Thematische Bibliographien / Bassin de Somalie

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Bassin de Somalie“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 25. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Bassin de Somalie"

PAJĄK, Krzysztof. „Współpraca państw UE w realizacji polityki akwenowej na przykładzie pierwszej, morskiej, militarnej operacji EUNAVFOR ATALANTA“. Przegląd Politologiczny, Nr. 4 (02.11.2018): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2010.15.4.4.

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The uncontrollable outbreak of piracy attacks off the Somali coast has lately made the East African coast the area where the majority of all global maritime crimes occur. Located in East Africa, Somalia borders one of the most important maritime communication routes on Earth: the Suez Canal – the Red Sea – the Gulf of Aden. EU states could be acutely affected by the disruption of sea trade in this area, therefore they have become actively involved in fighting piracy off the Somali coast. As a result of political, organizational and legal activity, the Council of the EU established the first maritime military operation under the auspices of the European Union – EUNAVFOR Somalia – Operation Atalanta. The efficient operation of EU naval forces, hundreds of miles from European shores would not have been possible had it not been for an extensive and comprehensive maritime policy. Not only has its implementation enabled the EU to chase pirates in the Somali basin, or helped bring any criminals detained before the courts, but is has also influenced countries outside the European Union.

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Lemenkova, Polina, und O. Debeir. „Satellite Altimetry and Gravimetry Data for Mapping Marine Geodetic and Geophysical Setting of the Seychelles and the Somali Sea, Indian Ocean“. Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 12, Nr. 2 (01.12.2022): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jaes-2022-0026.

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Abstract Evaluation of the representative cartographic techniques demonstrated that there are still considerable challenges facing the methods of marine geodetic, geophysical and bathymetric data visualisation. In an oceanic seafloor formation, the interaction between the geological structural elements and topographical relief can be analysed by advanced mapping. In present study, a correlation between geodesy, geophysics and topography has been examined including the following variables: geological structure, coastal topography and bathymetry, geophysical fields, free-air gravity anomalies and geoid undulation, sediment thickness, bathymetric patterns, and extension of the transform faults. The variables were visualised on the high-resolution raster grids using Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) scripting toolset. The study area is located in the Seychelles and the Somali Sea segment of the Indian Ocean. The data incorporates satellite-derived gravity grid, EGM-2008, geological structures, topography from GEBCO grid and GlobSed sediment thickness, processed by GMT scripts. The results demonstrated that western continental slope of Somalia is wide, gently declining to the seafloor at depths exceeding -5000 m. Kenya and Tanzania present a wide continental foot with depths ranging from -3500 to -5000 m. The Somali Sea basin shows low sedimentation lower than 500 m, while ridges and island chains have higher sediment influx (1,000-2,000 m). The Mozambique Channel has dominating values at 2,500-3,500 m. Higher values are noted near the Reunion and Mauritius islands until the Seychelles via the Mascarene Plateau (500-1,000 m) against the <500 m in the areas of the Mid-Indian Ridge, Carlsberg Ridge and open water.

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Cochran, James R. „Somali Basin, Chain Ridge, and origin of the Northern Somali Basin gravity and geoid low“. Journal of Geophysical Research 93, B10 (1988): 11985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb093ib10p11985.

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Dengler, M., D. Quadfasel, F. Schott und J. Fischer. „Abyssal circulation in the Somali Basin“. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 49, Nr. 7-8 (Januar 2002): 1297–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0645(01)00167-9.

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Ismail Dhaqane, Abdirahman, Mohamad Fared Murshed, Khaldoon A. Mourad und Teh Sabariah Binti Abd Manan. „Assessment of the Streamflow and Evapotranspiration at Wabiga Juba Basin Using a Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) Model“. Water 15, Nr. 14 (17.07.2023): 2594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15142594.

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Rapid population growth, industrialization, and agricultural activities have impacted water resources in the arid and semi-arid areas of Somalia. The Lower Juba region in Somalia has been the most affected region. Therefore, an analysis of the hydrological patterns is essential. This paper assesses streamflow and evapotranspiration in the Wabiga Juba basin in Somalia using a hydrological simulation model, namely, the water evaluation and planning (WEAP) system via the soil moisture method. The datasets included 53 (average precipitation) and 13 (streamflow) year periods from two meteorological stations. The estimated values for potential evapotranspiration (11,921.98 to 20,775.39 MCM) were higher than the actual evapotranspiration (4904.10 to 8242.72 MCM) by 50 to 79.5%, respectively. The annual streamflow in Juba Dolow and runoff proportion of the Wabiga Juba River was estimated to be 10% of the annual precipitation. Most of the surface runoff occurred in April (47%), May (31%), October (5%), and November (14%). The streamflow variation responded to the pattern of precipitation. The model performance achieved a Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency (NSE) coefficient of 0.71, coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.91, and percent bias (PBIAS) of 14%. The WEAP model of the Wabiga Juba basin is a baseline study for water resource management in Somalia to mitigate water shortage impacts due to limited water resources.

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Beal, Lisa M., Robert L. Molinari, Teresa K. Chereskin und Paul E. Robbins. „Reversing bottom circulation in the Somali Basin“. Geophysical Research Letters 27, Nr. 16 (15.08.2000): 2565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999gl011316.

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Coffin, M. F., P. D. Rabinowitz und R. E. Houtz. „Crustal structure in the Western Somali Basin“. Geophysical Journal International 86, Nr. 2 (01.08.1986): 331–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1986.tb03832.x.

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Tchie, Andrew E. Yaw. „Waging Peace, towards an Africa Union Stabilisation Strategy for Somalia“. Journal of International Peacekeeping 25, Nr. 3 (25.10.2022): 236–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-25030004.

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Abstract Over the last few years, successful military operations across Somalia have helped to unshackle towns south of Mogadishu from al Shabaab, demonstrating the capacity of the African Union Mission to Somalia (amisom) to achieve parts of its mandate. However, friction between the Federal Government of Somalia and the Federal Member States have heightened tensions and rifts over elections, state management and overall security, despite significant international support. Despite amisom s efforts, the legacies of the 1990s civil war have remained unresolved, and state restoration has been disrupted by political, clannish, environmental and structural challenges. In contrast, al Shabaab remains adaptable, resilient and exploits grievances, local dynamics, and competition over resources. This paper argues, the African Union (AU) Peace and Security Council needs to re-mandate and reinforce amisom in conjunction with an AU stabilisation strategy for Somalia which exploits experiences from the AU’s Regional Stabilisation Strategy for the Lake Chad Basin.

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Jansky, Okiya Jimmy. „Improving Adaptive Capacity of Riverine Communities in Responding to Floods in Beledweyne District, Somalia“. Multidisciplinary Journal of Horseed International University (MJHIU) 1, Nr. 2 (09.10.2023): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.59336/9kdzm360.

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This study aimed at improving the adaptive capacity of riverine communities in responding to floods in Beledweyne district, Somalia. The objectives of the study were to examine the factors that determine flood vulnerability of riverine communities in responding to floods in Beledweyne District, Somalia, to assess the indicators of adaptive capacity of riverine communities in responding to floods in Beledweyne District, Somalia and to evaluate the adopted strategies for improving adaptive capacities to flood hazards by riverine communities of Beledweyne District, Somalia. The study employed quantitative research approach using descriptive research design to analyse the adaptive capacity of riverine communities in responding to floods in Beledweyne District, Somalia. The research used data collection tools like questionnaire, interview and documentary review to collect the data. The main findings of the study were that there are many factors determining flood vulnerability of riverine communities in responding to floods in Beledweyne District, Somalia like staying very close to the river increases community members’ vulnerability to floods in the areas, staying near the estuary to flood, staying near the high-water mark, staying near the river defense walls, staying near the basin bridge with poor condition and many others. Secondly, the findings of the study indicate that there are indicators of adaptive capacity of riverine communities in responding to floods in Beledweyne District, Somalia which they encompass: low level of emergency and preparedness plan and resources, low level of emergency and preparedness plan and resources, low improvement of livelihoods and rural economy in the flood prone areas and low improvement of livelihoods and rural economy in the flood prone areas. Furthermore, the findings of the study indicate that the recommend strategies for improving adaptive capacities to flood hazards by riverine communities of Beledweyne District, Somalia entail: continuous assessment of the sector and infrastructure vulnerability in the riverine communities, executing early actions to increase economic resilience in livelihoods, assessment of the critical infrastructure (roads, bridges, utilities, prevention of ad hoc basin defenses, favor non-structural solutions and preparation and implementation of effective early warning messages that reach marginalized groups of people. The study recommends that there should be preparation of medium-term development and spatial plans, there should be proper preparation of medium-term development and spatial plans in Beledweyne district, preparation of proper local plans and the district authority or leaders in collaboration with the national leaders should prepare proper local plans for riverine communities.

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Ali, M. Y., und A. B. Watts. „Crustal structure of the Nogal basin, northern Somalia“. Journal of African Earth Sciences 184 (Dezember 2021): 104385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104385.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Bassin de Somalie"

Foukali, Hassan El. „Le contrôle paléoclimatique de la sédimentation quaternaire dans le bassin de Somalie (Océan indien du Nord-Ouest)“. Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MNHN0003.

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Les variations de la mousson indienne dans l'océan indien nord-occidental sont reconstruites par l'étude des sédiments prélevés dans le bassin de somalie lors de la mission MD/44 INDUSOM. La mousson indienne se traduit dans le bassin de Somalie par des remontées d'eaux semi-profondes, riches en éléments nutritifs vers 4n (upwelling de Somalie) et vers 10n (upwelling de Socotra). Les fluctuations temporelles de onze enregistrements (%CaCo3, %quartz, %dolomite, %terrigène et les flux de sédimentation correspondants, δ18O, URI, susceptibilité magnétique) ont été étudiées dans dix carottes entre 3°S et 3°N de 744 m à 4875 m de profondeur au large de la Somalie. Sous l'upwelling de Somalie, une colonne sédimentaire épaisse d'environ 14 mètres a été prélevée à une profondeur de 4875 m. La base de la série est datée de 160 ka. La sédimentation pélagique dans ce site est caractérisée par des carbonates très abondants (70 %), composés essentiellement de coccolithophoridés. Les cycles de carbonates sont liés au fonctionnement de l'upwelling dont les périodes de fortes activités se situent vers 10 ka, 40-60 ka, 80 ka et 130 ka. L'analyse spectrale des différents marqueurs étudiés met en évidence des périodicités liées aux variations des paramètres de l'orbite terrestre. Ces périodicités soulignent le contrôle de la sédimentation par les fluctuations climatiques liées à la précession et à l'obliquité, comme en mer d'Arabie. Ces deux périodes orbitales sont celles qui modulent l'insolation et les variations de la mousson indienne qui lui sont liées. A l'équateur, en dehors de l'upwelling, la sédimentation pélagique est perturbée par des apports terrigènes, notamment dans les sites situés en bas de pente. Au large, les sédiments carbonatés sont essentiellement composés de coccolithophoridés et de foraminifères. La réponse de la sédimentation carbonatée aux fréquences orbitale de l'obliquité et de la précession dans ce site enregistre un déphasage avance par rapport a celle du site sous l'upwelling. Le diachronisme de la production carbonatée enregistré à l' équateur et sous l'upwelling de Somalie, montre que l'influence de ce dernier n'est pas ressentie à l'équateur. L'apport en éléments nutritifs est, dans ce cas, assuré par les remontées d'eaux liées à la divergence équatoriale.

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Masquelet, Charles. „Magmatisme, héritage et déformation autour de l’archipel des Comores, dans le bassin de Somalie. Implications géodynamiques“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS613.

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L’archipel des Comores, situé entre Madagascar et le Mozambique, est le siège d’une activité sismique régionale importante. L’île volcanique de Mayotte a notamment subi, en 2018, une crise sismo-volcanique majeure liée à la construction d’un nouvel édifice volcanique sous-marin, Fani Maoré, à 50 km de ses côtes. Diverses hypothèses ont été émises pour expliquer aussi bien l’origine de l’archipel que son évolution récente. Or, tant l’âge de la mise en place des iles de l’archipel que la nature de la croute dans le bassin des Comores sont mal contraints ; ce qui s’explique essentiellement par un manque de données. L’objectif de cette thèse est de replacer l’activité sismo-volcanique récente dans le contexte géodynamique régional et notamment de déterminer l’évolution volcano-tectonique de l’archipel des Comores. Nous avons utilisé les données géophysiques principalement acquises lors de la campagne océanographique SISMAORE (2020-2021), afin d’imager et de décrire l’architecture des domaines sédimentaires, volcaniques et crustales autour de l’archipel des Comores à l’échelle locale et régionale. L’étude du profil de sismique reflexion passant au-dessus du nouvel édifice volcanique Fani Maoré, a permis d’imager la structure interne du volcan et de retrouver une paléo surface pré-éruptive en identifiant le matériel magmatique récent. Nous avons identifié la présence d’une couche volcanique épaisse, correspondant au pied de l’édifice volcanique de l’île de Mayotte reposant sur une couche sédimentaire de 2.5 km. Une stratigraphie sismique cohérente du bassin des Comores a été réalisée afin d’apporter des contraintes en âges sur les évènements volcaniques de la zone en utilisant les rares données de puits dans le bassin des Comores et le bassin de Morondava. Cette stratigraphie sismique a permis de contraindre l’âge du début de construction de l’île de Mayotte à 28 Ma, ce qui révise considérablement les datations faites à terre, datant l’île à 10 Ma. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons observé et identifié, grâce à l’analyse de l’ensemble des profils de sismique réflexion acquis durant la campagne SISMAORE, les différentes phases volcaniques de construction des îles de l’archipel des Comores. Ainsi, nous avons caractérisé au moins 3 phases de construction majeures de l’île volcanique de Mayotte datées à 28, 22, et 9 Ma, grâce à la stratigraphie sismique. De même, nous avons identifié et daté le début de la phase principale de construction des îles de Mohéli (9Ma), Anjouan (4Ma) et Grande Comore (2 Ma) ainsi que du banc de Geyser et Zélée (32 Ma) et des rides volcaniques des Jumelles (4Ma). Le démarrage du volcanisme est donc de plus en plus récent en allant de l’extrémité Est vers l’Ouest de l’archipel. Cette séquence chronologique du début du volcanisme présente plusieurs similarités avec l’évolution temporelle du magmatisme à Madagascar et dans le Rift Est Africain. L'activité magmatique a débuté à l'Oligocène supérieur, suivie d'une période de quiescence au Miocène moyen, puis a repris à la fin du Miocène, coïncidant avec la déformation généralisée le long du Rift Est Africain, y compris ses branches offshores et Madagascar. L’archipel des Comores pourrait ainsi correspondre à une branche du Rift Est Africain initiée dès le début du Miocène. Enfin dans une troisième partie, nous montrons que la croûte autour des Comores est de nature océanique grâce à l’étude des profils de sismiques réflexion et réfraction. La cartographie de la profondeur du toit de la croûte océanique montre un domaine crustal plus profond au Sud de l’archipel qu’au Nord. En corrélant la cartographie de zones de fractures, la direction moyenne des îles de l’archipel des Comores et la présence de réactivation crustale impliquant du volcanisme, nous suggérons que les anciennes zones de fractures dans la direction d’accrétion du bassin de Somalie ont contrôlés, au moins en partie, la mise en place de l’archipel des Comores
The Comoros archipelago, located between Madagascar and Mozambique, experiences significant regional seismic activity. The volcanic island of Mayotte, underwent a major seismic-volcanic crisis in 2018, related to the formation of a new submarine volcanic structure, Fani Maoré, 50 km off its coast. Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain both the origin of the archipelago and its recent evolution. However, both the age of the formation of the archipelago's islands and the nature of the crust in the Comoros basin are poorly constrained, largely due to a lack of data. The objective of this thesis is to place recent seismic-volcanic activity in the context of regional geodynamics and, in particular, to determine the volcano-tectonic evolution of the Comoros archipelago. Geophysical data, mainly acquired during the SISMAORE oceanographic cruise (2020-2021), were used to image and describe the architecture of sedimentary, volcanic, sequences and crustal domains around the Comoros archipelago at both local and regional scales. The interpretation of the reflection seismic profiles over the new volcanic structure, Fani Maoré, allowed for imaging the internal structure of the volcano and identifying pre-eruptive paleosurfaces by identifying recent magmatic materials. A consistent seismic stratigraphy of the Comoros basin was established to provide age constraints on volcanic events in the area using the limited well data available in the Comoros basin and the Morondava basin. This seismic stratigraphy revealed that the construction of Mayotte Island began around 28 million years ago, significantly revising previous land-based dating of 10 million years. In the second part, through the analysis of all reflection seismic profiles acquired during the SISMAORE cruise, the different volcanic construction phases of the Comoros archipelago's islands were observed and constrained in age, based on the seismic stratigraphy. At least three major construction phases of Mayotte Island were characterized 28, 22, and 9 million years ago. Similarly, the beginning of the main construction phase for Mohéli (9 million years ago), Anjouan (4 million years ago), Grande Comore (2 million years ago), as well as the Geyser and Zélée Bank (32 million years ago) and the volcanic ridges of the Jumelles (4 million years ago) were identified. The onset of volcanic activity becomes progressively more recent from the easternmost to the westernmost end of the archipelago. This chronological sequence of volcanic activity shares several similarities with the temporal evolution of magmatism in Madagascar and the East African Rift. Magmatic activity began in the Upper Oligocene, followed by a period of quiescence in the Middle Miocene, and then resumed at the end of the Miocene, coinciding with widespread deformation along the East African Rift, including its offshore branches and Madagascar. Thus, the Comoros archipelago may correspond to a branch of the East African Rift initiated as early as the beginning of the Miocene. Finally, in the third part, it is demonstrated that the crust around the Comoros is of an oceanic nature through the study of reflection and refraction seismic profiles. Mapping the depth of the top of the oceanic crust reveals a deeper crustal domain south of the archipelago compared to the north. By correlating fracture zone mapping, the average direction of the Comoros archipelago's islands, and the presence of crustal reactivation involving volcanism, it is suggested that ancient fracture zones in the direction of Somalian basin accretion have at least partially controlled the formation of the Comoros archipelago

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Ouahdi, Rabia. „Paléocéanographie et paléoproductivité liées à la mousson indienne dans le bassin de Somalie, le golfe d'Aden et la mer Rouge durant les derniers 460 000 ans“. Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MNHN0020.

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Dans quatre domaines marins exposés à l'influence de la mousson indienne, une étude de la paléoproductivité, de sa relation avec les fluctuations de la mousson indienne et de l'impact des changements hydrologiques sur la sédimentation a été réalisée grâce à des marqueurs géochimiques et minéralogiques (élèments en trace, élèments majeurs, carbone organique total, δ18o, δ13c, carbonates) le fonctionnement des upwellings de Socotra et de Somalie est contrôlé par les vents de la mousson du Sud-Ouest. L'upwelling de Socotra s'est intensifié pendant l'intervalle 40-50 ka du stade isotopique 3, une baisse de son activité est enregistrée durant le stade isotopique 2. Les sédiments de la carotte de Somalie ne montrent pas le même enregistrement. Les deux upwellings sont cependant engendrés par le même forçage climatique. La dissemblance des réponses enregistrées dans ces deux zones est expliquée par leur localisation par rapport au coeur de l'upwelling et par des facteurs hydrologiques locaux. Dans le golfe d'Aden, les eaux profondes sont marquées par une salinité élevée qui persiste de la période glaciaire jusqu'à environ 10 000 ans bp. Une baisse de la productivité et de l'activité de l'upwelling local, liée à la décroissance des vents de la mousson du sud-ouest est enregistrée pour la période glaciaire et lors du Dryas récent. Une augmentation de la productivité est, en revanche, enregistrée à 13 500 ans bp et entre 9 000 ans bp et 5 000 ans bp. En mer rouge, durant les derniers 460 000 ans, il s'est formé des niveaux relativement riches en matière organique (protosapropeles). Ces protosapropeles coïncident avec des périodes de baisse de salinité des eaux de surface. A l'exception d'un seul niveau, leur dépôt est synchrone de celui des sapropeles de Méditerranée orientale. On pense que leur formation résulte d'un mécanisme de stagnation lié à la stratification des eaux pendant des périodes de forte mousson.

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Liu, Yu Hao, und 劉祐豪. „Trans-E-Cadherin Facilitates the Early Stage of Somatic Reprogramming through Activating STAT3“. Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/login?o=dnclcdr&s=id=%22107CGU05114042%22.&searchmode=basic.

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Bücher zum Thema "Bassin de Somalie"

D, Rabinowitz Philip, Hrsg. Evolution of the conjugate East African-Madagascan margins and the Western Somali Basin. Boulder, Colo: Geological Society of America, 1988.

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Barzgar, M. A. Improving the quality of life through meeting the basic minimum needs of people: Somali experience in (BMN). [Mogadishu]: WHO, 1990.

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Terry D, Gill, und Tibori-Szabó Kinga. Part 2 The Post-Cold War Era (1990–2000), 40 The Intervention in Somalia—1992–95. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0040.

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This chapter examines the 1992-1995 intervention of the United Nations and the United States in Somalia. It sets out the facts and context of the crisis, the positions of the main protagonists (UN, US and Somalia) as well as the reactions of third states and international organisations. The chapter then discusses several questions regarding the legality of the intervention under the jus ad bellum. It first looks at the legal basis of the intervention under Chapter VII of the UN Charter and the place of peace enforcement operations within that framework. It then analyses the types of mandates and their execution in the Somalian operations and lastly, it draws conclusions on the precedential value of the intervention for future UN collective operations.

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Evolution of the conjugate East African - Madagascan margins and the western Somali Basin. Geological Society of America, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/spe226.

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Rabinowitz, Philip D., und Millard F. Coffin. Evolution of the Conjugate East African-Madagascan Margins and the Western Somali Basin. Geological Society of Amer, 1996.

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Williams, Paul D. Security Sector Reform. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724544.003.0010.

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This chapter analyses how AMISOM tried to cooperate and coordinate with the existing Somali security forces in order to fight an effective war against al-Shabaab and simultaneously help build a new set of ‘national’ security forces that could make the AU mission redundant. After explaining the key challenges involved in security sector reform, it starts with a brief overview of how Somalia’s armed forces evolved since independence, focusing on the period since 2008 when the basis of today’s Somali National Army (SNA) was formed. Throughout the twenty-first century, the Somali armed forces remained fragmented and their institutions and structures largely dysfunctional. The second section then examines seven major challenges that made AMISOM’s mandate to enhance the SNA particularly difficult. The final section reflects on some of the principal lessons that can be identified from AMISOM’s experience.

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Fraleigh, Sondra. Dancing Becomes Walking. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039409.003.0003.

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This chapter reflects on the author’s personal transformations in developing Shin Somatics through study of several forms of yoga, the Alexander Technique, the Feldenkrais Method of Somatic Education, craniosacral therapy, and Zen mindfulness. In particular, it explains how dancing became a form of walking meditation for the author. The author also talks about finding ways to introduce somatic concepts into her teaching of dance and yoga in university and community settings, including a simple method of mindful meditation that attends to the breath, non-judgment, self-care, and forgiveness through the lens of Shin (Oneness). Finally, the chapter discusses how the author’s travels in Japan and India inspire much of the “East” in the Eastwest name, along with her involvement in butoh and the ways it has taught her about its somatic basis.

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De Wet, Erika. Regional Organizations and Arrangements. Herausgegeben von Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0015.

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This chapter focuses on the African Union’s (AU) military operations since the turn of the century and the legal framework pertaining to its regional security. It examines the AU’s increasing involvement in peace operations since the late 1990s in the context of its relationship with the United Nations Charter. The chapter first clarifies the meaning of the term ‘regional organizations’ based on Article 53(1) of the UN Charter before discussing whether and to what extent regional enforcement action can be taken under regional arrangements or by regional agencies without the authorization of the UN Security Council. It then evaluates the legal basis of the AU’s military operations and their relationship with the UN Security Council, citing the cases of Burundi, Sudan, Somalia, and the Comoros.

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Divan, Aysha, und Janice A. Royds. 7. Molecular biology in the clinic. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723882.003.0007.

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Environmental agents can cause genetic and epigenetic changes to DNA, the consequences of which lead to deregulation of cellular processes and pathways that cause disease. Genetic variation can either be inherited if acquired through the germline or non-heritable when the DNA changes occur in somatic (body) cells. ‘Molecular biology in the clinic’ discusses two key contemporary areas of clinical research that have benefited from an improved knowledge of their molecular basis: ageing and cancer. It shows that we are now better able to predict disease risk and design drugs that have higher clinical efficacy by targeting specific molecular pathways.

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Grush, Rick, und Lisa Damm. Cognition and the Brain. Herausgegeben von Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels und Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0012.

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The article explores the relationship between cognition and the brain. Some researches indicate that emotions provide information, anticipate future responses, influence reasoning strategy, index value, and direct attention toward particular objects but few psychologists have attempted to incorporate these results into an integrative general theory of cognition and emotion. Antonio Damasio claims that emotions are primarily representations of somatic states, including visceral and musculoskeletal, at the psychological level. The relationship between the event type and the associated emotional reaction is learned so that when the same type of event is encountered, or the same type of action considered, it can induce the corresponding emotion and the valance of that emotion can influence how the agent behaves in that situation. Damasio argued that somatic markers help facilitate reasoning by providing a rapid processing of potential decision outcomes based on immediate endorsement or rejection, which then helps constrain the decision-making space to a manageable size for which it becomes reasonable to employ more traditional means of evaluation such as cost-benefit analysis on the remaining options. Berthoz argued that the brain is a simulator of action and a generator of hypotheses such that anticipating and predicting the consequences of actions based on the remembered past is one of the basic properties of the brain.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Bassin de Somalie"

Billi, Paolo. „Fluvial Landscape of the Dabaan Basin, Northern Somalia“. In World Geomorphological Landscapes, 265–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05487-7_12.

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Bazinet, C., C. Dürr, G. Richard und J. N. Barbotin. „From Encapsulated Somatic Embryo to Plantlet Regeneration“. In Basic and Applied Aspects of Seed Biology, 91–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5716-2_10.

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Mycock, D. J., P. Berjak, N. W. Pammenter und C. W. Vertucci. „Cryopreservation of Somatic Embryoids of Phoenix dactylifera“. In Basic and Applied Aspects of Seed Biology, 75–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5716-2_8.

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Wang, Stan, und John B. Gurdon. „Therapeutic Somatic Cell Reprogramming by Nuclear Transfer“. In Programmed Cells from Basic Neuroscience to Therapy, 9–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36648-2_2.

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Mizutani, Y., J. Okumura, Y. Ohmori und T. Muramatsu. „Transfer and Expression of an Exogenous Gene in Somatic Cells of Chicken Embryos“. In Animal Cell Technology: Basic & Applied Aspects, 351–53. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5746-9_55.

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Kepczynski, J., und I. Florek. „The Influence of JA-Me and ABA on Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis in Medicago sativa L. Tissue Cultures“. In Basic and Applied Aspects of Seed Biology, 137–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5716-2_16.

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Fantozzi, P. L., und M. Sgavetti. „Tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the eastern Gulf of Aden continental margins: new structural and stratigraphic data from Somalia and Yemen“. In Sedimentation and Tectonics in Rift Basins Red Sea:- Gulf of Aden, 56–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4930-3_5.

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Timbert, R., J. N. Barbotin und D. Thomas. „Choice of the Matrix for Encapsulating and Dehydrating Carrot Somatic Embryos: Importance of the Rheology, the Desorption and the Diffusion Parameters“. In Basic and Applied Aspects of Seed Biology, 63–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5716-2_7.

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Brul, S., E. A. C. Wiemer, M. Oosthuizen, A. Westerveld, R. Van Driel, A. Strijland, R. B. H. Schutgens et al. „Genetic Heterogeneity in Inherited Disorders with a Generalized Impairment of Peroxisomal Functions: Visualization by Immunofluorescence Microscopy of Peroxisome Assembly After Somatic Cell Fusion of Complementary Cell Lines“. In Molecular Basis of Membrane-Associated Diseases, 420–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74415-0_35.

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„General somatic sensations“. In Neuroanatomical Basis of Clinical Neurology. CRC Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439806135.ch19.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Bassin de Somalie"

Trümpy, Daniel, Jan Witte, Immanuel Weber und João P. Da Ponte Souza. „Source Rocks of Somalia – A Regional Assessment“. In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2582343-ms.

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ABSTRACT In total, some 60 wells have been drilled onshore and less than 10 offshore Somalia*, none of which in deep water. Several prospective basins remain undrilled, such as the offshore Jubba and Mid Somali High basins and the onshore Odewayne basin. In view of the gas discoveries offshore Mozambique and Tanzania, and also of encouraging results offshore Kenya (sub-commercial oil discovery Sunbird-1) and in Madagascar, the Somalian offshore and onshore basins were re-evaluated. As to the Somali onshore basins, the extension of the Yemeni Jurassic and Cretaceous rifts into Somalia highlights their prospectivity. Seeps abound (Odewayne and Nogal basins) and some wells encountered good shows. Late Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous marine shales are source rock candidates. Gas in the area of Mogadishu may be associated with the Early Triassic Bokh Fm. source rock. Seeps in western Somalia are rare, and may result either from long-distance migration out of the Calub Graben or from locally mature Lower Cretaceous or Upper Jurassic. We establish an inventory of proven and possible source rock occurences in Somalia by integrating publicly available data on slicks and seeps, geological and gravity maps, literature data, well data and geological information from adjoining basins. Our data indicate that in the Somali part of the Gulf of Aden, high heat-flow may critically affect the Late Jurassic source rock. However, Late Cretaceous or even Eocene sources may be locally oil-mature. The presence of source rocks on the Somali Indian Ocean margin remains presently speculative. Abundance of slicks in the area south of Mogadishu may not relate to hydrocarbons. Of more interest are reported isolated slicks further to the north, in deeper waters of the Mogadishu and Mid-Somalia High Basins. These slicks may be related to Lower/Mid-Jurassic, Late Jurassic, Late Cretaceous or Eocene sources. Analysis of onshore seeps in northern Somalia (Nogal, Daroor, Odewayne basins), integrated with seismic data, will allow to determine the origin of these oils and an assessment of the size of prospective kitchen areas. In the offshore, 3D-Basin-modelling will be required to determine which areas are prospective for gas or, especially, for oil.

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Witte, Jan, Daniel Trümpy, Jürgen Meßner und Hans Georg Babies. „Petroleum Potential of Rift Basins in Northern Somalia – A Fresh Look“. In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2573746-ms.

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ABSTRACT Several wells have encountered good oil shows in the rift basins of northern Somalia, however, without finding commercial hydrocarbons to date. It is widely accepted that these basins have a similar tectonic evolution and a comparable sedimentary fill as the highly productive rift basins in Yemen from which they have been separated by the opening of the Gulf of Aden (fully established in Mid Oligocene). We present new regional tectonic maps, new basement outcrop maps, a new structural transect and new play maps, specifically for the Odewayne, Nogal, Daroor and Socotra Basins. Digital terrain data, satellite images, surface geology maps (varying scales), oil seep/slick maps, potential data (gravity), well data from ~50 wells and data from scientific publications were compiled into a regional GIS-database, so that different data categories could be spatially analyzed. To set the tectonic framework, the outlines of the basins under investigation were re-mapped, paying particular attention to crystalline basement outcrops. A set of play maps was established. We recognize at least three source rocks, five reservoirs and at least three regional seals to be present in the area (not all continuously present). Numerous oil seeps are documented, particularly in the Nogal and Odewayne Basins, indicative of ongoing migration or re-migration. Data from exploration wells seem to further support the presence of active petroleum systems, especially in the central Nogal, western Nogal and central Daroor Basins. Our GIS-based data integration confirms that significant hydrocarbon potential remains in the established rift basins, such as the Nogal and Daroor Basins. Additionally, there are a number of less known satellite basins (on and offshore) which can be mapped out and that remain completely undrilled. All of these basins have to be considered frontier basins, due to their poorly understood geology, remoteness, marketing issues and missing oil infrastructure, making the economic risks significant. However, we believe that through acquisition of new seismic data, geochemical analysis, basin modelling and, ultimately, exploration drilling these risks can be mitigated to a point where the economic risks become acceptable. We encourage explorers to conduct regional basin analysis, data integration, a GIS-based approach and modern structural geology concepts to tackle key issues, such as trap architecture, structural timing, migration pathways and breaching risks.

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Mohamed, A. Elmi. „Managing shared river basins in the Horn of Africa: Ethiopian planned water projects on the Juba and Shabelle rivers and effects on downstream uses in Somalia“. In RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT 2013. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/rbm130121.

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Casey, E., M. Sanchez und I. Norton. „From Plate Tectonics to Basins, Plays, and Risked Barrels, Offshore Somalia“. In 84th EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202310590.

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Milsom, John, Phil Roach, Chris Toland, Don Riaroh, Chris Budden und Naoildine Houmadi. „Comoros – New Evidence and Arguments for Continental Crust“. In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2572434-ms.

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ABSTRACT As part of an ongoing exploration effort, approximately 4000 line-km of seismic data have recently been acquired and interpreted within the Comoros Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Magnetic and gravity values were recorded along the seismic lines and have been integrated with pre-existing regional data. The combined data sets provide new constraints on the nature of the crust beneath the West Somali Basin (WSB), which was created when Africa broke away from Gondwanaland and began to move north. Despite the absence of clear sea-floor spreading magnetic anomalies or gravity anomalies defining a fracture zone pattern, the crust beneath the WSB has been generally assumed to be oceanic, based largely on regional reconstructions. However, inappropriate use of regional magnetic data has led to conclusions being drawn that are not supported by evidence. The identification of the exact location of the continent-ocean boundary (COB) is less simple than would at first sight appear and, in particular, recent studies have cast doubt on a direct correlation between the COB and the Davie Fracture Zone (DFZ). The new high-quality reflection seismic data have imaged fault patterns east of the DFZ more consistent with extended continental crust, and the accompanying gravity and magnetic surveys have shown that the crust in this area is considerably thicker than normal oceanic and that linear magnetic anomalies typical of sea-floor spreading are absent. Rifting in the basin was probably initiated in Karoo times but the generation of new oceanic crust may have been delayed until about 154 Ma, when there was a switch in extension direction from NW-SE to N-S. From then until about 120 Ma relative movement between Africa and Madagascar was accommodated by extension in the West Somali and Mozambique basins and transform motion along the DFZ that linked them. A new understanding of the WSB can be achieved by taking note of newly-emerging concepts and new data from adjacent areas. The better-studied Mozambique Basin, where comprehensive recent surveys have revealed an unexpectedly complex spreading history, may provide important analogues for some stages in WSB evolution. At the same time the importance of wide continent-ocean transition zones marked by the presence of hyper-extended continental crust has become widely recognised. We make use of these new insights in explaining the anomalous results from the southern WSB and in assessing the prospectivity of the Comoros EEZ.

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Meyerson, Matthew. „Abstract IA2: Somatic alterations in human cancer genomes“. In Abstracts: Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research - September 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.fbcr13-ia2.

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Akhedzhak-Naguze, S. K., V. V. Romantsov, Z. S. Popov und A. A. Naguze. „MEDICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS AFFECTING THE MORBIDITY OF MEDICAL UNIVERSITY STUDENTS“. In NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. Institute of information technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-2-1.189-193.

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The presented work presents basic data on the availability of medical services that affect the level of health of students in medical higher educational institutions. The authors reflect the relationship of the considered problems and the development of somatic anthologies among student youth. The article puts forward proposals for optimizing the process of improving the social group of the population.

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Dogruluk, Turgut, Armel Dogruluk, Yiu-Huen Tsang, Nikitha Nair, Rosalba Minelli, Ping Wu und Kenneth L. Scott. „Abstract C10: High-throughput functional annotation of somatic driver aberrations in cancer“. In Abstracts: Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research - September 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.fbcr13-c10.

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Stafford, Peter, und Estella B. Chen‐Quin. „Abstract A80: Somatic cancer mutations in human mtDNA show neutral and positive selection“. In Abstracts: First AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research--Oct 8–11, 2009; Boston MA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.fbcr09-a80.

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Abdi, Abdishakur İbrahim, und Sevtap Gümüş. „Somali’de Yoksulluğun Azaltmasında Kadınların Tarımsal Faaliyetlerine Katılım Durumu: Hirshabelle Eyaleti Örneği“. In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.009.

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Tarım, Somali'nin GSYİH'sinin % 65'sini, istihdamının % 45.8'sini ve ihracatının % 93'ünü sağlamaktadır. Kadın işgücünün en yoğun olduğu faaliyet alanlarının başında ise tarım sektörü gelmektedir. Ancak, kadınların tarımsal üretim faaliyetleri ve gıda güvenliğine önemli katkı sağlamalarına rağmen, birçok ülkede olduğu gibi, Somali’de de görünmez konumdadırlar. İşte bu çalışmada, Somali’de yoksulluğun önlenmesinde kadınların sosyo-ekonomik durumları ile tarımsal faaliyetlere katılım durumlarının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın ana materyalini oransal örnek hacmi formülü kullanılarak yapılan hesaplama sonucunda 96 kadın ile yüzüyüze anketlerden elde edilen veriler oluşturmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, elde edilen veriler basit istatistiki yöntemler ile analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada, farklı nitelikte çok sayıda bulgu elde edilmiş olup, görüşülen kadınların %22.8’sinin 31-40 yaş aralığında olması, %43.5’sinin okur-yazar olmaması, %77.2’sinin evli olması, %72.8’sinin tarımsal faaliyetlerin her aşamasına katılması ve farklı nitelikte sorunlarının olması, %27.2’ sinin 10 yıldan daha az tarımla uğraşması, %38.0’ inin kendi arazisinde ve %29.3’ ünün 1 hektar ve daha az araziye sahip olması, %93.5’sinin ise herhangi bir tarımsal kooperatife üye olmaması elde elde edilen bulgulardan bazılarıdır.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Bassin de Somalie"

Vestal, William J., III Searcy und William P. Seismic Reflection Profiles - Somali Basin Data Report. USNS Wilkes 1977-1979. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Dezember 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada226050.

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Nurshaikhova, Alma, Gaël Raballand und Mohamud Jama. Revenue Sharing as a Basis for a Sustainable Federal System in Somalia. Fribourg (Switzerland): IFF, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51363/unifr.diff.2023.34.

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Taxes from international trade account for the largest share of Somalia’s domestic revenue. How-ever, not all subnational administrations have access to ports where customs revenues are collected, creating a considerable fiscal disparity among different subnational units. This paper argues that revenue sharing from international taxes is an important step towards a cohesive and sustainable federal system in Somalia. It further presents options for revenue sharing arrangements through fiscal equalization between the Federal Government of Somalia and the Federal Member States that may strengthen the federal system and allow for more equitable access to domestic revenue.

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Mohamed, Habiba, Carolina Szyp, Dorte Thorsen, Imogen Bellwood-Howard, Calum McLean, Daniela Baur, Paul Harvey et al. Country Reviews of Social Assistance in Crises: A Compendium of Rapid Assessments of the Nexus Between Social Protection and Humanitarian Assistance in Crisis Settings. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), Februar 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2021.001.

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This collection brings together brief overviews of the social assistance landscape in eight fragile and conflict-affected settings in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East: Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia and Yemen. These overviews were prepared as part of Better Assistance in Crises (BASIC) Research, a multi-year programme (2020–24) supported by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) of the UK government. BASIC Research aims to inform policy and programming on effective social assistance in situations of crisis, including for those who are experiencing climate-related shocks and stressors, protracted conflict and forced displacement.

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Petitte, James, Hefzibah Eyal-Giladi und Malka Ginsburg. The Study of Primordial Germ Cell Development as a Tool for Gene Transfer in Chickens. United States Department of Agriculture, Oktober 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1991.7561071.bard.

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The ability to introduce novel genetic material into the genome of commercial poultry has been impeded by a lack of kowledge regarding the origin in the early embryo of the target cell of interest, namely, the germ cell. Hence, this project investigated the emergence of primordial germ cells (PGCs) during the early development of the avian embryo to aid in efforts to produce transgenic poultry on a routine basis. The strategy was to introduce foreign DNA into the area of the unincubated embryo that is destined to give rise to the germ line. The objectives of this project were: 1) to identify and localize a subpopulation of cells in the early embryo which will give rise to PGCs, 2) to determine the best location and stage of development to transfer donor cells for efficient germline chimerism, and 3) to transfect donor cells to produce transgenic/germline chimeric embryos. We show that by using the monoclonal antibody SSEA-1 and by various cell culture techniques that germ cells appear to segregate from the somatic lineages at St. X., a process that is gradual and continues through St. XIV. Using microsurgical transplantation between quail and chick embryos, we demonstrated that the inner 1/3 of the area pellucida between states X-XII gives rise to about 2/3 of the germ cell population at the time of their residence in the germinal crescent. Because of the non-localized emergence of PGCs, attempts to introduce foreign DNA into clonal precursors of germ cells through liposome-mediated transfection yielded unacceptable levels of efficiency. However, through our investigation of germ cell origins, an in vitro model of germ cell differentiation was developed that could offer a means of determining the factors required for the long term culture of avian PGCs thereby providing a convenient means of manipulating the avian genome.

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Moro, Leben, Jennifer Palmer und Tabitha Hrynick. Key Considerations for Responding to Floods in South Sudan Through the Humanitarian-Peace-Development Nexus. Institute of Development Studies, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2024.005.

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In common with many other African countries, the Republic of South Sudan is increasingly experiencing devastating floods linked to climate change.1,2 The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Niño regulate the climate of Equatorial Eastern Africa. In 2019, a dipole warming in the western Indian Ocean, worsened by climate change, created higher than average evaporation off the African coastline. This water vapour fell inland as rainfall over Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Sudan and South Sudan, causing massive floods.3 Since then, in the Sudd wetlands of central and north-eastern South Sudan, seasonal rains have been falling on already saturated land and adding to the floodwater. Large areas of the country have been submerged year-round and there have been sudden floods in new areas unaccustomed to them. At the same time, South Sudan has been struggling to move towards peace in the wake of its 2013-18 civil war, with many armed groups still fighting, and historical conflicts with Sudan dating back decades. The impact of flooding on the security environment and overall fragility of South Sudan has received high-profile attention.4,5 The severe floods – together with recurrent outbreaks of violence, weak governance, persistent underlying poverty and a lack of basic infrastructure and services – have created a complex humanitarian crisis and prevent the young nation (which gained independence in 2011) from achieving sustainable and equitable peace, resilience and development. The interconnectedness of these dynamics, and the need to approach these problems holistically, is increasingly acknowledged by high-level actors through discussion around the Humanitarian-Development-Peace (HDP) nexus, sometimes called the ‘triple nexus’.4 This brief describes the interconnected problems of the HDP nexus in the context of South Sudan through a focus on flooding. It also has wider relevance to other countries in the region, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Sudan, that are experiencing similar self-reinforcing cycles of humanitarian, peace and developmental crises, exacerbated by floods.6 In particular, the brief describes the multidimensional impacts of flooding on peace, health, livelihoods and governance. The brief also provides an overview of flood response efforts and innovations, and public attitudes towards them. The brief emphasises the need to link short-term humanitarian efforts with longer-term peacebuilding and development efforts through meaningful collaboration between actors working in these often-siloed spaces.

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Izhar, Shamay, Maureen Hanson und Nurit Firon. Expression of the Mitochondrial Locus Associated with Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Petunia. United States Department of Agriculture, Februar 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7604933.bard.

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The main goal of the proposed research was to continue the mutual investigations into the molecular basis of CMS and male fertility restoration [MRF], with the ultimate goal of understanding these phenomena in higher plants. The experiments focused on: (1) dissecting apart the complex CMS - specific mitochondrial S-Pcf locus, in order to distinguish its essential parts which cause sterility from other parts and study its molecular evolution. (2) Studying the expression of the various regions of the S-Pcf locus in fertile and sterile lines and comparing the structure and ultrastructure of sterile and fertile tissues. (3) Determine whether alteration in respiration is genetically associated with CMS. Our mutual investigations further substantiated the association between the S-Pcf locus and CMS by the findings that the fertile phenotype of a population of unstable petunia somatic hybrids which contain the S-Pcf locus, is due to the presence of multiple muclear fertility restoration genes in this group of progenies. The information obtained by our studies indicate that homologous recombination played a major role in the molecular evolution of the S-Pcf locus and the CMS trait and in the generation of mitochondrial mutations in general. Our data suggest that the CMS cytoplasm evolved by introduction of a urs-s containing sublimon into the main mitochondrial genome via homologous recombination. We have also found that the first mutation detected so far in S-Pcf is a consequence of a homologous recombination mechanism involving part of the cox2 coding sequence. In all the cases studied by us, at the molecular level, we found that fusion of two different cells caused mitochondrial DNA recombination followed by sorting out of a specific mtDNA population or sequences. This sequence of events suggested as a mechanism for the generation of novel mitochondrial genomes and the creation of new traits. The present research also provides data concerning the expression of the recombined and complex CMS-specific S-Pcf locus as compared with the expression of additional mitochondrial proteins as well as comparative histological and ultrastructural studies of CMS and fertile Petunia. Evidence is provided for differential localization of mitochondrially encoded proteins in situ at the tissue level. The similar localization patterns of Pcf and atpA may indicate that Pcf product could interfere with the functioning of the mitochondrial ATPase in a tissue undergoing meiosis and microsporogenesis. Studies of respiration in CMS and fertile Petunia lines indicate that they differe in the partitioning of electron transport through the cytochrome oxidase and alternative oxidase pathways. The data indicate that the electron flux through the two oxidase pathways differs between mitochondria from fertile and sterile Petunia lines at certain redox states of the ubiquinone pool. In summary, extensive data concerning the CMS-specific S-Pcf locus of Petunia at the DNA and protein levels as well as information concerning different biochemical activity in CMS as compared to male fertile lines have been accumulated during the three years of this project. In addition, the involvement of the homologous recombination mechanism in the evolution of mt encoded traits is emphasized.

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