Thematische Bibliographien / Ballast water treatment facilities

Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Ballast water treatment facilities“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 26. Juli 2024

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 26. Juli 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Ballast water treatment facilities"

Pereira, Newton Narciso, Hernani Luiz Brinati und Rodrigo Pereira Antunes. „Onshore Reception Facilities for ballast water“. Ciencia y tecnología de buques 10, Nr. 20 (30.01.2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25043/19098642.148.

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This paper completes an exploration analysis of onshore ballast water treatment alternatives at major ports. e authors had presented results for option (1) ballast water treatment onshore installed in two iron ore ports in 2012 applying the discrete events simulation model. Now, two more options are presented: (2) mobile and (3) desalination reception facilities. e previous simulation model developed called TRANSBALLAST, was adapted to consider these two new alternatives. is model was applied to the same ports presented in 2012 and this evaluation also includes one more port with 50 million tons annually (Mta) of iron ore transport capacity. e results uncovered that for (2) there is an increase of 1.90 days on the average waiting time of ships that moored at Port 1. In (3), the average waiting time and berth occupation rates were observed to remain the same presented in (1). One of the major differences between the systems consists in catching sea water to increase the desalination plant operational capacity. Among those three onshore ballast water treatment alternatives, (2) does not impact port terminals infrastructure. Additionally, option (2) could be offered to ports users as a ballast water treatment service and ship-owners might not need any onboard ballast water treatment system. (3) Might be feasible to ports regions without enough water supplies solving two issues: transfer of invasive species from ballast water and water recycling.

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Simeonova, Anna, und Petar Kralev. „Onshore ballast water management systems: National perspectives“. ANNUAL JOURNAL OF TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF VARNA, BULGARIA 7, Nr. 1 (13.06.2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29114/ajtuv.vol7.iss1.288.

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The present paper focuses on ballast water management systems (BWMS) in line with the Ballast Water Management Convention, aiming to prevent marine pollution from harmful alien species transported through ships’ ballast water. Three approaches of BWMS are considered: Ballast water exchange, Onboard and Onshore systems. Solutions regarding ballast water reception and treatment are proposed, including several options: for ports that are equipped with ballast water reception facilities (BWRFs); for ports not equipped with BWRFs and for companies with onshore facilities (OBWRFs).Thoroughly examined in the paper is the applicability of national onshore BWMS inclusive specifically of the expected users of the OBWRFs; suggested stakeholder groups involved in the process and their responsibilities; step by step procedure; documentation of the procedure related to the main parties - the Shipowner/ captain, Port authority, the company with OBWRFs. It has been found out that OBWRFs are more suitable to be applied on national level, bearing in mind that most of the Bulgarian ports are limited to increase their working area. Further research should be carried out about the possible location of the OBWRFs with regard to the necessary infrastructure, equipment, restricted zones, etc.

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Reshnyak, Valeriy Ivanovich, Alexander Ivanovich Kalyaush und Dmitry Igorevich Rochev. „Technology of purifying and disinfecting ballast water“. Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2021, Nr. 1 (26.02.2021): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2021-1-32-38.

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The paper considers the problem of transferring microorganisms with ballast water used in the ship operation. It is noted that the search for a solution to the above problem takes a significant amount of time and requires developing special purifying equipment for disinfecting ballast water. Currently, there are various plants ensuring the decreased number of microorganisms in the process of disinfection. There has been proposed a new technology for ballast water treatment and decontamination that involves depositing microorganisms, removing them from the total volume of ballast water followed by ozone treatment. Actually, the volume of water containing sediment and decontaminated with ozone is significantly less than the total volume of ballast water and makes up about 3-5% of it. Microorganisms depositing takes place due to coagulation and sedimentation. The diagram of the ballast water purification and disinfection technology has been presented. The basic circuit of the ballast water disinfection plant includes a ship's ballast tank, receiving pipeline, reagent tank, metering pump, coagulant, collector, bulkhead, contact column, ozone generator, dehydration device and ultraviolet lamps. The operating conditions of the ship plants have space and time limits. The above technological solutions infer carrying out some operations (coagulation, sedimentation) and disinfection by using the ultraviolet lamps inside the ballast tanks for saving space. The proposed technology can be applied both on board a ship and in the floating or onshore environmental protection equipment, for example, in the port facilities.

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Reshnyak, Valerii I., Aleksandr I. Kaliaush und Ksenia V. Reshnyak. „DEVELOPMENT OF BALLAST WATER PURIFICATION AND DISINFECTION TECHNOLOGY“. Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo universiteta morskogo i rechnogo flota imeni admirala S. O. Makarova 14, Nr. 3 (02.09.2022): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21821/2309-5180-2022-14-3-365-373.

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The technology of purification and disinfection of ballast water developed by the authors is presented in the paper. Based on the results of a systematic analysis of the problem and on research experience in this field, it has been shown that the quality of ballast water discharged overboard after its use as ballast is determined by such basic factors as purification technology and design features of treatment devices, as well as conditions for operations with ballast water. The technology of ballast water purification as a complex of operations for purification, treatment and disinfection is determined by environmental requirements for the quality of purified and discharged overboard water, as well as the properties of the initial ballast water. The analysis of modern environmental requirements for the discharge of ballast water is given. It is shown that these requirements establish the level of permissible bacteriological danger of the discharged ballast water, taking into account the dispersed characteristics of the bacteriologically dangerous substance. These requirements determine the composition of operations that should be included in the technology of purification and disinfection of ballast water. Based on the results of the analysis of environmental requirements for the quality of purified ballast water, which determine the required water quality, a number of technological solutions collectively representing the technology of water purification and disinfection are proposed and justified. As disinfection, the use of ozone as an effective oxidizer is proposed. The use of sedimentation is proposed to regulate the content of dispersed particles of pollutants. Technological solutions also take into account the need for operations with a large amount of ballast water, as well as high reception and discharge capacity. It is proposed to carry out the disinfection process in small volumes of sediment, which is a concentrated mass of bacteriological substance obtained during preliminary coagulation and sedimentation, for which ship ballast tanks can be used. The proposed technology can be applied both in ship installations and in offshore environmental protection equipment - floating or coastal, for example, port facilities.

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Satir, Tanzer, und Bhaskar Kura. „Ship Ballast Water Management in Turkish Ports and Waterways“. Marine Technology Society Journal 45, Nr. 2 (01.03.2011): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.45.2.6.

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AbstractThe introduction of invasive marine species into a new environment by ballast water attached to ship hulls has been identified as one of the four greatest threats to the world’s oceans. The other three are land-based sources of marine pollution, overexploitation of living marine resources, and physical alteration/destruction of marine habitat. Ballast is any material used to add weight to balance an object. One example includes the sandbags carried on conventional hot air balloons, which can be discarded to lighten the balloon’s load, allowing it to ascend. Ballast water is water carried by ships to ensure stability, trim, and structural integrity. Shipping moves over 80% of the world’s commodities and transfers approximately 3‐5 billion tons of ballast water internationally each year. A similar volume may also be transferred domestically within countries and regions each year. Ballast water is absolutely essential to the safe and efficient operation of modern shipping, providing balance and stability to unladen ships. However, it may also pose a serious ecological, economical, and health threat to the marine environment.Turkey is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and southeastern Europe. Turkey is surrounded by three seas: the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, and the Aegean Sea. The Turkish straits that separate Europe and Asia are one of the busiest waterways of the world. Turkey has several ports and berthing facilities. The number of ships coming to ports or passing through the straits has been increasing in the last decade. Half of these ships are carrying ballast water. Turkey has not ratified the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM) as yet but will soon prepare ballast water strategies. This paper discusses two different topics: ship ballast water management strategies and treatment technologies. The authors recommend the best strategies for prevention of ship ballast water pollution in the Turkish straits and ports.

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Said, R., N. Zitouni, V. Mînzu und A. Mami. „Modeling and Simulation of a UV Water Treatment System Fed by a GPV Source Using the Bond Graph Approach“. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 12, Nr. 3 (06.06.2022): 8559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4850.

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This work presents a simulation model for a UV water treatment system, powered by a photovoltaic generator, which relates the current consumed by the lamp to the UV flux and water quality. The overall system also includes electronic converters, electronic ballast (RLC resonant circuit), a UV lamp (UV irradiation source), and a centrifugal pump. To optimize the power transfer from the PV generator to the ballast and the UV lamp, a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) device is used. The overall water treatment system presents a complex model due to its hybrid components. The bond graph tool with a multidisciplinary vocation allows precisely, by its graphic nature, using a unified language, to explicitly display the nature of the power exchanges in the system and facilitate its control. This tool is a solution for non-linear systems that guarantees and facilitates their modeling without difficulties.

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Soliman, Mariam, Fadwa Eljack, Monzure-Khoda Kazi, Fares Almomani, Elalim Ahmed und Ziad El Jack. „Treatment Technologies for Cooling Water Blowdown: A Critical Review“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 1 (30.12.2021): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010376.

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Cooling water blowdown (CWBD) generated from different industries and district cooling facilities contains high concentrations of various chemicals (e.g., scale and corrosion inhibitors) and pollutants. These contaminants in CWBD streams deem them unsuitable for discharge into surface water and some wastewater treatment plants. The pollutants present in CWBD, their sources, and the corresponding impacts on the ecosystem are discussed. The international and regional (Gulf states) policies and regulations related to contaminated water discharge standards into water bodies are examined. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the existing and emerging water treatment technologies for the treatment of CWBD. The study presents a comparison between the membrane (membrane distillation (MD), reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), and vibratory shear enhanced membrane process (VSEP)) and nonmembrane-based (electrocoagulation (EC), ballasted sand flocculation (BSF), and electrodialysis (ED)) technologies on the basis of performance, cost, and limitations, along with other factors. Results from the literature revealed that EC and VSEP technologies generate high treatment performance (EC~99.54% reduction in terms of silica ions) compared to other processes (membrane UF with reduction of 65% of colloidal silica). However, the high energy demand of these processes (EC~0.18–3.05 kWh/m3 and VSEP~2.1 kWh/m3) limit their large-scale applications unless connected with renewable sources of energy.

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Huertas, A., B. Barbeau, C. Desjardins, A. Galarza, M. A. Figueroa und G. A. Toranzos. „Evaluation of Bacillus subtilis and coliphage MS2 as indicators of advanced water treatment efficiency“. Water Science and Technology 47, Nr. 3 (01.02.2003): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0204.

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The assessment of water treatment facilities for their efficiency using alternate indicators is of paramount importance. Current methods for assessing efficiency are limited by the specific characteristics of the microorganisms, such as their different sensitivities to disinfectants. A pilot study was carried out to compare different treatment scenarios for the future upgrade of the Sergio Cuevas Water Treatment plant (the largest in the Caribbean) in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The treatment units under investigation included a coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation unit, dual-media filters, micro-filtration units, intermediate ozone injection and contact columns as well as a biological filtration unit. The plant was challenged at different stages of treatment with Bacillus subtilis spores and MS2 coliphages in an attempt to test them as possible alternate indicators of treatment plant performance. These organisms were chosen because of their resistance to disinfection and desiccation, their low analysis costs and ease of detection. The removal of spores and coliphages by each treatment unit tested was calculated by seeding a known concentration (5-7 log10) of spores and coliphages and following the removal or disinfection rates. The seeded indicators were detected using traditional culture techniques. Ballasted clarification was shown to be highly efficient at removing 99.1% (∼3 log10) of the spores and 85.1% (∼0.86 log10) of MS2. Ozone treatment inactivated 80.37% (∼1.4 log10) spores and 99.95% (∼3.07 log10) coliphages. The coliphage inactivation rate obtained confirmed data obtained by previous studies indicating that MS2 was less resistant to ozonation than B subtilis spores. The membrane technology had the best efficiency in terms of physical removal of spores achieving over 99.9% (>3 log10) removal. Coliphage removal mechanisms remain to be determined and will be a future focus of the study. Preliminary results indicate that aerobic spores and coliphages may be useful as indicators to determine the efficiency of different drinking water treatment technologies.

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Dachev, Yuriy, Miroslav Tsvetkov und Valentin Zlatev. „Ship Ballast Water Treatment“. WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 17 (02.02.2021): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2021.17.11.

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Ships use ballast water to ensure their buoyancy and stability. A significant amount of them is transported in various water basins of the World Ocean. Thus, together with ballast water, many microorganisms, phytoplankton and zooplankton are transported. The constant increase in the number of ships in the World Merchant Navy increases the risk of the spread of these invasive species in the local aquatic environment. This led to the decision of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to legalize the control and treatment of ships' ballast water in order to minimize the risks of the spread of these invasive species.. Their transfer through ballast water to a new water environment is estimated as one of the 4 largest treats for the World Ocean. The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ballast Water and Sediments plays an essential role in the control of ballasting and de-ballasting processes. It regulates the D-1 and D-2 standards, as well as various ballast water treatment systems. Improving the possibility of subsequent change in the application of invasive species, the only way to solve this problem, is to fully prepare for ballast water and to develop alternative methods to ensure the buoyancy and resilience of ships.

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Maslov, I. Z., A. H. Danilian, N. B. Tiron-Vorobiova, O. R. Romanovska und A. O. Babak. „Ballast water treatment plant“. Ecological Sciences 2 (2019): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32846/2306-9716-2019-2-25-16.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Ballast water treatment facilities"

Pazouki, Kayvan. „Inferential measurement and control of ballast water treatment system“. Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1433.

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As a result of interaction with the surrounding environment, shipping has become one of the vectors of bio-invasion across the globe. Ballast water is one of the means of bio-invasion from shipping through which microorganisms break through natural barriers and establish in a new location. Shipboard treatment systems are predominately considered as mitigating measures for bio-invasion via a ballast water system. Currently shipboard performance monitoring of ballast water treatment systems, and thus assessment of discharge quality of ballast water as required by the Convention, depends on off-line laboratory assays with long delay analysis. Lack of online measurement sensors to assess the viability of microorganisms after treatment has made monitoring and thus control of ballast water treatment systems difficult. In this study, a methodology was developed, through a mathematical algorithm, to provide an inferential model-based measurement system in order to monitor and thus control non-observable ballast water systems. In the developed inferential measurement the primary output of the treatment system is inferred by using easy to measure secondary output variables and a model relating these two outputs. Data-driven modeling techniques, including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), were used to develop an estimator for the small scale UV treatment system based on the data obtained from conducted experiments. The results from ANN showed more accuracy in term of Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Linear Correlation Coefficient (LCC) when compared to the other techniques. The same methodology was implemented to a larger scale treatment system comprising micro-filter and UV reactor. A software-based inferential measurement for online monitoring of the treatment system was then developed. Following monitoring, inferential control of the treatment setup was also accomplished using direct inverse control strategy. A software-based “Decision Making Tool” consisted of two intelligent inverse models, which were used to control treatment flow rate and maintain the effective average UV dose. The results from this study showed that software-based estimation of treatment technologies can provide online measurement and control for ballast water system.

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Berntzen, Magnus. „Guidelines for selection of a ship ballast water treatment system“. Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-11440.

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The purpose of the thesis was to develop a decision support system for ballast water treatment systems, considering both technical and economical aspects of the system. This was done by developing a two part model, which considers both physical constraint given by the ship, and KPI analysis. In order to test the model, it was applied on two vessels from KGJS fleet; MV Corrella Arrow, a 72.000 DWT general cargo ship, and a cement carrier that is currently being built in Vietnam. For both these ships the model identified 6 – 8 systems that were applicable, but by applying ship specific constraints and additional knowledge of the systems it was possible to eliminate several other systems. As a means to further eliminate systems, a detailed analysis was required. When analysing the operational costs, it was found that installing a treatment system will increase the daily operational costs with $1 - $30, and increase the annual fuel consumption with 1 – 20 tons. This is negligible when compared to the installation and investment cost. For the cement carrier it was that two systems were applicable to the ship; OptiMarin Ballast System and Hyde Guardian. Where Hyde Guardian be too large, OptiMarin Ballast system will have a higher cost. Simplicity have to be considered against cost. For MV Corrella Arrow, WSE Unitor was found to be the best option. However, it should be noted that as the reactor unit is located before the ballast pumps, the negative effects it might have on the ballast pumps should be closely monitored after installation.

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Samuelsson, Oscar. „Fault detection in water resource recovery facilities“. Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för systemteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-329777.

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Reliable sensor values are important for resource-efficient control and operations of wastewater treatment processes. Automatic fault detection methods are necessary to monitor the increasing amount of data produced in any modern water resource recovery facility (WRRF). Most on-line measurements exhibit large variations under normal conditions, due to considerable variations in the influent flow. The work reported in this licentiate thesis deals with fault detection in WRRFs. In the first paper, we studied how Gaussian process regression (GPR), a probabilistic machine learning method, could be applied for fault detection in WRRFs. The results showed that the standard parameter estimation method for GPR suffered from local optima which could be solved by instead estimating the distribution of the parameters with a sequential Monte Carlo algorithm (GPR-SMC). The GPR-SMC allowed for automatic estimation of missing data in a simulated influent flow signal with high noise, which is a representative signal for on-line sensors in WRRFs. In addition, the GPR-SMC provided uncertainty predictions for the estimated data and accurate sensor noise estimates. Care should be taken in selecting a suitable kernel for GPR, since the results were in contrast to the general assumption that prior knowledge can easily be encoded by means of selecting a proper kernel. Here, the autocorrelation graph was found useful as diagnostic tool for selecting a proper kernel. In the second paper, we studied how active fault detection (AFD) could be used to reveal information about the sensor status. The AFD was implemented by evaluating the change in a dissolved oxygen (DO)-signal caused by the sensor's automatic cleaning system. Fault signatures were obtained for fouling and several other sensor faults such as a worn out or mechanically damaged membrane. This demonstrates the potential of AFD, not only for fault detection, but also for fault diagnosis. Interestingly, the progression of the sensor bias due to organic biofilm fouling differed depending on the measurement technique used within the DO-sensor. This is new knowledge that is valuable for process control and should be further studied. The AFD was implemented on a full scale system to demonstrate its applicability, which is rarely done in research papers in the field of WRRFs.

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Moloney, Shane Richard. „The design, build and preliminary testing of a ballast water treatment plant prototype“. Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.580318.

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Ballast water is indispensable for maritime trade as it is required to operate ships successfully and safely through its various evolutions over the course of a voyage. Ships taking on ballast water also take on the marine organisms present in the water such as phytoplankton, zooplankton and micro organisms. It is estimated that 10 billion tonnes of ballast water is transferred around the world annually and ballast water has been identified as one of the key vectors for the introduction of non-indigenous species The introduction of non-indigenous species can have critical economic, industrial, human health and ecological consequences. Invasive aquatic species are classified as one of the four greatest threats to the world's oceans. The preferred solution is to treat or manage the water itself. The International Maritime Organisation's Ballast Water Management Convention details a performance standard to which ballast water must be treated to. The variability of seawater around the world (e.g. salinity, turbidity) as well as the organisms that are required to be inactivated makes achieving this performance standard technologically challenging. The primary aim of the European Union, Framework Programme 6 funded Sustainable Ballast Water Treatment Plant (BaWaPla) project was "To provide a safe, economically viable, and technically competitive alternative for onboard ballast water management". The concept was to create a hybrid treatment plant utilising filtration, ultraviolet light and an electrochemically generated chlorine based active substance. To investigate the feasibility of the system concept a prototype was developed and tested. The development of the design was aided by the application of engineering design methods. These methods guided the decision making process and made the reasoning behind these decisions traceable. 3-dimensional surface modelling software was used to develop the engineering design, and to reduce the time required for design and construction. The prototype was tested to measure its biological efficacy. The electrochemical system was not included in these tests. Testing was conducted using sea water from the North Sea to mimic the conditions encountered by ships pumping ballast water on board. The results of the tests were inconclusive primarily due to the low number of organisms present in the water. This is believed to be a result of the tests being conducted in winter. However, the data and subsequent statistical analysis indicate that the treatments have an effect on the organisms present and encourage further testing.

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Al, Hababi Hani H. M. H. „Development of decision support tool for advising on selecting ballast water treatment system“. Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2015. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=24978.

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In general, for shipping companies or any organisation the important decisions are made to deal with the selection of a particular alterative. This thesis presents a decision support tool for selecting a Ballast Water Treatment System (BWTS) for a given ship. A single decision has to be made between a number of given BWTS alternatives for a VLCC tanker under its voyage in the presence of a single decision maker. The decision support tool was developed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, in order to help decision makers in shipping companies to select the most feasible BWTS for their ships. The ultimate aim of the developed decision support tool is to aid decision makers in shipping companies to make the right decisions when selecting between numbers of BWTS alternatives for their ships. In order to achieve the aim of this thesis several objectives were identified as follows: (1) To identify the influencing parameters and/or criteria related to both ballast water treatment system and ships parameters; (2) To evaluate the importance of the selected criteria for both BWTS and ship parameters/criteria; (3) To apply an appropriate Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique along with the above points; (4) To validate the develop decision support tool and investigate its applicability in actual case studies. The criteria were identified through the literature review and the semi-structured interviews with twelve senior staff or experts from three different trade shipping companies. The latter was an important step in finalising the new decision support tool, to evaluate the importance of the selection issues in shipping companies, and to evaluate the importance of the criteria used by the developed model. In addition, it helped framing the hierarchy structure of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a new model to support the selection of BWTS for ships. The comparisons between the case study, derived results, sensitivity analysis, robustness test, case study two and the validation interview with two experts from a well-known shipping company have supported the applicability and the validity of the model to help decision makers in shipping companies to select the most feasible BWTS for their ships. The model has also demonstrated its ability to aid decision makers or researchers in understanding the relationships between the different processes and their consequences on their BWTS selection.

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Eley, Mark John. „Manganese oxide deposits in water treatment facilities, North East Scotland“. Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388813.

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Arena, Courtney Campbell. „Electro-Ionization Technology as a Treatment for Ballast Water with a Review of Methods Used to Determine Treatment Effectiveness“. NSUWorks, 2005. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/128.

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This study addresses the topical issue of ballast water discharge. There is a need for best management practices to minimize the release of non-indigenous (or exotic) organisms contained in ballast tanks. The release of such biota originating from foreign ports has been shown to have significant health, ecological and economic impacts on receiving waters. One hope for the future is to develop effective treatment systems to disinfect the water prior to discharge. A preliminary study of cruise ship ballast water was conducted to assess the concentrations of in situ microorganisms (bacteria and protists) and macroinvertebrates contained in a typical ballast tank. Chemical and physical parameters were also monitored as part of this investigation. This was the first reported study of the constituents of ballast water from a cruise ship and provided valuable baseline information about the scale of treatment that would be required to reduce the number of organisms to acceptable discharge levels. A local company (Marine Environmental Partners [MEP] Inc., Florida) embarked on the development of a novel ballast water treatment system. Research reported here focused on assessing the effectiveness (in terms of biotic kill or inactivation) of various configurations of treatment components. In this way, the company was guided towards the most effective full-scale system. Treatment options investigated included chlorination/bromination, gas ionization, filtration and coagulation in either a closed, recycling system, or via a one-pass system. The bacterial and protistan (algae and protozoa) counts in both control and treated water samples were routinely monitored by laboratory enrichment cultivation methods. Techniques appropriate for viruses and macroinvertebrates were also investigated. Since these enumeration methods are all time consuming, indirect counting methods were also investigated in an attempt to identify useful rapid detection methods for ballast treatment assessment. Methods evaluated included ATP analysis, Biological Oxygen Demand studies and epifluorescence microscopy using a commercially available fluorescent stains to distinguish live from dead bacteria. After laboratory trials identified the most promising combination of system components, a pilot ballast water treatment system was constructed (by MEP) and installed on-board a Carnival Cruise ship, the Elation. Using enumeration methods similar to those used in the laboratory experiments, the efficacy of this novel treatment system was assessed. These shipboard tests, which were conducted over a 5 d period, showed that the complete system was capable of killing or inactivating around 95% of the indigenous bacteria in a ballast tank and slightly less of the protists (90%). Perhaps more importantly, this testing highlighted the difficulties of assessing treatment systems on board a ship. Accurate assessment of treatment technologies may require land-based testing, and discussion of this option is included.

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Carney, Katharine. „Marine bioinvasion prevention : understanding ballast water transportation conditions and the development of effective treatment systems“. Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1246.

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Man’s impact on the Earth is constantly increasing due to ever progressing technological developments. One of our major impacts is the transportation of organisms to new habitats, leading to alterations of existing ecosystems. Mechanisms responsible for the transportation of marine organisms are mainly associated with the shipping industry e.g. hull fouling, sea chests and ballast water. Ballast water has long been recognised as one of the major mechanisms by which aquatic organisms are transported to new environments. In 2004 the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments was adopted and measures were implemented to reduce and control the number of future invasions. This thesis has addressed aspects relevant to the future prevention of organism transport via ballast water. Firstly, during ballast water uptake organisms are exposed to potential damage whilst passing through a centrifugal pump. Upon reaching the ballast tanks they are stored in dark, confined conditions. These processes are not intended to damage individuals, but both could potentially kill organisms and reduce the discharge of live individuals. Both processes were examined in isolation to determine their effect on plankton survival. To manage ballast water introductions water treatment technologies have been investigated to determine their ability to kill plankton. This study assessed three technologies: a stainless steel 40μm screen filter, a UV light and a chlorine based chemical, for their potential in ballast water treatments. A further challenge facing researchers involved in developing ballast water treatment systems is accurately assessing the resulting mortality in plankton from treatments. Five common viability assessment methods were investigated and their application on test organisms and natural populations examined. This thesis concludes that no significant mortality was caused to plankton by a centrifugal pump, and phytoplankton are able to survive long periods in dark confined conditions. Thus these processes will not prevent viable organisms reaching new destinations. The three treatments assessed were all effective on two iii test species and could be utilised in large scale treatment systems on board vessels to minimise introductions. Finally, while viability is difficult to assess in plankton using viability stains it is possible to obtain accurate information if the methods used are properly optimised prior to use.

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Sliwinski, Kristoffer. „A Machine Learning Approach to Predictively Determine Filter Clogging in a Ballast Water Treatment System“. Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-263931.

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Since the introduction of the Ballast Water Management Convention, ballast water treatment systems are required to be used on ships for processing the ballast water to avoid spreading bacteria or other microbes which can destroy foreign ecosystems. One way of pre-processing the water for treatment is by straining the water through a filtration unit. When the filter mesh retains particles, it begins to clog and could potentially clog rapidly if the concentration of particles in the water is high. The clog jeopardises the system. The thesis aims at investigating if machine learning through neural networks can be implemented with the system to predictively determine filter clogging by investigating two popular network structures for time series analysis. The problem came down to initially determine different grades of clogging for the filter element based on sampled sensor data from the ballast water treatment system. The data were then put through regression analysis through two neural networks for parameter prediction, one LSTM and one CNN. The LSTM predicted values of variable and clogging labels for the next 5 seconds and the CNN predicted values of variable and clogging labels for the next 30 seconds. The predicted data were then verified through classification analysis by an LSTM network and a CNN. The LSTM regression network achieved an r 2 -score of 0.981 and the LSTM classification network achieved a classification accuracy of 99.5%. The CNN regression network achieved an r 2 -score of 0.876 and the CNN classification network achieved a classification accuracy of 93.3%. The results conclude that ML can be used for identifying different grades of clogging but that further research is required to determine if all clogging states can be classified.
Sedan Ballast Water Management-konventionen introducerades har fartyg behövt använda barlastvattensystem för att behandla barlastvattnet i ett försök att hämma spridningen av bakterier och andra mikrober som kan vara farliga för främmande ecosystem. Ett sätt att förbehandla vattnet innan behandling är genom att låta det passera genom ett filter. När filtret samlar på sig partiklar börjar det att klogga och kan potentiellt klogga igen snabbt när koncentrationen av partiklar i vattnet är hög. Kloggning kan äventyra systemets säkerhet. Det här examensarbetet ämnar att undersöka om maskininlärning genom neurala nätvärk kan implementeras i systemet för att prediktivt bestämma filtrets kloggningsgrad genom att undersöka lämpligheten hos två populära nätverksstrukturer för tidsserieanalys. Problemet handlade initialt om att bedömma olika kloggningsgrader för filterelementet baserat på samplade sensordata från barlastvattensystemet. Datan kördes sedan för regressionsanalys genom två neurala nätverk, ett av typen LSTM och ett av typen CNN för att prediktivt bestämma paramterarna. LSTM-nätvärket uppskattade variabelvärden och kloggningsgrad för de kommande 5 sekundrarna medan CNN:et uppskattade variabelvärden och kloggningsgrad för de kommande 30 sekunderna. Den uppskattade datan verifierades sedan genom klassificering av ett LSTM nätverk och två CNN. LSTM nätverket för regression uppnådde ett r 2 -resultat på 0.981 och LSTM nätverket för klassificering uppnådde en klassificeringsgrad på 99.5%. CNN:et för regression uppn˚adde ett r 2 -resultat på 0.876 och CNN:et för klassificering uppnådde en klassificeringsgrad på 93.3%. Resultatet visar att ML kan användas för att identifiera olika kloggningsgrad men ytterligare forskning krävs för att bestämma om alla kloggningsstadier kan klassificeras.

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McCluskey, D. K. „On the application of detached eddy simulation turbulence modelling to hydrocyclonic separators for shipboard ballast water treatment“. Thesis, Coventry University, 2009. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/cf872aaa-ff59-d20c-fbdb-75f55773e213/1.

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There is significant worldwide environmental concern related to the transportation of Invasive Aquatic Species (IAS) by ships ballast water into non-native environments. This has given rise to the development of a vast array of technological ballast water treatment systems. The complex environmental challenges and tight operational characteristics of marine vessels limits the scope of the technologies used for Ballast Water Treatment (BWT). As a result few technologies have progressed beyond the research and development stage; however one of the most promising technologies for ship board use is the cyclonic separator, or hydrocyclone. Despite the use of hydrocyclones in a wide variety of engineering applications they have yet to be successfully adapted towards the removal of suspended sediment and marine organisms from large volumes of ballast water. The following primary objectives of this study have been met: • Via critical review identify the technological solutions for treating ballast water best suited to onboard use. • Define the critical flow regimes evident within hydrocyclonic separators. • Establish a series of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, evaluating standard turbulence models in order to determine the capacity for commercial CFD to model hydrocyclonic flow. This study has detailed the operational characteristics of ballast water hydrocyclones with the aim of enabling hydrocyclones to be optimised for individual ship configurations. Flow simulations have been conducted using CFD, and in particular the Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) turbulence model. Finally the DES model is shown to be a legitimate turbulence model for hydrocyclonic flow regimes, validated against empirical and experimental data.

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Bücher zum Thema "Ballast water treatment facilities"

Olsen, Alexander, und Pamela Rossi Ciampolini. Ballast Water Treatment and Exchange for Ships. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56245-7.

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Massachusetts. Division of Water Supply. Drinking water treatment facilities: 1994. Boston, Mass.]: Secretary of the Commonwealth, 1994.

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F, Landrum Peter, United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. und Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory., Hrsg. Degradation of chemical biocides with application to ballast water treatment. Ann Arbor, Mich: United States Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2003.

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Landrum, Peter F. Degradation of chemical biocides with application to ballast water treatment. Ann Arbor, Mich: Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, 2003.

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Missimer, T. M. Water supply development for membrane water treatment facilities. Boca Raton, Fla: Lewis Publishers, 1994.

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Missimer, T. M. Water supply development for membrane water treatment facilities. 2. Aufl. Sugar Land, Tex: Schlumberger, 2009.

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Kawamura, Susumu. Integrated design of water treatment facilities. New York: Wiley, 1991.

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Fineberg, Richard A. Alyeska pipeline terminal ballast water treatment and northbound shipments: Final report. [Valdez, AK?]: The Committee, 1991.

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Federation, Water Environment, Hrsg. Automation of wastewater treatment facilities. 3. Aufl. Alexandria, Va: WEF Press, 2007.

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McGivney, William, und Susumu Kawamura. Cost Estimating Manual for Water Treatment Facilities. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470260036.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Ballast water treatment facilities"

Hameedi, Mohammad Jawed. „The ballast water treatment plant“. In Environmental Studies in Port Valdez, Alaska: A Basis for Management, 17–38. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ln024p0016.

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Olsen, Alexander, und Pamela Rossi Ciampolini. „Ballast Water Separation and Treatment Systems“. In Synthesis Lectures on Ocean Systems Engineering, 77–88. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56245-7_9.

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Cangelosi, Allegra. „Filtration as a Ballast Water Treatment Measure“. In Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe. Distribution, Impacts and Management, 511–19. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9956-6_50.

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Bilgili, Levent, Kaan Ünlügençoğlu und Uğur Buğra Çelebi. „Effective Ship Ballast Water Treatment System Management“. In Causes, Impacts and Solutions to Global Warming, 975–84. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7588-0_52.

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Linders, Jan, Annette Dock und Barbara Werschkun. „Ballast Water Discharges and Safety Aspects of Using Active Substances for Ballast Water Treatment“. In Global Maritime Transport and Ballast Water Management, 87–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48193-2_4.

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Taylor, Alan, Geoff Rigby, Stephan Gollasch, Matthias Voigt, Gustaaf Hallegraeff, Tracy McCollin und Anders Jelmert. „Preventive Treatment and Control Techniques for Ballast Water“. In Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe. Distribution, Impacts and Management, 484–507. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9956-6_48.

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Pam, Eugene, Alan Wall, Zaili Yang, Eddie Blanco-Davis und Jin Wang. „Multi-criteria Based Selection of Ship-Based Ballast Water Treatment Technologies“. In Springer Series in Reliability Engineering, 3–19. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28859-3_1.

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Parker, H. D., und G. D. Pitt. „Large scale treatment of oil-contaminated water—reception facilities“. In Pollution Control Instrumentation for Oil and Effluents, 268–308. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3233-3_11.

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Buchi, Steven, Sergio Berretta und Tony Boyd. „Advances in Water Treatment of Effluents fromMononitrobenzene (MNB) Production Facilities“. In ACS Symposium Series, 83–94. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2013-1155.ch007.

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Tran, Tien Anh. „Ballast Water System Treatment Techniques in Marine Transportation Industry: A Case Study of M/V LOCH MELFORT“. In Advanced Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation of Water, 153–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83811-9_8.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Ballast water treatment facilities"

Prousalidis, J., D. Spathis, V. Papaspilitopoulos, V. Georgiou, T. Kourmpelis und F. Kanellos. „Facing safety challenges towards smart ships and ports“. In Marine Electrical and Control Systems Safety Conference. IMarEST, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/issn.2515-8198.2019.005.

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Following the global concern and IMO directives, in particular for greener shipping, ships and ports tend to become more efficient in terms of environmental friendliness, energy consumption as well as services provided. This paper deals with facing the challenges emerged within this framework, as in the ship case, certain retrofitting works have to take place onboard a ship such as the installation of water ballast treatment systems, scrubbers, cold-ironing facilities, and LED lights. The paper discusses the necessity to perform a number of studies (e.g. harmonic distortion, short-circuit, arc-flash etc) so that major safety requirements are met, while on the other hand, the electric energy system has to be tuned to a significant extent so that it operates in an optimum manner which is most often interpreted as minimum fuel consumption and emissions. Further, the paper makes a similar discussion for the case of the ports.

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McCluskey, D. K., A. E. Holdo̸ und R. K. Calay. „An Overview of Ballast Water Treatment Methods“. In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71740.

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One of the greatest threats to the world’s oceans is the transfer and potential introduction of harmful organisms in environments to which they are not indigenous. Ballast water deposited by marine vessels has been identified as a key factor responsible for this transfer and introduction. The significance of transferral of species has led to diverse research and development into ballast water treatment methods. However, despite the number of ballast water management techniques in development, at present the exchange of ballast water in open oceans is the only management technique widely used. This paper provides an overview of Ballast Water Treatment techniques currently at a research or development stage. An assessment of the potential effectiveness of each method, its corrosion implications and economic cost are all presented together with preliminary recommendations and an outline of future work.

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Liang, S. Y., S. L. Oon, L. H. Tan, B. H. Hor, D. T. Liang und J. H. Tay. „Ballast Water Treatment Technologies and Shipboard Demonstrations“. In OCEANS 2006 - Asia Pacific. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceansap.2006.4393823.

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Wu, Donghai, Guanghua Lu, Ran Zhang, Zhou Chao, Xinghou Shen und Wei Wang. „SIMULATED BALLAST WATER TREATMENT BY ELECTROLYSIS PROCESS“. In International Conference on Engineering and Technology Innovations (ICETI). Volkson Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/iceti.01.2017.98.100.

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Fearnley, Robin. „Lessons Learned in Ballast Water Treatment Equipment Retrofit and Commissioning“. In IMarEST Ballast Water Technology Conference. IMarEST, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/bwtc6.2017.006.

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Ratification of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (BWMC)[i] has now forced the hand of operators and ship owners to comply with the BWM, and without a great deal of time to react. The need to integrate and operate Ballast Water Treatment (BWT) Systems on In-Service ships, however, is not new, and BMT have recent and relevant experience in end-to-end BWT system solutions. In 2011 BMT Defence Services Ltd (BMT) produced the installation specification to enable A and P Falmouth Ltd (A and P) to carry out a ballast water treatment plant retrofit installation on the RFA Bay Class ships (i.e. RFA MOUNTS BAY, LARGS BAY and CARDIGAN BAY), enabling the ship to be approved and operated in compliance with the BWMC. In addition, BMT produced documentation to enable A and P to arrange, manage and perform the necessary test, trials and commissioning to prove the equipment installation and that it can be operated in accordance with the requirements of the BWMC. The objective of this paper is to take the reader through the process of design and embodiment of a BWT system retrofit on a relatively complex (with respect to the ballast system) ship. The Bay Class ships are Landing Ship Dock (Auxiliary) ships with separate forward and aft ballast systems (to allow the ships to function in their amphibious roles by way of their stern dock), and a ship wide Ballast Stripping system. Key design and engineering considerations are discussed below and recommendations for the installation of a ballast water treatment system are also offered. International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, International Maritime Organization, Adoption: 13 February 2004; Entry into force: 8 September 2017.

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Levey, Michael. „Hydrodynamic cavitation as a treatment process for vessel ballast water management“. In IMarEST Ballast Water Technology Conference. IMarEST, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/bwtc6.2017.013.

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Global Advantech Resources has identified that hydrodynamic cavitation, a technology it has been harnessing for a number years for completely different, unrelated application, is capable of being utilised as an efficient and cost effective method for ballast water treatment to treat very large pumped water flows within a short period of time.

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Mackey, James P., und Jared Boyd. „Ballast Water Treatment System Integration with the Ship Alarm and Monitoring System“. In IMarEST Ballast Water Technology Conference. IMarEST, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/bwtc6.2017.008.

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Integration with the vessel Automation and Control system is a critical milestone in a Ballast Water Treatment System (BWTS) retrofit project. When completed properly, it provides for simple and intuitive operation of the BWTS and supports compliance with ballast water regulations. Integration results in seamless operation and monitoring of the ballast pumps and valves together with the BWTS at control stations in the Engine Control Room and/or bridge. It provides appropriate interlocks and alarms to ensure that the BWTS is not bypassed through ship’s valves, which are not controlled and monitored by the BWTS. It also encourages and supports the required log entries in the Ballast Water Logbook. A structured approach to this integration work results in fleet wide consistency, providing maximum benefit to the owner by reducing the risk of non-compliance as well as reducing the future cost of technical support and training.

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Clare, Alan. „Selecting a suitable Ballast Water Treatment System for a small general cargo vessel“. In IMarEST Ballast Water Technology Conference. IMarEST, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/bwtc6.2017.007.

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The main questions which will be addressed in this paper are; which ballast water treatment system (BWTS) should be fitted to a fleet of small general cargo ships that are trading in Northern Europe, including the Baltic Sea, and how will the implementation of the Ballast Water Management Convention (BWMC, herewith “the Convention”) will affect the engine room crew? There is a large capital cost in the purchasing and fitting of such a system, and as the vessels in question have some special requirements, such as operating in very cold weather and having small engine rooms, the correct system must be chosen. As the small engine room crew, consisting of a chief engineer and an oiler, must be able to operate, maintain and repair the system, the chosen system will impact on their working life while onboard these vessels. To answer the research questions, all the chief engineers employed by the Company and a number of shore superintendents from other shipping companies, involved in the management of small general cargo ships were surveyed using questionnaires. Their responses were then analysed and conclusions drawn from this analysis. The criteria required to choose a ballast water treatment system was narrowed down during the research, and then used to find the most suitable system for the company vessels. A small number of systems currently in production from well-known manufacturers were evaluated during this process. Following evaluation of the systems using the responses from the respondents, the most suitable system for the company vessels was identified and chosen. The need for training was also identified to successfully operate and maintain the system, and to reduce any additional stress that may be experienced by the crew due to the BWMC. The research also contains a review of the BWMC, and a comparison with measures brought in by the United States Coast Guard (USCG), which include the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens, (HAOP) by merchant vessels from area to area by other methods that are ignored by the BWMC. It also considers the long-term health effects on the crew and marine ecosystem from treated ballast water using some types of treatment systems. The report of the survey provides scope for a more informed decision making process when choosing a BWTS for a small general cargo vessel. However, in addition, the process can be applied to any type of vessel as many of the issues encountered will be the same regardless of size and trading pattern.

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Cao, Yanran, Vilmar Asoy und Qin Liang. „Green ballast water treatment utilizing waste heat recovery“. In OCEANS 2016 - Shanghai. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceansap.2016.7485585.

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Min, Inkyu, Hyoseong Hwang, Daekeun Moon und Jihyoung Lee. „Implementation of Ballast Water treatment system using electrolysis“. In 2013 13th International Conference on Control, Automaton and Systems (ICCAS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccas.2013.6704108.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Ballast water treatment facilities"

University of Wisconsin-Superior, University. Electron Beam Treatment of Ballast Water. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1969678.

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Brizzolara, Robert A., Eric R. Holm und David M. Stamper. Disinfection of Water by Ultrasound: Application to Ballast Water Treatment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Oktober 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada469441.

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Kessenich, Brennan, Irina Irvine und Christine Lipsky. An overview of ballast water transport and treatment of aquatic invasive species. National Park Service, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294665.

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Ambalam, T. Hanford facilities tracer study report (315 Water Treatment Facility). Revision 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Mai 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/69416.

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Lewis, Mike. Recycled Water Reuse Permit Renewal Application for the Central Facilities Area Sewage Treatment Plant. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1170311.

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Olsen, Daniel, Sasank Goli, David Faulkner und Aimee McKane. Opportunities for Automated Demand Response in Wastewater Treatment Facilities in California - Southeast Water Pollution Control Plant Case Study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Dezember 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1168600.

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Ducci, Jorge, Javier Grau, María del Rosario Navia Díaz, Dougal Martin, Traci Kuratomi und Alfredo Rihm. Water and Sanitation in Belize. Inter-American Development Bank, Januar 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009154.

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In the last decade, Belize has seen major improvements in access to water, but it is behind in achieving universal access to improved sanitation facilities. Belize has also made progress in terms of the disposal of solid waste in the central and western regions, including in the largest urban area, Belize City. Despite these developments, there is a need to further improve the performance of these sectors, especially in terms of wastewater collection and treatment in urban areas throughout the country and solid waste collection and final disposal in the northern (Corozal and Orange Walk districts) and southern (Stann Creek and Toledo districts) regions of the country. This Technical Note was prepared to support the policy dialogue between the Inter-American Development Bank and the Government of Belize. It provides an analysis of the current situation of the water and sanitation and solid waste sectors in Belize, and makes recommendations on immediate actions to assist in further improving coverage and the quality of the services provided.

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Theiling, Charles. A review of algal phytoremediation potential to sequester nutrients from eutrophic surface water. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), Oktober 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47720.

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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and coastal hypoxic zones are evidence of cultural nutrient enrichment affecting public health and water supplies, aquatic ecosystem health, and economic well-being in the United States. Recognition of the far-reaching impacts of Midwest agriculture has led to establishing nutrient reduction objectives for surface waters feeding the Gulf of Mexico, Lake Erie, and many smaller water bodies. Municipal nutrient enrichment impacts have been addressed by increasing levels of sewage treatment and waste management through the Clean Water Act era, but HABs rebounded in the 1990s because of non-point source nutrient enrichment. HAB control and treatment includes watershed and waterbody treatments to reduce loading and address outbreaks. Systems to remove nutrients from impaired waters are expensive to build and operate. This review of algal production systems summarizes emerging algal water treatment technologies and considers their potential to effectively sequester nutrients and atmospheric carbon from hundreds of eutrophic reservoirs and DoD wastewater treatment facilities while producing useful biomass feedstock using solar energy. Algal water treatment systems including open ponds, photobioreactors, and algal turf scrubbers® can be used to grow biomass for biofuel, wastewater treatment, and commercial products. This review recommends continuing research on surface water nutrient reduction potential with algal turf scrubber productivity pilot studies, preliminary site design, and biomass utilization investigations.

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Griggs, Christopher, Scott Waisner, Jacob Lalley, Sarah Zetterholm, Sheila McLeod, Edith Martinez-Guerra, Max Wamsley et al. Employing ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis (UF/RO) for treatment of source-separated graywater : ER-201636. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48371.

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In field operating environments, military units must ensure access to a critical water supply to maintain mission readiness. Increasing complexity of logistics and costs to transport water and climate change are driving the development and demonstration of water treatment units. The treatment unit described uses ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) mem-brane technologies with a disinfection step to treat low-strength graywater from shower facilities at Camp Shelby Joint Force Training Center in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. Samples were collected from human shower sampling events. During the demonstration, greater than 100,000 gal. of graywater were treated, supplied by two battalion training rotations over a 6-month period. Characterization of the source graywater continued throughout the system demonstration. Based on the literature, these are among the largest source-separated gray-water sampling events to date. The combined treatment train of UF/RO met all compliance metrics for all analytes of interest for potability and met nonpotable metrics except for special use cases in three states. Both the quality of the treated water and the effective volume gains from an 85% multiplier effect directly support DoD water sustainment goals for both installations and operational environments.

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OLUWASANYA, Grace, Ayodetimi OMONIYI, Duminda PERERA, Manzoor QADIR und Kaveh MADANI. Unmasking the Unseen: The Gendered Impacts of Water Quality, Sanitation and Hygiene. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU INWEH), März 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/inr24gar011.

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This report investigated the interplay between water quality, sanitation, hygiene and gender by examining distinct variables of water quality and their varying impacts on gender like reported water-related illnesses of males and females, and the consequences of water quality, sanitation, and hygiene on menstrual hygiene practices, particularly focusing on a low- and middle-income country- LMICs. This report presents the key findings, outlining a framework and guidance for examining gender-specific impacts stemming from poor water quality and WASH practices through a piloted case study in Abeokuta City, Nigeria, to serve as a preliminary guide for conducting comprehensive, site-specific assessments. The piloted Differential Impacts Assessment, DIA framework is a 5-step approach, guiding the evaluation of gendered impacts from method design to the field activities, which include water sampling and laboratory analysis, public survey, and health data collection, to the data and gender analysis. The focus on low- and middle-income countries underscores the importance of DIA in such regions for better health and socioeconomic outcomes, promoting inclusive development. The study results reveal unsettling, largely unseen gender disparities in exposure to health-related risks associated with non-utility water sources and highlight pronounced differences in water source preferences and utilization, the burden of water sourcing and collection, and health- and hygiene-related practices. Specifically, this preliminary assessment indicates an alarming inadequacy in accessing WASH services within the pilot study area, raising considerable doubts about achieving SDG 6 by 2030. While this finding is worrying, this report also discusses the lack of a standardized protocol for monitoring water-related impacts utilizing sex-disaggregated data, shedding light on the unseen global-scale gendered impacts. The report warns about the water safety of non-utility water sources. Without point-of-use treatment and water safety protocols, the water sources are unsuitable for potable uses, potentially posing compounded health risks associated with microbial contaminations and high calcium content, particularly affecting boys. Girls are likely the most affected by the repercussions of water collection, including time constraints, health implications, and safety concerns. Men and boys face a higher risk related to poor hygiene, while women may be more susceptible to health effects stemming from toilet cleaning responsibilities and shared sanitation facilities. Despite the preference for disposable sanitary pads among most women and girls, women maintain better menstrual hygiene practices than girls. This age-specific disparity highlights potential substantial health risks for girls in the near and distant future. Enhancing women's economic status could improve access to superior healthcare services and significantly elevate household well-being. The report calls for targeted actions, including urgent planning and implementation of robust water safety protocols for non-utility self-supply systems and mainstreaming gender concerns and needs as the “6th” accelerator for SDG 6. The piloted methodology is scalable and serves as an introductory guide that can be further refined to explore and track site-specific differential health and socioeconomic effects of inadequate water quality, especially in locales similar to the study area. The report targets policymakers and donor organizations advocating for sustainable water resource development, public health, human rights, and those promoting gender equality globally

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