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1
Guest, Andrew. Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art. London: Scala, 2008.
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2
Lehti, Marko. A Baltic league as a construct of the new Europe: Envisioning a Baltic region and small state sovereignty in the aftermath of the First World War. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1999.
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3
War and peace in the Baltic, 1560-1790. London: Routledge, 1992.
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4
Adam, Antonis. Trade-liberalization strategies: What could Southeastern Europe learn from the CEFTA and BFTA? Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, European Department, 2003.
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5
1952-, Salmon Patrick, Hrsg. The Baltic nations and Europe: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the twentieth century. London: Longman, 1994.
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6
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Subcommittee on European Affairs. U.S. assistance to the new independent states: Hearings before the Subcommittee on European Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, March 19; April 8 and 9; May 5, 6, and 14, 1992. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.
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7
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Subcommittee on European Affairs. U.S. assistance to the new independent states: Hearings before the Subcommittee on European Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, March 19; April 8 and 9; May 5, 6, and 14, 1992. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.
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8
Jelavich, Charles. The establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804-1920. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1986.
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9
B, Shelaev I͡U︡, Protsaĭ Liudmila und Billington James H, Hrsg. Before the revolution: St. Petersburg in photographs, 1890-1914. New York: Harry N. Abrams Publishers, 1991.
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10
Europe, United States Congress Commission on Security and Cooperation in. Implementation of the Helsinki accords: Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, the countries of Central Asia, problems in the transition to independence and the implications for the United States, March 25, 1993. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1993.
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11
Europe, United States Congress Commission on Security and Cooperation in. Implementation of the Helsinki accords: Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, the countries of Central Asia, problems in the transition to independence and the implications for the United States, March 25, 1993. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1993.
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12
Art Spaces: The Menil Collection (Art Spaces). Scala Publishers, 2008.
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13
Art Spaces: BALTIC (Art Spaces). Scala Publishers, 2008.
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14
Richter, Klaus. Fragmentation in East Central Europe. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843559.001.0001.
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The First World War led to a radical reshaping of Europe’s political borders like hardly any previous event. Nowhere was this transformation more profound than in East Central Europe, where the collapse of imperial rule led to the emergence of a series of new states. New borders intersected centuries-old networks of commercial, cultural, and social exchange. The new states had to face the challenges posed by territorial fragmentation and at the same time establish durable state structures within an international order that viewed them at best as weak and at worst as provisional entities that would sooner or later be reintegrated into their larger neighbours’ territory. Fragmentation in East Central Europe challenges the traditional view that the emergence of these states was the product of a radical rupture that naturally led from defunct empires to nation states. Using the example of Poland and the Baltic States, it retraces the roots of the interwar states of East Central Europe, of their policies, economic developments, and of their conflicts back to deep in the First World War. At the same time, it shows that these states learned to harness the dynamics caused by territorial fragmentation, thus forever changing our understanding of what modern states can do.
15
Dudoignon, Stéphane A. History and Memory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190655914.003.0002.
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A geographical survey of Iranian Baluchistan highlights the modern transformation of the desert/oasis dichotomy, and the socioeconomic impact of this evolution upon political and religious authority within the Baluch world. Examining the discourses of different categories of primary sources on the Baluch, the chapter highlights the changing perception by diverse observers of Baluch religiosity and religious identity since the early twentieth century. It also shows, notably, how Iranian anticolonial discourse in the 1960s-70s exposed the impact of Shia migration to the country’s Sunni-peopled periphery upon the consolidation of an ethno-social Sunni minority identity. Dealing with Baluch historiography, the chapter discusses how Baluch chroniclers have promoted, since the 1960s, a typology of heroes and values in which the ulama and Islamic discourse tend to replace tribal leaders and pastoral ethics of previous centuries. The chapter underlines the role played in this discursive change and the contest of the tribal chieftains’ power, by representatives of the oases world and of minor tribal groups of landowning status.
16
Omstedt, Anders. The Development of Climate Science of the Baltic Sea Region. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.654.
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Dramatic climate changes have occurred in the Baltic Sea region caused by changes in orbital movement in the earth–sun system and the melting of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. Added to these longer-term changes, changes have occurred at all timescales, caused mainly by variations in large-scale atmospheric pressure systems due to competition between the meandering midlatitude low-pressure systems and high-pressure systems. Here we follow the development of climate science of the Baltic Sea from when observations began in the 18th century to the early 21st century. The question of why the water level is sinking around the Baltic Sea coasts could not be answered until the ideas of postglacial uplift and the thermal history of the earth were better understood in the 19th century and periodic behavior in climate related time series attracted scientific interest. Herring and sardine fishing successes and failures have led to investigations of fishery and climate change and to the realization that fisheries themselves have strongly negative effects on the marine environment, calling for international assessment efforts. Scientists later introduced the concept of regime shifts when interpreting their data, attributing these to various causes. The increasing amount of anoxic deep water in the Baltic Sea and eutrophication have prompted debate about what is natural and what is anthropogenic, and the scientific outcome of these debates now forms the basis of international management efforts to reduce nutrient leakage from land. The observed increase in atmospheric CO2 and its effects on global warming have focused the climate debate on trends and generated a series of international and regional assessments and research programs that have greatly improved our understanding of climate and environmental changes, bolstering the efforts of earth system science, in which both climate and environmental factors are analyzed together.Major achievements of past centuries have included developing and organizing regular observation and monitoring programs. The free availability of data sets has supported the development of more accurate forcing functions for Baltic Sea models and made it possible to better understand and model the Baltic Sea–North Sea system, including the development of coupled land–sea–atmosphere models. Most indirect and direct observations of the climate find great variability and stochastic behavior, so conclusions based on short time series are problematic, leading to qualifications about periodicity, trends, and regime shifts. Starting in the 1980s, systematic research into climate change has considerably improved our understanding of regional warming and multiple threats to the Baltic Sea. Several aspects of regional climate and environmental changes and how they interact are, however, unknown and merit future research.
17
Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum (Corporate Author), Alla Rosenfeld (Editor) und Norton T. Dodge (Editor), Hrsg. Art of the Baltics: The Struggle for Freedom of Artistic Expression Under the Soviets, 1945-1991 (Dodge Soviet Nonconformist Art Publication Series). Rutgers University Press, 2001.
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18
Korpiola, Mia. Customary Law and the Influence of the Ius Commune in High and Late Medieval East Central Europe. Herausgegeben von Heikki Pihlajamäki, Markus D. Dubber und Mark Godfrey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198785521.013.50.
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Secular law remained largely customary and uncodified in east central Europe. While much of south-eastern Europe had remained Christian ever since Roman times, most of east central Europe was Christianized during the high Middle Ages. The Baltic region came later, Lithuania only being converted after 1387. South-eastern Europe was influenced first by Byzantine and then Italian law. In much of east central Europe secular law was based on Slavic customs, later influenced by canon law and German law. The Sachsenspiegel, Schwabenspiegel, and German town law spread to the whole region alongside the German colonization of east central Europe. Towns functioned as conduits of German and learned law. Certain territorial rulers actively promoted Roman law and (partial) codification, while the local nobility preferred uncodified customary law. In addition to foreign university studies, the fourteenth-century universities of Prague and Krakow, cathedral chapters, and notaries helped disseminate the ius commune into the region.
19
Bogucki, Mateusz, Hrsg. Okruchy starożytności. Użytkowanie monet antycznych w Europie Środkowej, Wschodniej i Północnej w średniowieczu i w okresie nowożytnym. University of Warsaw Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323547051.
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Ancient coinage (understood here as pre-AD 6th century Greek, Celtic and Roman issues) constitutes a small percentage of hoards and other assemblages found in Central, Eastern and Northern Europe, dated to the Middle Ages and to the modern period. Ancient coins have also been recorded at other sites in contexts dated to the same time, such as burial or settlement sites. Finds sometimes include pierced coins, which suggests they may have been used as amulets or jewellery. The book contains the texts written by researchers from Poland, Germany, the Czech Republic, Sweden and Denmark. The aim of their studies of the archaeological, numismatic and written sources was to examine the use of ancient coins in the territories of present-day Poland, Baltic States, western Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, eastern Germany and Scandinavia in a period spanning from approximately 7th century to the turn of the 18th century.
20
Sheridan, M. B. G., und J. A. Cameron. Central and Eastern European Legal Systems - an Introductory Guide. Butterworths Law, 1995.
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21
Vuorinen, Ilppo. Post-Glacial Baltic Sea Ecosystems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.675.
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Post-glacial aquatic ecosystems in Eurasia and North America, such as the Baltic Sea, evolved in the freshwater, brackish, and marine environments that fringed the melting glaciers. Warming of the climate initiated sea level and land rise and subsequent changes in aquatic ecosystems. Seminal ideas on ancient developing ecosystems were based on findings in Swedish large lakes of species that had arrived there from adjacent glacial freshwater or marine environments and established populations which have survived up to the present day. An ecosystem of the first freshwater stage, the Baltic Ice Lake initially consisted of ice-associated biota. Subsequent aquatic environments, the Yoldia Sea, the Ancylus Lake, the Litorina Sea, and the Mya Sea, are all named after mollusc trace fossils. These often convey information on the geologic period in question and indicate some physical and chemical characteristics of their environment. The ecosystems of various Baltic Sea stages are regulated primarily by temperature and freshwater runoff (which affects directly and indirectly both salinity and nutrient concentrations). Key ecological environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, and nutrient levels, not only change seasonally but are also subject to long-term changes (due to astronomical factors) and shorter disturbances, for example, a warm period that essentially formed the Yoldia Sea, and more recently the “Little Ice Age” (which terminated the Viking settlement in Iceland).There is no direct way to study the post-Holocene Baltic Sea stages, but findings in geological samples of ecological keystone species (which may form a physical environment for other species to dwell in and/or largely determine the function of an ecosystem) can indicate ancient large-scale ecosystem features and changes. Such changes have included, for example, development of an initially turbid glacial meltwater to clearer water with increasing primary production (enhanced also by warmer temperatures), eventually leading to self-shading and other consequences of anthropogenic eutrophication (nutrient-rich conditions). Furthermore, the development in the last century from oligotrophic (nutrient-poor) to eutrophic conditions also included shifts between the grazing chain (which include large predators, e.g., piscivorous fish, mammals, and birds at the top of the food chain) and the microbial loop (filtering top predators such as jellyfish). Another large-scale change has been a succession from low (freshwater glacier lake) biodiversity to increased (brackish and marine) biodiversity. The present-day Baltic Sea ecosystem is a direct descendant of the more marine Litorina Sea, which marks the beginning of the transition from a primeval ecosystem to one regulated by humans. The recent Baltic Sea is characterized by high concentrations of pollutants and nutrients, a shift from perennial to annual macrophytes (and more rapid nutrient cycling), and an increasing rate of invasion by non-native species. Thus, an increasing pace of anthropogenic ecological change has been a prominent trend in the Baltic Sea ecosystem since the Ancylus Lake.Future development is in the first place dependent on regional factors, such as salinity, which is regulated by sea and land level changes and the climate, and runoff, which controls both salinity and the leaching of nutrients to the sea. However, uncertainties abound, for example the future development of the Gulf Stream and its associated westerly winds, which support the sub-boreal ecosystems, both terrestrial and aquatic, in the Baltic Sea area. Thus, extensive sophisticated, cross-disciplinary modeling is needed to foresee whether the Baltic Sea will develop toward a freshwater or marine ecosystem, set in a sub-boreal, boreal, or arctic climate.
22
A Baltic League As A Construct Of The New Europe: Envisioning A Baltic Region And Small State Sovereignty In The Aftermath Of The First World War (European University Studies , No 3). Peter Lang Publishing, 1998.
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23
A Baltic League as a Construct of the New Europe: Envisioning a Baltic Region and Small State Sovereignty in the Aftermath of the First World War. Peter Lang Publishing, 1998.
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24
Balci, Bayram. Islam in Central Asia and the Caucasus Since the Fall of the Soviet Union. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190917272.001.0001.
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With the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, a major turning point in all former Soviet Republics, Central Asian and Caucasian countries began to reflect on their history and identities. As a consequence of their opening up to the global exchange of ideas, various strains of Islam and trends in Islamic thought have nourished the Islamic revival that had already started in the context of glasnost and perestroika—from Turkey, Iran, the Arabian Peninsula, and from the Indian subcontinent, the four regions with strong ties to Central Asian and Caucasian Islam before Soviet occupation. Bayram Balci seeks to analyze how these new Islamic influences have reached local societies and how they have interacted with pre-existing religious belief and practices. Combining exceptional erudition with rare first-hand research, Balci's book provides a sophisticated account of both the internal dynamics and external influences in the evolution of Islam in the region.
25
Räisänen, Jouni. Future Climate Change in the Baltic Sea Region and Environmental Impacts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.634.
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The warming of the global climate is expected to continue in the 21st century, although the magnitude of change depends on future anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and the sensitivity of climate to them. The regional characteristics and impacts of future climate change in the Baltic Sea countries have been explored since at least the 1990s. Later research has supported many findings from the early studies, but advances in understanding and improved modeling tools have made the picture gradually more comprehensive and more detailed. Nevertheless, many uncertainties still remain.In the Baltic Sea region, warming is likely to exceed its global average, particularly in winter and in the northern parts of the area. The warming will be accompanied by a general increase in winter precipitation, but in summer, precipitation may either increase or decrease, with a larger chance of drying in the southern than in the northern parts of the region. Despite the increase in winter precipitation, the amount of snow is generally expected to decrease, as a smaller fraction of the precipitation falls as snow and midwinter snowmelt episodes become more common. Changes in windiness are very uncertain, although most projections suggest a slight increase in average wind speed over the Baltic Sea. Climatic extremes are also projected to change, but some of the changes will differ from the corresponding change in mean climate. For example, the lowest winter temperatures are expected to warm even more than the winter mean temperature, and short-term summer precipitation extremes are likely to become more severe, even in the areas where the mean summer precipitation does not increase.The projected atmospheric changes will be accompanied by an increase in Baltic Sea water temperature, reduced ice cover, and, according to most studies, reduced salinity due to increased precipitation and river runoff. The seasonal cycle of runoff will be modified by changes in precipitation and earlier snowmelt. Global-scale sea level rise also will affect the Baltic Sea, but will be counteracted by glacial isostatic adjustment. According to most projections, in the northern parts of the Baltic Sea, the latter will still dominate, leading to a continued, although decelerated, decrease in relative sea level. The changes in the physical environment and climate will have a number of environmental impacts on, for example, atmospheric chemistry, freshwater and marine biogeochemistry, ecosystems, and coastal erosion. However, future environmental change in the region will be affected by several interrelated factors. Climate change is only one of them, and in many cases its effects may be exceeded by other anthropogenic changes.
26
Oakley, Stewart P. War and Peace in the Baltic 1560-1790. Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.
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27
Dudoignon, Stéphane A. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190655914.003.0007.
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The conclusion underlines, first, how Deobandi Sunni ulama in Easternmost Iran have promoted a staunch nationalisation of Hanafi Sunni Islam. Their adjustment to Iranian realities, the advantage they took from the eclipse of tribal might in the country, combined with the pragmatism of the Islamic Republic, permitted them to negotiate civil contracts reformulated since 1993, at every general election. At the same time, the conclusion also suggests that since the turn of the century, the Sarbaz nexus has had to confront several challenges: First came a new counter-elite of Baluch tribal background, embodied by the young guerrillas of Jund-Allah and Jaysh al-‘Adl, and by their terrorist activity. Second, the emergence of a new generation of tribal-background Deobandi religious scholars, with protections of their own among the republic’s paramilitary bodies. Competition between Sarbazi ulama and these rival networks, instrumented by Pasdaran leaders, partly explains the public violence in the region in the early 2010s. Third, the diffusion of Salafi trends in Baluch and Kurdish societies, and the first expression of Jihadi violence in Tehran further question the reality of the Sarbazi ulama’s authority, in a quickly changing geopolitical and cultural context.
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Charles, Jelavich, Jelavich Barbara, Sugar Peter F und Treadgold Donald W, Hrsg. A history of East Central Europe. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1986.
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29
Roesdahl, Else. Looking North-East. Herausgegeben von Christopher Gerrard und Alejandra Gutiérrez. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744719.013.41.
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This chapter investigates British influences and imports in southern Scandinavia from the late eleventh to the early sixteenth centuries from a mainly archaeological perspective, set against contemporary political and commercial developments. The geographical extent of this area is roughly defined as the medieval Danish kingdom, but the text also touches on Norway’s much closer British connections. Danish links with England continued in various forms after the Viking Age, but decreasingly so; contacts with Germany and The Netherlands, in particular, became much more important, illustrated by the main Danish port to the west, Ribe. Two British-Danish royal marriages in the fifteenth century demonstrate British interest in the increasingly important Baltic trade, then controlled by Denmark from the castle at Elsinore. From that century onwards many Scots settled in East Danish towns—the first evidence of extensive relations between Scotland and Denmark.
30
Dudoignon, Stéphane A. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190655914.003.0001.
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Touching on the guerrilla activity of the 2000s and early 2010s on Iran’s eastern (Baluch) and western (Kurdish) borderlands, the introduction discusses early-twenty-first-century Western, (particularly U.S.) geopolitical views of the Sunni minority issue in the country, and of its possible political and military instrumentation against the Islamic Republic. The author skims through the gradual rediscoveries, by domestic and international research, of the transformation of tribes and tribal might as a political factor in Middle Eastern societies, and of the emergence and progressive politicisation of Sunni identity within a Shia-majority Islamic Republic. The author especially sheds light on the particular political pragmatism that was developed by Tehran and the Sarbazi ulama, since 1979, in their mutual relations.
31
Bideleux, Robert. European Integration: The Rescue of the Nation State? Herausgegeben von Dan Stone. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199560981.013.0019.
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Rejecting claims that European integration has been inimical or antithetical to nations, states, and ‘national’ interests, Alan Milward's The European Rescue of the Nation-State (1992) argues that the relationship between European integration and the nation-state has been mutually beneficial and supportive. This article discusses the European Union's ‘rescues’ of small and sub-state nations, languages, cultures, and minorities; EU state-building and ‘rescues of the nation-state’ in the post-Communist East Central European, Baltic, and Balkan regions; transformations of the states in need of ‘rescue’, focusing on ‘embedded neoliberalism’; the EU and ‘the nation-state’ after the Lisbon Treaty of 2009; the ‘Great Recession’ of 2008–2009 and the eurozone crises of 2010–2012; and the decade-long ‘money illusion’ of economic prosperity in Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, and Spain.
32
Suutari, Pekka. Trajectories of Karelian Music After the Cold War. Herausgegeben von Fabian Holt und Antti-Ville Kärjä. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190603908.013.13.
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This chapter tells the story of the revival of interest in Karelian music in the Finnish-Russian border region of Karelia after the Cold War. During this tense time, Karelians had been subjected to territorial divisions and harsh assimilation policies. With Perestroika came new stores of Karelian culture under the influence of developments taking place across the Nordic and Baltic regions. This was a scenario for Karelians in both countries to express their sense of belonging in new ways, and music once again became a medium for this. The author draws on fieldwork in the Karelian town of Petrozavodsk since 1992 and uses two bands from there as focal points for exploring consciousness in the region and beyond in wider international trajectories in Central Europe, Scandinavia, and the United States.
33
Bali By Design 25 Contemporary Houses. Tuttle Publishing, 2012.
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34
Pittaway, Mark. Making Postwar Communism. Herausgegeben von Dan Stone. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199560981.013.0013.
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The Soviet Union's victory in World War II offered both Moscow and Communists in Europe the opportunity to break out of the isolation that had afflicted them during the interwar years. With the end of the war in Europe in 1945, the Soviet front line traversed Central Europe from Germany's Baltic Coast in the north to the Yugoslav–Italian border in the south. By the mid-1950s, the enhanced influence of communism had been both consolidated and contained. Explaining the paradoxical consolidation and containment of communism's influence across the continent is fundamental to grasping the contours of politics in Europe during the postwar period. The dominant strand in the historiography that approaches such an explanation is informed by the perspective of international history. The pressures of survival during the precarious situation for the Soviet Union that persisted throughout 1942 reinforced the non-participatory, bureaucratic Stalinism which emerged during 1939–1940. The launch of Barbarossa underpinned an escalation in the radicalisation of Nazism.
35
Williams, Gavin, Hrsg. Hearing the Crimean War. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190916749.001.0001.
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This book addresses the sounds of the Crimean War, along with the many ways nineteenth-century wartime is aurally constructed. It examines wide-ranging experiences of listeners in Britain, France, Turkey, Russia, Italy, Poland, Latvia, Daghestan, Chechnya, and Crimea, illustrating the close interplay between nineteenth-century geographies of empire and the modes by which wartime sound was archived and heard. This book covers topics including music in and around war zones, the mediation of wartime sound, the relationship between sound and violence, and the historiography of listening. Individual chapters concern sound in Leo Tolstoy’s wartime writings, and his place within cosmopolitan sensibilities; the role of the telegraph in constructing sonic imaginations in London and the Black Sea region; the absence of archives for the sounds of particular ethnic groups, and how songs preserve memories for both Crimean Tatars and Polish nationalists; the ways in which perceptions of voice rearranged the mental geographies of Baltic Russia, and undermined aspirations to national unity in Italy; Italian opera as a means of conditioning elite perceptions of Crimean battlefields; and historical frames through which to understand the diffusion of violent sounds amid everyday life. The volume engages the academic fields of musicology, ethnomusicology, history, literary studies, sound studies, and the history of the senses.
36
Dudoignon, Stéphane A. The Baluch, Sunnism and the State in Iran. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190655914.001.0001.
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Since 2002, Sunni jihadi groups have been active in Iranian Baluchistan without managing to plunge the region into chaos. This book suggests that a reason for this, besides Tehran’s military responses, has been the quality of Khomeini and Khamenei’s relationship with a network of South-Asia-educated Sunni ulama (mawlawis) originating from the Sarbaz oasis area, in the south of Baluchistan. Educated in the religiously reformist, socially conservative South Asian Deoband School, which puts the madrasa at the centre of social life, the Sarbazi ulama had taken advantage, in Iranian territory, of the eclipse of Baluch tribal might under the Pahlavi monarchy (1925-79). They emerged then as a bulwark against Soviet influence and progressive ideologies, before rallying to Khomeini in 1979. Since the turn of the twenty-first century, they have been playing the role of a rampart against Salafi propaganda and Saudi intrigues. The book shows that, through their alliance with an Iranian Kurdish-born Muslim-Brother movement and through the promotion of a distinct ‘Sunni vote’, they have since the early 2000s contributed towards – and benefitted from – the defence by the Reformist presidents Khatami (1997-2005) and Ruhani (since 2013) of local democracy and of the minorities’ rights. They endeavoured to help, at the same time, preventing the propagation of jihadism and Sunni radicalisation to Iran – at least until the ISIS/Daesh-claimed attacks of June 2017, in Tehran, shed light on the limits of the Islamic Republic’s strategy of reliance on Deobandi ulama and Muslim-Brother preachers in the country’s Sunni-peopled peripheries.
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Scarre, Chris. Neolithic Figurines of Western Europe. Herausgegeben von Timothy Insoll. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.042.
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Western Europe has relatively few figurines of Neolithic or Chalcolithic date by comparison with the large numbers known from Southeast Europe and Southwest Asia. Human figurines (mainly of fired clay) are, however, found in Bandkeramik contexts from Central Europe to the North Sea, with others in eastern France. The scarcity of human figurines from areas such as Britain illustrates the diversity of cultural and symbolic practice that privileged human representations in some areas but not others. In the Baltic region, a separate figurine tradition drawing probably on Late Palaeolithic or Mesolithic origins persisted into the Neolithic. It is, however, the Iberian peninsula that stands apart from other regions of western Europe for the abundance and diversity of its human figurines, most of them of Late Neolithic or Chalcolithic date (mid-fourth to late third millennium bc). They include carved schist plaques and ‘eye-idols’ of bone and other materials. The florescence of Iberian figurine production is associated with the emergence of societies on the verge of complexity, characterized by craft specialization and long-distance exchange.
38
Middell, Matthias. 1989. Herausgegeben von Stephen A. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602056.013.044.
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The essay argues that the story of 1989 can be told either as a narrow or a wide story. The narrow story focuses on the end of communism, the unification of Germany, and the subsequent integration of former communist states into the European Union. It works especially well for Central and Eastern Europe, although it also has implications for regimes in Africa that relied on Soviet support. However, it also requires considerable qualification, given the survival of communist regimes in China, Vietnam, Cuba, and elsewhere. In the second, wide version of the story, 1989 brings to visibility processes that had been at work for several decades, undermining the power blocs of the Cold War era and the territorially defined polities on which the system of international relations rested. In this story 1989 is of as much relevance to the West as to the former Eastern Bloc. The essay looks at both stories in relation to Gorbachev and perestroika, the US role in the end of the Cold War, German unification, the singing revolution in the Baltic, and 1989 in China and Cuba.
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Christoff, Alicia Mireles. Novel Relations. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691193106.001.0001.
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This book engages twentieth-century post-Freudian British psychoanalysis in an unprecedented way: as literary theory. Placing the writing of figures like D. W. Winnicott, W. R. Bion, Michael and Enid Balint, Joan Riviere, Paula Heimann, and Betty Joseph in conversation with canonical Victorian fiction, the book reveals just how much object relations can teach us about how and why we read. These thinkers illustrate the ever-shifting impact our relations with others have on the psyche, and help us see how literary figures—characters, narrators, authors, and other readers—shape and structure us too. In the book, novels are charged relational fields. Closely reading novels by George Eliot and Thomas Hardy, the book shows that traditional understandings of Victorian fiction change when we fully recognize the object relations of reading. It is not by chance that British psychoanalysis illuminates underappreciated aspects of Victorian fiction so vibrantly: Victorian novels shaped modern psychoanalytic theories of psyche and relationality—including the eclipsing of empire and race in the construction of subject. Relational reading opens up both Victorian fiction and psychoanalysis to wider political and postcolonial dimensions, while prompting a closer engagement with work in such areas as critical race theory and gender and sexuality studies. The book describes the impact of literary form on readers and on twentieth- and twenty-first-century theories of the subject.
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Király, Béla, und Stephen Fischer-Galati. Essays on War and Society in East Central Europe 1740-1920. East European Monographs, 1988.
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Stephen, Fischer-Galați, Király Béla K. 1912- und Conference on Society in Change (16th : 1984 : Bucharest, Romania), Hrsg. Essays on war and society in East Central Europe, 1740-1920. Boulder: Social Science Monographs, 1987.
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Thompson, William R., und Leila Zakhirova. The Netherlands: Not Quite the First Modern Economy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0006.
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In this chapter, we look at four cases: Genoa, Venice, Portugal, and the Netherlands. Genoa, Venice, and Portugal acted as transitional agents over a five- to six-hundred-year period, creating sea power and trading regimes to move Asian commodities and innovations to and from European markets. While Genoa and Venice were primarily Mediterranean-centric, Portugal led the breakthrough from the constraints of the inland sea and inaugurated Europe’s Atlantic focus. None of these actors possessed the power of China nor subsequent global actors, but for their age, they were critical technological leaders, providing a technological bridge from the eastern zone of Eurasia to the western zone. The Netherlands fits into this narrative by combining Baltic and Atlantic activities to construct a European trade regime that greatly overshadowed the earlier transitional efforts. Buttressed by the development of agrarian and industrial technology and a heavy reliance on peat and wind as energy sources, the Dutch case seems idiosyncratic. Most critically, its energy transition was only partial. Although the Netherlands made clear advances in some power-driven machinery and technological innovation , the heat and energy that were expended remained constrained by the inherent limitations of the energy sources.
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O'Connor, Kevin C. The House of Hemp and Butter. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747687.001.0001.
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Founded as an ecclesiastical center, trading hub, and intended capital of a feudal state, Riga was Old Livonia's greatest city and its indispensable port. Because the city was situated in what was initially remote and inhospitable territory, surrounded by pagans and coveted by regional powers like Poland, Sweden, and Muscovy, it was also a fortress encased by a wall. This book begins in the twelfth century with the arrival to the eastern Baltic of German priests, traders, and knights, who conquered and converted the indigenous tribes and assumed mastery over their lands. It ends in 1710 with an account of the greatest war Livonia had ever seen, one that was accompanied by mass starvation, a terrible epidemic, and a flood of nearly Biblical proportions that devastated the city and left its survivors in misery. Readers will learn about Riga's people—merchants and clerics, craftsmen and builders, porters and day laborers—about its structures and spaces, its internal conflicts and its unrelenting struggle to maintain its independence against outside threats. The book is an indispensable guide to a quintessentially European city located in one of the continent's more remote corners.
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Jelavich, Charles, und Barbara Jelavich. The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804-1920 (History of East Central Europe). University of Washington Press, 1987.
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Kirchman, David L. Dead Zones. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197520376.001.0001.
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This book explores the many rivers, lakes, and oceans that are losing oxygen. Aquatic habitats with little dissolved oxygen are called dead zones because nothing can live there except some microbes. The number and size of dead zones are increasing worldwide. The book shows that oxygen loss causes fish kills, devastates bottom-dwelling biota, reduces biological diversity, and rearranges aquatic food webs. In the 19th century in rich countries and in poor regions today, dead zones are accompanied by waterborne diseases that kill thousands of people. The open oceans are losing oxygen because of climate change, whereas dead zones in coastal waters and seas are caused by excessive nutrients, which promote excessive growth of algae and eventually oxygen depletion. Work by Gene Turner and Nancy Rabalais demonstrated that nutrients in the Gulf of Mexico come from fertilizers used in the US Midwest, home to the most productive cropland in the world. Agriculture is also the biggest source of nutrients fuelling dead zones in the Baltic Sea and other coastal waters. Today, fertilizers contaminate drinking water and kick-start harmful algal blooms in local lakes and reservoirs. Nutrient pollution in some regions has declined because of buffer zones, cover crops, and precision agriculture, but more needs to be done. The book concludes by arguing that each of us can do our part by changing our diet; eating less, especially eating less red meat, would improve our health and the health of the environment. A better diet could reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emitted by agriculture and shrink dead zones worldwide.
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Popenhagen, Ron J. Modernist Disguise. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474470056.001.0001.
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This book chronicles and theorises face and body masking in arts and culture from the mid-nineteenth century to the new millennium. While featuring the modernist era in France, analyses include commentary on performers and visual artists from the margins of the European continent: Ireland and the Baltics; Denmark and the Mediterranean. Representations of silent Pierrots on stage are contrasted with images of fixed-form maskers and masquerades; two-dimensional depictions in paintings and photographs further the study of the form-altered human figure. The relationship of the European avant-garde with indigenous masquerade from Africa and the Americas is discussed and presented in a series of eighteen photographic counterpoints. Modernist explorations of the masked gaze and the nature of looking with the painted face are considered. Meanings suggested by the disguised body in motion and in stasis are investigated via citations of the work of a wide range of masqueraders: Akarova, Bernhardt, Cahun, Höch, Fuller, Mnouchkine, Stein and Wigman, as well as Artaud, Barrault, Cocteau, Copeau, Deburau, Fo, Milhaud and Picasso. Connections between modernist disguising with manifestations of masquerade in daily life, fashion, fine art, media, opera and theatre are proposed while arguing that masking and the carnivalesque are omnipresent in contemporary culture. Modernist Disguise provides greater understanding of the impact of facial masking upon everyday interactions and perceptions experienced, for instance, during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The book proposes an interdisciplinary and international lexicon for critical conversation on masking objects, mask play and masquerade as performance.
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Fox, Richard. More Than Words. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501725340.001.0001.
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Grounded in extensive ethnographic and archival research on the Indonesian island of Bali, More Than Words challenges conventional understandings of textuality and writing as they pertain to the religious traditions of Southeast Asia. Through a nuanced study of Balinese script as employed in rites of healing, sorcery and self-defence, this book explores the aims and desires embodied in the production and use of palm-leaf manuscripts, amulets and other inscribed objects. Balinese often attribute both life and independent volition to manuscripts and copperplate inscriptions, presenting them with elaborate offerings. Commonly addressed with personal honorifics, these script-bearing objects may become partners with humans and other sentient beings in relations of exchange and mutual obligation. The question is how such practices of ‘the living letter’ may be related to more recently emergent conceptions of writing—which take Balinese letters to be a symbol of cultural heritage, and a neutral medium for the transmission of textual meaning. One of the book’s central aims is to theorize the coexistence of these seemingly contradictory sensibilities, with an eye to its wider significance for the history and practice of religion in Southeast Asia and beyond.
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Lilja, Sven. Climate, History, and Social Change in Sweden and the Baltic Sea Area From About 1700. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.633.
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The growing concern about global warming has turned focus in Sweden and other Baltic countries toward the connection between history and climate. Important steps have been taken in the scientific reconstruction of climatic parables. Historic climate data have been published and analyzed, and various proxy data have been used to reconstruct historic climate curves. The results have revealed an ongoing regional warming from the late 17th to the early 21st century. The development was not continuous, however, but went on in a sequence of warmer and colder phases.Within the fields of history and socially oriented climate research, the industrial revolution has often been seen as a watershed between an older and a younger climate regime. The breakthrough of the industrial society was a major social change with the power to influence climate. Before this turning point, man and society were climate dependent. Weather and short-term climate fluctuations had major impacts on agrarian culture. When the crops failed several years in sequence, starvation and excess mortality followed. As late as 1867–1869, northern Sweden and Finland were struck by starvation due to massive crop failures.Although economic activities in the agricultural sector had climatic effects before the industrial society, when industrialization took off in Sweden in the 1880s it brought an end to the large-scale starvations, but also the start of an economic development that began to affect the atmosphere in a new and broader way. The industrial society, with its population growth and urbanization, created climate effects. Originally, however, the industrial outlets were not seen as problems. In the 18th century, it was thought that agricultural cultivation could improve the climate, and several decades after the industrial take-off there still was no environmental discourse in the Swedish debate. On the contrary, many leading debaters and politicians saw the tall chimneys, cars, and airplanes as hopeful signs in the sky. It was not until the late 1960s that the international environmental discourse reached Sweden. The modern climate debate started to make its imprints as late as the 1990s.During the last two decades, the Swedish temperature curve has unambiguously turned upwards. Thus, parallel to the international debate, the climate issue has entered the political agenda in Sweden and the other Nordic countries. The latest development has created a broad political consensus in favor of ambitious climate goals, and the people have gradually started to adapt their consumption and lifestyles to the new prerequisites.Although historic climate research in Sweden has had a remarkable expansion in the last decades, it still leans too much on its climate change leg. The clear connection between the climate fluctuations during the last 300 years and the major social changes that took place in these centuries needs to be further studied.
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Ramírez Bernal, Monica. El Océano como Paisaje. Instituto de Geografía, UNAM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14350/gsxxi.li.23.
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La búsqueda de nuevas relaciones intelectuales se encuentra en el centro de las motivaciones para publicar esta investigación de Mónica Ramírez Bernal sobre los mapas murales del océano Pacífico, de 1939, en el marco del programa académico por el 75 aniversario de la fundación del Instituto de Geografía de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Miguel Covarrubias (1904-1957), el autor de los murales, propuso para los muros de la Pacific House, uno de los edificios de la Golden Gate International Exhibition de San Francisco, California, una serie de seis piezas de gran formato, con variables visuales e intenso colorido sobre la inmensidad del Pacífico, el mar Océano tan desconocido por los europeos del siglo XV. Llegado el siglo XX, ¿qué significaba el Pacífico para los Estados Unidos? Ramírez Bernal responde en este libro: convertirlo en “el centro de un área independiente e interconectada entre sí” que, más importante, aseguraba los “territorios y rutas de comercio en el océano Pacífico, lo que implicaba una presencia naval y militar a lo largo de todo ese espacio”. Para el geógrafo de la Universidad de California, en Los Ángeles, Denis Cosgrove (1948-2008), este plan consideraba fundamental la difusión de las imágenes del océano Pacífico en publicaciones periódicas y revistas que servían para educar al público estadounidense acerca de una región que les era todavía desconocida, pero que resultaba vital para el gobierno. En este contexto se inserta la figura de Covarrubias, que contaba con experiencia directa de la región por su vida en la isla de Bali, de la que publicó un libro en 1937, en Nueva York. Los mapas aquí presentados, vistos como artefactos culturales, requieren de nuevos ojos y filtros que los hagan hablar y transmitir las peculiaridades que guardan al interior, así como al exterior, en su relación con sus bases ideológicas y vínculos con poderes políticos y económicos. Con esta nueva perspectiva, Ramírez Bernal ha preparado esta investigación con base en una serie de consultas en los archivos y fuentes de México y los Estados Unidos.
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Shelayev, Yury B., Liudmila A. Protsai und Mikhail Pavlovich Iroshnikov. Before the Revolution: St. Petersburg in Photographs : 1890-1914. Harry N Abrams, 1992.
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