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1
Tiring, Gülsevim, Serdar Satar und Okan Özkaya. „Orman Alanlarında Kabuk Böceklerinin (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) Mücadelesinde Monoterpenlerin Kullanımı“. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, Nr. 7 (31.07.2020): 1522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i7.1522-1527.3396.
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Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are among the important pests of forest in the world and in Turkey. Pine-feeding bark beetles interact chemically with their host tree via the behavioral, physiological, and biochemical effects of one class of monoterpenes. The half of oleoresin producing by trees such as pines, spruces, firs in the forests is the monoterpene. The monoterpenes occur in the oleoresin and function as behaviorally active kairomones for pine bark beetles and their predators, presenting a classic example of tritrophic chemical communication. The monoterpenes are aggregation pheromones for pine bark beetle. In the control of bark beetles, monoterpenes are used in traps. For example, the monoterpenes are an attractant for bark beetles. Also, Myrcene is used for a synergistic effect in the trap. Monoterpenes can toxic to insects. Limonene is among the most toxic monoterpenes to bark beetles. Also, the interaction is found between monoterpenes and prey of bark beetle. Monoterpenes are enhanced to respond of predatory to the pheromone of bark beetle.
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Moeck, Henry A., und Clarence S. Simmons. „PRIMARY ATTRACTION OF MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPK. (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), TO BOLTS OF LODGEPOLE PINE“. Canadian Entomologist 123, Nr. 2 (April 1991): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent123299-2.
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AbstractThree field tests were conducted in which fresh lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas var. latifolia Engl.) material, namely bolts with and without bark, bark only, and freshly tapped resin, were placed in beetle-excluding “greenhouse” cages; empty cages served as controls. Two “window” flight traps per cage, at right angles to each other, caught mountain pine beetles (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) arriving at the cages. Significantly more mountain pine beetles were trapped at cages baited with bolts and wood only than at empty control cages. Primary attraction in the mountain pine beetle is thus established, in the absence of pheromones and normal visual cues (tree stem silhouette). More beetles were trapped at cages baited with bark only and with resin than at empty control cages, but differences were not significant at p = 0.05. The sex ratio of trapped beetles (4.83 females: 1 male) was more than twice as high as the reported sex ratios of free-flying and emerging beetles.
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Aukema, Brian H., Fraser R. McKee, Debra L. Wytrykush und Allan L. Carroll. „Population dynamics and epidemiology of four species ofDendroctonus(Coleoptera: Curculionidae): 100 years since J.M. Swaine“. Canadian Entomologist 148, S1 (11.03.2016): S82—S110. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2016.5.
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AbstractAlmost 100 years have passed since J.M. Swaine, the assistant entomologist in charge of Forest Insect Investigations, wrote, “Canadian bark-beetles: a preliminary classification, with an account of the habits and means of control”. The goal was to “put into the hands of practical foresters information of inestimable practical value… to prevent the continued loss of timber now being destroyed” by “the most insidious enemies of the forest”. In this paper, we celebrate Swaine’s pioneering work by summarising the foundational aspects of his early treatise of 1918: the “general habits” of bark beetles, classifications of their behaviour, causes of population increase, and mitigation tactics. In the founding text, Swaine identified all majorDendroctonusErichson (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) bark beetles found in Canada, although details on life histories were scarce. We summarise current knowledge of the life histories and population dynamics of the spruce beetle,D.rufipennisKirby; the Douglas-fir beetle,D. pseudotsugaeHopkins; the eastern larch beetle,D. simplex; and address the current range expansion of mountain pine beetle,D. ponderosaeHopkins. We review how aspects of global change, such as invasive species, have altered the population dynamics of certain bark beetles. Finally, we conclude with lessons from two of the many past contributors to bark beetle ecology in Canada, J.M. Swaine and H.A. Richmond.
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Dodds, Kevin J., und Marc F. DiGirolomo. „Effect of Cleaning Multiple-Funnel Traps on Captures of Bark and Woodboring Beetles in Northeastern United States“. Insects 11, Nr. 10 (14.10.2020): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11100702.
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Two experiments were conducted in mixed hardwood-conifer forests in the northeastern United States to test the effects of cleaning surfactant and non-surfactant treated multiple-funnel traps used to catch bark and woodboring beetles. Large amounts of pollen and other debris often form a crust on the interior of traps (personal observations). Such surface deposits may provide footholds for beetles to escape capture in traps. In one experiment, we tested cleaned surfactant and non-surfactant traps against non-cleaned surfactant and non-surfactant traps. In a second experiment, we tested field cleaning of modified multiple-funnel traps as an alternative to substituting clean traps on each collection visit. There was no effect of surfactant treated traps, cleaned or not, on total beetles or individual bark beetle species captured. However, in situ cleaned traps were statistically better at capturing total beetles, total bark beetles, and several bark beetle species than non-cleaned control traps. Surfactant-treated non-modified traps and cleaned modified traps had higher species richness and abundance than other treatments at the site level. Our results suggest that cleaning traps to remove accumulated pollen and debris may be helpful for some species but would have limited benefit for broad-scale trapping of bark and woodboring beetles in northeastern forests.
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Denham, Sander O., David R. Coyle, A. Christopher Oishi, Bronson P. Bullock, Kari Heliövaara und Kimberly A. Novick. „Tree resin flow dynamics during an experimentally induced attack by Ips avulsus, I. calligraphus, and I. grandicollis“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, Nr. 1 (Januar 2019): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0024.
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The success of tree colonization by bark beetles depends on their ability to overcome host tree defenses, including resin exudation and toxic chemicals, which deter bark beetle colonization. Resin defenses during insect outbreaks are challenging to study in situ, as outbreaks are stochastic events that progress quickly and thus preclude the establishment of baseline observations of non-infested controls. We use synthetic aggregation pheromones to demonstrate that confined Ips bark beetle herbivory can be successfully initiated to provide opportunities for studying interactions between bark beetles and their hosts, including the dynamics of constitutive and induced resin exudation. In Pinus taeda L. plantations between 12 and 19 years old in North and South Carolina, U.S., trees were affixed with pheromone lures, monitored for evidence of bark beetle attacks, and resin samples were collected throughout the growing season. Baiting increased beetle herbivory to an extent sufficient to produce an induced resin response. Attacked trees exuded about three times more resin at some time than control trees. This supports previous work that demonstrated that information on constitutive resin dynamics alone provides an incomplete view of a host tree’s resistance to bark beetle attack.
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Skrzecz, Iwona, Wojciech Grodzki, Mieczysław Kosibowicz und Dorota Tumialis. „The alpha-cypermethrin coated net for protecting Norway spruce wood against bark beetles (Curculionidae, Scolytinae)“. Journal of Plant Protection Research 55, Nr. 2 (01.04.2015): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2015-0020.
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Abstract The study estimated the efficacy of a net coated with alpha-cypermethrin used to protect Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) H. Karst] wood against bark beetle infestations. The inside of the net was coated with 100 mg/m2 of alpha-cypermethrin. The studies carried out in 2010 and 2011 took place in southern Poland in the Beskid Żywiecki and Beskid Sądecki mountains in P. abies stands threatened by Ips typographus (Linnaeus, 1758). The research material consisted of wood logs taken off of 70–80-year-old P. abies trees. The logs were wrapped in the net in the early spring before spring swarming of bark beetles. The unwrapped logs were considered as the study controls. An evaluation of the treatments was performed after 2 months. The evaluation was based on the counting of bark beetles galleries found after removing the bark from the wrapped and unwrapped logs. There were no insect galleries on the wrapped logs. The net was a barrier, on which bark beetles died. About 10 dead I. typographus beetles were found on 0.01 m2 of the net surface. On the bark from the unwrapped-control logs there were 3,156 galleries/entrance holes of bark beetles, in total, of which 73% belonged to I. typographus, 13% to Pityogenes chalcographus (Linnaeus, 1761), and almost 10% to Xyloterus lineatus (Oliv.). These results indicated the high efficacy of the net coated with alpha-cypermethrin used for the protection of Norway spruce wood against the bark beetles. At the same time, the net was found to have a negative effect on non-target entomofauna, mainly Hylobius spp., Thanasimus formicarius (L.), and Tetropium castaneum (F.). However, the use of a net did not affect other predatory (Carabidae) and parasitic (Ichneumonidae and Tachinidae) entomofauna.
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Lukic, Ivan, Carol L. Bedoya, Evan M. Hofstetter und Richard W. Hofstetter. „Pinyon Engraver Beetle Acoustics: Stridulation Apparatus, Sound Production and Behavioral Response to Vibroacoustic Treatments in Logs“. Insects 12, Nr. 6 (26.05.2021): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12060496.
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Bark beetles are among the most influential biotic agents in conifer forests, and forest management often focuses on bark beetle chemical communication for tree protection. Although acoustic communication occurs in many bark beetle species, we have yet to utilize acoustic communication for bark beetle control. Here, we describe the stridulatory organs and ‘stress’ chirps of the pinyon engraver, Ips confusus, a significant pest and mortality agent of pinyon pine in western North America. Only females possessed stridulatory organs and their stress chirps varied significantly in duration, pulses per chirp, and dominant frequency. We tested an array of acoustic-vibrational treatments into logs but were unable to disrupt male entry into logs or alter female–male interactions, female tunneling, and female oviposition. We found acoustic–vibrational treatments had little effect on I. confusus behavior and suggest further studies if acoustic methods are to be utilized for bark beetle control.
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Hroššo, Branislav, Pavel Mezei, Mária Potterf, Andrej Majdák, Miroslav Blaženec, Nataliya Korolyova und Rastislav Jakuš. „Drivers of Spruce Bark Beetle (Ips typographus) Infestations on Downed Trees after Severe Windthrow“. Forests 11, Nr. 12 (30.11.2020): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11121290.
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Research Highlights: Bark beetles are important agents of disturbance regimes in temperate forests, and specifically in a connected wind-bark beetle disturbance system. Large-scale windthrows trigger population growth of the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) from endemic to epidemic levels, thereby allowing the killing of Norway spruce trees over several consecutive years. Background and Objectives: There is a lack of evidence to differentiate how outbreaks are promoted by the effects of environmental variables versus beetle preferences of trees from endemic to outbreak. However, little is known about how individual downed-tree characteristics and local conditions such as tree orientation and solar radiation affect beetle colonization of downed trees. Materials and Methods: To answer this question, we investigated the infestation rates and determined tree death categories (uprooted, broken, and stump) in wind-damaged areas in Western Tatra Mts. in Carpathians (Slovakia) from 2014–2016, following a windthrow in May 2014. In total, we investigated 225 trees over eight transects. For every tree, we measured its morphological (tree height, crown characteristics), environmental (solar radiation, terrain conditions, trunk zenith), temporal (time since wind damage), and beetle infestation (presence, location of attack, bark desiccation) parameters. We applied Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMM) to unravel the main drivers of I. typographus infestations. Results: Over the first year, beetles preferred to attack broken trees and sun-exposed trunk sides over uprooted trees; the infestation on shaded sides started in the second year along with the infestation of uprooted trees with lower desiccation rates. We found that time since wind damage, stem length, and incident solar radiation increased the probability of beetle infestation, although both solar radiation and trunk zenith exhibited nonlinear variability. Our novel variable trunk zenith appeared to be an important predictor of bark beetle infestation probability. We conclude that trunk zenith as a simple measure defining the position of downed trees over the terrain can anticipate beetle infestation. Conclusions: Our findings contribute to understanding of the bark beetle’s preferences to colonize windthrown trees in the initial years after the primary wind damage. Further, our findings can help to identify trees that are most susceptible to beetle infestation and to prioritize management actions to control beetle population while maintaining biodiversity.
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Krut’, M. V. „Outstanding scientist-entomologist Z.S. Golovyanko“. Ukrainian Entomological Journal 17, Nr. 2 (25.12.2019): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/281915.
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Golovyanko Zinoviy Stepanovich is an outstanding entomologist well-known in Ukraine and abroad, specialist in insects, which are pests of forest. He is a Doctor of agricultural sciences, Professor. His scientific activity was generally devoted to working out of the measures on creating of pine plantations in the conditions of high number of the roots’ pests, which are largely grubs of May beetle (Melolontha melolontha L., M. hippocastani F.) and July beetle (Polyphillo fullo L.). He revealed that the density of May beetle’s grubs in the soil depends on temperature of this media. Не revealed the capacity of a pine to resist themselves against pests of their roots; this capacity was provided by oleoresin exudation from wounds, which were inflicted by the grubs on roots. He proposed recommendations on pine and deciduous tree species protection from May beetle’s grubs. He developed control measures against scarab beetles grubs for the first time. Z.S. Golovyanko brought the fundamental contribution into solution of the problem on revealing of the factors of population dynamics of bark beetles (Coleopera, Curculionidae: Scolytinae). He had worked out chemical method of forest pests’ control by use of aviation too. The scientific and practical heritage of Z.S. Golovyanko on ecological approach to forest protection from pest organisms is very actual in the present time.
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Tomalak, Marek, Harold E. Welch und Terry D. Galloway. „EFFECTS OF CROWDING ON SUPLHURETYLENCHUS SPP. (NEMATODA: ALLANTONEMATIDAE) IN THE HAEMOCOEL OF THEIR BARK BEETLE HOSTS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)“. Canadian Entomologist 121, Nr. 9 (September 1989): 821–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent121821-9.
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Nematode parasites of bark beetles are taxonomically diverse, and may, in some cases, cause serious pathological and behavioural changes in their hosts (Kaya 1984). Their potential as biological control agents has long been recognized, but to date there is a shortage of elementary information on host-parasite interactions. Though the effects of superparasitism and subsequent crowding on the parasite have been studied for some mermithids (Petersen 1972) and steinernematids (Sandner and Stanuszek 1971), no such observations have been reported for bark beetle parasites. During a survey of nematode parasites of bark beetles in Manitoba, we encountered two examples where nematodes were detrimentally affected at the higher infection rates observed. It was our objective, therefore, to examine the relationship between intensity of infection, and impact on growth and reproduction of the parasites.
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Meshkova, Valentyna. „The Lessons of Scots Pine Forest Decline in Ukraine“. Environmental Sciences Proceedings 3, Nr. 1 (12.11.2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecf2020-07990.
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The condition of Ukraine’s forests has deteriorated sharply since the 2009 drought. The area of Scots pine stands decline has increased 2.3 times. The purpose of the research is integrating published and own data on Scots pine forest decline with the contribution of bark beetles and pointing the ways for mitigating this process. The reference materials regarding the forest stands characteristics, forest health, weather, as well as the results of own field and laboratory research were the data sources. Ips acuminatus (Gyllenhal, 1827): Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae was the first bark beetle to infest weakened stands. The predominant development Scots pine decline in Polesie (Forest zone) is associated with a large proportion of pure pine stands of the same age, untimely thinning, and relatively slow drying of felling residues, in which the bark beetle has time to complete its development. The relative density of stocking by itself is a less important risk factor than its sudden decrease. The algorithm for prediction of bark beetles’ foci spread was developed. It will help to upgrade the accuracy of prediction, to evaluate the area of survey and control measures against insect pests. Recommendations for improving the forestry regulatory framework have been developed.
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Cilbircioğlu, Cihan, Marta Kovač und Milan Pernek. „Associations of Phoretic Mites on Bark Beetles of the Genus Ips in the Black Sea Mountains of Turkey“. Forests 12, Nr. 5 (22.04.2021): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050516.
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Phoretic mites use bark beetles for transportation to new, suitable habitats. Some phoretic mites act as predators and parasitoids of the bark beetles’ immature stages, especially egg and early larval stages, and are potential agents for the biological control of scolytine forest pests. Mites live very frequently in relationships with other invertebrates. Many are found in association with various species of bark beetles. Here, a total of 41 specimens of different bark beetles of the genus Ips (Ips acuminatus, Ips sexdentatus and Ips typographus) were studied for presence, species composition, and abundance of phoretic mites. The beetles were collected on dead wood and parts of tree bark of Pinus nigra, Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies in the Black Sea Mountains in Kastamonu and Artin Province of Turkey. A total of nine mite species were found, including Dendrolaelaps quadrisetus, Ereynetes sp., Histiostoma piceae, Paraleius cf. leontonychus, Pleuronectocelaeno barbara., Proctolaelaps hystricoides, Schizostethus simulatrix, Trichouropoda lamellosa and Uroobovellaipidis. All species are identified for the first time within Turkish fauna.
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Najar-Rodriguez, A. J., S. Sapkota und S. Burgess. „Listening to the hidden sounds in the forest“. New Zealand Plant Protection 69 (08.01.2016): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2016.69.5930.
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Many bark beetles (Coleoptera Curculionidae Scolytinae) exhibit a wide array of acoustic abilities including sounds used in mate attraction territoriality and defence In New Zealand the goldenhaired bark beetle Hylurgus ligniperda and the black pine bark beetle Hylastes ater are two species of forest insects which may be found on export logs Acoustic signals have been shown to discourage a related bark beetle the western pine beetle Dendroctonus from entering into pine logs and to disrupt mating and tunnelling These recent studies combined with observations of H ligniperda and H ater helped to establish the concept that acoustic disruption could be used as part of a wider systems approach to deter these beetle species near saw mills skid sites and ports If proven effective this technique would add value to New Zealand log exports and decrease the reliance on toxic fumigants as the primary control measure This study shows some of the functions and physical characteristics of the acoustic signals produced by H ligniperda and H ater
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Davydenko, Kateryna, und Denys Baturkin. „Ophiostomatoid fungi vectored by bark beetles and colonizing trees of Pinus sylvestris in Sumy region (Ukraine)“. Наукові праці Лісівничої академії наук України, Nr. 21 (28.12.2020): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/412022.
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K. Davydenko[1], D. Baturkin[2]
Intensive mortality of Pinus sylvestris trees has recently been observed in the Sumy region in eastern Ukraine. There are two pine bark beetle species (Ips acuminatus and Ips sexdentatus), which spread resulted in considerable forest damage in Ukraine. The study of ophiostomatoid fungi vectored by bark beetles is very important to assess total harm of these insects.
Therefore, the aim of our research was i) to identify ophiostomatoid fungi associated with weakened and dying Scots pine trees infested by bark beetles in the Sumy region; ii) to test the pathogenicity of these ophiostomatoid fungi to evaluate their potential threat to Scots pine. The fungi were isolated from bark beetle galleries and identified based on morphological properties and DNA sequences.
In total, eight ophiostomatoid fungi (Graphium sp., Grosmannia sp.1, Ophiostoma bicolor, O. ips, O. canum, O. piceae, O. minus, Ophiostoma sp.1) were isolated from Scots pine trees infested by bark beetles. Scots pine seedlings were inoculated with eight fungi and sterile medium (control) to evaluate their pathogenicity. The inoculated seedlings were examined finally in 6 month after inoculation. Inoculation with O. minus produced significantly largest lesions and only this fungus caused mortality of pine seedlings. In total, all eight fungal species inoculated caused resin exudation and staining the bark around inoculations in Scots pine seedlings and five fungi caused different rate of seedlings decline. The size of stained sapwood was also greater following O. minus inoculations than other fungi or the control. All ophiostomatoid fungi caused significantly longer necrotic lesions and more occlusions in the sapwood than the controls.
Therefore, based on the ability of various ophiostomatoid fungi to weaken and kill pine seedlings and stain sapwood, O. minus was the most dangerous species for Scots pine trees, followed by Graphium sp. and Ophiostoma sp.1. The occurrence of ophiostmatoid fungi in the sapwood of Scots pine is consistent with the concept of their primary role in the colonization of the fresh sapwood of trees in the succession of microorganisms during wood decay.
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Šotola, Vojtěch, Jaroslav Holuša, Karel Kuželka und Emanuel Kula. „Felled and Lure Trap Trees with Uncut Branches Are Only Weakly Attractive to the Double-Spined Bark Beetle, Ips duplicatus“. Forests 12, Nr. 7 (17.07.2021): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12070941.
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Bark beetles are the most important forest pests in the Northern Hemisphere. The range of Ips duplicatus, an invasive bark beetle in central Europe, has been steadily expanding, and it is now responsible for a high proportion of the spruce wood infested by bark beetles. Apart from searching for and eliminating infested trees, there is no effective control method. The aim of this study was to determine whether trap trees with a pheromone evaporator can be used to capture I. duplicatus. Felled trap trees with branches and with pheromone lures (ID Ecolure®) were infested by I. duplicatus, at a median density of 1 nuptial chambers per 0.1 m2 (median); similar trees without lures and lying at a distance of 1, 5, or 10 m from the lure trees were rarely infested by I. duplicatus. The entire surface of the lure trees could capture <400 beetles per tree. The results indicate that lure trap trees (felled and with branches attached) could only be used in a limited number of situations; one such situation would involve forests that suffered wind damage and contained very high numbers of I. duplicatus.
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Zhong, He, Felton L. Hastings, Fred P. Hain und Richard A. Werner. „Toxicity of Carbaryl toward the Southern Pine Beetle in Filter Paper, Bark and Cut Bolt Bioassays“. Journal of Entomological Science 29, Nr. 2 (01.04.1994): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-29.2.247.
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Loblolly pine bolts sprayed with 2% carbaryl (Sevimol® 40% A. I. Flowable) and 1% chlorpyrifos were exposed to southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann. Chlorpyrifos treatment effectively prevented attack by southern pine beetle; however, the bolts were not protected by 2% carbaryl. For the carbaryl-treated bolts, the number of egg niches and larval mines were significantly reduced. However, the number of adult beetles entering the host, the length of the parent galleries, the number of pupal chambers, brood adults, and emergence holes were not significantly (P = 0.05) different from untreated control bolts. A bark surface assay indicated that 2% carbaryl killed < 50% of the beetles at 24 h. Filter paper assay showed that the LC50 value was 0.07% and 0.01% at 24 and 48 h, respectively.
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Khaustov, Alexander A., und Ivan A. Kerchev. „A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON MITES (ACARI) ASSOCIATED WITH THE SMALL SPRUCE BARK BEETLE IPS AMITINUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE: SCOLYTINAE) IN WESTERN SIBERIA“. Acarina 28, Nr. 1 (2020): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/0132-8077-2020-28-1-39-46.
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The small spruce bark beetle Ips amitinus has recently been found in two West Siberian regions: Tomsk and Kemerovo. Here, we collected and identified the mites associated with I. amitinus that naturally colonized branches and twigs of Siberian pine, Pinus sibirica, in Western Siberia, Russia. Five mites species were revealed: Dendrolaelaps quadrisetus (Digamasellidae), Proctolaelaps hystricoides (Melicharidae), Iponemus leionotum and I. asiaticus (Tarsonemidae), as well as Ereynetes (Huntereynetes) sp. (Ereynetidae). Interestingly, phoresy of two species of Iponemus was observed on one host beetle. Three of the five species are known predators and parasitoids of eggs or larvae of bark beetles and could be targeted for biological control of I. amitinus in Russia.
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Behrendt, Chad J., Robert A. Blanchette und Roberta L. Farrell. „An integrated approach, using biological and chemical control, to prevent blue stain in pine logs“. Canadian Journal of Botany 73, Nr. 4 (01.04.1995): 613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-065.
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Biological control of detrimental blue stain fungi has been demonstrated in field experiments using a nonpigmented strain of Ophiostoma piliferum, Cartapip-97™, to inoculate logs. In two field trials 78–97% and 95–99% of wood chips sampled from the sapwood yielded the nonpigmented strain of O. piliferum (NPOP) 8 weeks after inoculation. Wood chip isolations yielding blue stain fungi from the sapwood in noninoculated treatments after 8 weeks ranged from 53 to 83% during the first field trial and 6 to 31% during the second, whereas isolations from NPOP-inoculated treatments ranged from 0 to 3% in the first trial and 0% in the second trial. Phanerochaete gigantea had also colonized the sapwood of all treatments by 24 and 52 weeks, with 20–93% of chip samples in field trial one yielding P. gigantea, and 54–99% for field trial two. Effective control of bark beetles was demonstrated with applications of Dursban 4E. Bark beetle colonization in Dursban-treated logs was less than 3%, a 9–47% decrease when compared to other treatments. Successful control of blue stain fungi appears possible by treating the ends of freshly cut timber with the nonpigmented strain of O. piliferum and spraying logs with Dursban 4E to prevent bark beetles from introducing stain fungi into the sides of logs. Key words: biological control, sapstain, Ophiostoma piliferum, Phanerochaete gigantea, Scolytidae.
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Kandasamy, Dineshkumar, Jonathan Gershenzon und Almuth Hammerbacher. „Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by Fungal Associates of Conifer Bark Beetles and their Potential in Bark Beetle Control“. Journal of Chemical Ecology 42, Nr. 9 (September 2016): 952–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-016-0768-x.
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Vandygriff, J. C., L. A. Rasmussen und J. F. Rineholt. „A Novel Approach to Managing Fuelwood Harvest Using Bark Beetle Pheromones“. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 15, Nr. 4 (01.10.2000): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/15.4.183.
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Abstract A multiyear study of synthesized mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) pheromones was conducted within lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) stands on the Sawtooth National Recreation Area to demonstrate their potential use as a management tool for fuelwood harvest. The use of mountain pine beetle aggregant baits was shown to be highly effective in relocating beetles into designated bait blocks, dramatically increasing the amount of beetle-related tree mortality. Treatment of blocks with antiaggregant verbenone capsules appeared to provide little or no additional protection when compared with associated control blocks. Given defined objectives and appropriate stand and insect population conditions, pheromone baits can be used to improve management of fuelwood harvest and potentially improve stand health. West. J. Appl. For. 15(4):183–188.
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Pines, I. L., und A. R. Westwood. „EVALUATION OF MONOSODIUM METHANE ARSENATE FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF NATIVE ELM BARK BEETLES, HYLURGOPINUS RUFIPES (EICHHOFF) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)“. Canadian Entomologist 128, Nr. 3 (Juni 1996): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent128435-3.
Annotation:
AbstractThe native elm bark beetle, Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichhoff), is the major vector of Dutch elm disease, Ophiostoma ulmi (Buisman) Nannf., in Manitoba. The herbicide Glowon™, monosodium methane arsenate (MSMA), was applied to a chainsaw cut in American elm, Ulmus americana L., tree stems to determine if the treated elms would become effective trap trees for H. rufipes. Three treatments were compared: treated with herbicide and girdled, girdled, and control. All herbicide-treated elms died within 18 days after application. Significantly higher numbers (P < 0.01) of native elm bark beetles were attracted to the herbicided elms, compared with the other treatments. Beetles bred only in the elms treated with herbicide. Of the total brood galleries constructed, 72% had no egg hatch while the remaining 28% had larval tunnels. Progeny adults emerged from less than 1% of the larval tunnels. MSMA application could supplement the Dutch elm disease management program in Manitoba.
22
Reay, Stephen D., Travis R. Glare und Michael Brownbridge. „Hylastes ater(Curculionidae: Scolytinae) AffectingPinus radiataSeedling Establishment in New Zealand“. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/590619.
Annotation:
The introduced pine bark beetleHylastes aterhas been present in New Zealand for around 100 years. The beetle has been a minor pest on pines. Research was undertaken to control the pest in the 1950s–1970s, with a biological control agent introduced with limited success. Following a reasonably long period with minimal research attention, renewed interest in developing a better understanding of the pest status was initiated in the mid to late 1990s. Subsequently, a significant amount of research was undertaken, with a number of studies exploring the role of this pest of exotic forests in New Zealand. These studies ranged from attempting to quantify damage to seedlings, evaluate the role of the beetle in vectoring sapstain fungi, explore options for management, and evaluate the potential for chemical and biological control. From these studies, a number of findings were made that are relevant to the New Zealand exotic forest industry and shed new light onto the role of secondary bark beetles globally.
23
Brown, Matthew S., Karla M. Addesso, Fulya Baysal-Gurel, Nadeer N. Youssef und Jason B. Oliver. „Permethrin Residual Activity Against Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Attacks Following Field Aging and Simulated Rainfall Weathering“. Journal of Economic Entomology 113, Nr. 5 (31.08.2020): 2418–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa186.
Annotation:
Abstract Adult ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) bore into ornamental nursery trees resulting in trunk vascular tissue damage, which can potentially kill trees. Ambrosia beetle exposure to surface-applied insecticides is minimal after internal trunk galleries are formed, so effective management requires insecticide treatments to be applied near the time of infestation or to have residual activity on the bark. Tree trunk sections (bolts) were used to determine the effect of field aging or irrigation (i.e., simulated rainfall weathering) on permethrin residual activity against ambrosia beetles. In all experiments, 30-cm-long bolts from Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliales: Magnoliaceae) were hollowed and filled with 70% ethanol at field deployment to induce ambrosia beetle attacks over a 2-wk period. To evaluate insecticide residual activity, permethrin was sprayed onto tree bolts at 0, 8, 17, or 24 d before ethanol addition, and then bolts were deployed along a wooded border in fall 2017 and spring 2018. Tree bolts with permethrin residues ≤17 d old had significantly fewer ambrosia beetle attacks than bolts with 24-d-old residues or the non-permethrin-treated control bolts. To evaluate simulated rainfall weathering, permethrin was applied to tree bolts 8 or 22 d before ethanol (spring 2018) or 10 or 24 d before ethanol (fall 2018) with half of the bolts receiving regular irrigation events. Irrigation had no significant effect on permethrin residual activity against ambrosia beetles during either test. This study determined ambrosia beetle control was affected by permethrin residue age more than simulated rainfall weathering, and a reapplication interval of ≤17 d maximized beetle control.
24
Turčáni, M., und T. Hlásny. „Spatial distribution of four spruce bark beetles in north-western Slovakia“. Journal of Forest Science 53, Special Issue (02.04.2008): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2157-jfs.
Annotation:
Infestation density of four the most common spruce bark beetle species was estimated on 15 study sites (10 trees per site) in the Kysuce model region in 2006. Five half-metre long sections of the stem were selected and dissected at the base of the stem; midway between the base of the stem and the base of the crown; just below the base of the crown; in the middle of the crown; and in the upper part of the crown. The infestation density of bark beetles, expressed as the number of mating chambers per dm<sup>2</sup>, was determined. Ordinary kriging was then used to produce smooth maps and visualize spatial distribution of study species. Maps with isolines indicating high infestation were produced for study species (<I>I. Typographus</I> over 0.38; (<I>I. amitinu</I>s over 0.15; (<I>I. duplicatus</I> over 0.11; and <I>P. chalcographus</I> over 0.415 nuptial chambers per dm<sup>2</sup>). <I>Ips typographus</I> L. remained dominant species on majority of sites having high intensity of infestation. Lower altitudes in the south-eastern part of the region were often infested by <I>I. duplicatus</I> Sahlberg and also by <I>I. typographu</I> and <I>Pityogenes chalcographus</I> L. Higher elevations in the north-eastern part of territory in the vicinity of border with Poland were heavily infested by <I>I. amitinus</I> Eichhoff (often with <I>I. typographus). P. chalcographus</I> was abundant on majority of territory – mainly in southern half of area. However locally, it was found in extremely high abundance. The results suggest the need for control measures set up jointly against the most abundant bark beetle species in study region.
25
Lu, Rong Chun, Hong Bin Wang, Zhen Zhang, John A. Byers, You Ju Jin, Hai Feng Wen und Wen Jian Shi. „Attraction ofTomicus yunnanensis(Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to Yunnan Pine Logs with and without Periderm or Phloem: An Effective Monitoring Bait“. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/794683.
Annotation:
The Yunnan pine shoot beetle,Tomicus yunnanensisKirkendall and Faccoli (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) is an important pest of Yunnan pine (Pinus yunnanensisFranch) in China. Experiments with host log baits were done to develop a pest monitoring system using host tree kairomone. Five Yunnan pine logs (each 10–15 cm diam. × 30-cm long) in a trap-log bundle were treated by peeling periderm (outer bark) off to expose the phloem, and half of each log was covered with sticky adhesive to capture any attracted adult beetles. Significantly, more beetles were attracted and caught on the periderm-peeled logs (ca 30 beetles/m2log surface/day) than on untreated control logs with adhesive (ca 2.5/m2/day). No significant differences were observed between catches on logs taken from lower or upper halves of Yunnan pines.T. yunnanensisflies mostly during the afternoon according to trap catches throughout the day. Attraction to the periderm-peeled logs decreased considerably when they were peeled further to remove the phloem, indicating phloem volatiles play a role in selection of the host by the beetle. The readily-available log baits appear useful for monitoring pine shoot beetle populations in integrated pest management programs.
26
Khanday, Abdul L., Abdul A. Buhroo, Avunjikkattu P. Ranjith und Sławomir Mazur. „Laboratory evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents against the bark beetle Pityogenes scitus Blandford (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Kashmir“. Folia Forestalia Polonica 60, Nr. 2 (01.06.2018): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2018-0008.
Annotation:
Abstract The bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are widely recognised as one of the most damaging group of forest pests. Entomopathogenic fungi have shown great potential for the management of some bark beetle species. The efficacy of three entomopathogenic fungi, namely, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (Metchnikoff) Sorokin and Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimmerman) Zare and Gams was tested against the bark beetle Pityogenes scitus Blandford under the laboratory conditions. An insecticide – cyclone 505 EC, was also used as positive control in the experiment. Each fungal suspension contained 1.0×109 spores of fungi in 1 ml. In treated branches, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae caused higher percentage of mortalities, that is, 58.33% and 48%, respectively, after 10 days of treatment and 85% and 71%, respectively, after 20 days of treatment. In petri plate assay, B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and L. lecanii caused 100%, 100% and 73.33% of mortality respectively. The percentage of mortality caused by treated insecticide was 79.16%. The results obtained in the present study are promising; however, no recommendations concerning the potential use of these fungal pathogens in forest protection can be given, and further research studies are needed in this respect, especially under field conditions.
27
Phillips, Thomas W. „ATTRACTION OF HYLOBIUS PALES (HERBST) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) TO PHEROMONES OF BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)“. Canadian Entomologist 122, Nr. 3 (Juni 1990): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent122423-5.
Annotation:
AbstractResults of a field experiment indicate that adults of the pine weevil Hylobius pales (Herbst) respond to pheromones of bark beetles. Each sex of H. pales was more attracted to traps baited with the combination of a pine bolt infested with male Ips calligraphus Germar plus the synthetic Dendroctonus Erichson pheromones frontalin and exo-brevicomin, than to traps baited with pine bolts alone. The combined numbers of male and female H. pales caught in traps baited only with Ips calligraphus-infested bolts were significantly greater than numbers caught in traps baited with uninfested control bolts. The attraction of H. pales to bark beetle pheromones may represent a kairomonal response in which weevils exploit semiochemicals from other species that signify a suitable host resource.
28
Brown², M. W., T. E. Nebeker und C. R. Honea. „Thinning Increases Loblolly Pine Vigor and Resistance to Bark Beetles¹“. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 11, Nr. 1 (01.02.1987): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/11.1.28.
Annotation:
Abstract Twenty-seven 1-ac plots were thinned to a basal area of 70, 100, or 130 ft²/ac, and 9 plots were left unthinned to be used as a control. Changes in diameter growth, height growth, and oleoresin exudation pressure (OEP) are presented for the first 3 years following thinning. Height growth was lower in the thinned plots, but diameter growth in plots thinned to 70 and 100 ft²/ac was significantly greater than the unthinned plots and those thinned to 130 ft²/ac. OEP was also greater in thinned plots in the first two years; the difference was not significant in the third year. Introductions of southern pine beetles into the plots resulted in a significantly lower proportion of successful attacks in thinned plots in the first two years following thinning. It was concluded that increased tree vigor along with the increase in tree spacing following thinning does reduce susceptibility to southern pine beetle attack when stands are thinned to a basal area of 100ft²/ac or less. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):28-31
29
Faccoli, Massimo. „Elm bark beetles and Dutch Elm Disease: tests of combined control“. Anzeiger fur Schdlingskunde 74, Nr. 1 (Februar 2001): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0280.2001.00033.x.
30
Mann, Andrew J., und Thomas S. Davis. „Entomopathogenic fungi to control bark beetles: a review of ecological recommendations“. Pest Management Science 77, Nr. 9 (02.04.2021): 3841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.6364.
31
Grodzki, Wojciech, und Mieczysław Kosibowicz. „An attempt to use the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. in forest protection against the bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) in the field“. Forest Research Papers 76, Nr. 1 (01.03.2015): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/frp-2015-0001.
Annotation:
Abstract In 2011-2013, trials on the use of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana against bark beetle (Ips typographus) populations were carried out under open field conditions in Norway spruce stands suffering from an outbreak in the Beskid Żywiecki Mts. in Poland. Modified pheromone traps were deployed to capture and thereafter release fungus-infected bark beetles to the forest environment. Infested spruce trees felled next to the traps remained unaffected by the transmission of the fungus to insect populations. Direct spraying or dusting of lying trap logs and suspended caged rearing bolts did not have any effect on spruce infestation by I. typographus, its reproduction success and development or natural enemies inside the bark. A very small effect on mortality rates of target as well as non-target insects overwintering in the dusted litter was observed. Treated stands, unlike control stands, were indirectly affected by the treatment, evidenced by the reduction of tree mortality due to bark beetle infestation. At present, no recommendations concerning the potential use of the fungus in forest protection can be given. However such an environmentally friendly approach represents a promising future prospect.
32
Burnip, G. M., P. Bradbury und M. O'Donnell. „Determining whether biosecurity incursions are worthy of eradication attempts a case study of Epithora dorsalis“. New Zealand Plant Protection 63 (01.08.2010): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2010.63.6604.
Annotation:
The Australian longicorn beetle Epithora dorsalis (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) was detected in South Canterbury in December 2009 This insect attacks dead and dying Eucalyptus species and had not previously been recorded in New Zealand (NZ) Surveys conducted to determine eradication feasibility found adult beetles at independent locations 7 km apart No imported goods or other entry pathways were identified at surveyed sites Surveillance to detect E dorsalis is difficult because available trapping methods are not very effective larval feeding damage is hidden beneath bark and adult seasonal flight duration is short Insecticidal control of E dorsalis is not considered feasible as effective delimitation of populations is difficult and the insect exhibits cryptic biology An impact assessment concluded the economic significance of E dorsalis to the NZ eucalypt timber industry would be low and that post harvest bark removal would reduce infestations to a minimum Four other Australian longicorn beetles that produce similar subcortical feeding damage are already present in New Zealand It is possible that E dorsalis has gone undetected in NZ for some time These and other considerations are presented to illustrate how MAF Biosecurity NZ determines whether biosecurity incursions merit eradication
33
Boone, Celia K., Diana L. Six, Steven J. Krauth und Kenneth F. Raffa. „Assemblage of Hymenoptera arriving at logs colonized by Ips pini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and its microbial symbionts in western Montana“. Canadian Entomologist 141, Nr. 2 (April 2009): 172–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n09-004.
Annotation:
AbstractColonization of a tree by bark beetles and their symbionts creates a new habitat for a diverse assemblage of arthropods, including competing herbivores, xylophages, fungivores, saprophages, predators, and parasitoids. Understanding these assemblages is important for evaluating nontarget effects of various management tactics and for subsequently evaluating how changes in climate, the presence of invasive species, and altered forestry practices and land-use tenure may affect biodiversity. We characterized the assemblage of hymenopterans attracted to logs of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa C. Lawson (Pinaceae)) colonized by the bark beetle Ips pini (Say) and its microbial symbionts. In one experiment, the composition and relative abundances of species arriving at hosts colonized by I. pini, and possible sources of attraction, were determined. Treatments consisted of a log containing I. pini with its natural complement of microorganisms, a log alone, and a blank control. A second experiment was carried out to determine whether or not Hymenoptera were attracted to microbial symbionts of I. pini. Treatments consisted of a blank control, a log alone, a log containing I. pini with its natural complement of microorganisms, either Ophiostoma ips, Burkholderia sp., or Pichia scolyti, and a log inoculated with a combination of these three microorganisms. Over 2 years, 5163 Hymenoptera were captured, of which over 98% were parasitoids. Braconidae, Platygastridae, Encyrtidae, Pteromalidae, and Ichneumonidae were the most abundant. Seven known species of bark beetle parasitoids (all Pteromalidae) were captured. However, parasitoids of Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and non-wood-boring Coleoptera were also common. Nineteen species showed preferential attraction to host plants infested with I. pini and its complement of microorganisms, host plants inoculated with I. pini microbial symbionts, or host plants alone. Interestingly, many of these species were parasitoids of phytophagous, fungivorous, and saprophytic insects rather than of bark beetles themselves. These results suggest that a diverse assemblage of natural enemies that attack various feeding guilds within a common habitat exploit common olfactory cues.
34
Kendra, Paul E., Wayne S. Montgomery, Teresa I. Narvaez und Daniel Carrillo. „Comparison of Trap Designs for Detection of Euwallacea nr. fornicatus and Other Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) That Vector Fungal Pathogens of Avocado Trees in Florida“. Journal of Economic Entomology 113, Nr. 2 (19.11.2019): 980–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz311.
Annotation:
Abstract Laurel wilt and Fusarium dieback are vascular diseases caused by fungal symbionts of invasive ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Both diseases threaten avocado trees in Florida. Redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, is the primary vector of the laurel wilt pathogen, Raffaelea lauricola, but in recent years this symbiont has been transferred laterally to at least nine other species of ambrosia beetle, which now comprise a community of secondary vectors. Dieback disease, caused by Fusarium spp. fungi, is spread by shot hole borers in the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex. In this study, we conducted field tests in Florida avocado groves to compare efficacy of four trap designs for detection of Scolytinae. Treatments included an 8-funnel Lindgren trap, black 3-vane flight interception trap, green 3-vane interception trap, white sticky panel trap, and an unbaited sticky panel (control). In two tests targeting E. nr. fornicatus and X. glabratus, traps were baited with a two-component lure (α-copaene and quercivorol). In a test targeting other species, traps were baited with a low-release ethanol lure. For E. nr. fornicatus, sticky panels and black interception traps captured significantly more beetles than Lindgren traps; captures with green traps were intermediate. With ethanol-baited traps, 20 species of bark/ambrosia beetle were detected. Trap efficacy varied by species, but in general, sticky traps captured the highest number of beetles. Results indicate that sticky panel traps are more effective for monitoring ambrosia beetles than Lindgren funnel traps, the current standard, and may provide an economical alternative for pest detection in avocado groves.
35
Safranyik, L., T. L. Shore und D. A. Linton. „ATTACK BY BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) FOLLOWING SPACING OF MATURE LODGEPOLE PINE (PINACEAE) STANDS“. Canadian Entomologist 131, Nr. 5 (Oktober 1999): 671–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent131671-5.
Annotation:
AbstractVariation in bark beetle attack following spacing of mature lodgepole pine stands in the East Kootenays of British Columbia was analyzed in relation to stand location (site), spacing treatment, and harvesting injury. Observations were made on three sites, each having three treatments: 4 × 4 m spacing, 5 × 5 m spacing, and untreated control. There was no statistically significant difference in the numbers of attacked trees among sites or treatments. However, in the spaced plots 94.3% of the attacked trees sustained harvesting injury or were located adjacent to skid trails. Dendroctonus valens LeConte was the dominant species attacking trees on the two drier sites, and Dendroctonus murrayanae Hopkins was the dominant species on the third site. There was no statistically significant variation in the percentage of attacked stumps among sites or spacing treatments. On average, 80.7% of the stumps were attacked; attacked stumps had larger diameters than unattacked stumps. Thirteen species of bark beetles were found attacking stumps. Hylurgops porosus LeConte was the most numerous species at all three sites. Based on the fit of the Michaelis–Menten equations to species accumulation curves, an estimated 76–90% of the number of species attacking stumps at the three sites were observed in bark samples. Margalef’s index of diversity for the two drier sites (Cranbrook = 1.15, Parson = 1.13) was nearly identical and higher than at the moist site (Elkford = 0.89). Pairs of sites had five to six species in common, and the Sorensen coefficient of similarity ranged from 0.52 to 0.71, indicating moderate similarity in species composition. The abundance versus species rank relationship was fitted by three models: the MacArthur broken stick model, the geometric series, and the Zeta distribution. The latter gave good fit to data from two sites, but none of the fitted models gave satisfactory fit to data from the third site, mainly because of the high abundance of the second ranked species (Orthotomicus caelatus Eichhoff). Our results indicated that stand characteristics affected species assemblages and abundances of bark beetle species that attacked stumps. Management practices that minimize injury to trees during the spacing operations are emphasized to reduce attack by bark beetles.
36
Greenwood, Matthew E., und John H. Borden. „Co-baiting for spruce beetles, Dendroctonus rufipennis, and western balsam bark beetles, Dryocoetes confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, Nr. 1 (01.02.2000): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-184.
Annotation:
Co-baiting to contain and concentrate the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), and the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, was investigated at four locations in British Columbia. Two 9-ha areas were established at each location; one was baited and the other left as a control. Single "interior firs," Abies bifolia A. Murray × Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt., or groups of two or three trees, were baited with (±)-exo-brevicomin released at 1.0 mg/24 h. "Interior spruces," Picea engelmannii Engelm. ex Parry × Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, were baited with frontalin released at 0.1, 0.6, or 2.5 mg/24 h, or at 0.6 mg/24 h with alpha-pinene, ethanol, or ethyl crotonate. Another experiment investigated possible interspecific interference between D. confusus and D. rufipennis baits. Ratios of currently attacked "green" trees to previously attacked "red" trees for both insects were significantly higher in baited than in control areas, indicating that populations were contained. Baiting, however, did not attract either insect from a zone surrounding each baited area. There was a significant increase in D. confusus attack when two trees instead of one were baited per centre, no increase in D. rufipennis attack when frontalin was released alone or with the potential adjuvants, no effect of frontalin release rates on the percentage of trees attacked by D. rufipennis, and no indication of cross-repellency between baits.
37
Grosman, Donald M., Christopher J. Fettig, Carl L. Jorgensen und A. Steven Munson. „Effectiveness of Two Systemic Insecticides for Protecting Western Conifers from Mortality Due to Bark Beetle Attack“. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 25, Nr. 4 (01.10.2010): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/25.4.181.
Annotation:
Abstract Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) are important tree mortality agents in western coniferous forests. Protection of individual trees from bark beetle attack has historically involved applications of liquid formulations of contact insecticides to the tree bole using hydraulic sprayers. More recently, researchers looking for more portable and environmentally safe alternatives have examined the effectiveness of injecting small quantities of systemic insecticides directly into trees. In this study, we evaluated trunk injections of experimental formulations of emamectin benzoate and fipronil for preventing tree mortality due to attack by western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte) on ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) in California, mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) on lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) in Idaho, and spruce beetle (D. rufipennis [Kirby]) on Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) in Utah. Fipronil appeared ineffective for protecting P. ponderosa from mortality due to D. brevicomis over the 3 years in California because of insufficient mortality of untreated, baited control trees the first 2 years and high mortality of the fipronil-treated trees in the third year. Emamectin benzoate was effective in providing protection of P. ponderosa from D. brevicomis during the third year following a single application. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the successful application of a systemic insecticide for protecting individual conifers from mortality due to bark beetle attack in the western United States. Estimates of efficacy could not be made during both field seasons in P. contorta because of insufficient mortality in control trees. Both emamectin benzoate and fipronil were ineffective for protecting P. engelmannii from D. rufipennis. Lower ambient and soil temperatures and soil moisture may have limited chemical movement and thus efficacy at the Idaho and Utah sites.
38
Gillette, Nancy E., und Christopher J. Fettig. „Semiochemicals for bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) management in western North America: where do we go from here?“ Canadian Entomologist 153, Nr. 1 (27.11.2020): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2020.61.
Annotation:
AbstractThis paper is intended as an assessment of the state of knowledge and development of semiochemical methods for control of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in western North America and as a roadmap for future research and development in this field. It is based on a keynote presentation given at the symposium Managing Bark and Ambrosia Beetles with Semiochemicals, held in 2018 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, at the Joint Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, the Entomological Society of Canada, and the Entomological Society of British Columbia. We describe currently available active ingredients, formulations, and release devices. Furthermore, we describe the most urgently needed new products and techniques, and constraints to their further development. Finally, we speculate about opportunities afforded by new advances in microbial synthesis of semiochemicals, streamlining of regulatory processing, and aerial application using unmanned aerial vehicles.
39
Pernek, Milan, Stefan Wirth, Stacy Blomquist, Dimitrios Avtzis und John Moser. „New associations of phoretic mites on Pityokteines curvidens (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)“. Open Life Sciences 7, Nr. 1 (01.02.2012): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-011-0096-7.
Annotation:
AbstractThe species composition and abundance of phoretic mites of the bark beetle Pityokteines curvidens caught in pheromone traps were investigated in Croatia. The P. curvidens trapping programs have been in an experimental phase in Croatia since 2004 as a possible monitoring and control system. The trapping program also permits the opportunity to sample phoretic mites found associated with the beetles. Beetles were caught using Curviwit pheromones in Theysohn traps placed in the Litorić region of Croatia. A total of 12 mite species were recovered, including Schizostethus simulatrix, Dendrolaelaps quadrisetus, Histiostoma piceae, H. cf. varia, Paraleius leontonychus, Pleuronectocelaeno barbara, Tarsonemus minimax, Trichouropoda lamellosa, Uroobovella ipidis, Schwiebea sp., Phauloppia lucorum and Dolicheremaeus dorni. Five species, Pl. barbara, Schwiebea sp., H. cf. varia, Ph. lucorum and Do. dorni, are identified for the first time in association with P. curvidens. These findings increase the number of mite species known to be phoretic on P. curvidens from 11 to 16. The present study also increases the number of known mite associates of Pityokteines spp. from 14 to 18.
40
Akkuzu, Erol, Mustafa Şahin, Abdullah Ugiş und Ebru Bal. „Assesment of trap color and trap height above the ground on the capture of Ips sexdentatus and Thanasimus formicarius“. Šumarski list 145, Nr. 3-4 (30.04.2021): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31298/sl.145.3-4.6.
Annotation:
The six-toothed pine bark beetle Ips sexdentatus is one of the most devastating bark beetles of Eurasian pine forests. Pheromone traps are used to monitor and control Ips sexdentatus populations. In this study, the effect of trap color and trap height on the capture of Ips exdentatus and its predator the ant beetle Thanasimus formicarius was investigated. The research was conducted in Pinus sylvestris stands within Yayla Forest Enterprise Chief (Kastamonu-Daday) in Turkey. In the study area, 25 Scandinavian type three-funnel traps of 5 different colors (yellow, white, green, black, and red traps with five replications) were used. Traps were placed at the same height, 1.5 m above ground. For the second part of the study, a total of 20 traps (5 per height category) was placed 1.0 m, 1.5 m, 2.0 m, and 2.5 m above ground. Traps were controlled at intervals of 7-10 days and captured Ips exdentatus and Thanasimus formicarius were counted. The results of the study were as follows: 1) Significant differences in the number of captures by trap color, and 2) No significant differences in the numbers of Ips sexdentatus and Thanasimus formicarius captured between the trap heights.
41
Ryall, K. L., P. Silk, G. S. Thurston, T. A. Scarr und P. de Groot. „Elucidating pheromone and host volatile components attractive to the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in eastern Canada“. Canadian Entomologist 145, Nr. 4 (18.06.2013): 406–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2013.17.
Annotation:
AbstractFrontalin, seudenol, and a spruce terpene blend are key components of a lure for monitoring spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in eastern Canada, catching the highest number of beetles in several field trials. The standard two-component commercial lure for this species, developed from populations in western North America and composed of 95%:5% (±)-α-pinene and frontalin, failed to elicit attraction to traps in Atlantic Canada; thus a series of trapping experiments were conducted to identify an improved combination of pheromone and host volatiles for this region. Analysis of volatiles from D. rufipennis collected from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, Canada detected seudenol as an additional female-produced component. Laboratory analysis of the eastern host (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss; Pinaceae) detected the presence of 75%:25% (±)-α-pinene; however, a two-component lure comprised of 75%:25% (±)-α-pinene and frontalin caught no more beetles than an unbaited control. Frontalin and seudenol alone or spruce terpene blend and ethanol alone typically had among the lowest trap catches, but when combined they caught the highest numbers of D. rufipennis, supporting the hypothesis that host volatiles synergise attraction to pheromones. Our results highlight the importance of geographic variation in the response to pheromones and kairomones in this bark beetle.
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Friedrich, Robert, Wehnert-Kohlenbrenner Michael und Marco Schneider. „Natural and insecticide-free methods for protecting wood piles from bark beetles - using the example of the ash bark beetle (Hylesinus fraxini [Panzer, 1779]) on Common Ash (Fraxinus excelsior [L.])“. Journal of Forest and Landscape Research 5, Nr. 1 (02.03.2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.13141/jflr.v5i1.30.
Annotation:
This paper is investigating the insecticide-free protection of ash wood piles through the use of semiochemical dispensers with allochthonous kairomones to control ash bark beetle populations. For this purpose, borehole counts and brood gallery analyses were carried out on log piles of ash wood stored in the forest. Studies have shown that Hylesinus fraxini is repelled by the attractant dispenser with the substance mixture Sexowit, which was actually developed to catch Ips sexdentatus. In addition, the substance mixture has an aggregating effect on various bark beetle antagonists. This causality should be used to find a form of application to protect freshly stacked ash wood from H. fraxini infestation. A recommended form of application should be transferable to other bark beetle- and tree species and substances. In adaptation to the so-called Island Method of bark beetle traps, the wood piles of the five test variants were also arranged like islands. Commercially available Sexowit pheromone dispensers were used, which were attached to the piles. Besides a control without Sexowit dispenser there were test treatments with one, two, four and nine Sexowit dispensers.Within the scope of the investigation, effects between the tested variants could be determined and a recommended application method derived. Compared to control most effective protection of ash log piles was reached with variants treated with four or nine lures of Sexowit. In relation to control infestation was reduced by 78.1% on 4-dispenser variant Sexowit and 88.9% on 9-dispenser variant Sexowit.
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Kelsey, Rick G., und Gladwin Joseph. „Ethanol in ponderosa pine as an indicator of physiological injury from fire and its relationship to secondary beetles“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, Nr. 5 (01.05.2003): 870–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-007.
Annotation:
Sixteen days after a September wildfire, ethanol and water were measured in phloem and sapwood at breast height and the base of Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws. with zero (control), moderate, heavy, and severe crown scorch. The quantity of ethanol increased with each level of injury, resulting in trees with severe scorch containing 15 and 53 times more phloem and sapwood ethanol, respectively, than controls. Ethanol concentrations in the sapwood and adjacent phloem were related, probably as a result of diffusion. Upward movement in xylem sap was most likely responsible for the relationship between sapwood ethanol concentrations at breast height and the stem base. As trees recovered from their heat injuries, the ethanol concentrations declined. In contrast, ethanol accumulated in dead trees that lost their entire crowns in the fire. Various bark and xylophagous beetles landed in greater numbers on fire-damaged trees than on controls the following spring and summer, suggesting that ethanol was being released to the atmosphere and influencing beetle behavior. Beetle landing was more strongly related to sapwood ethanol concentrations the previous September than in May. Sapwood ethanol measured 16 days after the fire was the best predictor of second-year mortality for trees with heavy and severe crown scorch.
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Bright, Benjamin C., Andrew T. Hudak, Joel M. Egan, Carl L. Jorgensen, Franciel E. Rex, Jeffrey A. Hicke und Arjan J. H. Meddens. „Using Satellite Imagery to Evaluate Bark Beetle-Caused Tree Mortality Reported in Aerial Surveys in a Mixed Conifer Forest in Northern Idaho, USA“. Forests 11, Nr. 5 (09.05.2020): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11050529.
Annotation:
Bark beetles cause significant tree mortality in western North America. The United States Forest Service coordinates annual insect and disease surveys (IDS) by observers in airplanes to map and quantify the tree mortality caused by beetles. The subjective nature of these surveys means that accuracy evaluation is important for characterizing uncertainty. Furthermore, the metric reported for quantifying tree mortality recently changed (2012–2018 depending in region) from killed trees per acre to percent tree mortality within damage polygons, posing challenges for linking older and newer records. Here we evaluated IDS severity estimates in a beetle-affected forest in northern Idaho, USA using fine-resolution satellite imagery, which permitted greater areal coverage than field data. We first used well-established methods to map beetle-caused tree mortality in two WorldView-2 (WV2) images with a high accuracy relative to field observations. Trees-per-acre measurements within collocated IDS polygons were then converted to percent mortality using three methods and evaluated with the WV2 maps. The overall accuracies for the three methods ranged from 35–38% (for methods that used five percent-mortality classes) and 49–56% (three classes). When IDS and WV2 estimates of mortality severity that were within ±15% of each other were considered accurate, overall accuracies were 71–78%. Within the aerial survey damage polygons, the total mortality area tended to be overestimated relative to WV2. WV2 imagery identified ~50% more mortality across the study region compared with the IDS methods, with most of the difference occurring where damage was low severity or in wilderness areas. Severity of Douglas-fir beetle-caused tree mortality was estimated the most accurately, whereas severity of mountain pine beetle-caused tree mortality was estimated the least accurately. Future studies that control for temporal ambiguity between IDS and satellite imagery, as well as IDS spatial error, might provide better assessments of IDS severity accuracy. Our study increases the usefulness of the rich aerial survey database by providing estimates of uncertainty in the IDS database of tree mortality severity.
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Barta, Marek, Danail Takov, Daniela Pilarska, Danail Doychev und Miriam Kádasi Horáková. „Entomopathogenic fungi of the genus Beauveria and their pathogenicity to Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Vitosha National Park, Bulgaria“. Journal of Forest Science 66, No. 10 (29.10.2020): 420–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/123/2020-jfs.
Annotation:
Ips typographus is a serious pest for forestry in Eurasia. Effective control is difficult due to its cryptic habits and insect pathogenic microorganisms, including entomopathogenic fungi that are believed to be a promising alternative to the traditional control measures of this pest. In 2018, diversity of entomopathogenic fungi of the genus Beauveria was studied in populations of I. typographus in the Vitosha National Park, Bulgaria. Two species, B. bassiana and B. caledonica, were identified and 33 in vitro strains were obtained. Phylogenetic positions of the strains were evaluated according to phylogenetic inferences based on ITS and TEF-1α. Pathogenicity of the strains against bark beetles was tested in laboratory. All strains were pathogenic, although there was some variability in the efficacy of B. bassiana strains. Virulence of the five most pathogenic strains (four B. bassiana strains and one B. caledonica strain) was compared with the commercial mycoinsecticide Boverol<sup>®</sup> and highly-virulent B. bassiana strain ARSEF 12957 isolated from I. typographus in Slovakia. The strain from Boverol<sup>®</sup> was least virulent and the Slovak strain ARSEF 12957 was more efficient than the Bulgarian strains, but the difference was not significant. The laboratory experiments suggest that the Bulgarian strains have a potential for the control of bark beetle adults.
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Mendel, Z., O. Boneh und J. Riov. „Some foundations for the application of aggregation pheromone to control pine bark beetles in Israel“. Journal of Applied Entomology 114, Nr. 1-5 (12.01.1992): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1992.tb01119.x.
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Zhang, Jian, Bin Cheng, Libo Fu und Shouhui Sun. „Morphology and Distribution of Antennal Sensilla of the Predatory Clerid Beetle, Thanasimus substriatus (Coleoptera: Cleridae)“. Journal of Entomological Science 56, Nr. 3 (01.07.2021): 441–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/jes20-70.
Annotation:
Abstract Thanasimus substriatus (Gebler) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) is an important predator of bark beetles (Scolytidae) and has been used in China for the biological control of the larch bark beetle, Ips subelongatus Motschulsky, and the spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus L. In this study, the number, external morphology, and distribution of antennal sensilla of T. substriatus were determined using scanning electron microscopy. The capitate antennae of both sexes consist of the scape, pedicel, and 9 flagellomeres. Two types of sensilla chaetica (SC1 and SC2), 2 types of sensilla trichodea (ST1 and ST2), 3 types of sensilla basiconica (SB1, SB2, SB3), and Böhm's bristles (BB) were identified according to the morphology and fine structure of each type of sensilla in both sexes. No differences in shape, structure, sensilla distribution, and typology were observed between the sexes. The density of sensilla was greater on the last 3 than on the first 8 segments. SC1 and SC2 occurred on all antennal segments in both sexes. SB1 were located only on the last 5 segments of the antennae. SB2 and SB3 were found only on the last 3 segments of the antennae and were absent on the first 8 segments in both sexes. ST1 and ST2 were absent from the scape and pedicel. BB only occurred on the scape and pedicel. The distal antennal sensilla of T. substriatus had notably more sensilla than proximal ones in type and number, indicating this is the main area to detect environmental stimuli for feeding or oviposition.
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John, W. C., M. Ishaya, O. Olori-Oke, C. J. Ukanyirioha, M. S. Chomini und B. S. Kyaharle. „Insecticidal Effect Of Adansonia digitata Stem Bark And Leaf Powders On Dinoderus porcellus“. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, Nr. 2 (15.04.2021): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i2.25.
Annotation:
This study evaluated insecticidal activity of different doses of Adansonia digitata stem bark and leaf powders on yam beetles dinoderus porcellus. Obtained plant parts from Federal colloge of Forestry, Jos were pulverized into powders. Phytochemical constituents of the plant were extracted by Soxhlet extraction and identified using standard procedure. Mortality testing was done by exposing dinoderus porcellus to yam chips mixed with various doses of Adansonia digitata stem bark and leaf powders. Yam chips without treatment served as the control. The experiments were laid out in randomized complete design with three replications. Data obtained were analysed using analysis of variance (P≤ 0.05). The result of the phytochemical examination of ethanolic extract of A. digitata revealed the presence of saponins, phenols, tannins and alkaloids flavonoids. The finding revealed the superiority of yam chips mixed stem bark and leaf powders over the untreated. The effect of plant extracts on percentage mortality showed significant difference (p<0.05) among the treated and control. The sample treated with 15g of A. digitata stem-bark powder gave the highest mortality. The research hence recommends the use of 15 g of A. digitata stem-bark powder in elimination of Dinoderus porcellus infecting yam chips.
Keywords: A. digitata, Insecticida, Mortality, flavonoid, Dinoderus porcellus
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Bleiker, Katherine P., und Adnan Uzunovic. „Fast- and slow-growing subalpine fir produce lesions of different sizes in response to inoculation with a blue-stain fungus associated with Dryocoetes confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)“. Canadian Journal of Botany 82, Nr. 6 (01.06.2004): 735–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-053.
Annotation:
Trees with low vigor and reduced radial growth may be more susceptible to attack by bark beetles because of reduced host defenses. Fungi associated with bark beetles may be used to elicit an induced defense response from the host. A blue-stain fungus isolated from Dryocoetes confusus Swaine was used to examine the morphology of the hypersensitive response of fast- and slow-growing subalpine fir trees in British Columbia. Twenty fast-growing and 20 slow-growing trees were inoculated with the blue-stain isolate, and the dimensions of the resultant lesions were compared between fast- and slow-growing trees and between fungus and control treatments at 3, 7, 10, 17, and 41 d after inoculation. The length and width of the lesions was greater in response to fungus versus control treatments at 7, 10, 17, and 41 d after inoculation. The length of the lesions was significantly greater in fast- than in slow-growing trees at 7, 10, and 17 d after inoculation. There was no significant difference in the size of the lesions between fast- and slow-growing trees 41 d after inoculation. The temporary difference in the size of the lesions between fast- and slow-growing trees suggests that host vigor affects the induced defense response within a certain time frame.Key words: Abies lasiocarpa, Dryocoetes confusus, host vigor, defense, blue-stain fungi, Ophiostoma.
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Abdul Lateef, Khanday, und Buhroo Abdul Ahad. „An assessment of biological control of Polygraphus major Stebbing, 1903 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by entomopathogenic fungi“. Journal of Forest Science 64, No. 4 (27.04.2018): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/140/2017-jfs.
Annotation:
Recently the use of fungal entomopathogens against bark beetles has gained increasing attention throughout the world and researchers continue to seek highly pathogenic fungal isolates for controlling beetle pests. In the present study, the efficacy of three entomopathogenic fungi, namely Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (Metchnikoff) Sorokin and Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimmerman) Zare & Gams, was tested against Polygraphus major Stebbing, 1903 under laboratory conditions. Each fungal suspension contained 1.0 × 10<sup>9</sup> spores of fungi in 1 ml. An insecticide – Cyclone was also used as positive control in the experiment. The mortality caused by these fungi was recorded in treated branches and petri plate assay. In treated branches, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae s. l. caused higher mortality, i.e. 57.77 and 46%, respectively, after 10 days of treatment and 98 and 92.77%, respectively, after 20 days of treatment. The results of the petri plate assay revealed that P. major adults were highly susceptible to both applied fungal species and insecticide. However, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae s. l. caused higher percentage mortalities after six days of treatment, i.e. 100 and 91.66%, respectively. The percentage mortality caused by application of the insecticide was 69%. L. lecanii was observed to be significantly less virulent (mortality 46.66%) in all fugal treatments. After observing the promising nature of the three entomopathogenic fungi by testing them, we arrive at the conclusion that the tested fungi have a potential for the control of P. major, and further field experiments are warranted to investigate their efficacy under more practical conditions.