faded lithium ion battery cathode materials with high electrochemical performance.

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Gucciardi, Emanuele, Montserrat Galceran, Ainhoa Bustinza, Emilie Bekaert, and Montserrat Casas-Cabanas. "Circular Economy Insights: Sustainable Reuse of Aged Li-Ion LiFePO₄ Cathodes within Na-Ion Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 5 (2022): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-015595mtgabs.

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are today considered as one of the best solutions towards an energy model based on renewable sources and zero-emission electric vehicles. However, the increased production of LIBs raises concerns regarding cost and availability of key materials such as lithium, cobalt or graphite. Indeed, after almost 20 years of cost decrease, the price of lithium-ion batteries is slowing down [1]. This is related to the fact that a lot of raw materials and metals (mainly copper, aluminum and cobalt) that are used in LiBs have increased relentlessly their prices because of its continuous demand. In this sense, are needed better performing, more price competitive and sustainable battery storage solutions beyond lithium that take into consideration the overall value chain, from access to raw material, innovative advanced materials, production, recycling and second life. In this context, disposal and recycling are essential for the sustainability of this market and new recycling processes for LIBs are needed. Today there are processes that can recover high-value raw materials from LIBs (mainly copper, aluminum, and cobalt) but direct recycling of materials such as LiFePO4 (LFP) that has less economic value and are environmentally much more sustainable represents an economic challenge for the battery market and future research. NaFePO4 (NFP) has been indeed proposed as one of the cheapest and most sustainable sodium-ion (Na-ion) cathode materials, [2-3] but it is not a thermodynamically stable phase and it is necessary to obtain it from LFP through redox reactions usually using expensive, toxic and hazardous reagents, cutting down its commercialization.[3-5] LFP recovering from spent LIBs can contribute to reducing the manufacturing costs of the NFP and increase the interest to recycle Li-ion batteries based on LFP cathodes. In the perspective of a circular economy market, we propose in this work to explore the recovery of aged LFP electrodes and their reuse in new Na-ion batteries.

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Danthinne, Audrey, and Michael Picard. "Assessing the Compatibility of Vehicle Electrification With the EU’s Circular Economy Objective." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 31, Issue 6 (2022): 394–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2022026.

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The electrification of vehicles and the transition to a circular economy (CE) are important aspects of the EU’s strategy to become climate neutral by 2050. However, the compatibility between these two objectives is questionable. Indeed, the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) used in most electric vehicles (EVs) are currently difficult to recycle due to economic and practical challenges. This recycling problem increases the risk that end-of-life LIBs end up in landfills. If so, the CE would be severely punctured. Our study analyses how this potential inconsistency is addressed at the EU level by focusing on three EU legal instruments, i. e., the current and proposed regulatory framework for batteries and waste batteries, the End-of-Life Vehicles (ELV) Directive and the new Taxonomy Regulation. It observes that while the EU stands out in imposing sustainability requirements on the battery and vehicle industries, several shortcomings remain, such as the lack of specific legal provisions for LIBs, inappropriate targets and weak extended producer responsibility (EPR), which undermine the credibility of vehicle electrification as a climate change mitigation strategy in the EU. Vehicle Electrification, Circular Economy, Lithium-ion Batteries, Recycling, European Union, Zero-emission, Waste Batteries, Electric Vehicles, Climate Change Mitigation, Sustainability

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Lee, Dae-Hyeon, So-Yeon Lee, So-Yeong Lee, and Ho-Sang Sohn. "Lithium Recovery from NCM Lithium Ion Battery by Carbonation Roasting Followed by Water Leaching." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 60, no. 10 (2022): 744–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2022.60.10.744.

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Lithium is a representative rare metal and ranks 32nd in abundance among elements in the earth’s crust. Lithium is used in a variety of applications, including the production of organolithium compounds, as an alloying addition to aluminum and magnesium, and as the anode in rechargeable lithium ion batteries especially for electronic devices and electric vehicles. Today, lithium is an indispensable metal in our daily lives. It is important to recycle lithium from used lithium-ion batteries to prepare for lithium shortages and protect lithium resources. The active cathode material of a lithium ion battery contains other valuable metals including Ni, Co, and Mn. In this study, the effect of carbonation temperature on Li recovery from NCM (LiNixCoyMnzO2) powder as Li2CO3 was investigated. First, a carbonation roasting was performed to convert the Li in the NCM powder into Li2CO3 at various temperature using a thermo-gravimetric analyzer. The roasted cinder leached into the water to dissolve the Li2CO3. The results showed that in Ar gas atmosphere the NCM phase was decomposed into Li2O and Li1-xM1+xO2 phases and the weight decreased by 4.7%, but in a CO2 atmosphere Li2CO3 was formed, resulting in a 12.1% increase in weight. In the isothermal experiment, the weight and carbon concentration of cinder increased with temperature, and the Li ratio in the NCM gradually decreased. The NCM powder was able to react with CO2 above 853 K, while some nickel, cobalt and manganese were regenerated into different Li1-xM1+xO2 crystalline phases. The maximum Li recovery rate of 76% wsa achieved for 2 h carbonation roasting at 1073 K followed by water leaching, filtering and an evaporative crystallization process.

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Folayan, Tinu-Ololade, Kulwinder Dhindsa, Dianne Atienza, Ruiting Zhan, Anna Jonynas, and Lei Pan. "Direct Recycling of Cathode Active Materials from EV Li-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 5 (2022): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-015610mtgabs.

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Direct recycling of Li-ion batteries is a promising and low-cost recycling technology since the process recovers values of active materials directly without converting active materials into metal elements. However, the process is challenging from a separation perspective due to purity requirement. Herein, a new physical separation system was developed to recycle and produce ultra-high purity of cathode active materials from EV Li-ion batteries. Results showed that the recycled cathode active material product contained 99% purity of active materials with less than 500 ppm of aluminum and copper. Both the stoichimetry and structure of the recycled cathode active materials remained the same compared with those collected manually from electrode sheets. Results obtained from electrochemical testing showed that the capacity of the recycled materials was comparable to that of pristine cathode active materials, despite there was a lithium loss associated with battery charging and discharging. The present result demonstrates a viable direct recycling process for electric vehicle Li-ion batteries.

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Wang, Shuli. "Multi-angle Analysis of Electric Vehicles Battery Recycling and Utilization." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1011, no. 1 (2022): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1011/1/012027.

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Abstract Under the dual pressure of resource and environment, electric vehicles (EVs) will gradually replace fuel vehicles as a new trend. Among them, the recycling and utilization of EV batteries have attracted much attention. This article indicates the classification of EV batteries and the importance of battery recycling, and proposes some measures to recycle batteries. The research in this paper shows that the current EV batteries mainly include lead-acid batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, lithium-ion batteries, lithium iron phosphate batteries, and ternary lithium batteries. It was emphasized that heavy metals leaked from waste batteries cannot be normally degraded by microorganisms in water bodies and soil, and heavy metals can endanger human health through the food chain through water bodies, plants, animals, etc. At the same time, the recycling of precious metals and valuable metals in the battery can realize resource recycling. Faced with the problems in the EV battery recycling and utilization industry, the customers should strengthen their awareness of battery recycling. The enterprises should work closely with other related enterprises to form a more complete battery recycling industry chain. The government should issue policies and regulations for supervision and management. And the recycling system for battery recycling, cascade utilization, and resource reuse should be improved. This article provides a way to maximize the utilization of EV battery resources, reduce the adverse impact on the environment, and achieve the goal of carbon neutrality as soon as possible.

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Chen, Zheng. "Low-Cost and Sustainable Direct Recycling of Battery Materials." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 5 (2022): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-015602mtgabs.

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The development of next-generation energy storage devices and systems for electric vehicles (EVs) relies on materials with significantly improved performance and lower cost. The increasing amount of lithium-ion battery (LIBs) consumption will result in the resource shortage and price increase of lithium and precious transition metals (Co, Ni etc.) that are critical for making high-performance LIBs. Also, future batteries that mainly use low-cost materials (Na, Fe, Mn) will have limited economic benefits to recycle even though the wastes generated from disposal of used batteries can cause severe environment pollution. In this context, design of low-cost and energy-efficient recycling and regeneration process for spent batteries is attracting growing interest. From a reversible chemistry point of view, this talk will focus on a potential strategy to directly recycle and regenerate spent LIBs using a “non-destructive” approach, which will lead to new electrode materials that can show the same level of performance as the native materials. We will show successful recycling of various battery materials, including cathode (LiMO2, LiMn2O4, and LiFePO4) and anode (graphite) using the direct regeneration approach. Such a strategy combines fundamental understanding and process optimization for remanufacturing of energy materials. Therefore, it can potentially offer a sustainable solution for future energy storage.

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Gangaja, Binitha, Shantikumar Nair, and Dhamodaran Santhanagopalan. "Reuse, Recycle, and Regeneration of LiFePO4 Cathode from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries for Rechargeable Lithium- and Sodium-Ion Batteries." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 9, no. 13 (2021): 4711–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c08487.

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He, Xiong, Xiaoyu Peng, Yuxuan Zhu, Chao Lai, Caterina Ducati, and R. Vasant Kumar. "Producing hierarchical porous carbon monoliths from hydrometallurgical recycling of spent lead acid battery for application in lithium ion batteries." Green Chemistry 17, no. 9 (2015): 4637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5gc01203a.

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An environmentally clean process to recycle the paste from a spent lead acid battery (LAB) is further developed to produce a porous carbon anode material for a lithium ion battery (LIB) which is under increasing focus as the solution for future energy storage and distribution networks.

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Jin, Congrui, Zhen Yang, Jianlin Li, Yijing Zheng, Wilhelm Pfleging, and Tian Tang. "Bio-inspired interfaces for easy-to-recycle lithium-ion batteries." Extreme Mechanics Letters 34 (January 2020): 100594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eml.2019.100594.

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Scott, Sean, Zayd Islam, Jack Allen, et al. "Designing lithium-ion batteries for recycle: The role of adhesives." Next Energy 1, no. 2 (2023): 100023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nxener.2023.100023.

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Mirza, Mateen, Rema Abdulaziz, William C. Maskell, Chun Tan, Paul R. Shearing, and Dan Brett. "Recovery of Cobalt from Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Fluidised Cathode Molten Salt Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 5 (2022): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-015588mtgabs.

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Within the next 30 years, the number of vehicles powered by electricity is predicted to rise to 1 billion representing an exponential increase from 7.9 million used in 2019 [1]. These electrified vehicles will rely on lithium-ion rechargeable batteries with projections augmented by the impending ban on new petrol and diesel car sales. Despite these batteries offering a green, carbon-free alternative they remain overshadowed by the sustainable use of raw materials. Thus, the future need to recycle enormous quantities of Li-ion batteries arises because of the projected increase in the electrified fleet of vehicles required to decarbonise the transport sector. Cobalt is an essential element in several Li-ion battery cathode chemistries (e.g. NMC, NCA and LCO). In this study, we present an electrochemical reduction process of LiCoO2 to Co using a molten salt fluidised cathode technique at 450 oC [2]. Using thermodynamic calculations, a predominance diagram was constructed in Figure 1 to aid in understanding the reduction pathway. Cyclic voltammograms indicate two 2-electron transfer steps, the first where Co3O4 is reduced to CoO at −0.55 V vs Ag/Ag+ followed by the second reduction step of CoO to Co at −2.4 V vs. Ag/Ag+. The reduction potential of Co was used to determine the input parameters in the current versus time profiles. The Faradaic current efficiencies for both the commercially obtained LiCoO2 and spent Li-ion battery yield values greater than 70%. Thus, the fluidised cathode technique could prove to be an energy-efficient and high-throughput route for the recovery of cobalt, in this work, as well as different materials found in other batteries. Gielen, R. Gorini, N. Wagner, R. Leme and G. Prakash. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Global Renewables Outlook: Energy Transformation 2050, Abu Dhabi, Edition: 2020. M. Mirza, R. Abdulaziz, W.C. Maskell, C. Tan, P.R. Shearing, D.J.L. Brett, Recovery of cobalt from lithium-ion batteries using fluidised cathode molten salt electrolysis, Electrochim. Acta. 391 (2021) 138846. Figure 1

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Belharouak, Ilias, Yaocai Bai, and Rachid Essehli. "(Invited) Toward Solvent-Based Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 5 (2022): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-015608mtgabs.

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Lithium-ion batteries are booming globally for the applications in electric vehicles, consumer electronics, grid energy storage, and so on. The high demand and production of LIBs drives the generation of vast stockpiles of spent LIBs in near future. Recycling of those waste LIBs not only alleviates the environmental impacts from disposal in landfills and reduces the influences of raw mineral extraction and refining, but also reduces costs and lowers risks of supply chain disruptions. However, the recycling of LIBs is not taking off due to many fundamental and technological challenges. It is thus imperative to develop cost-effective and environmentally sustainable recovery processes to recycle end-of-life batteries. In this context, this presentation highlights the advancements in direct recycling of lithium-ion batteries from different aspects through solvent-based separation and regeneration processes. First, several green solvent-based recovery processes to efficiently separate electrode materials from their current collectors will be presented. Next, an aqueous sequential separation process to separate both anode/cathode and electrode/current collectors will be highlighted. In addition to the solvent-based separation processes, we will discuss the direct regeneration of spent NMC cathode via a solvent-mediated relithiation process. The discussion will shed light on new solvent-based separation and regeneration processes as an enabling step towards direct recycling of LIBs.

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Yin, Huayi, Jingjing Zhao, and Shuaibo Gao. "(Invited) Electrochemical Pathways Towards Recycling Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 5 (2022): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-015599mtgabs.

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The ever-increasing grid-scale energy storage farms and electric vehicles call for more secondary lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the battery resource is limited. Thus, the retired LIB is a potential secondary resource for remaking LIBs. Thus, it is urgent to develop efficient and green methods to recycle spent LIBs. Based on the long-time establishments in high-temperature molten salt and electrochemistry, the author developed electrochemical ways to repurpose spent LIBs, including molten salt electrolysis, cathodic assisted electrolysis, and paired electrolysis approaches. Unlike traditional way using chemicals to break down the chemical bonds, the electrochemical methods use electrons to enable the separation. As such, the electrochemical ways are green if renewable electricity is integrated. Hence, we hope to employ electrochemical technologies and classical thermodynamic principles to develop green recycling methods, aiming to provide fundamental insights into the sustainable battery development and renewable energy utilization.

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Liu, Kui, Shenglong Yang, Luqin Luo, et al. "From spent graphite to recycle graphite anode for high-performance lithium ion batteries and sodium ion batteries." Electrochimica Acta 356 (October 2020): 136856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136856.

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Pavlovskii, Alexander A., Konstantin Pushnitsa, Alexandra Kosenko, Pavel Novikov, and Anatoliy A. Popovich. "A Minireview on the Regeneration of NCM Cathode Material Directly from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries with Different Cathode Chemistries." Inorganics 10, no. 9 (2022): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10090141.

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Research on the regeneration of cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries for resource reclamation and environmental protection is attracting more and more attention today. However, the majority of studies on recycling lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) placed the emphasis only on recovering target metals, such as Co, Ni, and Li, from the cathode materials, or how to recycle spent LIBs by conventional means. Effective reclamation strategies (e.g., pyrometallurgical technologies, hydrometallurgy techniques, and biological strategies) have been used in research on recycling used LIBs. Nevertheless, none of the existing reviews of regenerating cathode materials from waste LIBs elucidated the strategies to regenerate lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NCM or LiNixCoyMnzO2) cathode materials directly from spent LIBs containing other than NCM cathodes but, at the same time, frequently used commercial cathode materials such as LiCoO2 (LCO), LiFePO4 (LFP), LiMn2O4 (LMO), etc. or from spent mixed cathode materials. This review showcases the strategies and techniques for regenerating LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathode active materials directly from some commonly used and different types of mixed-cathode materials. The article summarizes the various technologies and processes of regenerating LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathode active materials directly from some individual cathode materials and the mixed-cathode scraps of spent LIBs without their preliminary separation. In the meantime, the economic benefits and diverse synthetic routes of regenerating LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathode materials reported in the literature are analyzed systematically. This minireview can lay guidance and a theoretical basis for restoring LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathode materials.

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Lima, Maria Cecília Costa, Luana Pereira Pontes, Andrea Sarmento Maia Vasconcelos, Washington de Araujo Silva Junior, and Kunlin Wu. "Economic Aspects for Recycling of Used Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles." Energies 15, no. 6 (2022): 2203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062203.

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Worldwide, there has been an exponential growth in the production and application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), driven by the energy transition and the electric vehicle market. The scarcity of raw materials and the circular economy strategy of LIBs encourage the need to reuse components, recycle, and give second life to used batteries. However, one of the obstacles is the insufficient volume of LIBs for recycling, which prevents the economic viability of this industrial process. Thus, this article mainly focuses on the economic aspects of the recycling of LIBs, presenting and analyzing: (i) the advantages and disadvantages of recycling and (ii) a survey of factors that influence the cost and economic feasibility of disposing of batteries. The importance of regulations, the market, and business models regarding the recycling of LIBs in a few countries are also discussed. Finally, a business model is created for recycling LIBs in Brazil. The main factors that influence the economic feasibility of this process are indicated, such as government incentives through regulation, exemption from fees and taxes, and the adequacy of battery technology. Encouraging recycling through tax exemptions or reductions can make the process more economically viable, in addition to contributing to the circular economy. Another essential factor to be considered is the creation of joint ventures, which can facilitate the entire chain of the circular economy, including logistics, transport, and disposal of batteries.

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Nam, Gyutae, and Meilin Liu. "(Invited) Wastewater Derived Cathode Materials for Aqueous Zn-Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 1 (2022): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02132mtgabs.

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While lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used for portable devices and electric vehicles, it is highly desirable to develop safer and less expensive batteries as alternative to LIBs. In this regard, zinc (Zn) batteries have attracted much attention because of their excellent safety and low cost. However, one of the challenges is to develop cost-effective and highly efficient cathode materials for Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) based on transition metal oxides. It would be more economical to recycle transition metals in order to reduce the fabrication cost. Co-precipitation method is widely used for synthesis of LIBs cathode materials, and large amount of wastewater would be produced during co-precipitation and battery production process. In this presentation, we will report a facile and general process for fabrication of cathode materials for aqueous Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) by reusing wastewater from co-precipitation method. We have selected manganese rich phases with different ratio of nickel to cobalt precursors from co-precipitation wastewater, followed by a simple ball milling process, resulting in metal-hydroxide cathode materials (Mn0.6Ni0.1Co0.3OxHy, Mn0.6Ni0.2Co0.2OxHy, and Mn0.6Ni0.3Co0.1OxHy). Among them, the Mn0.6Ni0.1Co0.3OxHy cathode (with mass loading of 15 mg cm-2) exhibits an initial capacity of 263 mAh g-1 at a current density of 0.1 A g-1, as evaluated in an mixture electrolyte (2M ZnSO4 and 0.1M MnSO4). Furthermore, operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis has revealed the role of each transition metal ions during insertion and desertion of Zn ions. It is found that the ratio of Ni to Co significantly influences ZIBs performances, providing important insight into rational design of more efficient cathode materials for aqueous Zn-ion batteries. Figure 1

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Amarasekara, Ananda S., Deping Wang, and Ambar B. Shrestha. "Efficient Leaching of Metal Ions from Spent Li-Ion Battery Combined Electrode Coatings Using Hydroxy Acid Mixtures and Regeneration of Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide." Batteries 10, no. 6 (2024): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries10060170.

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Extensive use of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicles, electronics, and other energy storage applications has resulted in a need to recycle valuable metals Li, Mn, Ni, and Co in these devices. In this work, an aqueous mixture of glycolic and lactic acid is shown as an excellent leaching agent to recover these critical metals from spent Li-ion laptop batteries combined with cathode and anode coatings without adding hydrogen peroxide or other reducing agents. An aqueous acid mixture of 0.15 M in glycolic and 0.35 M in lactic acid showed the highest leaching efficiencies of 100, 100, 100, and 89% for Li, Ni, Mn, and Co, respectively, in an experiment at 120 °C for 6 h. Subsequently, the chelate solution was evaporated to give a mixed metal-hydroxy acid chelate gel. Pyrolysis of the dried chelate gel at 800 °C for 15 h could be used to burn off hydroxy acids, regenerating lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, and the novel method presented to avoid the precipitation of metals as hydroxide or carbonates. The Li, Ni, Mn, and Co ratio of regenerated lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide is comparable to this metal ratio in pyrolyzed electrode coating and showed similar powder X-ray diffractograms, suggesting the suitability of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid mixtures as leaching agents and ligands in regeneration of mixed metal oxide via pyrolysis of the dried chelate gel.

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Shchurik, Elena V., Olga A. Kraevaya, Sergey G. Vasil’ev, et al. "Anthraquinone-Quinizarin Copolymer as a Promising Electrode Material for High-Performance Lithium and Potassium Batteries." Molecules 28, no. 14 (2023): 5351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145351.

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The growing demand for cheap, safe, recyclable, and environmentally friendly batteries highlights the importance of the development of organic electrode materials. Here, we present a novel redox-active polymer comprising a polyaniline-type conjugated backbone and quinizarin and anthraquinone units. The synthesized polymer was explored as a cathode material for batteries, and it delivered promising performance characteristics in both lithium and potassium cells. Excellent lithiation efficiency enabled high discharge capacity values of >400 mA g−1 in combination with good stability upon charge–discharge cycling. Similarly, the potassium cells with the polymer-based cathodes demonstrated a high discharge capacity of >200 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1 and impressive stability: no capacity deterioration was observed for over 3000 cycles at 11 A g−1, which was among the best results reported for K ion battery cathodes to date. The synthetic availability and low projected cost of the designed material paves a way to its practical implementation in scalable and inexpensive organic batteries, which are emerging as a sustainable energy storage technology.

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Yang, Liming, Hong Zhang, Feng Luo, et al. "Minimized carbon emissions to recycle lithium from spent ternary lithium-ion batteries via sulfation roasting." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 203 (April 2024): 107460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107460.

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Lou, Ping, Minyuan Guan, Guoqiang Wu, et al. "Recycle cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries by an innovative method." Ionics 28, no. 5 (2022): 2135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-022-04497-4.

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Zou, Haiyang, Eric Gratz, Diran Apelian, and Yan Wang. "A novel method to recycle mixed cathode materials for lithium ion batteries." Green Chemistry 15, no. 5 (2013): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3gc40182k.

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Afroze, Shammya, Md Sumon Reza, Kairat Kuterbekov, et al. "Emerging and Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries to Aid in Energy Storage, A Review." Recycling 8, no. 3 (2023): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling8030048.

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The global population has increased over time, therefore the need for sufficient energy has risen. However, many countries depend on nonrenewable resources for daily usage. Nonrenewable resources take years to produce and sources are limited for generations to come. Apart from that, storing and energy distribution from nonrenewable energy production has caused environmental degradation over the years. Hence, many researchers have been actively participating in the development of energy storage devices for renewable resources using batteries. For this purpose, the lithium-ion battery is one of the best known storage devices due to its properties such as high power and high energy density in comparison with other conventional batteries. In addition, for the fabrication of Li-ion batteries, there are different types of cell designs including cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch cells. The development of Li-ion battery technology, the different widely used cathode and anode materials, and the benefits and drawbacks of each in relation to the most appropriate application were all thoroughly studied in this work. The electrochemical processes that underlie battery technologies were presented in detail and substantiated by current safety concerns regarding batteries. Furthermore, this review collected the most recent and current LIB recycling technologies and covered the three main LIB recycling technologies. The three recycling techniques—pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and direct recycling—have been the subject of intense research and development. The recovery of valuable metals is the primary goal of most recycling processes. The growth in the number of used LIBs creates a business opportunity to recover and recycle different battery parts as daily LIB consumption rises dramatically.

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Sommerfeld, Marcus, Claudia Vonderstein, Christian Dertmann, et al. "A Combined Pyro- and Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recycle Pyrolyzed Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass Part 1: Production of Lithium Concentrates in an Electric Arc Furnace." Metals 10, no. 8 (2020): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10081069.

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Due to the increasing demand for battery raw materials such as cobalt, nickel, manganese, and lithium, the extraction of these metals not only from primary, but also from secondary sources like spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is becoming increasingly important. One possible approach for an optimized recovery of valuable metals from spent LIBs is a combined pyro- and hydrometallurgical process. According to the pyrometallurgical process route, in this paper, a suitable slag design for the generation of slag enriched by lithium and mixed cobalt, nickel, and copper alloy as intermediate products in a laboratory electric arc furnace was investigated. Smelting experiments were carried out using pyrolyzed pelletized black mass, copper(II) oxide, and different quartz additions as a flux to investigate the influence on lithium-slagging. With the proposed smelting operation, lithium could be enriched with a maximum yield of 82.4% in the slag, whereas the yield for cobalt, nickel, and copper in the metal alloy was 81.6%, 93.3%, and 90.7% respectively. The slag obtained from the melting process is investigated by chemical and mineralogical characterization techniques. Hydrometallurgical treatment to recover lithium is carried out with the slag and presented in part 2.

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Beier, Maximilian, Christian Reimann, Jochen Friedrich, et al. "Silicon Waste from the Photovoltaic Industry - A Material Source for the Next Generation Battery Technology?" Materials Science Forum 959 (June 2019): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.959.107.

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In the photovoltaic industry a total of 100,000 tons of silicon is lost as waste per year. This waste is originating from several cropping and sawing steps of the high purity silicon blocks and ingots during the solar cell wafer production, resulting in a silicon containing suspension. Among different approaches to recycle the silicon from this waste is the utilization of hydrocyclones, which can be used to separate or classify particles by weight and size. In this work the use of a hydrocyclone was evaluated to upgrade the silicon fraction from a typical sawing waste. A potential field of use for the recycled silicon particles might be as anode material for next generation lithium ion batteries.

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Nazri, M. A., Anis Nurashikin Nordin, L. M. Lim, et al. "Fabrication and characterization of printed zinc batteries." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 3 (2021): 1173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i3.2858.

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Zinc batteries are a more sustainable alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to its components being highly recyclable. With the improvements in the screen printing technology, high quality devices can be printed with at high throughput and precision at a lower cost compared to those manufactured using lithographic techniques. In this paper we describe the fabrication and characterization of printed zinc batteries. Different binder materials such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl butyral (PVB), were used to fabricate the electrodes. The electrodes were first evaluated using three-electrode cyclic voltammetry, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy before being fully assembled and tested using charge-discharge test and two-electrode cyclic voltammetry. The results show that the printed ZnO electrode with PVB as binder performed better than PVP-based ZnO. The XRD data prove that the electro-active materials were successfully transferred to the sample. However, based on the evaluation, the results show that the cathode electrode was dominated by the silver instead of Ni(OH)2, which leads the sample to behave like a silver-zinc battery instead of a nickel-zinc battery. Nevertheless, the printed zinc battery electrodes were successfully evaluated, and more current collector materials for cathode should be explored for printed nickel-zinc batteries.

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Coyle, Jaclyn, Ankit Verma, and Andrew M. Colclasure. "(Digital Presentation) Electrochemical Relithiation Protocols for Restoration of Cycle Aged NMC Cathodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 5 (2022): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-015613mtgabs.

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Recycling end-of-life (EoL) lithium-ion batteries is of great significance to provide additional transition metal resources and alleviate environmental pollution from electric vehicle battery wastes. This study provides essential understanding towards developing an electrochemical relithiation process that will restore lithium loss in EoL intercalation cathode materials. This electrochemical relithiation process is one of several relithiation options being considered as a part of a direct recycling process designed to increase the efficiency of battery recycling by maintaining the composition and morphology of EoL cathode materials. A unique benefit of electrochemical relithiation is that it provides a potential alternative to processes that require EoL to be returned to powder form and then recast. Electrochemically aged NMC cathode materials have been prepared and characterized to establish the extent of EoL material structural transformations and lithium loss. A model-informed experimental process is used to identify the optimal electrochemical relithiation protocol to minimize the time taken to relithiate EoL materials and maximize the amount of lithium restored. Protocols were evaluated based on their ability to enable rapid lithium intercalation, maintain or reinstate structural uniformity in the EoL material and fully restore lithium content. An optimal protocol was identified at elevated temperatures utilizing a novel scanning voltage step. This work is part of ReCell which is a collaborative effort to develop efficient and economical recycle and reuse methods for EoL battery cathodes.

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Cai, Guoqiang, Ka Y. Fung, Ka M. Ng, and Christianto Wibowo. "Process Development for the Recycle of Spent Lithium Ion Batteries by Chemical Precipitation." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 53, no. 47 (2014): 18245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie5025326.

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Xi, Yuebin, Si Huang, Dongjie Yang, et al. "Hierarchical porous carbon derived from the gas-exfoliation activation of lignin for high-energy lithium-ion batteries." Green Chemistry 22, no. 13 (2020): 4321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc00945h.

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A green approach in the gas-exfoliation and in situ templating-assistant synthesis route was developed to prepare hierarchical lignin-derived porous carbon (HLPC) using non-corrosive, recyclable ZnCO<sub>3</sub> as an activator.

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Shen, Rixing, Yanzhong Hong, Joseph J. Stankovich, Zhiyong Wang, Sheng Dai, and Xianbo Jin. "Synthesis of cambered nano-walls of SnO2/rGO composites using a recyclable melamine template for lithium-ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 34 (2015): 17635–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta03166d.

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Misenan, Muhammad Syukri Mohamad, Rolf Hempelmann, Markus Gallei, and Tarik Eren. "Phosphonium-Based Polyelectrolytes: Preparation, Properties, and Usage in Lithium-Ion Batteries." Polymers 15, no. 13 (2023): 2920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15132920.

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Phosphorous is an essential element for the life of organisms, and phosphorus-based compounds have many uses in industry, such as flame retardancy reagents, ingredients in fertilizers, pyrotechnics, etc. Ionic liquids are salts with melting points lower than the boiling point of water. The term “polymerized ionic liquids” (PILs) refers to a class of polyelectrolytes that contain an ionic liquid (IL) species in each monomer repeating unit and are connected by a polymeric backbone to form macromolecular structures. PILs provide a new class of polymeric materials by combining some of the distinctive qualities of ILs in the polymer chain. Ionic liquids have been identified as attractive prospects for a variety of applications due to the high stability (thermal, chemical, and electrochemical) and high mobility of their ions, but their practical applicability is constrained because they lack the benefits of both liquids and solids, suffering from both leakage issues and excessive viscosity. PILs are garnering for developing non-volatile and non-flammable solid electrolytes. In this paper, we provide a brief review of phosphonium-based PILs, including their synthesis route, properties, advantages and drawbacks, and the comparison between nitrogen-based and phosphonium-based PILs. As phosphonium PILs can be used as polymer electrolytes in lithium-ion battery (LIB) applications, the conductivity and the thermo-mechanical properties are the most important features for this polymer electrolyte system. The chemical structure of phosphonium-based PILs that was reported in previous literature has been reviewed and summarized in this article. Generally, the phosphonium PILs that have more flexible backbones exhibit better conductivity values compared to the PILs that consist of a rigid backbone. At the end of this section, future directions for research regarding PILs are discussed, including the use of recyclable phosphorus from waste.

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Siqi, Zhao, Li Guangming, He Wenzhi, Huang Juwen, and Zhu Haochen. "Recovery methods and regulation status of waste lithium-ion batteries in China: A mini review." Waste Management & Research 37, no. 11 (2019): 1142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19857130.

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Heavy metals such as Co, Li, Mn, Ni, etc. and organic compounds enrich spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). These batteries seriously threaten human health and the environment. Meanwhile, with the development of new energy vehicles, the shortage of valuable metal resources which are used as raw materials for power batteries is becoming a serious problem. Using proper methods to recycle spent LIBs can both save resources and protect the environment. Pyrometallury is a kind of recycling method that is operated under high temperature with the aim of recovering useful metals after pre-treatment and organic binder removal with the characteristic of high temperature and it is easy to operate. Hydrometallurgy is characterized by high recovery efficiency, low reaction energy consumption, and high reaction rate, and is widely used in the recycling process of spent LIBs. During biometallurgy, valuable metals in the spent LIBs are extracted by microbial metabolism or microbial acid production processes. Since the drive for green and low secondary pollution, biometallurgy as well as solvent extraction and the electrochemical method have earned more attention during recent years. This mini-review analyzes the relationship between the emergence of new energy vehicles and the recycling status of spent LIBs. Meanwhile, this paper also consists of detailed treatment and recycling methods for LIBs and provides a summary of the management regulations of current waste for LIBs. What is more, the main challenges and further prospects in terms of LIBs management in China are analyzed.

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Bhuyan, Md Sajibul Alam, and Hosop Shin. "Fundamental Insights into the Effectiveness of Cathode Regeneration." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 7 (2022): 2568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0272568mtgabs.

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The volume of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is expected to increase rapidly over the coming decade. Consequently, it is of great interest to recycle and reuse cathode materials due to their high value in LIBs. Direct cathode recycling, which aims to regenerate cathode materials without destroying their original functional structures, could potentially maximize the return value from end-of-life LIBs compared to pyrometallurgical- and hydrometallurgical-based recycling processes. Here, we fundamentally investigate the effectiveness of cathode regeneration by regenerating chemically-degraded cathodes at different levels of delithiation, which are analogous to spent cathodes at different states of health (SOH). To evaluate whether direct recycling is effective in regenerating spent cathodes at different degrees of degradation, regenerated cathodes are thoroughly compared with pristine and chemically delithiated cathodes. The use of chemically delithiated samples provides the opportunity to fundamentally examine how the disordered, lithium-deficient cathode from used LIBs is regenerated while preventing the complications associated with other cathode degradation mechanisms, including surface layer formation and particle cracking.

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Batteries lithium-ion – Recyclage“

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