Zeitschriftenartikel: „Baseline Requirements“

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Barrett, RobertE. „Some baseline requirements“. Computer Fraud & Security Bulletin 1990, Nr. 12 (Dezember 1990): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-0496(90)90288-v.

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East, Whitfield, Stephanie Muraca-Grabowski, Michael McGurk, David DeGroot, Keith Hauret, Tyson Greer, Marilyn A. Sharp, Stephen Foulis und Jan Redmond. „Baseline soldier physical readiness requirements study“. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 20 (November 2017): S24—S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.09.076.

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3

Leite, Julio Cesar Sampaio do Prado, Gustavo Rossi, Federico Balaguer, Vanesa Maiorana, Gladys Kaplan, Graciela Hadad und Alejandro Oliveros. „Enhancing a requirements baseline with scenarios“. Requirements Engineering 2, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1997): 184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02745371.

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4

Olifer, Dmitrij, Nikolaj Goranin, Antanas Cenys, Arnas Kaceniauskas und Justinas Janulevicius. „Defining the Minimum Security Baseline in a Multiple Security Standards Environment by Graph Theory Techniques“. Applied Sciences 9, Nr. 4 (17.02.2019): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9040681.

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One of the best ways to protect an organization’s assets is to implement security requirements defined by different standards or best practices. However, such an approach is complicated and requires specific skills and knowledge. In case an organization applies multiple security standards, several problems can arise related to overlapping or conflicting security requirements, increased expenses on security requirement implementation, and convenience of security requirement monitoring. To solve these issues, we propose using graph theory techniques. Graphs allow the presentation of security requirements of a standard as graph vertexes and edges between vertexes, and would show the relations between different requirements. A vertex cover algorithm is proposed for minimum security requirement identification, while graph isomorphism is proposed for comparing existing organization controls against a set of minimum requirements identified in the previous step.

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Kennedy, Larry M., Donna Thomas und Marie D. Weber. „3 A Proven Approach to Requirements Baseline Management“. INCOSE International Symposium 9, Nr. 1 (Juni 1999): 710–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-5837.1999.tb00230.x.

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HUMPHREY, C. L., D. P. FAITH und P. L. DOSTINE. „Baseline requirements for assessment of mining impact using biological monitoring“. Austral Ecology 20, Nr. 1 (März 1995): 150–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1995.tb00529.x.

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Choe, Kyung Il. „The Most Preferred Route of the Car Navigation System: A Systems Engineering Approach“. Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (Juni 2013): 2680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.2680.

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The typical route planning of on-board car navigation systems (CNS) attempts to find the shortest route without considering users preferences and driving contexts. However it is more effective for a user to find the most preferred route rather than the shortest one. We propose a systems engineering approach for finding the most preferred route by considering and tracking the requirements of CNS route planning from the business point of view. Our approach consists of 4 baselines: customer baseline, system baseline component baseline, and design baseline. The architecture of a route planning engine is suggested according to the baselines.

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Sunil, S., und D. G. Blair. „Investigation of vacuum system requirements for a 5km baseline gravitational-wave detector“. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 25, Nr. 4 (Juli 2007): 763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.2743645.

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Wang, Ji, Dimitri Mawet, Renyu Hu, Garreth Ruane, Jacques-Robert Delorme und Nikita Klimovich. „Baseline requirements for detecting biosignatures with the HabEx and LUVOIR mission concepts“. Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems 4, Nr. 03 (06.07.2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.4.3.035001.

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Zheng, Yu, Shao Yang Li, Jun Tong Xi und Hui Wu. „Application of Baseline in Configuration Management for Aerospace Product Design“. Key Engineering Materials 572 (September 2013): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.572.123.

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Aerospace product design is a complex and difficult process with high technical requirements and a tight development cycle involving a variety of institutes and manufacturers and requiring close collaboration. These features significantly increase the difficulty of configuration management for an aerospace product. Based on the characteristics and management requirements of new-generation aerospace product design, a method for configuration management with baseline is proposed. The application procedure and working mechanisms of baseline in the three typical stages of aerospace product design: stage transition, multi-stage parallel design, and multi-batch parallel design, are discussed in detail. Research and application results can provide a practical solution and concept for the effective and reliable management of complex configurations.

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Silva, Kayoma K. da, Tirzah M. Siqueira, Katiucia N. Adam, Andréa S. Castro, Luciara B. Corrêa und Diuliana Leandro. „Future irrigation water requirements in the Ijuí River basin, RS“. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 22, Nr. 1 (Januar 2018): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n1p57-62.

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ABSTRACT Changes in temperature and precipitation intensity and frequency have influenced the water demand for irrigation. Regions that have agriculture-based economies, as in the Ijuí River basin, are often affected by periods of drought or excessive rainfall, which is harmful for agricultural productivity. This study aimed to evaluate future irrigation water demands of four crops in this basin (bean, corn, wheat and soybean), comparing them with a baseline period. Meteorological data forecasts were obtained from the regional climate model ETA 40 CTRL for the climatic scenario A1B, for the baseline (1961-1990) and future (2011-2100) periods. The one-dimensional SWAP model was used to estimate the water demand for irrigation. The results showed that, in the future, irrigation water requirements will be smaller for all crops. In the short term (2011-2040), water demands were similar to those for the baseline period, but from the middle of the century onwards (2041-2100), greater reductions were observed.

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Mousavi, Seyed Ali, Faiza Mahmood, Astrid Aandahl, Teresa Risopatron Knutsen und Abid Hussain Llohn. „Relationship of Baseline Hemoglobin Level with Serum Ferritin, Postphlebotomy Hemoglobin Changes, and Phlebotomy Requirements amongHFEC282Y Homozygotes“. BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/241784.

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Objectives. We aimed to examine whether baseline hemoglobin levels in C282Y-homozygous patients are related to the degree of serum ferritin (SF) elevation and whether patients with different baseline hemoglobin have different phlebotomy requirements.Methods. A total of 196 patients (124 males and 72 females) who had undergone therapeutic phlebotomy and had SF and both pre- and posttreatment hemoglobin values were included in the study.Results. Bivariate correlation analysis suggested that baseline SF explains approximately 6 to 7% of the variation in baseline hemoglobin. The results also showed that males who had higher (≥150 g/L) baseline hemoglobin levels had a significantly greater reduction in their posttreatment hemoglobin despite requiring fewer phlebotomies to achieve iron depletion than those who had lower (<150 g/L) baseline hemoglobin, regardless of whether baseline SF was below or above 1000 µg/L. There were no significant differences between hemoglobin subgroups regarding baseline and treatment characteristics, except for transferrin saturation between male subgroups with SF above 1000 µg/L. Similar differences were observed when females with higher (≥138 g/L) baseline hemoglobin were compared with those with lower (<138 g/L) baseline hemoglobin.Conclusion. Dividing C282Y-homozygous patients into just two subgroups according to the degree of baseline SF elevation may obscure important subgroup variations.

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Kapural, Leo. „Opioid-Sparing Effect of Intravenous Outpatient Ketamine Infusions Appears Short-Lived in Chronic-Pain Patients with High Opioid Requirements“. Pain Physician 4;13, Nr. 4;7 (14.07.2010): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2010/13/389.

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Background and Objectives: Ketamine is opioid-sparing. It attenuates the onset of opioid tolerance, and suppresses opioid-induced hyperalgesia. This study evaluated whether or not repeated outpatient infusions of intravenous ketamine reduced the amount of pain and the amount of opioid requirements for patients suffering with chronic, noncancerous pain. Study Design: Retrospective study Setting: Outpatient pain clinic Methods: We reviewed the records of 18 patients taking high doses of opioids chronically and nonetheless reporting poorly controlled pain. A comparison control group of 18 similar patients with high opioid requirements who were not given ketamine were selected from our clinic population. Intervention: Intravenous ketamine infusions Measurement: VAS pain scores and opioid use Results: Morphometric and demographic characteristics, baseline opioid use, and pain scores were similar in the ketamine and comparison groups. Five patients given ketamine experienced no benefit and discontinued treatment after 1-2 infusions. One patient developed a supraventricular arrhythmia which immediately resolved upon cessation of the infusion. And another, despite pain relief, felt overly-anxious and opted out. Eleven patients thus completed 3-6 weekly ketamine infusions. At 6 months, 5 patients maintained less than 50% of their baseline opioid use, while the remaining patients returned to the baseline opioid use or increased their requirements. There was no significant difference in pain scores at 6 months in patients who received ketamine infusions and control group patients. Limitations: Retrospective nature of the study Conclusions: Outpatient intravenous ketamine infusions did not improve long-term pain scores in patients with high opioid requirements and only a few were able to substantially reduce opioid use. Considering infusion risks and cost of such outpatient treatment, ketamine infusions do not appear to be a feasible option for improving pain relief and decreasing opioid use in high-opioid requirement patients. Key words: Ketamine; anesthesia; chronic pain; opioids; continuous infusion; opioid requirements

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O’Connell, Megan, Megan Sandgren, Leah Frantzen, Erika Bower und Brian Erickson. „Medical Cannabis: Effects on Opioid and Benzodiazepine Requirements for Pain Control“. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 53, Nr. 11 (25.05.2019): 1081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060028019854221.

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Background: There is currently little evidence regarding the use of medical cannabis for the treatment of intractable pain. Literature published on the subject to date has yielded mixed results concerning the efficacy of medical cannabis and has been limited by study design and regulatory issues. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if the use of medical cannabis affects the amount of opioids and benzodiazepines used by patients on a daily basis. Methods: This single-center, retrospective cohort study evaluated opioid and benzodiazepine doses over a 6-month time period for patients certified to use medical cannabis for intractable pain. All available daily milligram morphine equivalents (MMEs) and daily diazepam equivalents (DEs) were calculated at baseline and at 3 and 6 months. Results: A total of 77 patients were included in the final analysis. There was a statistically significant decrease in median MME from baseline to 3 months (−32.5 mg; P = 0.013) and 6 months (−39.1 mg; P = 0.001). Additionally, there was a non–statistically significant decrease in median DE at 3 months (−3.75 mg; P = 0.285) and no change in median DE from baseline to 6 months (−0 mg; P = 0.833). Conclusion and Relevance: Over the course of this 6-month retrospective study, patients using medical cannabis for intractable pain experienced a significant reduction in the number of MMEs available to use for pain control. No significant difference was noted in DE from baseline. Further prospective studies are warranted to confirm or deny the opioid-sparing effects of medical cannabis when used to treat intractable pain.

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Rindskopf, M. Sam. „EVOLUTION OF THE TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS BASELINE WITH DESIGN PHASES OF A PROGRAM OR PROJECT“. INCOSE International Symposium 6, Nr. 1 (Juli 1996): 749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-5837.1996.tb02080.x.

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Matter, A., B. Lopez, S. Lagarde, W. C. Danchi, S. Robbe-Dubois, R. G. Petrov und R. Navarro. „PARASITIC INTERFERENCE IN LONG BASELINE OPTICAL INTERFEROMETRY: REQUIREMENTS FOR HOT JUPITER-LIKE PLANET DETECTION“. Astrophysical Journal 706, Nr. 2 (11.11.2009): 1299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/706/2/1299.

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Tsenov, Roumen, und Rosen Matev. „Beam monitoring and near detector requirements for a Neutrino factory or long-baseline beams“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 408 (07.02.2013): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/408/1/012012.

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Ruiz-Pérez, Daniel, Javier Benito, Carlota Largo, Gonzalo Polo, Susana Canfrán und Ignacio Alvarez Gómez de Segura. „Metamizole (dipyrone) effects on sevoflurane requirements and postoperative hyperalgesia in rats“. Laboratory Animals 51, Nr. 4 (30.09.2016): 365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677216671553.

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Unlike non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), metamizole has poor anti-inflammatory effects; and is suitable for models where analgesia, but not anti-inflammatory effects, is desirable. Like opioids, these drugs produce perioperative analgesia while reducing anaesthetic requirements, but it remains unclear whether they may develop tolerance or hyperalgesia, and thus decrease in analgesic efficacy. The aim was to determine whether tolerance or hyperalgesia to metamizole occurred in rats, and whether the sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) was affected. In a randomized, prospective, controlled study, male Wistar rats ( n = 8 per group) were administered metamizole (300 mg/kg, day 4). Previously, the following treatments were provided: daily metamizole for four days (0–3), morphine (10 mg/kg; positive control, day 0 only) or saline (negative control). The main outcome measures were mechanical (MNT) and warm thermal (WNT) nociceptive quantitative sensory thresholds. The baseline sevoflurane MAC and the reduction produced by the treatments were also determined. The mean (SD) baseline MAC [2.4(0.2)%vol] was decreased by morphine and metamizole by 45(11)% and 33(7)% ( P = 0.000, both), respectively. Baseline MNT [35.4(4.5) g] and WNT [13.2(2.4) s] were decreased by morphine and metamizole: MNT reduction of 22(6)% ( P = 0.000) and 22(7)% ( P = 0.001), respectively and WNT reduction of 34(14)% ( P = 0.000) and 24(13)% ( P = 0.001). The baseline MAC on day 4 was neither modified by treatments nor the MAC reduction produced by metamizole (days 0 and 4; P > 0.05). In conclusion, repeated metamizole administration may produce hyperalgesia, although it may not modify its anaesthetic sparing effect. The clinical relevance of this effect in painful research models requiring prolonged analgesic therapy warrants further investigation.

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Janée, Greg, James Frew und Terry Moore. „Relay-supporting Archives: Requirements and Progress“. International Journal of Digital Curation 4, Nr. 1 (29.06.2009): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v4i1.78.

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We characterize long-term preservation of digital content as an extended relay in time, in which repeated handoffs of information occur independently at every architectural layer: at the physical layer, where bits are handed off between storage systems; at the logical layer, where digital objects are handed off between repository systems; and at the administrative layer, where collections of objects and relationships are handed off between archives, curators, and institutions. We examine the support of current preservation technologies for these handoffs, note shortcomings, and argue that some modest improvements would result in a "relay-supporting" preservation infrastructure, one that provides a baseline level of preservation by mitigating the risk of fundamental information loss. Finally, we propose a series of tests to validate a relay-supporting infrastructure, including a second Archive Ingest and Handling Test (AIHT).

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Pinheiro, Muriel, Andreas Reigber und Alberto Moreira. „Large-baseline InSAR for precise topographic mapping: a framework for TanDEM-X large-baseline data“. Advances in Radio Science 15 (21.09.2017): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-15-231-2017.

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Abstract. The global Digital Elevation Model (DEM) resulting from the TanDEM-X mission provides information about the world topography with outstanding precision. In fact, performance analysis carried out with the already available data have shown that the global product is well within the requirements of 10 m absolute vertical accuracy and 2 m relative vertical accuracy for flat to moderate terrain. The mission's science phase took place from October 2014 to December 2015. During this phase, bistatic acquisitions with across-track separation between the two satellites up to 3.6 km at the equator were commanded. Since the relative vertical accuracy of InSAR derived elevation models is, in principle, inversely proportional to the system baseline, the TanDEM-X science phase opened the doors for the generation of elevation models with improved quality with respect to the standard product. However, the interferometric processing of the large-baseline data is troublesome due to the increased volume decorrelation and very high frequency of the phase variations. Hence, in order to fully profit from the increased baseline, sophisticated algorithms for the interferometric processing, and, in particular, for the phase unwrapping have to be considered. This paper proposes a novel dual-baseline region-growing framework for the phase unwrapping of the large-baseline interferograms. Results from two experiments with data from the TanDEM-X science phase are discussed, corroborating the expected increased level of detail of the large-baseline DEMs.

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Wood, Jamie R., George L. W. Perry und Janet M. Wilmshurst. „Using palaeoecology to determine baseline ecological requirements and interaction networks for de‐extinction candidate species“. Functional Ecology 31, Nr. 5 (20.10.2016): 1012–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12773.

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Ghosh, Gaurav, Marc Ribaudo und James Shortle. „Baseline requirements can hinder trades in water quality trading programs: Evidence from the Conestoga watershed“. Journal of Environmental Management 92, Nr. 8 (August 2011): 2076–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.03.029.

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Castrillón-Mendoza, Rosaura, Javier M. Rey-Hernández und Francisco J. Rey-Martínez. „Industrial Decarbonization by a New Energy-Baseline Methodology. Case Study“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 5 (04.03.2020): 1960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051960.

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The main target of climate change policies in the majority of industrialized countries is to reduce energy consumption in their facilities, which would reduce the carbon emissions that are generated. Through this idea, energy management plans are developed, energy reduction targets are established, and energy-efficient technologies are applied to achieve high energy savings, which are environmentally compatible. In order to evaluate the impact of their operations and investments, companies promote measures of performance in their energy management plans. An integral part of measuring energy performance is the establishment of energy baselines applicable to the complete facility that provide a basis for evaluating energy efficiency improvements and incorporating energy performance indicators. The implementation of energy management systems in accordance with the requirements of ISO Standard 50001 is a contribution to the aim and strategies for improving cleaner production in industries. This involves an option for the industry to establish energy benchmarks to evaluate performance, predict energy consumption, and align production with the lowest possible consumption of primary and secondary forms of energy. Ultimately, this goal should lead to the manufacturing of cleaner products that are environmentally friendly, energy efficient, and are in accordance with the global environmental targets of cleaner manufacturing. This paper discusses an alternative for establishing energy baselines for the industrial sector in which several products are produced from a single raw material, and we determined the energy consumption of each product and its impact on the overall efficiency of the industry at the same time. The method is applied to the plastic injection process and the result is an energy baseline (EBL) in accordance with the requirements of ISO 50001, which serves as a reference for determining energy savings. The EBL facilitates a reduction in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in sectors such as plastics, a sector which accounts for 15% of Colombia’s manufacturing GDP.

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Durodola, Oludare Sunday, und Khaldoon A. Mourad. „Modelling Maize Yield and Water Requirements under Different Climate Change Scenarios“. Climate 8, Nr. 11 (04.11.2020): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8110127.

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African countries such as Nigeria are anticipated to be more susceptible to the impacts of climate change due to large dependence on rainfed agriculture and to several uncertainties in the responses of crop production to climate change. The impacts of climate change on crop water requirements (CWR), irrigation water requirements (IWR), yields and crop water productivity (CWP) of rainfed maize in Ogun-Osun River Basin, Nigeria were evaluated for a baseline period (1986–2015) and future projection period (2021–2099) under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. For the baseline period, there is no significant trend within the variables studied. However, IWR is projected to increase significantly by up to 140% in the future period, while yield might likely decline under both scenarios up to −12%. This study shows that in the future periods, supplemental irrigation has little impact in improving yields, but an increase in soil fertility can improve yields and CWP by up to 80% in 2099. This paper offers useful information on suitable adaptation measures which could be implemented by stakeholders and policymakers to counterbalance the effects of climate change on crop production.

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Mourad, Alain, Rui Yang, Per Hjalmar Lehne und Antonio De La Oliva. „A Baseline Roadmap for Advanced Wireless Research Beyond 5G“. Electronics 9, Nr. 2 (19.02.2020): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9020351.

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This paper presents a baseline roadmap for the evolution of 5G new radio over the next decade. Three timescales are considered, namely short-term (2022-ish), medium-term (2025-ish), and long-term (2030-ish). The evolution of the target key performance indicators (KPIs) is first analyzed by accounting for forecasts on the emerging use cases and their requirements, together with assumptions on the pace of technology advancements. The baseline roadmap is derived next by capturing the top-10 and next the top-5 technology trends envisioned to bring significant added value at each timescale. Being intrinsically predictive, our proposed baseline roadmap cannot assert with certainty the values of the target KPIs and the shortlisting of the technology trends. It is, however, aimed at driving discussions and collecting feedback from the wireless research community for future tuning and refinement as the 5G evolution journey progresses.

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Crowell, Hayley L., Katherine C. King, James M. Whelan, Mallory V. Harmel, Gennesee Garcia, Sebastian G. Gonzales, Paul H. Maier et al. „Thermal ecology and baseline energetic requirements of a large‐bodied ectotherm suggest resilience to climate change“. Ecology and Evolution 11, Nr. 12 (07.05.2021): 8170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7649.

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Miller, Matthew J., und Karen M. Feigh. „Assessment of Decision Support Systems for Envisioned Human Extravehicular Activity Operations: From Requirements to Validation and Verification“. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 14, Nr. 1 (25.09.2019): 54–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1555343419871825.

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This work presents the results of a laboratory-based study of prototype decision support systems (DSS) for envisioned human extravehicular activity (EVA). A central feature of this work is demonstrating the explicit linkages between DSS design requirements derived from work domain demands with the validation and verification process to examine the utility of specific DSS design solutions. Two DSS prototypes were developed— Baseline and Advanced—that addressed the same set of requirements derived through a cognitive systems engineering (CSE) definition process. The Baseline design was constructed as a minimum derivation from present-day technological standards while the Advanced design incorporated novel software solutions that currently do not exist in the EVA work domain. A representative future domain of human EVA operations was constructed and utilized to evaluate the DSS designs. Both DSS prototype designs were verified to satisfy their design requirements. Furthermore, each design was validated in favor of the Advanced DSS, which outperformed the Baseless DSS in nearly all measures of performance. This work illustrates how the same set of requirements can be satisfied in multiple ways to realize effective DSS solutions.

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Verma, Neha, Amer Rajab, Jill Buss, Luis Lara, Kyle Porter, Philip Hart, Darwin Conwell et al. „Immediate Postoperative Insulin Requirements May Predict Metabolic Outcome after Total Pancreatectomy and Islet Autotransplantation“. Journal of Diabetes Research 2020 (21.12.2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9282310.

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Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a progressive disease that leads to eventual loss of endocrine and exocrine function. Total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) is a treatment option for patients with CP; however, predicting postoperative metabolic outcomes remains elusive. In this single-center retrospective study, we report pre-TPIAT characteristics, beta cell function indices, islet yield, and post-TPIAT glucose management data to further understand their relationship. Islet yield, glucose level, and insulin requirement for 72 hours postoperatively were collected for a total of 13 TPIAT recipients between 9-2013 and 9-2018. In addition, their glucose control and basal insulin requirements at 3, 6, and 12 months post-TPIAT were analyzed. All 13 subjects had normal baseline fasting glucose levels. Median islet yield was 4882 IEq/kg (interquartile range 3412 to 8987). Median postoperative total insulin requirement on day 3 was 0.43 units/kg. Pre-TPIAT baseline glucose, insulin, or c-peptide level did not have a significant correlation with the islet yield. Similarly, there was no correlation between islet yield and insulin requirement at 72-hour postoperatively. However, there was an inverse correlation between the absolute islet yield (IEq) and insulin requirement at 6 months and 12 months following post-TPIAT. Further analysis of the relationship between 72-hour post-op insulin requirement and insulin requirement at discharge, 3, 6, and 12 months showed a positive correlation. Despite the finding of inverse correlation of islet yield with long-term basal insulin requirement, this study was not able to detect a correlation between the preoperative parameters to postoperative short-term or long-term outcome as noted in other studies. The 72-hour postoperative insulin requirement is a helpful postoperative predictor of patients needing long-term insulin management following TPIAT. This observation may identify a high-risk group of patients in need of more intensive diabetes education and insulin treatment prior to hospital discharge.

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Ennis, Madeleine, Kenneth Lim, Ronald Ball, Paul Pencharz, Glenda Courtney-Martin und Rajavel Elango. „Dietary Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Requirements in Healthy Human Pregnancy“. Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (29.05.2020): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_050.

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Abstract Objectives Phenylalanine (PHE), an indispensable amino acid, is required for protein synthesis and is fundamental for proper fetal development. PHE is the precursor for tyrosine (TYR), a conditionally indispensable amino acid that is crucial for synthesis of dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. The current recommendation for PHE + TYR during pregnancy is 36 mg/kg/d, which is factorially determined and not based on experimental studies. Our objective was to experimentally determine PHE + TYR requirements during early (13–19 wks) and late (33–39 wks) gestation, accounting for potential changes in requirement since metabolism and rate of growth are not static throughout pregnancy. Methods 20 women (22–39 y) were studied using the non-invasive stable isotope based indicator amino acid oxidation technique (with L-[1–,13C]Leucine as indicator) for a total of 51 study days. A range of PHE intakes (5 to 100 mg/kg/d) were provided in early and late pregnancy as isonitrogenous and isocaloric meals on separate study days, in the absence of dietary tyrosine. Breath samples were collected at baseline and isotopic steady state. Samples were analyzed for ,13C enrichment on an Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer, and the PHE + TYR requirement was determined using two-phase linear regression crossover analysis to identify a breakpoint in ,13CO2 production (represents the minimum dietary requirement) in response to changes in PHE intake. Results Results suggest the PHE + TYR requirement is 43 and 55 mg/kg/d in early and late pregnancy respectively. Conclusions Our preliminary results suggest that PHE + TYR requirements in pregnancy are higher compared to current recommendations, and are different between gestational stages. These results are similar to our previous findings of increased requirements for dietary protein, lysine and PHE (in the presence of excess TYR) in late compared to early pregnancy. They also highlight the need to investigate the dietary requirement of the remaining indispensable amino acids during this life stage. Funding Sources Canadian Institute of Health Research.

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Chen, Jenhui, Chih-Cheng Yang und Shiann-Tsong Sheu. „An MBS-Assisted Femtocell Transmit Power Control Scheme with Mobile User QoS Guarantee in 2-Tier Heterogeneous Femtocell Networks“. Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/403978.

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This study investigates how to adjust the transmit power of femto base station (FBS) to mitigate interference problems between the FBSs and mobile users (MUs) in the 2-tier heterogeneous femtocell networks. A common baseline of deploying the FBS to increase the indoor access bandwidth requires that the FBS operation will not affect outdoor MUs operation with their quality-of-service (QoS) requirements. To tackle this technical problem, anFBS transmit power adjustment(FTPA) algorithm is proposed to adjust the FBS transmit power (FTP) to avoid unwanted cochannel interference (CCI) with the neighboring MUs in downlink transmission. FTPA reduces the FTP to serve its femto users (FUs) according to the QoS requirements of the nearest neighboring MUs to the FBS so that the MU QoS requirement is guaranteed. Simulation results demonstrate that FTPA can achieve a low MU outage probability as well as serve FUs without violating the MU QoS requirements. Simulation results also reveal that FTPA has better performance on voice and video services which are the major trend of future multimedia communication in the NGN.

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McPherson, Marianne E., Benjamin Yaw Owusu, Keith J. August, Muna Qayed, Robert H. Lyles, Kuang-Yueh Chiang, H. Jean Khoury, Solomon Fiifi Ofori-Acquah und John Horan. „Platelet Transfusion Requirements Are Associated with Endothelial Cell Injury and Angiogenesis During Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.“ Blood 116, Nr. 21 (19.11.2010): 3487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.3487.3487.

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Abstract Abstract 3487 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is associated with poor response to platelet (PLT) transfusions. It has been posited that vascular endothelial cell (EC) damage from the effects of high dose chemoradiotherapy is responsible for PLT consumption. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the relationship between serial levels of plasma markers of vascular damage and repair, and PLT transfusion requirement. Plasma samples were obtained on 40 adult and pediatric recipients of allogeneic HSCT with myeolablative conditioning for leukemia, lymphoma, or myelodysplastic syndrome at days -10, +5, +15, and +30. Single donor apheresis PLT transfusions were given prophylactically for PLT count <10,000/mcL or as needed for hemorrhage. To minimize the influence of the rate of engraftment only transfusions through day +15 were considered. The number of transfused PLT units divided by patient's body weight (BW) was recorded. For patients with BW >125% of ideal BW, adjusted BW was calculated as 0.25 × (actual – ideal BW) + ideal BW. The influence of response to PLT transfusions prior to transplant admission was considered. Poor response to PLT transfusion was defined as a PLT count rise of <30,000/mcL on the last PLT transfusion prior to HSCT; individuals with poor response to PLT transfusions prior to HSCT were not excluded. Plasma levels of angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), soluble Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (sPECAM), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at each time point were measured using a multiplex ELISA, and the ratio of each biomarker level at days +5 +15, and +30 to the baseline level (day -10 pre-HSCT) was calculated. The ratios of the biomarker level at each time point to baseline were compared by 1-way ANOVA. The relationship of cumulative PLT transfusions at day +15 to the logarithm of each biomarker ratio was assessed by Pearson's correlation coefficient. Simple linear regression was used to assess the relationships of age, gender, total body irradiation (TBI), donor matching, stem cell source, hemorrhage, hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD), and prior response to PLTs with cumulative PLT transfusions, and significant variables were introduced into multivariable analysis to assess the relationship of significant biomarker ratios to PLT transfusions. Four patients were excluded from analysis, 1 for death at day +13 and 3 for insufficient samples. The median age was 17.0 years (range 6.7–55.4 years). Nine patients received HLA matched related donor transplants and 31 received alternative donor transplants. TBI was used as part of conditioning in 20 patients, VOD developed in 5, and hemorrhage occurred in 13. The mean number of platelet transfusions from days -10 – 15 was 1.1 units/10 kg BW (range 0.12–3.7 units/10 kg). Ten patients had poor responses to PLT prior to HSCT, 21 had good responses to PLT, and 5 had insufficient data regarding PLT response. Significant reductions were observed in sPECAM-1 at day 5 (mean ratio 0.58 of baseline, range 0.29–1.05, p<0.0001) and in PDGF-BB (mean ratio 0.59 of baseline, range 0.03–2.44, p=0.0198). VEGF was mildly increased over baseline at day 5 (mean ratio 1.49 of baseline, range 0.29–8.4, p=0.048). Ang-2 level was increased over baseline at days 5 and 15, peaking at 8.8-times greater than baseline on day 15 (p=0.075). The log of (Ang-2 day 15/Ang-2 baseline) had a significant positive correlation with cumulative PLT transfusions at day 15 (r2=0.32, p=0.05) (Figure). In simple linear regression, PLT transfusion at day 15 also was associated with hemorrhage (p=0.008) and VOD (p=0.083). Poor PLT response prior to HSCT was not associated with cumulative PLT transfusions at day 15 (p=0.47). In multiple linear regression controlling for hemorrhage and VOD, the association of log(Ang-2 day 15/Ang-2 baseline) with cumulative PLT transfusions remained significant (p=0.024). In conclusion, significant decreases in plasma levels of the vascular adhesion molecule sPECAM-1 and angiogenic growth factor PDGF-BB are seen at day +5 in HSCT. There was wide variation in Ang-2 levels; however increased Ang-2 at day +15 was associated with increased cumulative PLT transfusions at day +15, suggesting that vascular regeneration is associated with increased PLT consumption. Disclosures: Ofori-Acquah: Emory University: Patents & Royalties.

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HARRIS, DEBORAH A. „PROSPECTS FOR CONVENTIONAL LONG-BASELINE OSCILLATION EXPERIMENTS AND COMPARISON WITH A NEUTRINO FACTORY“. International Journal of Modern Physics A 18, Nr. 22 (10.09.2003): 4027–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x03017348.

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The field of neutrino oscillation physics is changing dramatically from one of exploration of an unexpected phenomenon to real measurements of the leptonic mixing and mass matrices. As the purposes of oscillation experiments change the detector and beamline requirements also change, such that future experiments are not simple extensions of the current round of experiments. This report discusses what the challenges in the next step are, what beamline techniques have been suggested to meet these challenges, and finally, what the detector possibilities are for precision measurments.

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Tobias, Joseph D. „Changes in Cisatracurium Infusion Requirements During Induced Hypothermia to Treat Increased Intracranial Pressure in a Child“. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 12, Nr. 5 (September 1997): 261–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088506669701200506.

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Several factors may affect the dosing requirements of neuromuscular blocking agents in pediatric intensive care unit patients. I present a 4 year, 2 month old child who received neuromuscular blockade with cisatracurium and induced hypothermia to control increased intracranial pressure. Induction of hypothermia led to a reduction in cisatracurium infusion requirements. The infusion requirements promptly returned to baseline once the patient's body temperature was allowed to normalize. Priorto induction of hypothermia, the infusion requirements for cisatracurium averaged 3.2 μg/kg/min. During the 48 hours of deliberate hypothermia (core body temperature, 34°C) to control intracranial pressure, cisatracurium infusion requirements averaged 1.7 μg/kg/min. Infusion requirements promptly increased to 3.4 μg/kg/min once body temperature was allowed to return to normal.

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Greenwood, Megan P., Stanley F. Kelley, Marcy M. Beverly, Phil Urso und Mark Anderson. „Determination of Blood Micromineral and Fat-Soluble Vitamin Values for White-tailed Deer“. Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_2 (01.05.2021): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab096.017.

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Abstract The current National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) for trace mineral and vitamin requirements for cervids are based on data collected from various small ruminant species. Lack of baseline requirements make diet formulation for high fenced, white-tailed deer (Odocoileis virginianus) herds particularly ambiguous. This study was to determine a baseline value for whole blood and serum micromineral and vitamin concentrations for white-tailed deer in an attempt to establish dietary requirements of trace minerals and vitamins. Open does (n = 226) were sampled using jugular venipuncture during fall breeding procedures. Captive-raised does housed at various high fenced ranches (n = 3) throughout Texas were used, each with unique management strategies. Blood samples were analyzed for micromineral levels (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, and Zn) and fat-soluble metabolites (vitamin A, vitamin E, and cholesterol). Age of the doe and ranch were used as main effects using the GLM procedure in. Sampled averages across all ranches were 6.26 ng/mL of Co, 1.05 µg/mL of Cu, 219.47 µg/mL of Fe, 4.40 ng/mL of Mn, 4.23 ng/mL of Mo, 172.32 ng/mL of Se, 0.54 µg/mL of Zn, 286.76 ng/mL of vitamin A, 1.80 µg/mL of vitamin E, and 79.27 of cholesterol. Micronutrient levels were not affected by age; however, least squared differences existed between the main effect ranch for Co (P < 0.01), Cu (P < 0.01), Fe (P < 0.01), Mo (P < 0.01), Mn (P < 0.01), Se (P < 0.01), Zn (P < 0.01), vitamin E (P < 0.01), and cholesterol (P = 0.038) in serum. There was an observed interaction of age and ranch for vitamin A (P = 0.038). Factors such as feed, forage, soil, genetics, and health management protocols could explain the broad range in values. The establishment of circulating blood micronutrient levels will serve as a baseline for future white-tailed deer nutrient requirement research and feed formulation.

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Awal, Ripendra, Ali Fares und Haimanote Bayabil. „Assessing Potential Climate Change Impacts on Irrigation Requirements of Major Crops in the Brazos Headwaters Basin, Texas“. Water 10, Nr. 11 (09.11.2018): 1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111610.

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In order for the agricultural sector to be sustainable, farming practices and management strategies need to be informed by site-specific information regarding potential climate change impacts on irrigation requirements and water budget components of different crops. Such information would allow managers and producers to select cropping systems that ensure efficient use of water resources and crop productivity. The major challenge in understanding the link between cropping systems and climate change is the uncertainty of how the climate would change in the future and lack of understanding how different crops would respond to those changes. This study analyzed the potential impact of climate change on irrigation requirements of four major crops (cotton, corn, sorghum, and winter wheat) in the Brazos Headwaters Basin, Texas. The irrigation requirement of crops was calculated for the baseline period (1980–2010) and three projected periods: 2020s (2011–2030), 2055s (2046–2065), and 2090s (2080–2099). Daily climate predictions from 15 general circulation models (GCMs) under three greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenarios (B1, A1B, and A2) were generated for three future periods using the Long Ashton Research Station–Weather Generator (LARS-WG) statistical downscaling model. Grid-based (55 grids at ~38 km resolution) irrigation water requirements (IRRs) and other water budget components of each crop were calculated using the Irrigation Management System (IManSys) model. Future period projection results show that evapotranspiration (ET) and IRR will increase for all crops, while precipitation is projected to decrease compared with the baseline period. On average, precipitation meets only 25–32% of the ET demand, depending on crop type. In general, projections from almost all GCMs show an increase in IRR for all crops for the three future periods under the three GHG emission scenarios. Irrigation requirement prediction uncertainty between GCMs was consistently greater in July and August for corn, cotton, and sorghum regardless of period and emission scenario. However, for winter wheat, greater uncertainties between GCMs were observed during April and May. Irrigation requirements show significant variations across spatial locations. There was no consistent spatial trend in changes of IRR for the four crops. A unit change in precipitation is projected to affect IRR differently depending on the crop type.

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Irfan, Muhammad, und Hong Zhu. „Requirement Analysis and Identification of Challenges and Issues for RTDBs in Cloud Computing“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (Dezember 2012): 3067–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.3067.

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Cloud computing is baseline to invent next generation systems. As computer science is progressing by steps of cloud computing, same as requirements gathering, analysis in cloud computing getting more potential. The cloud computing enables services to fulfill requirements of cloud end-user, according to service level agreements. Data services over cloud also getting more potential especially real-time database systems are more critical to meet customer requirements over cloud. We will elaborate and present detailed analysis about requirements for real-time database systems over cloud, as well identify challenges and issues for RTDBs (real-time database systems) in cloud computing. There is need to ensure quality of service (QoS) as guaranty to meet requirements of RTDBs.

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Kumar, Jais, Prasun Dutta und Nirupam Roy. „Calibration requirements for epoch of reionization 21-cm signal observations – I. Effect of time-correlated gains“. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 495, Nr. 4 (18.05.2020): 3683–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1371.

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ABSTRACT The residual gain errors add to the systematics of the radio interferometric observations. In case of the high dynamic range observations, these systematic effects dominates over the thermal noise of the observation. In this work, we investigate the effect of time-correlated residual gain errors in the estimation of the power spectrum of the sky brightness distribution in high dynamic range observations. Particularly, we discuss a methodology to estimate the bias in the power spectrum estimator of the redshifted 21-cm signal from neutral hydrogen in the presence of bright extragalactic compact sources. We find, that for the visibility-based power spectrum estimators, particularly those use nearby baseline correlations to avoid noise bias, the bias in the power spectrum arises mainly from the time correlation in the residual gain error. The bias also depends on the baseline distribution for a particular observation. Analytical calculations show that the bias is dominant for certain types of baseline pairs used for the visibility correlation. We perform simulated observation of extragalactic compact sources in the presence of residual gain errors with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope like array and estimate the bias in the power spectrum. Our results indicate that in order to estimate the redshifted 21-cm power spectrum, better calibration techniques, and estimator development are required.

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Shrestha, S., B. Gyawali und U. Bhattarai. „Impacts of climate change on irrigation water requirements for rice–wheat cultivation in Bagmati River Basin, Nepal“. Journal of Water and Climate Change 4, Nr. 4 (22.05.2013): 422–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2013.050.

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This study highlights the spatial and temporal impacts of climate change on rice–wheat cropping systems, focusing on irrigation water requirement (IWR) in the Bagmati River Basin of Nepal. The outputs from a general circulation model (HadCM3) for two selected scenarios (A2 and B2) of IPCC and for three time periods (2020s, 2050s, and 2080s) have been downscaled and compared to a baseline climatology. CROPWAT 8.0 model is used to estimate the water requirements. IWRs show different trends in different physiographic regions and different growth stages of rice and wheat. A decreasing trend of IWRs in the Mid Hills and the High Hills indicates that farmer-based small irrigation schemes are sufficient to meet the requirements. However, in the Terai region, where there is an increasing trend in IWRs, the deficit volume of water needs to be supplied from potential large-scale irrigation schemes.

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White, Robert L. „Requirements for Thermal Analysis by Variable-Temperature Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy“. Applied Spectroscopy 46, Nr. 10 (Oktober 1992): 1508–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370292789619340.

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The effect of temperature on diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy measurements is discussed. Instrumental parameters that determine the accuracy of variable-temperature diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (VT-DRIFTS) measurements are identified, and methods for removing baseline artifacts resulting from fluctuations in these parameters are given. Procedures for extracting structure-specific quantitative information from DRIFTS spectra acquired at different temperatures are outlined. The use of VT-DRIFTS to generate vibration-specific absorbance band intensity and center frequency temperature profiles for calcium oxalate monohydrate is described, and correlations between these profiles and the known thermal behavior of calcium oxalate monohydrate are given.

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Kotteeswaran, R., und L. Sivakumar. „Optimal Tuning of Decentralized PI Controller of Nonlinear Multivariable Process Using Archival Based Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization“. Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/504706.

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A Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm is proposed to fine-tune the baseline PI controller parameters of Alstom gasifier. The existing baseline PI controller is not able to meet the performance requirements of Alstom gasifier for sinusoidal pressure disturbance at 0% load. This is considered the major drawback of controller design. A best optimal solution for Alstom gasifier is obtained from a set of nondominated solutions using MOPSO algorithm. Performance of gasifier is investigated at all load conditions. The controller with optimized controller parameters meets all the performance requirements at 0%, 50%, and 100% load conditions. The investigations are also extended for variations in coal quality, which shows an improved stability of the gasifier over a wide range of coal quality variations.

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Anh Tuyet, Nguyen Thi. „ESTABLISHMENT OF MRV PROCEDURES FOR NAMAS DEVELOPMENT IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY“. Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 54, Nr. 2A (19.03.2018): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/54/2a/11925.

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In Vietnam, the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) of greenhouse gas emissions and procedures that is required to establish a baseline scenario that meets the requirement of a Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) framework. The steel industry has a strong commercial incentive to monitor its energy use, as energy costs are a key driver for commercial success. In this study, the key question that needs to be examined is whether this data is made available to regulators under existing reporting requirements. If not, the related reasons have to be understood. On the basis of our findings, recommendations need to focus on strengthening reporting incentives, provision of more detailed reporting requirements, and protection of confidentiality. One more key question that needs to be addressed in this context is to which extent there is a gap between Ministry of Industry and Trade’s current and required capabilities in relation to the above functionalities. A number of NAMA readiness activities will be identified and subsequently implemented.

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Nwankwo, Jerry N., Jacqueline Michel und Maylo Murday. „ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STUDIES FOR OIL POLLUTION CONTROL IN NIGERIA“. International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1987, Nr. 1 (01.04.1987): 517–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1987-1-517.

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ABSTRACT A comprehensive, three-year study was conducted in 1982–1985 of petroleum-producing regions of Nigeria. This study was designed to provide the scientific basis for determining the special requirements of the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems of Nigeria that need to be accommodated in oil-pollution control regulations for both sudden spills and the continuous releases associated with chronic oil pollution. The study plan was composed of extensive literature review and field collection of data in the following areas:Chemical quality assessment through surface water, ground water, bottom sediments, and biological samples collected at over 600 stations, including seasonal considerationsBiological sampling of all major terrestrial and aquatic ecosystemsCoastal geology studies for trajectory analysis and environmental sensitivity mapping of the outer coast and the Bonny River estuarySocioeconomic studies to determine public and corporate perspectives on the impacts and problems of the petroleum industry in NigeriaOperational audits at 16 installations to examine state-of-practice technologiesLegal and regulatory review of worldwide oil pollution contract legislation (options for criteria and standards for Nigeria were analyzed at a workshop of international experts) The results of this study, probably the most comprehensive inventory and synthesis of the ecology of a tropical system to date, will provide Nigeria with the scientific tools to formulate a plan for oil pollution control that may be a model for many other countries.

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Mowbray, Fabrice Immanuel, Komal Aryal, Eric Mercier, George Heckman und Andrew P. Costa. „Older Emergency Department Patients: Does Baseline Care Status Matter?“ Canadian Geriatrics Journal 23, Nr. 4 (23.11.2020): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5770/cgj.23.421.

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Background Little is known about the prognostic differences between older emergency department (ED) patients who present with different formal support requirements in the community. We set out to describe and compare the patient profiles and patterns of health service use among three older ED cohorts: home care clients, nursing home residents and those receiving no formal support. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of the Canadian cohort from the interRAI multinational ED study. Data were collected using interRAI ED contact assessment on patients 75 years of age and older (n = 2,274), in eight ED sites across Canada. A series of descriptive statistics were reported. Adjusted associations were determined using logistic regression. Results Older adults receiving no formal support services were most stable. However, they were most likely to be hospitalized. Older home care clients were most likely to report depressive symptoms and distressed caregivers. They also had the greatest odds of frequent ED visitation post-discharge (OR=1.9; 95% CI=1.39–2.59). Older adults transferred from a nursing home were the frailest but had the lowest odds of hospital admission (OR=0.14; 95% CI=0.09–0.23). Conclusion We demonstrated the importance of inquiring about community-based formal support services and provide data to support decision-making in the ED.

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Park, Hyeong-Uk, Joon Chung, Jae-Woo Lee und Daniel Neufeld. „Unmanned aerial vehicle derivative design optimization based on light sport aircraft“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 231, Nr. 3 (06.08.2016): 485–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410016640805.

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Manufacturers often develop new products by modifying and extending existing products in order to achieve new market demands while minimizing development time and manufacturing costs. In this research, an efficient derivative design process was developed to efficiently adapt existing aircraft designs according to new requirements. The proposed design process was evaluated using a case study that derives an unmanned aerial vehicle design from a baseline manned 2-seatlight sport aircraft. Multiple unmanned aerial vehicle operational scenarios were analysed to define the requirements of the derivative aircraft. These included patrol, environmental monitoring, and communications relay missions. Each mission has different requirements and therefore each resulting derivative unmanned aerial vehicle design has different geometry, devices, and performance. The derivative design process involved redefining the design requirements and identifying the minimum design variable set that needed to be considered in order to efficiently adapt the baseline design. Uncertainty was considered as well to enhance the reliability of the optimized result when it considered different conditions for each mission. An optimization method based on the possibility based design optimization was proposed to handle uncertainty that arises in the design requirements for the multi-role nature of unmanned aerial vehicles. In this paper, the possibility based design optimization method was implemented with multidisciplinary design optimization technique to derive the derivative unmanned designs based on originally manned aircraft. This approach prevented constraint violation via uncertainty variations in the operating altitude and payload weight for each. The unmanned aerial vehicle derivative designs satisfying the requirements of three different missions were derived from the proposed design process.

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Jacobson, Lauren, Tasneem Ansari, Jessica Potts und Owen P. McGuinness. „Glucocorticoid-deficient corticotropin-releasing hormone knockout mice maintain glucose requirements but not autonomic responses during repeated hypoglycemia“. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 291, Nr. 1 (Juli 2006): E15—E22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00526.2005.

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Glucocorticoids have been implicated in hypoglycemia-induced autonomic failure but also contribute to normal counterregulation. To determine the influence of normal and hypoglycemia-induced levels of glucocorticoids on counterregulatory responses to acute and repeated hypoglycemia, we compared plasma catecholamines, corticosterone, glucagon, and glucose requirements in male wild-type (WT) and glucocorticoid-deficient, corticotropin-releasing hormone knockout (CRH KO) mice. Conscious, chronically cannulated, unrestrained WT and CRH KO mice underwent a euglycemic (Prior Eu) or hypoglycemic clamp (Prior Hypo) on day 1 followed by a hypoglycemic clamp on day 2 (blood glucose both days, 65 ± 1 mg/dl). Baseline epinephrine and glucagon were similar, and norepinephrine was elevated, in CRH KO vs. WT mice. CRH KO corticosterone was almost undetectable (<1.5 μg/dl) and unresponsive to hypoglycemia. CRH KO glucose requirements were significantly higher during day 1 hypoglycemia despite epinephrine and glucagon responses that were comparable to or greater than those in WT. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemia did not increase hormones or glucose requirements above baseline. On day 2, Prior Hypo WT had significantly higher glucose requirements and significantly lower corticosterone and glucagon responses. Prior Hypo and Prior Eu CRH KO mice had similar day 2 glucose requirements. However, Prior Hypo CRH KO mice had significantly lower day 2 epinephrine and norepinephrine vs. Prior Eu CRH KO and tended to have lower glucagon than on day 1. We conclude that glucocorticoid insufficiency in CRH KO mice correlates with 1) impaired counterregulation during acute hypoglycemia and 2) complex effects after repeated hypoglycemia, neither preventing decreased hormone responses nor worsening glucose requirements.

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Alzahabi, Basem, und Michael M. Bernitsas. „Redesign of Cylindrical Shells by Large Admissible Perturbations“. Journal of Ship Research 45, Nr. 03 (01.09.2001): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsr.2001.45.3.177.

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Structural redesign is the process of finding a new design that satisfies a set of performance requirements starting from a poorly performing design. Structural redesign is formulated as a two-state problem where the baseline design exhibits undesirable response characteristics and the objective design satisfies the design requirements. A LargE Admissible Perturbations (LEAP) methodology is developed to formulate and solve the problem of structural redesign of cylindrical shells for modal dynamics. First, the nonlinear perturbation equations of cylindrical shells for modal dynamics are derived relating the baseline to the unknown objective design. The redesign problem is formulated as an optimization problem. Next, an algorithm is developed to solve the nonlinear problem and to identify a locally optimal design that satisfies the given modal dynamics specifications. The developed LEAP algorithm calculates incrementally without trial and error or the repetitive finite-element analyses the structural design variables of the objective design. Numerical applications of cylindrical shell redesign for modal requirements are used to verify the methodology and test the algorithm. The developed methodology identifies incompatible frequency requirements where solutions cannot be achieved. Further, systematic redesign applications show that even for strip uniform shells, modes are linked, making satisfaction of multiple frequency objectives impossible.

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Park, Ji Hye, Byung Gun Lim, Heezoo Kim, Il Ok Lee, Myoung Hoon Kong und Nan Suk Kim. „Comparison of Surgical Pleth Index–guided Analgesia with Conventional Analgesia Practices in Children“. Anesthesiology 122, Nr. 6 (01.06.2015): 1280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000000650.

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Abstract Background: To compare surgical pleth index (SPI)-guided analgesia with conventional analgesia by evaluating intraoperative analgesic requirements, postoperative pain, and emergence agitation in children. Methods: This study was designed as a parallel, two-arm, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Forty-five children undergoing elective adenotonsillectomy were randomly allocated to SPI-guided group (SPI-guided analgesia group, n = 21) or control group (conventional analgesia group, n = 24). Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane 2 to 3 vol% in 50% nitrous oxide and oxygen to achieve state entropy between 40 and 60. Intraoperative fentanyl 0.5 μg/kg was administered for the first event persisting 3 min and subsequent events persisting 5 min. An event was defined as an SPI over 50 (SPI-guided group) or a blood pressure or heart rate 20% above the baseline (control group). The primary outcome was intraoperative fentanyl requirement. Secondary outcomes included intraoperative sevoflurane consumption, postoperative emergence agitation and pain score, and postoperative rescue analgesic requirements. Results: Intraoperative fentanyl requirement was lower in SPI-guided group than in control group (0.43 ± 0.53 vs. 1.73 ± 0.59 μg/kg; P < 0.001). Intraoperative sevoflurane consumption was similar. The proportion of patients with high emergence agitation scores (4 to 5) was greater in SPI-guided group (61.9 vs. 25.0%; P = 0.01). The postoperative pain score and rescue fentanyl consumption were higher in SPI-guided group (7 [4.5; 9] vs. 3 [2; 6.75]; P = 0.002; 0.50 ± 0.34 vs. 0.29 ± 0.30 μg/kg; P = 0.04). Conclusions: As currently constructed, SPI does not appear to be valid in children. This may be due to both differences in blood vessel distensibility and baseline increased heart rates in children versus adults.

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Symmons, Clive R., und Michael W. Reed. „Baseline Publicity and Charting Requirements: An Overlooked Issue in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea“. Ocean Development & International Law 41, Nr. 1 (17.02.2010): 77–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908320903510068.

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Yao, Dong-mei, Xin Zhang, Ke-feng Wang, Tao Zou, Dong Wang und Xin-hua Qian. „An Energy Efficiency Evaluation Method Based on Energy Baseline for Chemical Industry“. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7087393.

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According to the requirements and structure of ISO 50001 energy management system, this study proposes an energy efficiency evaluation method based on energy baseline for chemical industry. Using this method, the energy plan implementation effect in the processes of chemical production can be evaluated quantitatively, and evidences for system fault diagnosis can be provided. This method establishes the energy baseline models which can meet the demand of the different kinds of production processes and gives the general solving method of each kind of model according to the production data. Then the energy plan implementation effect can be evaluated and also whether the system is running normally can be determined through the baseline model. Finally, this method is used on cracked gas compressor unit of ethylene plant in some petrochemical enterprise; it can be proven that this method is correct and practical.

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Temme, Elisabeth HM, Hilko van der Voet, Jac TNM Thissen, Janneke Verkaik-Kloosterman, Gerda van Donkersgoed und Sanderine Nonhebel. „Replacement of meat and dairy by plant-derived foods: estimated effects on land use, iron and SFA intakes in young Dutch adult females“. Public Health Nutrition 16, Nr. 10 (21.02.2013): 1900–1907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013000232.

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AbstractObjectiveReduction in the current high levels of meat and dairy consumption may contribute to environmental as well as human health. Since meat is a major source of Fe, effects on Fe intake need to be evaluated, especially in groups vulnerable to negative Fe status. In the present study we evaluated the effects of replacing meat and dairy foods with plant-based products on environmental sustainability (land requirement) and health (SFA and Fe intakes) in women.DesignData on land requirements were derived from existing calculation methods. Food composition data were derived from the Dutch Food Composition Table 2006. Data were linked to the food consumption of young Dutch women. Land requirements and nutrient intakes were evaluated at baseline and in two scenarios in which 30 % (Scenario_30 %) or 100 % (Scenario_100 %) of the dairy and meat consumption was randomly replaced by the same amount of plant-based dairy- and meat-replacing foods.SettingThe Netherlands.SubjectsThree hundred and ninety-eight young Dutch females.ResultsReplacement of meat and dairy by plant-based foods benefited the environment by decreasing land use. The intake of SFA decreased considerably compared with the baseline situation. On average, total Fe intake increased by 2·5 mg/d, although most of the Fe intake was from a less bioavailable source.ConclusionsReplacement of meat and dairy foods by plant-based foods reduced land use for consumption and SFA intake of young Dutch females and did not compromise total Fe intake.

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