Um die anderen Arten von Veröffentlichungen zu diesem Thema anzuzeigen, folgen Sie diesem Link: Bacteria.
Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Bacteria“
Geben Sie eine Quelle nach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard und anderen Zitierweisen an
Machen Sie sich mit Top-50 Zeitschriftenartikel für die Forschung zum Thema "Bacteria" bekannt.
Neben jedem Werk im Literaturverzeichnis ist die Option "Zur Bibliographie hinzufügen" verfügbar. Nutzen Sie sie, wird Ihre bibliographische Angabe des gewählten Werkes nach der nötigen Zitierweise (APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver usw.) automatisch gestaltet.
Sie können auch den vollen Text der wissenschaftlichen Publikation im PDF-Format herunterladen und eine Online-Annotation der Arbeit lesen, wenn die relevanten Parameter in den Metadaten verfügbar sind.
Sehen Sie die Zeitschriftenartikel für verschiedene Spezialgebieten durch und erstellen Sie Ihre Bibliographie auf korrekte Weise.
1
Putri, Neisya Intan Cahyaningtyas Agung, Ramadhani Ramadhani und Eddy Bagus Wasito. „Gram Negative Bacteria (Escherichia coli) Win Against Gram Positive Bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) in The Same Media“. Biomolecular and Health Science Journal 4, Nr. 2 (30.10.2021): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/bhsj.v4i2.30177.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Introduction: Biodiversity of the microorganism in Indonesia lead to the large amount of patient with infection. Human can get infected in two different place, with different kind of bacteria that cause the infection. This may lead to bacteremia without knowing which bacteria type whose causing it, either the Gram positive or Gram negative bacteria, whereas the treatment of this two types of bacteria are different. The aim of this study is to determine the doubling time of the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria when they are grown in the same lesion and the kinds of bacteria that we need to eliminate first.Methods: Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria were used as samples in this study. Bacterial culture in nutrient broth with 0.5 OD turbidity were mixed then incubated in incubator with 35˚C. Every one hour within 24 hour, 0.01 ml of bacterial culture was taken in serial dilutionover time, varying between 106 – 1012, . It was then planted in nutrient agar plate with droplets technique. After it had been incubated for 24 hours, we counted the Colony Forming Unit per ml (CFU/ml) to time, then the doubling time of the bacteria. The result were then compared between the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli group.Results: Two tailed t-test result of the doubling time between Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli was < 0,05 (p=0,000) wich means that there is significant difference of the doubling time between Staphylococcus aureus (24,35 ± 2,23 munites), and Escherichia coli (18,37 ± 0,50 minutes). When grown in the same media, Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) had slower doubling time than Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) as much as 1.32 times.Conclusion: In bacteremia with two possible kinds of bacterial suspect, we need to eliminate the Gram negative bacteria first.
2
Kaewduangduen, Warerat, Peerapat Visitchanakun, Wilasinee Saisorn, Ariya Phawadee, Charintorn Manonitnantawat, Chirapas Chutimaskul, Paweena Susantitaphong et al. „Blood Bacteria-Free DNA in Septic Mice Enhances LPS-Induced Inflammation in Mice through Macrophage Response“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, Nr. 3 (08.02.2022): 1907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031907.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Although bacteria-free DNA in blood during systemic infection is mainly derived from bacterial death, translocation of the DNA from the gut into the blood circulation (gut translocation) is also possible. Hence, several mouse models with experiments on macrophages were conducted to explore the sources, influences, and impacts of bacteria-free DNA in sepsis. First, bacteria-free DNA and bacteriome in blood were demonstrated in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis mice. Second, administration of bacterial lysate (a source of bacterial DNA) in dextran sulfate solution (DSS)-induced mucositis mice elevated blood bacteria-free DNA without bacteremia supported gut translocation of free DNA. The absence of blood bacteria-free DNA in DSS mice without bacterial lysate implies an impact of the abundance of bacterial DNA in intestinal contents on the translocation of free DNA. Third, higher serum cytokines in mice after injection of combined bacterial DNA with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), when compared to LPS injection alone, supported an influence of blood bacteria-free DNA on systemic inflammation. The synergistic effects of free DNA and LPS on macrophage pro-inflammatory responses, as indicated by supernatant cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10), pro-inflammatory genes (NFκB, iNOS, and IL-1β), and profound energy alteration (enhanced glycolysis with reduced mitochondrial functions), which was neutralized by TLR-9 inhibition (chloroquine), were demonstrated. In conclusion, the presence of bacteria-free DNA in sepsis mice is partly due to gut translocation of bacteria-free DNA into the systemic circulation, which would enhance sepsis severity. Inhibition of the responses against bacterial DNA by TLR-9 inhibition could attenuate LPS-DNA synergy in macrophages and might help improve sepsis hyper-inflammation in some situations.
3
Huber, François, Hans Peter Lang, Stefanie Heller, Julia Anna Bielicki, Christoph Gerber, Ernst Meyer und Adrian Egli. „Rapid Bacteria Detection from Patients’ Blood Bypassing Classical Bacterial Culturing“. Biosensors 12, Nr. 11 (09.11.2022): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12110994.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition mostly caused by a bacterial infection resulting in inflammatory reaction and organ dysfunction if not treated effectively. Rapid identification of the causing bacterial pathogen already in the early stage of bacteremia is therefore vital. Current technologies still rely on time-consuming procedures including bacterial culturing up to 72 h. Our approach is based on ultra-rapid and highly sensitive nanomechanical sensor arrays. In measurements we observe two clearly distinguishable distributions consisting of samples with bacteria and without bacteria respectively. Compressive surface stress indicates the presence of bacteria. For this proof-of-concept, we extracted total RNA from EDTA whole blood samples from patients with blood-culture-confirmed bacteremia, which is the reference standard in diagnostics. We determined the presence or absence of bacterial RNA in the sample through 16S-rRNA hybridization and species-specific probes using nanomechanical sensor arrays. Via both probes, we identified two clinically highly-relevant bacterial species i.e., Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus down to an equivalent of 20 CFU per milliliter EDTA whole blood. The dynamic range of three orders of magnitude covers most clinical cases. We correctly identified all patient samples regarding the presence or absence of bacteria. We envision our technology as an important contribution to early and sensitive sepsis diagnosis directly from blood without requirement for cultivation. This would be a game changer in diagnostics, as no commercial PCR or POCT device currently exists who can do this.
4
Tovkach, F. I., und G. I. Zhuminska. „Destabilization of the Phage-Bacteria System during Bacterial Infections of Tree Plants“. Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 81, Nr. 4 (30.07.2019): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj81.04.118.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
5
Yaghoubi, Atieh, Majid Khazaei, Seyed Mahdi Hasanian, Amir Avan, William C. Cho und Saman Soleimanpour. „Bacteriotherapy in Breast Cancer“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, Nr. 23 (23.11.2019): 5880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235880.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Breast cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality among women around the world. Conventional treatments in the fight against breast cancer, such as chemotherapy, are being challenged regarding their effectiveness. Thus, strategies for the treatment of breast cancer need to be continuously refined to achieve a better patient outcome. We know that a number of bacteria are pathogenic and some are even associated with tumor development, however, recent studies have demonstrated interesting results suggesting some bacteria may have potential for cancer therapy. Therefore, the therapeutic role of bacteria has aroused attention in medical and pharmaceutical studies. Furthermore, genetic engineering has been used in bacterial therapy and may led to greater efficacy with few side effects. Some genetically modified non-pathogenic bacterial species are more successful due to their selectivity for cancer cells but with low toxicity for normal cells. Some live, attenuated, or genetically modified bacterias are capable to multiply in tumors and inhibit their growth. This article aims to review the role of bacteria and their products including bacterial peptides, bacteriocins, and toxins for the treatment of breast cancer.
6
Gan, Yingying, Chengnan Li, Xinran Peng, Shuang Wu, Yuzhen Li, Jeremy P. K. Tan, Yi Yan Yang, Peiyan Yuan und Xin Ding. „Fight bacteria with bacteria: Bacterial membrane vesicles as vaccines and delivery nanocarriers against bacterial infections“. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 35 (Juli 2021): 102398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2021.102398.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
7
Susanti, S., B. E. Setiani, H. Rizqiati, D. R. Febriandi, V. P. Bintoro und B. E. Setiani. „Inhibitory Activity of Cashew Apple (Anacardium Occidentale) Extract Marinade on The Meat Total Bacteria“. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 6, Nr. 1 (24.03.2018): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.6.1.11.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Microbial activities cause physical and functional alteration, which can decrease the quality and shelf life of meat. Inhibiting the bacterial growth becomes a crucial effort to prevent spoilage of meat. Previous studies reported that human pathogen bacterias could be inhibited by using cashew apple juice. It was interested to explore the utilization of cashew apple as marinade solution to suppress the meat bacteria. Current study was aimed to get more insight the effectiveness of cashew apple extract marinade (CAM) as growth inhibitor for spoilage bacteria on beefs and chickens. Results indicated that inhibition zone of 20% CAM were significant higher than 0% CAM on the medium of E. coli, and S. aureus. The pretty high polyphenols content in CAM was considered as an active compound responsible for antibacterial activity. Furthermore, total bacterial count assay showed that 10 to 30% CAM significantly reduced the beef total bacteria in comparison to 0% while 15 % CAM significantly decreased the chicken total bacteria. It was suggested the range of effective level of CAM to reduce the meats bacteria is 10 to 30%. Thus, cashew apple can be a promising natural food preservative in the future, especially for extending the shelf life of meat.
8
Sara Kouara, Wiame Ghammad, Selma Berrada, Mustapha Mahmoud und Mustapha Mahmoud. „Epidemiological profile of multi-drug resistant bacteria in pediatric intensive care unit“. International Journal of Life Science Research Archive 4, Nr. 2 (30.04.2023): 057–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.53771/ijlsra.2023.4.2.0058.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Multidrug-resistant bacteria are currently a major health problem in our hospitals and a current medical issue due to the morbidity and mortality it causes, especially in intensive care units. The objective of this study is to describe the epidemiological profile, frequency, and resistance status of multidrug-resistant bacteria in pediatric and neonatal intensive care units. We conducted a retrospective study at the microbiology laboratory of the Hassan II University Hospital in Fez in 2022, where we collected bacterial samples from these two units that identified a multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR). We collected 1216 bacterial samples, of which 28% were positive, and among them, we found 148 samples that contained multidrug-resistant bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) dominated, with only 4 resistant gram-positive cocci samples, and Acinetobacter baumannii was the most prevalent, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae. A high rate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) was found in infants, estimated at 40% of all samples collected in neonatal intensive care, as well as a high rate of highly resistant isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in pediatric intensive care. Multidrug-resistant nosocomial bacterial infections are dominated by bacteremia in neonatology and pneumonia in pediatric intensive care, and both are mainly caused by gram-negative bacilli. Knowledge of the bacteriological profiles and antibiotic resistance rates of such bacteria will allow for more tailored and targeted management in each hospital setting.
9
Gasol, Josep M., Ulla Li Zweifel, Francesc Peters, Jed A. Fuhrman und Åke Hagström. „Significance of Size and Nucleic Acid Content Heterogeneity as Measured by Flow Cytometry in Natural Planktonic Bacteria“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, Nr. 10 (01.10.1999): 4475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.10.4475-4483.1999.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
ABSTRACT Total bacterial abundances estimated with different epifluorescence microscopy methods (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole [DAPI], SYBR Green, and Live/Dead) and with flow cytometry (Syto13) showed good correspondence throughout two microcosm experiments with coastal Mediterranean water. In the Syto13-stained samples we could differentiate bacteria with apparent high DNA (HDNA) content and bacteria with apparent low DNA (LDNA) content. HDNA bacteria, “live” bacteria (determined as such with the Molecular Probes Live/Dead BacLight bacterial viability kit), and nucleoid-containing bacteria (NuCC) comprised similar fractions of the total bacterial community. Similarly, LDNA bacteria and “dead” bacteria (determined with the kit) comprised a similar fraction of the total bacterial community in one of the experiments. The rates of change of each type of bacteria during the microcosm experiments were also positively correlated between methods. In various experiments where predator pressure on bacteria had been reduced, we detected growth of the HDNA bacteria without concomitant growth of the LDNA bacteria, such that the percentage contribution of HDNA bacteria to total bacterial numbers (%HDNA) increased. This indicates that the HDNA bacteria are the dynamic members of the bacterial assemblage. Given how quickly and easily the numbers of HDNA and LDNA bacteria can be obtained, and given the similarity to the numbers of “live” cells and NuCC, the %HDNA is suggested as a reference value for the percentage of actively growing bacteria in marine planktonic environments.
10
Souza, V., und L. E. Eguiarte. „Bacteria gone native vs. bacteria gone awry?: Plasmidic transfer and bacterial evolution“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94, Nr. 11 (27.05.1997): 5501–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.11.5501.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
11
Sabra, Sherifa. „Elimination Virulent-pathogenic-biofilm Bacteria Using Highland-wild Salvia officinalis Preserve Bacterial-infection-control“. Biotechnology and Bioprocessing 2, Nr. 2 (02.02.2021): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2766-2314/021.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
This work for this title "Elimination Virulent-pathogenic-biofilm (VPB) Bacteria Using Highland-wild (HLW) Salvia officinalis (S. officinalis) Preserve Bacterial-infection-control (BIC)"; the aim was to prove the importance of HLW S. officinalis extracts have therapeutic herbal importance. Through its effected on the isolated VPB bacteria caused infection diseases that may preserve BIC for individuals, which proved the effectiveness of the HLW S. officinalis daily use or therapeutic use. S. officinalis specimens were collected during the flowering period from HLW, Taif, KSA. Essential oils (EOs) were equipped and biofilms preparation, then laboratory methods deputy for anti-biofilms formation activity and biofilms elimination activity, finally biofilms metabolic grades measurement. The bacterial metabolic grades of anti-biofilms formation activity showed the HLW S. officinalis EOs extracts eliminated VPB bacteria and effects were greater. Anywhere Staphylococcous aureus (S. aureus) and Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) were eliminated until 60 hours. While Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) was eliminated at 72 hours. The bacterial metabolic grades of biofilms elimination activity found the HLW S. officinalis EOs extracts eliminated within 8 hours (S. aureus and S. pyogenes), PA was to 10 hours. Concluded the HLW S. officinalis EOs extracts had proven its ability to eliminate VPB bacteria, and from that, it proven on the type used with healthy characteristics to maintain health and BIC. Recommendation: That topic recommend using the appropriate HLW S. officinalis EOs extracts for individuals daily to maintain the general health. In cases of illness, person must ask the "Specialized Physician" to determine the healthy and curative amount to use.
12
Venkatesan, Nandakumar, Govindaraj Perumal und Mukesh Doble. „Bacterial resistance in biofilm-associated bacteria“. Future Microbiology 10, Nr. 11 (November 2015): 1743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb.15.69.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
13
Manhart, Lisa E., Christine M. Khosropour, Congzhu Liu, Catherine W. Gillespie, Kevin Depner, Tina Fiedler, Jeanne M. Marrazzo und David N. Fredricks. „Bacterial Vaginosis–Associated Bacteria in Men“. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 40, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2013): 944–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/olq.0000000000000054.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
14
Danylenko, S. G., O. V. Naumenko, A. S. Onishchenko, S. M. Teterina, M. O. Khonkiv und S. O. Skrotskyi. „Biotechnology of Newly Created Bacterial Composition for Siloing Based on Lactic Acid Bacteria“. Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 83, Nr. 6 (17.12.2021): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj83.06.020.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Peculiarities of high-quality silage production are the use of biological products based on lactic acid bacteria. The composition of such starters varies greatly according to the use of bacterial cultures, so among the starters available on the market, the range of their effectiveness is also different. It is very common to use a one-sided approach to the choice of bacterial components, which in combination with imperfect production technology have low preservative activity. The study of combined preparations, which combine homo- and heterofermentative types of lactic acid fermentation, allows to stabilize the preservative properties throughout the ensiling time, and increase the aerobic stability of the silage after access of oxygen. Aim. Development of biotechnology of bacterial preparation for corn ensiling, optimization of cultivation conditions of newly created bacterial composition, and selection of cryoprotectants for its lyophilization. Methods. The combined preparation was created on the basis of heterofermentative strain Lactobacillus buchneri 3806 combining it in two- and three-strain compositions with other representatives of lactic acid bacteria, which are characterized by obligate homofermentative and facultative heterofermentative types of metabolism. Optimization of the environment and technological parameters was carried out using a central-compositional plan, further statistical analysis of the obtained data and determination of optimal values of input parameters according to the created mathematical model of optical density response. The effectiveness of the selected protective media was tested for the survival of bacteria after lyophilization. Results. The most effective bacterial composition was found during experiments: L. buchneri 3806, Enterococcus faecium C-8-12, L. plantarum 3216. The effectiveness of the obtained composition was tested by laboratory silage of corn. Tests of the drug based on the selected bacterial composition showed an improvement in the chemical composition of the silage compared to the untreated control and treated only with monoculture L. buchneri 3806, namely: there was a decrease in dry matter loss by 2.21% and 2.04%, 22 due to the increase of lactic acid content, and increase of aerobic stability of silage – 341 h against 57 h of the control sample, and 313 h in case of using monoculture. For the obtained bacterial composition, the culture medium of the following composition was optimized: base (hydrolyzed milk with the addition of the following components: monosubstituted potassium phosphate – 2 g/L; 5-aqueous manganese sulfate – 0.05 g/L; 7-aqueous magnesium sulfate – 0.2 g/L; twin-80 – 1.0 g/L); glucose – 19.7 g/L; yeast extract – 7.8 g/L; corn extract – 23.6 g/L; peptone – 9.1 g/L; sodium citrate – 6.6 g/L; sodium acetate – 3,4 g/L. Cultivation of the bacterial composition on an optimized medium made it possible to obtain the maximum biomass yield, at which the optical density was 2.01 units, which is almost twice as much as the value obtained by culturing the same composition in MRS medium. The optimal technological parameters of culturing the bacterial composition were established, namely the best growth was observed at a temperature of 36.4±0.4°C with constant maintenance of the pH value in the culture medium at the level of 6.5±0.1 units. In addition, the optimal composition of the protective medium containing sodium citrate, sucrose and agar was selected, and ensures the survival rate of lactic acid bacteria 98.4% after lyophilization. Conclusions. The newly formed bacterial composition can be used for the production of preparations for corn silage, and tested on other raw materials, in particular on some perennial legumes (alfalfa, clover), and the conditions of its production can be used to scale the technology.
15
Muhsin H. Edham und Nasreen K. Kamel. „Bacteriological and Physiological Study of bacterial infection of the blood stream“. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 23, Nr. 8 (08.08.2018): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v23i8.538.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The study was included to collect one hundred blood samples of peoples suspected with Bacteremia at different ages and both sex Kirkuk General Hospital and Azadi Hospital. The results indurated to found positive bacterial growth at 16 blood samples, while 86 samples found negative bacterial growth. The 11 isolates was appear as gram positive bacteria, while Ten of them were as Staphylococcus species, one was Clostridium perfringens, and Five isolates Gram negative bacteria, Burkloderia cepacia, Pseudomonas alcaligenese, Stenotrophonas maltiphilia, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Escherichia – coli. all Staphylococcus isolates were appear are sensitive to imipenem, vancomycin, followed by the amoxicillin - clavulanic acid for 8 isolates and Ceftriaxone, Chloramphenicol and Amikacin were sensitive to 7 isolates while all Staphylococcus isolates were resistance to cefixime followed by azithromycin, erythromycin. The study showed Stenotrophomonas mltophilia were the most resistant antimicrobial isolates used in the study. The results of the physiological tests showed that the PCV values were lower in most blood samples of patients with bacteremia, whereas increased values for Clotting time, WBC due to toxic effects of invasive bacteria.
16
Mert, Duygu, Sabahat Ceken, Gulsen Iskender, Dicle Iskender, Alparslan Merdin, Fazilet Duygu, Mustafa Ertek und Fevzi Altuntas. „Epidemiology and mortality in bacterial bloodstream infections in patients with hematologic malignancies“. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 13, Nr. 08 (31.08.2019): 727–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.11457.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Introduction: Patients with hematological malignancies, who are in the high risk group for infectious complications and bacterial bloodstream infections. The aim of the study evaluated epidemiology and mortality in bacterial bloodstream infections in patients with hematologic malignancies. In addition to determine the risk factors, changes in the distribution and frequency of isolated bacterias.
Methodology: In this retrospective study. There were investigated data from 266 patients with hematological malignancies and bacterial bloodstream infections who were hospitalized between the dates 01/01/2012 and 12/31/2017.
Results: There were 305 blood and catheter cultures in febrile neutropenia attacks in total. In these total attacks, primary bloodstream infections were 166 and catheter-related bloodstream infections were 139. In blood cultures; Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria were detected in 58,0% and 22,9% of the samples, respectively. 52,4% of the cultured Gram-negative bacterias were extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). Carbapenemase positive culture rate was 17,2% in Gram-negative bacteria cultures. Staphylococcus epidermidis was found in 38,4% of the Gram-positive bacteria cultures. In Gram-positive bacteria; methicillin resistance were detected in 82,2% of the samples. There was a statistically significant relationship between bloodstream infection and disease status. 60 patients with primary bloodstream infections were newly diagnosed.
Conclusions: In patients with hematological malignancies, certain factors in the bloodstream infections increase the mortality rate. With the correction of these factors, the mortality rate in these patients can be reduced. The classification of such risk factors may be an important strategy to improve clinical decision making in high-risk patients, such as patients with hematological malignancies.
17
Adil, Fatima Zahra, Elmostafa Benaissa, Yassine Benlahlou, Hicham Bakkali, Nawfal Doghmi, Hicham Balkhi, Adil Maleb und Mostafa Elouennass. „Bacteriological aspects of bacteremia in the intensive care unit of the Mohammed V Military Hospital: 10 months prospective study“. European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology 12, Nr. 2 (26.08.2022): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1886.2022.00010.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Abstract Introduction Bacteremia is responsible for high rates of morbidity and mortality. The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in intensive care units (ICU) is a growing concern. Hence, prior knowledge of bacterial epidemiology and resistance phenotypes is required to optimize these infections' management. The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiological profile of bacteremia in ICU settings, as well as the place occupied by MDR bacteria in these infections. Methods It is a prospective study carried out over 10 months on episodes of bacteremia in the ICU of Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital (Rabat, Morocco). Microorganism growth was detected using fluorescent technology, species identification was based on morphological and biochemical characteristics. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed following the recommendations of the Antibiogram Committee of the French Society of Microbiology (CA-SFM) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Results Among 504 hospitalized patients, sixty-one (12.1%) presented at least one episode of bacteremia. Forty patients (65.6% of bacteremic patients) presented at least one episode of bacteremia due to MDR bacteria. Male gender, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and previous hospitalization were significant risk factors for the acquisition of MDR bacteremia. Isolated bacteria were mainly Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) (n = 62; 68.9%) dominated by Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 19; 21.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 16; 17.8%). MDR bacteria were represented by multi-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 19; 44.2%), extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Enterobacterales (n = 9; 20.9%) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (n = 7; 16.3%). Carbapenems (n = 40; 65.6%), Aminoglycosides (n = 32; 52.5%) and Polypeptides (n = 24; 39.3%) were the most used antimicrobials. Mortality rates were 66.6% (n = 40) and 85% (n = 43) in patients with non MDR bacteremia and MDR bacteremia respectively. Conclusion Limiting the spread of MDR bacteria and improving the management of bacteremic patients require continuous monitoring of bacteremia as well as adapting the therapeutic and preventive strategy.
18
Schubert, Pawel T., Deidre Mason, Roosacelis Martines, Marlene Deleon-Carnes, Sherif R. Zaki und Drucilla J. Roberts. „Spectrum of Changes Seen With Placental Intravascular Organisms“. Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 22, Nr. 3 (18.10.2018): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1093526618801616.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Fetal bacterial infections are a common cause of fetal/neonatal morbidity and mortality. The pathologic correlates of congenital bacterial infection include acute chorioamnionitis, acute villitis, and acute intervillositis. The strength of the association of congenital bacterial infection differs among these pathologies. Acute chorioamnionitis results usually from an ascending infection, and damage to the fetus is thought to be cytokine driven rather than damage secondary to bacteremia. Acute villitis is strongly associated with fetal sepsis due to congenital infections. A much less common variant on acute villitis pattern has been described with additional presence of bacteria in the fetal capillaries of the chorionic villi. We describe the spectrum of bacteria that would induce this unique pattern. The histological archives were searched from 2 institutions for cases with intravascular bacteria present in the villous capillaries of the placenta. Thirteen cases were identified, of which 11 cases had acute chorioamnionitis and all cases showed an acute villitis. Eight cases had Escherichia coli identified and 3 cases had Group B Streptococcus. All cases were associated with fetal death. In 9 cases, the mother showed signs of a significant infection including 1 maternal death. We conclude that finding intravascular bacteria is a serious complication of congenital infection with serious fetal and maternal sequela.
19
Ayal, Esther Lourence Brendha, Kasprijo Kasprijo, Ren Fitriadi, Dini Ryandini, Mohammad Nurhafid, Reza Muhammad Riady und Mira Adyla Anandasari. „Screening of Amylolytic Bacteria from Mina Padi Aquaculture in Panembangan Village, Cilongok District, Banyumas, Central Java“. Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health 13, Nr. 1 (28.02.2024): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jafh.v13i1.39210.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Amylolytic bacteria play an important role in the ecosystem, especially as probiotic and bioremediation agents in cultivation, as examples can be found in Mina Padi culture. The purpose of this study was to determine the amylolytic bacteria in the waters of the Mina Padi pond. Bacterial isolation began with bacterial sampling, inoculation and isolation of bacteria, calculation of the total abundance of bacteria, observation of bacterial morphology and bacterial purification, and isolation of amylolytic bacteria. The results of the isolation of amylolytic bacteria obtained 3 bacterial isolates capable of producing amylolytic enzymes, namely BA5, BA6, and BA7. The highest index of amylolytic activity was obtained by isolates of BA6 with a medium category of 2.3 cm, and the lowest index was obtained by BA5 with a weak category of 0.3 cm. The average bacterial abundance from each dilution was 2.5 x 103 CFU/mL.
20
Sperandio, Vanessa. „Novel approaches to bacterial infection therapy by interfering with bacteria-to-bacteria signaling“. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 5, Nr. 2 (April 2007): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14787210.5.2.271.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
21
Istifadaha, Noor, Dewi Nurma Yanti Ningtyasb, Pujawati Suryatmana und Betty Natalie Fitriatin. „The Abilities of Endophytic and Biofertilizing Bacteria and Their Combinations to Suppress Bacterial Wilt Disease (Ralstonia solanacearum) of Chili“. KnE Life Sciences 2, Nr. 6 (26.11.2017): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i6.1052.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Bacterial wilt disease (Ralstonia solanacearum) is one of the most important diseases in Solanaceae, including chili. Biological control is one of environmentally-friendly method for controlling plant diseases. Microbes that are potential as biological control agents include bacterial endophytes and bacteria that are usually used as biofertilizer. This paper discusses the result of the study that examined the abilities of endophytic and biofertilizing bacteria solely or in combination to suppress bacterial wilt disease (R. solanacearum). The endophytic bacteria isolates tested were Lysinibacillus sp. and Bacillus subtilis, while biofertilizing bacteria used were N-fixing bacteria (Azotobacter chrococcum) and P-solubilizing bacteria (Pseudomonas cepacea). The results showed that the endophytic bacteria, biofertilizing bacteria and their combination inhibited wilt disease incidence in chili by 46.7-80 %. The highest disease suppression (80 %) showed by the endophytic bacteria, B. subtilis. This endophyte was also able to promote a significant chili growth. Keywords: Ralstonia solanacearum, Endophytic bacteria, Biofertilizer, Biological control, Chili.
22
Putri, Rizka Dwi Widya, und Nuniek Herdyastuti. „POTENSI SENYAWA ANTIOKSIDAN YANG DIHASILKAN BAKTERI ENDOFIT PADA DAUN JAMBU BIJI (Psidium guajava L.)“. Unesa Journal of Chemistry 10, Nr. 1 (25.01.2021): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/ujc.v10n1.p55-63.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Abstrak. Bakteri endofit memiliki kemampuan untuk memproduksi senyawa metabolit sekunder yang diduga sebagai akibat transfer genetik dari tanaman inangnya ke dalam bakteri endofit. Beberapa senyawa metabolit yang dihasilkan bakteri endofit berfungsi sebagai agen biokontrol tanaman, antibakteri, antijamur, antidiabetes, antiinflamasi, dan antioksidan. Telah dilakukan isolasi bakteri endofit dari daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava L.) yang diduga dapat menghasilkan antioksidan. Isolasi bakteri menggunakan metode sterilisasi permukaan (surface sterilization) dengan perendaman menggunakan NaOCl dan alkohol. Isolat bakteri endofit diperoleh sebanyak dua, yaitu isolat bakteri endofit A dan B yang memiliki morfologi koloni yang berbeda, yaitu morfologi koloni isolat bakteri endofit A berbentuk tidak teratur, tepian utuh, permukaan rata, dan berwarna putih hampir bening, sedangkan isolat bakteri endofit B berbentuk tidak teratur, tepian keriting, permukaan rata, dan berwarna keputih-putihan. Hasil uji metabolit sekunder menunjukkan bahwa isolat bakteri endofit A dan B memiliki kandungan flavanoid dan fenolik. Uji antioksidan menggunakan metode peredaman radikal bebas DPPH (1,1–diphenyl-2-picryhidrazil) menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada λ516 nm menggunakan asam askorbat sebagai kontrol positif. Berdasarkan hasil uji diperoleh nilai (IC50) isolat bakteri endofit A pada fraksi metanol yaitu 201,8010 ppm dan pada fraksi etil asetat 232,9740 ppm. Nilai (IC50) isolat bakteri endofit B pada fraksi metanol yaitu 146,9645 ppm dan pada fraksi etil asetat 189,8048 ppm. Aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi dimiliki oleh isolat bakteri endofit B pada fraksi metanol dan diklasifikasikan sebagai antioksidan sedang.
Kata Kunci: Bakteri endofit, antioksidan, daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava L.)
Abstract. Endophytic bacteria have the ability to produce secondary metabolites which are thought to be a result of genetic transfer from host plant into endophytic bacteria. Several secondary metabolites that can be produced by endophytic bacteria used to biocontrol agent, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. This research has been done about isolation of Endophytic Bacteria on Guajava Leaf (Psidium guajava L) which are thought to produce antioxidant. Bacterila isolation using the surface sterilization method by siaking using NaOCl and alcohol. Two bacterila were obtained, namely endophytic bacterial isolates A and endophytic bacterial isolates B which had different colony morphology, morphology of bacterial isolate A is irregular shaped, entire edge, flat surface, and almost transculent white, whereas bacterial endophytic bacterial isolates B is irregular shaped, undunate edge, flat surface, and whitish. Secondary metabolites test results showed that endophytic bacterial isolates A and B contained flavonoids and phenolics. Antioxidant test using using DPPH radical scavenging method (1,1–diphenyl-2-picryhidrazil) using Spectrophotometer UV-Vis at λ 516 nm used ascorbat acid as positive control. Based on the test results obtained (IC50) value of endophytic bacterial isolates A in the methanol fraction is 201,8010 ppm and in the ethyl acetate fraction 232,9740 ppm. The value (IC50) of endophytic bacteria isolates B in the methanol fraction was 146,9645 ppm and in the ethyl acetate fraction 189,8048 ppm. The highest antioxidant activity is possessed by endophytic bacterial isolates B in the methanol fraction and is classified as a moderate antioxidant.
Key words: Endophytic bacteria, antioxidants, leaves of guajava (Psidium guajava L.)
23
Ahmed Sabah Al-Jasimee, Abbas Mayar Hezam, Wurood Jasim Mohammed, Mohammed M Alkhuzaie und Zinah Abdulkadhim Oudah. „A General Overview on Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria and its pathogenicity“. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, Nr. 1 (07.01.2020): 702–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1880.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The first case of bacterial infection was recorded in 1862, while it was first isolated in 1882 from the scientist Gessard, who was called Bacillus pyocyaneus. The most common infections caused by bacteria are the first bacteremia in patients with serious burns, chronic lung injuries in patients with cystic fibrosis, and acute ulcerative keratitis in people who use contact lenses. The gastrointestinal tract is an important gateway for entry into the blood infection caused by bacteria, and the bacteria cause endocarditis, where the bacteria infects the heart valves from the direct invasion of the bloodstream, as it causes meningitis and brain abscesses, and it can invade the central organ The inner and nasal sinuses can also be accessed from a site far from the injury, such as the urinary tract. Other pathogenic infections caused by bacteria are pulmonary injuries, as bacteria are the most common disease associated with lung injuries. They are caused by bacteria Hospitalized lung with a mortality rate greater than 70%. Bacteria are a common cause and acquired by hospitals for urinary tract infections due to their ability to adhere to urinary epithelial cells in the bladder, as they cause cystitis and urinary tract infections. The percentage of deaths caused by bacteria can reach 50% due to many factors, including weak body defenses and bacteria resistance to anti-life as well as the production of bacteria, enzymes and external toxins.
24
Intriago Angulo, Jefferson Javier, Juan Gerardo Quimi Mujica, Jordana Jineyka López Parra, David Villarreal de la Torre, Edmundo Matute, Jenny Maribel Rizco Cunayque, María Elena Bermúdez Basan, Emmerick Motte Darracau, Virna Alexia Cedeño Escobar und Eric Louis Miahle Matonnier. „Inhibición del quórum sensing mediante el quórum quenching en postlarvas de Litopenaeus vannamei“. La Técnica: Revista de las Agrociencias. ISSN 2477-8982, Nr. 23 (27.07.2020): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.33936/la_tecnica.v0i23.1538.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Inhibition of the quorum sensing by quorum quenching in postlarva of Litopenaeus vannamei
El cultivo del camarón blanco Litopenaeus vannamei es un recurso acuícola de gran importancia económica a nivel mundial; sin embargo, es severamente afectado por varios tipos de enfermedades infecciosas, principalmente virales y bacterianas. Sin embargo las pérdidas masivas reportadas durante los últimos años, están generalmente relacionadas a infecciones bacterianas en particular, el síndrome de mortalidad temprana (EMS) y más recientemente relacionada a la enfermedad de necrosis hepatopancreática aguda (AHPND) por sus siglas en ingles. Para asegurar la sostenibilidad de la industria del camarón, se debe mejorar la productividad en particular mediante el uso de consorcios de bacterias probióticas eficientes para la prevención de las enfermedades bacterianas. Dos consorcios de bacterias probióticas (consorcios comerciales y consorcio CA), fueron evaluados en pruebas in vitro y en tanques de producción de post-larvas de camarón L. vannamei, donde se realizó la determinación subsecuente del grado de inhibición del quórum sensing de las bacterias patogénicas mediante el quórum quenching de bacterias probióticas y paralelamente a los análisis de sobrevivencia. Como resultados el consorcio CA fue el que presento mayor grado de inhibición del quorum sensing in vitro en paralelo a los mayores porcentajes de sobrevivencia en tanques de producción de post-larvas de camarón. El mejor efecto probiótico en post-larvas de L. vannamei resultaron en los tratamientos del consorcio CA, como los mejores supresores en la presencia de vibrios en el cultivo bacteriológico así como mayores porcentajes de sobrevivencia en tanques de producción de post-larvas de camarón.
Palabras clave: Litopenaeus vannamei; quorum sensing; quorum quenching; bacterias patogénicas; bacterias probióticas
Abstract
The cultivation of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is an aquaculture resource of great economic importance worldwide; however, it is severely affected by several types of infectious diseases, mainly viral and bacterial. However, the massive losses reported in recent years are generally related to bacterial infections in particular, early mortality syndrome (EMS) and more recently related to acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). To ensure the sustainability of the shrimp industry, productivity must be improved in particular by the use of efficient probiotic bacteria consortia for the prevention of bacterial diseases. Two consortia of probiotic bacteria (commercial consortia and CA consortium) were evaluated in in vitro tests and in post-larvae production tanks of L. vannamei shrimp, where the subsequent determination of the degree of inhibition of the quorum sensing of pathogenic bacteria was carried out. By the quenching quorum of probiotic bacteria and parallel to the survival analysis. As a result, the CA consortium showed the greatest degree of inhibition of in vitro quorum sensing in parallel to the higher survival rates in shrimp post-larval production tanks. The best probiotic effect in post-larvae of L. vannamei resulted in the CA consortia treatments, as the best suppressors in the presence of vibrios in the bacteriological culture as well as higher survival rates in post-larvae shrimp production tanks
Keywords: Litopenaeus vannamei; quorum sensing; quorum quenching; pathogenic bacteria; probiotic bacteria.
25
Silva, José Reinaldo Oliveira, Anne Caroline Santos Ramos, Zenon Machado Lima, Bruno Dos Santos Lima, Adriano Antunes de Souza Araújo, Marcelo da Costa Mendonça, Francine Ferreira Padilha, Luiz Pereira da Costa, Jorge Alberto López und Maria Lucila Hernández-Macedo. „Spondias tuberosa Extract for Silver Nanoparticles Assisted Synthesis Against Multiresistant Bacteria“. Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine 11, Nr. 11 (01.11.2019): 1041–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asem.2019.2447.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Multiresistant bacteria represent a global health problem, encouraging the development of effective antimicrobial treatments. In this context, metallic nanoparticles like silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can serve as an alternative to the pathogenic bacterial growth control since AgNPs have minimal risk of promoting bacterial resistance. The chemical methods to synthesize AgNPs involves toxic agents however, an alternative way to obtain them would be employing plant extract due to its redox ability. In the current study, Spondias tuberosa hydroethanolic leaf extract (StHE) was used to assist silver nanoparticle synthesis (AgNP) and to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of both StHE and AgNP against antibiotic-resistant bacterias Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The StHE phytochemical analysis displayed significant polyphenol and flavonoids contents, identified by HPLC. Synthesized AgNPs were spherical with an average size of 3.44–19.46 nm, characterized by UV-Vis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The AgNPs antimicrobial activity displayed higher capacity than the crude StHE, mainly against Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, StHE is an effective source of reducing agents for the AgNPs synthesis, which exhibit high antibacterial potential against multidrug-resistant bacteria.
26
Lin, Qingjie, Shiying Lin, Zitao Fan, Jing Liu, Dingcheng Ye und Pingting Guo. „A Review of the Mechanisms of Bacterial Colonization of the Mammal Gut“. Microorganisms 12, Nr. 5 (19.05.2024): 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12051026.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
A healthy animal intestine hosts a diverse population of bacteria in a symbiotic relationship. These bacteria utilize nutrients in the host’s intestinal environment for growth and reproduction. In return, they assist the host in digesting and metabolizing nutrients, fortifying the intestinal barrier, defending against potential pathogens, and maintaining gut health. Bacterial colonization is a crucial aspect of this interaction between bacteria and the intestine and involves the attachment of bacteria to intestinal mucus or epithelial cells through nonspecific or specific interactions. This process primarily relies on adhesins. The binding of bacterial adhesins to host receptors is a prerequisite for the long-term colonization of bacteria and serves as the foundation for the pathogenicity of pathogenic bacteria. Intervening in the adhesion and colonization of bacteria in animal intestines may offer an effective approach to treating gastrointestinal diseases and preventing pathogenic infections. Therefore, this paper reviews the situation and mechanisms of bacterial colonization, the colonization characteristics of various bacteria, and the factors influencing bacterial colonization. The aim of this study was to serve as a reference for further research on bacteria–gut interactions and improving animal gut health.
27
Yang, Yang, Qingfang Zhang, Haitao Hu, Wenyun Zhang und Taohong Lu. „Bloodstream infection caused by Bacteroides caccae in a patient with renal hypertension: a case report“. Journal of International Medical Research 49, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2021): 030006052110472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03000605211047277.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Bacteroides caccae is an anaerobic bacterium with a reportedly high isolation rate; however, it rarely causes bloodstream infections. Patients with hypertension are at increased risk of developing anaerobic bacterial infection. In this study, we report a case of bacteremia caused by B. caccae in a patient with renal hypertension and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. This study describes the clinical manifestations of bloodstream infection involving B. caccae to provide guidance for laboratory technicians and clinicians. A 42-year-old Chinese man was admitted for gastrointestinal hemorrhage and subsequently diagnosed with anaerobic blood infection. The pathogenic bacteria isolated from anaerobic blood culture bottles were identified as B. caccae by using an automatic bacterial identification instrument and mass spectrometry (MS). B. caccae is an intestinal opportunistic pathogen that can invade the intestinal mucosa and cause anaerobic bloodstream infection. Two or more sets of blood cultures and MS identification can greatly improve the positive detection rate of blood cultures of anaerobic bacteria. Furthermore, the increased drug resistance of anaerobic bacteria necessitates drug sensitivity tests for anaerobic bacteria in many hospitals. Thus, the early prevention and control of primary diseases with appropriate diagnoses and timely anti-infection therapies are necessary to reduce B. caccae bloodstream infection.
28
Halim, Rashidah Abd, Nor'Aishah Hasan und Kogeethavani Ramachandran. „Screening of Endophytic Bacteria as Biocontrol Agents Against Bacteria Leaf Blight (Xanthomonas oryzae)“. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 27, Nr. 3 (01.07.2020): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.27.3.215.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) is one of major threats in rice production as it can cause 100% yield loss. Concern on the environment and human health has led an attempt to replace existing methods of chemical control and avoid extensive use of bactericides by using endophytic bacteria. The present study was conducted to screen and characterize bacteria isolated from different sources that has potential as antagonistic bacteria against Xanthomonas oryzaepv. oryzae (Xoo), the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight of paddy. Two hundred and thirty-three endophytic bacteria were successfully isolated from roots and leaves from paddy field. Only 17 endophytic bacterial isolates showed positive antagonistic activity indicated by inhibition zone around bacterial colony against Xoo on nutrient agar plate with 2 endophytic isolates (BCA 3 and BCA 12) showed highest inhibitory effect with 35±0.00 mm in diameter. Molecular identification by 16S rRNA amplification successfully identified the antagonistic endophytic bacteria as Pseudomonas fluorescensand Geobacillus thermoparaffinivorans. Findings in this study revealed the biocontrol abilities of isolated endophytes as an excellent option to be used by agriculture sectors to have sustainable environment.
29
Rosana, Yeva, Lina Herliyana, Grady Krisandi und Erike Anggraini Suwarsono. „Profile of multidrug-resistant bacteria causing urinary tract infections in inpatients and outpatients in Jakarta and Tangerang“. Universa Medicina 42, Nr. 3 (20.11.2023): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18051/univmed.2023.v42.303-313.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by bacteria occupy the second highest rank of common infectious diseases in the world. Empirical use of antibiotics may give rise to multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria because of irrational prescription. Choice of antibiotics to treat UTIs is limited because of MDR bacteria. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the bacterial antibiotic susceptibility patterns in inpatients and outpatients in Jakarta and Tangerang. Methods Bacterial isolates were obtained from midstream urine specimens from 43 inpatients and 43 outpatients with UTIs in Jakarta and Tangerang. Bacteria were isolated on blood and MacConkey agar media using colony count method. Isolate identification and their susceptibility patterns were performed using VITEK2 compact system according to manufacturers’ instructions. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test. Results A total of 89 bacterial isolates consisting of 15 bacterial species were successfully isolated from 86 specimens. Gram-negative bacteria were the most common etiology of UTIs in inpatients and outpatients. MDR bacteria were found in 52 of the 89 isolates. ESBL-producing E. coli was the most common MDR bacteria. ESBL-producing E. coli and other MDR bacteria showed good susceptibility to ertapenem, meropenem, amikacin, and tigecycline. There were no significant differences regarding the MDR bacterial count in inpatients and outpatients (p=0.521). Conclusion E. coli was found to be the most common MDR bacteria causing UTIs in inpatients and outpatients in Jakarta and Tangerang. Higher resistance to many antibiotics was found in MDR bacterial isolates in inpatients compared to outpatients. MDR bacteria in outpatient UTIs were highly resistant to commonly used antibiotics.
30
Aini, Fitratul. „The Effectivity of Bacteria Isolated From of Liquid Waste Palm Oil Plantation on Ganoderma Boninense“. International Journal of Ecophysiology 1, Nr. 1 (26.02.2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/ijoep.v1i1.841.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Ganoderma boninense is one of the main pathogenic fungus in oil palm plantations. Generally, these pathogen cause root rot (basal stem rot). Biological control that has been widely used reduce the infection is using bacteria. Liquid waste palm oil has potential to produce bacteria that is able to degrade Ganoderma boninense that causes root rot in oil palm. Liquid waste were obtained from Muaro Sabak Regency Jambi Province. Bacteri were isolated and cultivated in nutrient agar medium, characterized and identified for antagonistic test against G. boninense. Results showed that 16 bacterial isolates were identified, among of them are able to inhibit Ganoderma boninense.
31
Cocchi, Pietro. „BACTERIA VS. BACTERIA“. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 6, Nr. 6 (Juni 1987): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198706000-00028.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
32
Zegadło, Katarzyna, Monika Gieroń, Paulina Żarnowiec, Katarzyna Durlik-Popińska, Beata Kręcisz, Wiesław Kaca und Grzegorz Czerwonka. „Bacterial Motility and Its Role in Skin and Wound Infections“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, Nr. 2 (15.01.2023): 1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021707.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Skin and wound infections are serious medical problems, and the diversity of bacteria makes such infections difficult to treat. Bacteria possess many virulence factors, among which motility plays a key role in skin infections. This feature allows for movement over the skin surface and relocation into the wound. The aim of this paper is to review the type of bacterial movement and to indicate the underlying mechanisms than can serve as a target for developing or modifying antibacterial therapies applied in wound infection treatment. Five types of bacterial movement are distinguished: appendage-dependent (swimming, swarming, and twitching) and appendage-independent (gliding and sliding). All of them allow bacteria to relocate and aid bacteria during infection. Swimming motility allows bacteria to spread from ‘persister cells’ in biofilm microcolonies and colonise other tissues. Twitching motility enables bacteria to press through the tissues during infection, whereas sliding motility allows cocci (defined as non-motile) to migrate over surfaces. Bacteria during swarming display greater resistance to antimicrobials. Molecular motors generating the focal adhesion complexes in the bacterial cell leaflet generate a ‘wave’, which pushes bacterial cells lacking appendages, thereby enabling movement. Here, we present the five main types of bacterial motility, their molecular mechanisms, and examples of bacteria that utilise them. Bacterial migration mechanisms can be considered not only as a virulence factor but also as a target for antibacterial therapy.
33
Segura, Mariela, und Marcelo Gottschalk. „Streptococcus suis Interactions with the Murine Macrophage Cell Line J774: Adhesion and Cytotoxicity“. Infection and Immunity 70, Nr. 8 (August 2002): 4312–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.8.4312-4322.2002.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
ABSTRACT Streptococcus suis capsular type 2 is an important etiological agent of swine meningitis, and it is also a zoonotic agent. Since one hypothesis of the pathogenesis of S. suis infection is that bacteria enter the bloodstream and invade the meninges and other tissues in close association with mononuclear phagocytes, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the capacity of S. suis type 2 to adhere to macrophages. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique was standardized to simply and accurately measure the rate of bacterial attachment to phagocytic cells. Results were confirmed by plate counting. Adhesion was dependent on bacterial concentration and incubation time and was not affected by cytochalasin pretreatment of macrophages. Inhibition studies showed that the sialic acid moiety of the S. suis capsule would be, at least in part, responsible for bacterial recognition by macrophages. Serum preopsonization of bacteria increased adhesion levels. Complement would be partially implicated in the serum-enhanced binding of S. suis to cells. Adhesion varied among different S. suis type 2 isolates. However, high bacterial concentrations of several isolates were cytotoxic for cells, and these cytotoxic effects correlated with suilysin production. Indeed, hemolytic strain supernatants, as well as purified suilysin, reproduced cytotoxic effects observed with live bacteria, and these effects were inhibited by cholesterol pretreatment. Bacterial adhesion and cytotoxicity were confirmed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. We hypothesize that attachment of bacteria to phagocytes could play an important role in the pathogenesis of S. suis infection by allowing bacterial dissemination and causing a bacteremia and/or septicemia. This interaction could also be related to the activation of the host inflammatory response observed during meningitis.
34
Preveden, Tomislav. „Bacterial infections in patients with liver cirrhosis“. Medical review 68, Nr. 5-6 (2015): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1506187p.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Introduction. Liver cirrhosis is characterized by a reduced defensive reaction to bacterial infections and patients with cirrhosis are at increased risk of developing infections, sepsis and death. The most common bacterial infections in these patients are spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, urinary tract infection, pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infection and bacteremia. The most common causes are Gram negative bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, localization and etiology of bacterial infections in hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis. Material and Methods. This retrospective study included 401 patients with liver cirrhosis hospitalized at the Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Center of Vojvodina Novi Sad in the period from 2006 to 2010. Bacterial infection was diagnosed according to clinical examination, laboratory findings, radiological examination and bacterial positive culture. Results. The prevalence of bacterial infection was 38.15% (153/401). The most common infections were pneumonia (21.56%), urinary tract infection (20.91%), and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (18.95%). Localization of infection remained undetermined in as many as 37 patients (24.18%). Bacterial cultures were positive in 32 patients (20.91%), Gram negative bacteria were commonly isolated, mostly Escherichia coli (71.87%). The mortality rate among patients with bacterial infections was 31.37% (48/153). Conclusion. Bacterial infections are often found in patients with liver cirrhosis, the most frequent being pneumonia, urinary tract infection and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gram negative bacteria, especially Escherichia coli were predominant in the etiology. The extent to which bacterial infections are taken into consideration in cases with liver cirrhosis is rather high; however, they are not proved etiologically to the satisfactory level.
35
Libbing, Cassandra L., Adam R. McDevitt, Rea-Mae P. Azcueta, Ahila Ahila und Minal Mulye. „Lipid Droplets: A Significant but Understudied Contributor of Host–Bacterial Interactions“. Cells 8, Nr. 4 (15.04.2019): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8040354.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Lipid droplets (LDs) are cytosolic lipid storage organelles that are important for cellular lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, cell signaling, and inflammation. Several bacterial, viral and protozoal pathogens exploit host LDs to promote infection, thus emphasizing the importance of LDs at the host–pathogen interface. In this review, we discuss the thus far reported relation between host LDs and bacterial pathogens including obligate and facultative intracellular bacteria, and extracellular bacteria. Although there is less evidence for a LD–extracellular bacterial interaction compared to interactions with intracellular bacteria, in this review, we attempt to compare the bacterial mechanisms that target LDs, the host signaling pathways involved and the utilization of LDs by these bacteria. Many intracellular bacteria employ unique mechanisms to target host LDs and potentially obtain nutrients and lipids for vacuolar biogenesis and/or immune evasion. However, extracellular bacteria utilize LDs to either promote host tissue damage or induce host death. We also identify several areas that require further investigation. Along with identifying LD interactions with bacteria besides the ones reported, the precise mechanisms of LD targeting and how LDs benefit pathogens should be explored for the bacteria discussed in the review. Elucidating LD–bacterial interactions promises critical insight into a novel host–pathogen interaction.
36
Crump, Byron C., E. Virginia Armbrust und John A. Baross. „Phylogenetic Analysis of Particle-Attached and Free-Living Bacterial Communities in the Columbia River, Its Estuary, and the Adjacent Coastal Ocean“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, Nr. 7 (01.07.1999): 3192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.7.3192-3204.1999.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
ABSTRACT The Columbia River estuary is a dynamic system in which estuarine turbidity maxima trap and extend the residence time of particles and particle-attached bacteria over those of the water and free-living bacteria. Particle-attached bacteria dominate bacterial activity in the estuary and are an important part of the estuarine food web. PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes from particle-attached and free-living bacteria in the Columbia River, its estuary, and the adjacent coastal ocean were cloned, and 239 partial sequences were determined. A wide diversity was observed at the species level within at least six different bacterial phyla, including most subphyla of the classProteobacteria. In the estuary, most particle-attached bacterial clones (75%) were related to members of the genusCytophaga or of the α, γ, or δ subclass of the classProteobacteria. These same clones, however, were rare in or absent from either the particle-attached or the free-living bacterial communities of the river and the coastal ocean. In contrast, about half (48%) of the free-living estuarine bacterial clones were similar to clones from the river or the coastal ocean. These free-living bacteria were related to groups of cosmopolitan freshwater bacteria (β-proteobacteria, gram-positive bacteria, andVerrucomicrobium spp.) and groups of marine organisms (gram-positive bacteria and α-proteobacteria [SAR11 andRhodobacter spp.]). These results suggest that rapidly growing particle-attached bacteria develop into a uniquely adapted estuarine community and that free-living estuarine bacteria are similar to members of the river and the coastal ocean microbial communities. The high degree of diversity in the estuary is the result of the mixing of bacterial communities from the river, estuary, and coastal ocean.
37
Erlinawati, Erlinawati, und Safridha Kemala Putri. „Identifikasi bakteri patogen pada jajanan telur gulung yang dijual di Kecamatan Syiah Kuala Banda Aceh“. Jurnal SAGO Gizi dan Kesehatan 4, Nr. 1 (14.12.2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30867/gikes.v4i1.1061.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Background: Pathogenic bacteria can be a significant cause of food poisoning. Bacterial growth in food can also cause undesirable physical or chemical changes, making the food unfit for consumption. Egg roll is a snack easily found in Banda Aceh City, which children and adults generally consume. Snacks that contain high bacteria are very dangerous for health.Objectives: This study aims to determine the types of pathogenic bacteria in egg rolls sold in Syiah Kuala District, Banda Aceh.Methods: This experimental study was conducted in Syiah Kuala District, Banda Aceh City, 2020. Five samples were taken for bacterial examination at the Microbiology Laboratory, Medical Technology Poltekkes Kemenkes Aceh. Bacterial identification on egg rolls was observed for four days. Data analysis was only done descriptively.Results: The study identifying pathogenic bacteria on egg rolls showed that the egg roll samples were contaminated with several harmful bacteria. The bacterial colonies varied from the lowest distribution of 453,333 to the highest of 1,150,000. The bacteria were Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis, and pathogenic bacteria Salmonella sp.Conclusion: Egg rolls sold on the roadside have been contaminated with bacteria. The bacteria identified were Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis, and pathogenic bacteria Salmonella sp. Suggestions and efforts are needed from the authorities to conduct health promotion and training for egg roll sellers to maintain hygiene and sanitation of both tools and places of sale.
38
Kim, Su Yeong, und Dae Yong Yi. „Analysis of the human breast milk microbiome and bacterial extracellular vesicles in healthy mothers“. Experimental & Molecular Medicine 52, Nr. 8 (August 2020): 1288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s12276-020-0470-5.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Abstract The microbiota of human breast milk (HBM) contribute to infant gut colonization; however, whether bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are present in HBM or might contribute to this process remains unknown. In this study, we characterized the HBM microbiota of healthy Korean mothers and measured the key bacteria likely affecting infant gut colonization by analyzing both the microbiota and bacterial EVs. A total of 22 HBM samples were collected from lactating mothers. The DNA of bacteria and bacteria-derived EVs was extracted from each sample. In alpha-diversity analyses, bacterial samples showed higher richness and evenness than bacterial EV samples, and beta-diversity analyses showed significant differences between bacteria and bacterial EVs within identical individual samples. Firmicutes accounted for the largest proportion among the phyla, followed by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, in both bacteria and bacterial EV samples. At the genus level, Streptococcus (25.1%) and Staphylococcus (10.7%) were predominant in bacterial samples, whereas Bacteroides (9.1%), Acinetobacter (6.9%), and Lactobacillaceae(f) (5.5%) were prevalent in bacterial EV samples. Several genera, including Bifidobacterium, were significantly positively correlated between the two samples. This study revealed the diverse bacterial communities in the HBM of healthy lactating mothers, and found that gut-associated genera accounted for a high proportion in bacterial EV samples. Our findings suggest the existence of key bacteria with metabolic activity that are independent of the major bacterial populations that inhabit HBM, and the possibility that EVs derived from these bacteria are involved in the vertical transfer of gut microbiota.
39
Getriani, Zerina, Jepri Agung Priyanto und Sri Budiarti. „Deteksi Bakteri Gram-Negatif Pada Permukaan Daun Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum) dari Tiga Pasar Tradisional di Bogor“. Jurnal Sumberdaya Hayati 9, Nr. 4 (29.11.2023): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jsdh.9.4.138-144.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Ocimum basilicum or basil is commonly consumed raw by Indonesian. However, it is easily contaminated by pathogenic bacteria. This study aimed to detect Gram-negative bacteria in basil leaves obtained from three traditional markets in Bogor. Isolation and quantification of bacteria using serial dilution showed that the average number of bacteria on the surface of basil leaves was 9.6 × 107 CFU/g. Basil leaves obtained from the second traditional market had the highest number of bacteria, namely 11.3 × 107 CFU/g. All isolated bacteria have the same morphology namely bacilli, then further purified and characterized physiologically. The nine bacterial isolates obtained were able to grow on selective-differential media including Salmonella-Shigella agar (SSA), bismuth sulphite agar (BSA), and eosin-methylen blue (EMBA). Gram staining showed that all bacterial isolates were classified as Gram-negative bacteria. The hemolytic ability of bacterial isolates was tested using blood agar base media, three out of nine bacterial isolates were able to produce hemolysin. Molecular identification based on 16S rRNA sequences showed that the bacterial isolates belonged to the Providencia sp., Proteus sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Kluyvera sp. groups.
40
Choi, Byungwook, Tae-Min Kim, Seorin Jeong, Yousuk Kim und Eunsuk Kim. „Effects of Seed Endophytic Bacteria on Life History and Reproductive Traits in a Cosmopolitan Weed, Capsella bursa-pastoris“. Plants 11, Nr. 19 (08.10.2022): 2642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11192642.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Diverse bacteria inhabit plant seeds, and at least some of them can enhance plant performance at the early developmental stage. However, it is still inconclusive whether seed bacteria can influence post-germination traits and their contribution to plant fitness. To explore the evolutionary and ecological consequences of seed endophytic bacteria, we isolated four bacterial strains from the seeds of an annual weedy plant species, Capsella bursa-pastoris, and conducted a common garden experiment using seeds inoculated by isolated bacteria. Seeds infected by bacteria tended to germinate in spring rather than in autumn. Bacterial treatment also altered the expression of plant life history and reproductive traits, including flowering dates, rosette diameter at bolting, number of inflorescences, and fruit production. The results of the path analyses suggested that such effects of bacterial treatments were due to bacterial inoculation as well as germination delayed until spring. Spring germinants with bacterial infection showed a weaker association between post-germination traits and relative fitness than those without bacterial infection. These results suggest that seed bacteria likely affect the expression of post-germination traits directly or indirectly by delaying the germination season. An altered contribution of plant traits to relative fitness implies the influence of seed bacteria on the strength of natural selection.
41
Diver, Jonathan M. „Quinolone Uptake by Bacteria and Bacterial Killing“. Clinical Infectious Diseases 11, Supplement_5 (01.07.1989): S941—S946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/11.supplement_5.s941.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
42
Youderian, Philip. „Bacterial motility: Secretory secrets of gliding bacteria“. Current Biology 8, Nr. 12 (Juni 1998): R408—R411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(98)70264-7.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
43
Semenov, A. V., A. V. Sgibnev, S. V. Cherkasov und O. V. Bukharin. „Bacterial regulation of antagonistic activity of bacteria“. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 144, Nr. 5 (November 2007): 702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10517-007-0410-6.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
44
Riedasch, G., K. Möhring und E. Ritz. „Do antibody-coated bacteria prove bacterial prostatitis?“ Infection 19, S3 (Mai 1991): S141—S143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01643684.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
45
Huang, K. Fon, und David N. Herndon. „Gut-origin Sepsis: Bacteria or Bacterial Products?“ Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 7, Nr. 2 (März 1992): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088506669200700202.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
46
Sawaya, K., N. Kaneko, K. Fukushi und J. Yaguchi. „Behaviors of physiologically active bacteria in water environment and chlorine disinfection“. Water Science and Technology 58, Nr. 7 (01.10.2008): 1343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.445.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Direct microscopic methods using several fluorescent staining were applied to estimate the proportion of physiologically active bacteria in the water environment and evaluate the efficacy of disinfection with chlorine. 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) was used to determine total bacterial numbers, and 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) was chosen for direct detection of respiring bacteria. BacLightTM kit was used to assess bacterial membrane integrity. Bacteria with growth potential were enumerated using the DVC method and microcolony technique. The total bacterial number in river was 8 × 106∼3 × 1010 cells/mL, and colony forming units on R2A medium were 1 × 104∼4 × 105 cfu/mL. In the case of wastewater treatment plant, 1 ∼ 10% of total bacterial cells could form colonies. Physiologically active bacteria in river and wastewater treatment plant determined by fluorescent staining were much higher than those obtained by plate counting. The effect of chlorine on the physiological viability of Escherichia coli was also investigated. Microscopic viable bacteria were even more chlorine resistant than culturable bacteria. The inactivation rate coefficients of direct viable bacteria were one-second to third those of culturable bacteria.
47
Murakami, Gen, Yuichi Sugai und Kyuro Sasaki. „Preliminary Study on In Situ Realtime Quantitation of Target Bacteria on the Principle of Flow Cytometry“. Solid State Phenomena 262 (August 2017): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.262.224.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
In-situ realtime method that can monitor the target bacteria should be used to determine the real situation of the bacteria in deep parts of heaps in heap bioleaching plants. This study suggest to apply flow cytometry technology to in-situ realtime monitoring of target bacteria. Flow cytometry is a method that can rapidly quantify the bacterial cells in bacterial suspension based on the detection of lights that are emitted from bacterial cells. In this study, we estimated the possibility of the application of flow cytometry to the selective detection of target bacteria. The bacterial culture solution that had been diluted by water including other bacteria was provided for fluorescence spectral analysis and scattered light analysis that were functions of flow cytometry. Our target bacteria could be selectively detected by those analyses in this study, therefore, it was shown that the flow cytometry could be useful for detecting target bacteria selectively. Because the measurement principle of flow cytometry is quite simple, it can be expected to be installed into deep heaps through the monitoring wells and determine the dominance of target bacteria in-situ and realtime in the future.
48
Huo, Chen, Wang, Cai, Qi, Xia, Wen und Lin. „Continuous-Flow Separation and Efficient Concentration of Foodborne Bacteria from Large Volume Using Nickel Nanowire Bridge in Microfluidic Chip“. Micromachines 10, Nr. 10 (25.09.2019): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10100644.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Separation and concentration of target bacteria has become essential to sensitive and accurate detection of foodborne bacteria to ensure food safety. In this study, we developed a bacterial separation system for continuous-flow separation and efficient concentration of foodborne bacteria from large volume using a nickel nanowire (NiNW) bridge in the microfluidic chip. The synthesized NiNWs were first modified with the antibodies against the target bacteria and injected into the microfluidic channel to form the NiNW bridge in the presence of the external arc magnetic field. Then, the large volume of bacterial sample was continuous-flow injected to the channel, resulting in specific capture of the target bacteria by the antibodies on the NiNW bridge to form the NiNW–bacteria complexes. Finally, these complexes were flushed out of the channel and concentrated in a lower volume of buffer solution, after the magnetic field was removed. This bacterial separation system was able to separate up to 74% of target bacteria from 10 mL of bacterial sample at low concentrations of ≤102 CFU/mL in 3 h, and has the potential to separate other pathogenic bacteria from large volumes of food samples by changing the antibodies.
49
Henry, J. G., D. Prasad und W. B. Lohaza. „Fate of indicator organisms in sludge during bacterial leaching of metals“. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, Nr. 2 (01.04.1991): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-028.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Biological extraction (bacterial leaching) of heavy metals from digested sewage sludge has been shown to be a practical means for decontaminating sludge for use on agricultural land. However, it was not known whether pathogenic organisms would survive or be destroyed in the acidic environment necessary for the bacterial leaching process. The purpose of the research reported herein was to assess the effect of bacterial leaching on various bacteria commonly used to indicate the possible presence of pathogenic organisms. Although pathogenic viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and helminths may be present in sludge, this study is concerned only with bacterial pathogens. The concentrations of the four indicator bacteria selected to represent the bacterial pathogens were determined in a series of laboratory bacterial leaching units. Results showed that, although about 80–90% metal removal efficiencies were achieved (at a pH of 4.0, an aeration rate of 100 mL of air per minute per litre of sludge) at a temperature of 20–25 °C, the indicator bacteria were not reduced during bacterial leaching at high suspended solids concentrations. The survival of indicator bacteria was found to be a function of the suspended solids concentration in the leaching units, regardless of the source or type of indicator bacteria. At suspended solids concentrations greater than 10 g/L, the indicator bacteria were able to survive, apparently unaffected by the unfavourable environmental conditions (10 days retention at pH 4.0). Below this suspended solids concentration of 10 g/L, significant reductions of total coliforms, faecal coliforms, and faecal streptococci were achieved. Total heterotrophs did not follow the same trends as the other indicator bacteria. Key words: bacterial leaching, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, indicator bacteria, enteric pathogens removal, sewage sludge, sludge disposal.
50
Chaudhary, Hammad Tufail. „BLOOD BAG;“. Professional Medical Journal 24, Nr. 02 (14.02.2017): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.02.512.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Transfusion of blood products is one of the key aspects of hospital care. Amongthe risk of blood transfusions, bacterial contamination of the blood bags is not so uncommon.Sources of bacteria can be several. Majority of the times the source of bacteria is the arm of thedonor. Second important cause of bacterial contamination of blood transfusion, is bacteria inthe blood stream of the donor. Donor is usually selected with strict selection criteria. Detailedhistory is usually taken. Diversion is another method used to reduce the bacterial contaminationof blood bags. Temperature is also important parameter for the growth of bacteria. RBCs arestored at 4 ˚C and platelets are stored at 22˚C. For the ideal bacterial detection techniques,it is important that they can detect the bacteria as early and as low as possible. At the time ofcollection of sample for viral screening, number of bacteria might be too low to be detected.