Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Bambara Masks“

The 2022 field season (January 23 – February 23) turned out to be very productive: we managed to clarify the history of Dogon migrations from the Mande Country to the Bandiagara Highlands. We received quite complete information on the prophet Abirɛ, who predicted the return of Dogon to their historical homeland and completely new information about Bozo and Bambara puppets. Finally, we acquired many interesting artifacts for the State Museum of Oriental Arts. Due to the inability to arrive to the Dogon Country, it was decided to focus on the area of the city of Bougouni (Sikasso region) in southern Mali and on the Mande Country (regions of Koulikoro and Kayes, from the city of Kangaba in the west to Bamako in the east). Two magnificent, beautifully attributed works of traditional Bambara art were acquired in Bougouni for the collection of the State Museum of Oriental Arts: “Monkey” (Warabilen) and “Wild buffalo” (Sigi; Sigifin) masks. During the expedition, new and very significant data were obtained on the migrations of the Dogon from the Mande Country to the Bandiagara Highlands. A lot of information has now been accumulated regarding how the Dogon came to their new homeland. They were published, including in Russian. But the Manding oral traditions about the exodus of Dogon are still little known. We have partially succeeded in making up for this shortcoming. Oral historical traditions about the exodus of the Dogon from the Mande Country are changeable, internally contradictory and extremely unstable narratives with confused chronology, filled with omissions and vague allusions. However, some conclusions can still be drawn: there is almost no doubt that the root cause of the Dogon leaving for the lifeless rocks of Bandiagara was some kind of difficult and bloody conflict, accompanied by numerous victims. It is also clear that there were several waves of resettlement, and the last Dogon left for the highlands in the middle of the second half of the 19th century. It was also possible to find out that the Bambara and Bozo puppets are not at all a secularized popular theater. The puppet society is associated with the Koré secret society, and is perhaps one of the most powerful Bambara societies, which in this case refers to three ethnic groups: the Bambara proper, the Bozo (Dogon partners in a marriage-prohibitive joking relations) and the Marka (Soninké). Ceremonies involving puppets are completely sacred (only members of the Society take part in them), semi-sacred (only men take part in them), and, finally, publicly available — everyone, including women and children, takes part in them.

The question of the criteria for determining those who left notes and glosses in the manuscripts of roman and canon law of the 12th—14th centuries, about distinguishing the marginal marks of students, teachers, legal scholars, their assistants or secretaries, scribes, university officials, is relevant both for historians and for paleographers. The article summarizes the criteria developed in historiography for their identification. Study of the features of the “Compilatio Prima” by Bernardo of Pavia in the manuscript Bamberg. Can. 19 raises the question of the need to study the glosses of the master Damasus Hungarus using the methods of paleography and codicology. The decretals “Super specula” (1219) and “Ecclesia Rothomagensis destituta pastore” (1222) in the manuscript Bamberg. Can. 19 made it possible to clarify its dating (after 1222 — the middle of the 30s years of the 13th century) and gave new data on the chronological boundaries of the period of teaching activity of Master Damasus Hungarus.

To what extent birds provide the ecosystem service of pest control in subsistence farms, and how this service might depend on retained natural habitats near farmlands is unexplored in West Africa. To fill this knowledge gap, we placed plasticine mimics of insect pests on experimentally grown crops on the Mambilla Plateau, South Eastern Nigeria. We recorded bird attacks on the mimics and the proportion of mimics removed by birds. We also determined the influence of distance of crops from forest fragments on both attack and removal rates. We placed 90 potted plants of groundnut (Arachis hypogea) and bambara nut (Vigna subterranea) along 15 transects running 4.5 km from forest edge into open grassland. Each plant had six of the 540 mimics in total placed on their leaves. We inspected the potted plants weekly for 12 weeks to record (i) the presence of bird beak marks on mimics, and (ii) the number of missing mimics. Once a week we collected all the mimics from the plants and counted the number of assumed beak marks. After counting we replaced the mimics on the plants, mark free. We found a strong positive correlation between the abundance of insectivorous birds and the mean number of missing mimics and/or bird attack marks on mimics. However, this positive effect of insectivorous bird abundance on prey mimic attack/removal became less strong the farther they were from a forest fragment. We found increased predation rates and abundance of insectivorous birds closer to forest fragments. Our data suggest that pest predation may be a key ecosystem service provided by insectivorous birds on Nigerian farmlands. Farmlands that are closer to forest fragments may experience a higher rate of pest control by insectivorous birds than those further away, suggesting that retaining forest fragments in the landscape may enhance pest control services in sub-Saharan subsistence farms.

Language plays a significant part in shaping and influencing people’s perspectives on societies and on political sectors, especially in an inaugural speech. Inaugural speech is one of the powerful tools to notify the people of the purposes as a leader. Hence, the researchers aimed to analyze the inaugural speeches of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) in 2004 and Joko Widodo (Jokowi) in 2019 regarding their rhetoric and schematic words in their speeches during their tenure served as the Indonesian President. To uncover their inaugural speeches, the researchers used the theoretical frameworks proposed by Hymes (1974, cited in Eaton, 2019), where he developed the analysis of the connection between a language and a broader feature, such as macro- and micro-linguistics analysis. However, the key purpose of concern still marks a language presenting equality between linguistic and social perspectives. The study revealed that SBY and Jokowi mostly used polite words, a low, moderate voice, and tended to appreciate their rivals when giving their inaugural speeches respectively in 2004 and 2019. The difference in macro and micro-linguistics features assert that these two national figures have different traits even though they are from the same ethnic group, the Javanese. Further, this study suggested some pedagogical implications for English teachers to implement the potential benefits of macro- and micro-linguistics analysis of inaugural speeches for the language classroom. It can bridge a gap between language teaching and practical English use in society.

This article results from research that focuses on study how the Klaten masks. How the symbolic meanings of the Klatenmaska. How the appearce of the Klaten masks Bambang Suwarno’s collection. The aim of the research was to discover andexplain the existence of the Klaten masks, symbolic meanings, and appearce of the Klaten masks Bambang Suwarno’scollection. The method used for the study was a qualitative research method, the interaction analysis approach which wasstructured to cover a historical study, symbolic meanings, and analysis Klaten masks Bambang Suwarno’s collection (Panji,Candrakirana, Klana, Penthul, Tembem), and conclusion. The results was studied of the details as part of the masks likes eyeshape, eyebrows, nose, mouth, ornaments and other. The symbolic meanings of the Klaten masks is the connection betweenthe microcosm and macrocosm embodied in the characters and colors.Keywords: Klaten mask, symbolic meaning, characters.

This chapter explores the persistence of community action as an ideal in post-1960s black feminist fiction, focusing on Alice Walker’s Meridian and Toni Cade Bambara’s The Salt Eaters. Both writers began their careers as social workers associated with War on Poverty programs; both were also influenced by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee’s version of community action, implemented during the 1964 Freedom Summer. In their novels, Walker and Bambara explore the legacy of the civil rights movement, focusing on intraracial class divisions that community action was supposed to suture. In both novels, these divisions turn out to be ineradicable, and their persistence marks the Southern folk aesthetic—the influential version of process art that Walker, Bambara, and other black feminist writers created in the 1970s.

İnsanların hayatları boyunca mücadele ettiği birçok sıkıntı vardır. Bunlar doğal afet, coğrafi konumdan kaynaklı sorunlar, salgın gibi küresel meseleler olabilmektedir. Her insanın yapısı kişiden kişiye farklılık gösterdiğinden dolayı küresel meselelere herkesin verdiği tepki veya her insanın mücadele ediş biçimi aynı olmamaktadır. Herkesin yaşam tarzı, yaşam şekilleri, sosyal yaşantısı, psikolojisi gibi unsurlar kişinin büyük olaylara karşı dayanıklı olmasında etkili olmaktadır. Daha önce herhangi bir doğa felaketi, doğal afet, salgın gibi olumsuz bir olayla karşılaşmış kişi ile bu tarz olaylar ile hiç karşılaşmamış kişilerin olaylar karşısında direnci eşit değildir. Bu nedenle herkesin aynı tepkiyi vermesi beklenmemelidir. Tüm dünyayı etkisi alan bir salgının bir anda ortaya çıkmasıyla birlikte insanlar ne yapacağını, nasıl davranacağını bilemez bir hale gelmişlerdir. Salgının ortaya çıkmasıyla birlikte alınan önlemler neticesinde insanlar hayatını bambaşka bir hayata evrilmek zorunda kaldı. Sosyal hayatlar kısıtlandı, eğitim-öğretim uzaktan olacak şekilde düzenlendi, çalışma hayatları evlere taşındı. Bütün bunlarla birlikte ortaya çıkan salgın hakkında fikri olmayan insanlar panik, anksiyete, stres, depresyon, belirsizlik, korku gibi olumsuz ruh hallerine büründüler. Pandemi sürecinin uzamasıyla bu olumsuz ruh halleri giderek artış gösterdi. Pandeminin başladığı zamanlarda markete bile gitmeye korkan insanlar zaman geçtikçe bu duruma alışarak korkularını yenmeye veya korkularına alışkanlık göstererek bu durumu atlatmaya çalıştılar. Maske takmak bile ilk başlarda garip gelirken aradan geçen 1.5 sene sonunda maske takmayan kişiler garip gelmeye başladı. Bütün bunlarla beraber insanlarda ilk başlarda oluşan korku, belirsizlik, stres vb. minimum düzeye inmeye başladı. İnsanoğlu nasıl ki herhangi bir hastalığa karşı biyolojik olarak bağışıklık kazanıyorsa, psikolojik olaylar karşısında da belirli bir süre geçtikten sonra bağışıklık kazanabilmektedir.