Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Automaticky generator dat“

Many electronic feedback systems have been proposed for writing support. However, most of these systems only aim at supporting writing to communicate instead of writing to learn, as in the case of literature review writing. Trigger questions are potentially forms of support for writing to learn, but current automatic question generation approaches focus on factual question generation for reading comprehension or vocabulary assessment. This article presents a novel Automatic Question Generation (AQG) system, called G-Asks, which generates specific trigger questions as a form of support for students' learning through writing. We conducted a large-scale case study, including 24 human supervisors and 33 research students, in an Engineering Research Method course at The University of Sydney and compared questions generated by G-Asks with human generated question. The results indicate that G-Asks can generate questions as useful as human supervisors (`useful' is one of five question quality measures) while significantly outperforming Human Peer and Generic Questions in most quality measures after filtering out questions with grammatical and semantic errors. Furthermore, we identified the most frequent question types, derived from the human supervisors' questions and discussed how the human supervisors generate such questions from the source text.

Until recently, the most highly accurate digital surface models were obtained from airborne lidar. With the development of a new generation of large format digital photogrammetric aerial camera, a fully digital photogrammetric workflow became possible. Digital airborne images are sources for elevation extraction and orthophoto generation. This research concerned with the generation of digital surface models and orthophotos as applications from high-resolution images. In this research, the following steps were performed. A Benchmark data of LIDAR and digital aerial camera have been used. Firstly, image orientation, AT have been performed. Then the automatic digital surface model DSM generation has been produced from the digital aerial camera. Thirdly true digital ortho has been generated from the digital aerial camera also orthoimage will be generated using LIDAR digital elevation model (DSM). Leica Photogrammetric Suite (LPS) module of Erdsa Imagine 2014 software was utilized for processing. Then the resulted orthoimages from both techniques were mosaicked. The results show that automatic digital surface model DSM that been produced from digital aerial camera method has very high dense photogrammetric 3D point clouds compared to the LIDAR 3D point clouds. It was found that the true orthoimage produced from the second approach is better than the true orthoimage produced from the first approach. The five approaches were tested for classification of the best-orthorectified image mosaic using subpixel based (neural network) and pixel-based ( minimum distance and maximum likelihood).Multicues were extracted such as texture(entropy-mean),Digital elevation model, Digital surface model ,normalized digital surface model (nDSM) and intensity image. The contributions of the individual cues used in the classification have been evaluated. It was found that the best cue integration is intensity (pan) +nDSM+ entropy followed by intensity (pan) +nDSM+mean then intensity image +mean+ entropy after that DSM )image and two texture measures (mean and entropy) followed by the colour image. The integration with height data increases the accuracy. Also, it was found that the integration with entropy texture increases the accuracy. Resulted in fifteen cases of classification it was found that maximum likelihood classifier is the best followed by minimum distance then neural network classifier. We attribute this to the fine resolution of the digital camera image. Subpixel classifier (neural network) is not suitable for classifying aerial digital camera images.

Abstract. In order to generate mesh for arch dam abutment slip block automatically, virtual grid method is proposed based on grid-based automatic generation algorithm. The proposed algorithm avoids generating initial grid in one time, but intersects the model with a series of plane sections firstly. Then form initial grid by using vector intersection method for adjacent sections. By modifying initial grid, a layer of mesh is formed. The algorithm proposed can better adapt to complex topography and generates hexahedral meshes for the block of arch dam abutment automatically. The method can present data for limit equilibrium analysis and numerical calculation method such as finite element method. Based on original topography and structural plane data, the automatic identification, generation and meshing of arch dam abutment block is accomplished.

Following some recent propositions to handle natural language generation in spoken dialogue systems with long short-term memory recurrent neural network models~\citep{Wen2016a} we first investigate a variant thereof with the objective of a better integration of the attention subnetwork. Then our next objective is to propose and evaluate a framework to adapt the NLG module online through direct interactions with the users. When doing so the basic way is to ask the user to utter an alternative sentence to express a particular dialogue act. But then the system has to decide between using an automatic transcription or to ask for a manual transcription. To do so a reinforcement learning approach based on an adversarial bandit scheme is retained. We show that by defining appropriately the rewards as a linear combination of expected payoffs and costs of acquiring the new data provided by the user, a system design can balance between improving the system's performance towards a better match with the user's preferences and the burden associated with it. Then the actual benefits of this system is assessed with a human evaluation, showing that the addition of more diverse utterances allows to produce sentences more satisfying for the user.

<p>Electric power supply is the main requirement of equipment at the airport, therefore the reliability of the supply of power supplies is a top priority to support flight services. In addition to PLN as the main power supply the generator is used to supply a backup power supply. Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) and Automatic Mains Failure (AMF) control systems are needed to regulate the switching of power supplies from PLN to Genset or vice versa. The ATS and AMF control systems use the Omron Sysmac CP1E PLC with a display using Easy Builder 8000 from Weintek which functions as an ATS and AMF monitor and control. Test results on ATS and AMF in manual and automatic modes, the system runs well.<br />Keywords. Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS), Automatic Mains Failure (AMF), PLC</p>

In the optimal design of large prestressed aqueduct structure, the optimal design results need to be automatically drawn. In this paper, the parametric drawing method is proposed by combining high-level programming language FORTRAN and Auto LISP, and developed a designing system of mixed programming using FORTRAN and Auto LISP. The programming system is applied to the optimal design process of large prestressed aqueduct with rectangle and U-shaped cross-section. The optimal design result is automatically transformed into visual graphics (documents), therefore realized the automatic drawing. In this way, designers’ graphics labor intensity and repeated, complicated calculation can be reduced and the design cycle can shorten. Data files (*.DAT) and graphics files (*.LISP) can be generated not only by FORTRAN, but also by other high-level programming languages such as C++, VC etc.

Starting from the perspective that discourse structure arises from the presence of coherence relations, we provide a map of linguistic discourse structuring devices (DRDs), and focus on those for written text. We propose to structure these items by differentiating between primary and secondary connectives on the one hand, and free connecting phrases on the other. For the former, we propose that their behavior can be described by lexicons, and we show one concrete proposal that by now has been applied to three languages, with others being added in ongoing work. The lexical representations can be useful both for humans (theoretical investigations, transfer to other languages) and for machines (automatic discourse parsing and generation).

Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) merupakan peralatan yang memindahkan beban ke sumber listrik cadangan ketika terjadi gangguan pada sumber utama dan sebaliknya. Dalam penelitian ini dirancang sebuah ATS menggunakan Arduino Nano sebagai kontroler, NodeMCU sebagai piranti Internet Of Things (IoT) untuk komunikasi dari android ke modul ATS, PZEM 004-t sebagai modul sensor tegangan dan arus, relai AC 10 Ampere sebagai sensor info tegangan masuk dan kontak utama, modul relai DC sebagai transfer switch antara beban dengan PLN atau generator cadangan, serta aplikasi Blynk untuk menampilkan hasil pemantauan dan berfungsi juga sebagai pengendalian manual melalui android. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa ATS bekerja ketika terjadi pemadaman PLN dan memindahkan suplai tegangan listrik dari generator cadangan ke beban dengan kesalahan pembacaan tegangan 1.0% dan arus sebesar 1.0%. Sistem pengaman dari gangguan overload dan downvoltage bekerja ketika arus melebihi batasan 3 Ampere atau tegangan kurang dari 200 Volt, suplai beban terputus oleh relai DC dan menampilkan notifikasi teks dan notifikassi dering pada handphone.

IntisariDilatarbelakangi oleh beberapa permasalahan operasional Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca (TMC) dengan wahana pesawat terbang dan juga permintaan TMC yang semakin meningkat, maka dilakukan pengembangan teknologi Ground-Based Generator berupa desain konseptual Ground-Based Generator (GBG) otomatis dan konsep operasional berbasis wireless sensor network (WSN). Dari kajian teori, teknologi GBG efektif diterapkan dilereng pegunungan, sehingga konsep pengembangan teknologi ini dimaksudkan untuk operasional TMC waduk PLTA di Indonesia yang sebagian besar dikelilingi oleh daerah aliran sungai (DAS) berupa pegunungan. Di dalam tulisan ini dijelaskan 4 topografi waduk PLTA yang telah lama menggunakan jasa TMC yaitu DAS Riamkanan, DAS Larona, DAS Koto Panjang, dan DAS Singkarak. Data topografi yang menunjukkan kelayakan suatu DAS dapat diterapkan GBG diperoleh dari Digital Elevation Model (DEM) dan ditampilkan dengan software Global Maper. Selanjutnya, rancangan GBG otomatis di ilustrasikan dalam sketsa gambar. GBG otomatis memiliki fitur; autoloading flare, rak penyimpanan flare, solar panel, dan dikontrol dengan mikroprosesor. Dengan menerapkan konsep WSN, pengoperasian GBG dapat dilakukan secara terpusat untuk beberapa DAS sekaligus, sehingga kegiatan TMC mejadi lebih efektif dan efisien. AbstractMotivated by some operational problems of Weather Modification Technology (TMC) with airplane medium and also increasing the demand of TMC, then the development of Ground-Based Generator technology in the form of conceptual design of automatic Ground-Based Generator (GBG) and operational concepts based wireless sensor network (WSN) is done. From the study of theory, GBG effectively applied on mountain slope, so the concept of development of this technology is intended for TMC operation in hydroelectric (PLTA) dam in Indonesia that were mostly surrounded by watersheds (DAS) in the form of mountains. This paper describe four hydroelectric dams topography which has long used the TMC service (Riam Kanan DAS, DAS Larona, DAS Koto Panjang, and DAS Singkarak). The topographic data that indicate the feasibility of applied GBG in a watershed is obtained from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and displayed with Global Mapper software. Furthermore, the design of automatic GBG is illustrated in sketch drawings. The designed GBG has automatic features; autoloading flares, flare storage racks, solar panels, and controlled by a microprocessor. By applying the concept of WSN, GBG operation can be performed centrally for multiple DAS at once, so that the activities of TMC becoming more effective and efficient.

This paper presents a prototype of an auto-ranging phase-locked loop (PLL) with low jitter noise over a wide operating frequency range using the multiband programmable voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) gain stage with automatic band selection. We successfully reduce the VCO gain (Kvco) and retain the desired frequency band. The proposed PLL comprises a prescaler, phase frequency detector (PFD), charge pump (CP), programmable VCO and automatic band selection circuit. The PLL prototype with all subblocks was implemented using the TSMC 0.18 μm 1P6M process. Contrary to conventional PLL architectures, the proposed architecture incorporates a real-time check and automatic band selection circuit in the secondary loop. A high-performance dual-loop PLL wide tuning range was realized using an ASIC digital control circuit. A suitable way to maintain the Kvco low is to use multiple discrete frequency bands to accommodate the required frequency range. To maintain a low Kvco and fast locking, the automatic frequency band selection circuit also has two indigenous, most probable voltage levels. The proposed architecture provides the flexibility of not only band hopping but also band twisting to obtain an optimized Kvco for the desired output range, with the minimum jitter and spurs. The proposed programmable VCO was designed using a voltage-to-current-converter circuit and current DAC followed by a four-stage differential ring oscillator with a cross-coupled pair. The VCO frequency output range is 150–400 MHz, while the input frequency is 25 MHz. A sequential phase detection loop with a negligible dead zone was designed to adjust fine phase errors between the reference and feedback clocks. All circuit blocks of the proposed PLL were simulated using the EDA tool HSPICE and layout generation by Laker. The simulation and measured results of the proposed PLL show high linearity, with a dead zone of less than 10 pV. The differential VCO was used to improve the linearity and phase noise of the PLL. The chip measured results show rms jitter of 19.10 ps. The PLL prototype also has an additional safety feature of a power down mode. The automatic band selection PLL has good immunity for possible frequency drifting due to temperature, process and supply voltage variations. The proposed PLL is designed for −40 to +85 °C, a wide temperature range.

Digital aerial images (DAI) include position, elevation and also spectral information (visible bands and near-infrared band) about the captured area. The aim of this paper is to present the possibilities of automatic analysis of DAI for updating of the Fundamental Base of Geographic Data of the Czech Republic with a focus on buildings. Regular updates of buildings (automatic detection of new and demolished buildings) are based on the analysis of coloured point clouds created by an automatic image matching technique from each time period. The created approach compares point clouds from different time periods to each other. The advantage of this solution is that it is independent of the manner of keeping the buildings in the database. It does not matter whether the buildings in the database have correct positions and their footprints correspond to the roof shapes or external walls. The involved method is robust because a digital surface model generated by image matching techniques can contain numerous errors. Shaded areas and objects with blurred textures are problematic for automatic image correlation algorithms and lead to false results. For this reason, derived layers containing additional information are used. Shadow masks (layers with modelled shadows) are used for the verification of indications and to filter out errors in the shaded areas using a contextual evaluation. Furthermore, additional information about the road and railway networks and morphological operations of opening and closing were used to achieve more accurate results. All these information sources are then evaluated using decision logic, which uses the generally applicable rules that are available for different datasets without the need for modification. The method was tested on different datasets with various types of buildings (villages, suburbs and city centres) which cover more than 20 square kilometres. The developed solution leads to very promising results without the need of acquiring new data.

Modelling and simulation are key tools for analysis and design of systems and processes from almost any scientific or engineering discipline. Models of complex systems are typically built on acausal Differential-Algebraic Equations (DAE) and discrete events using Object-Oriented Modelling (OOM) languages, and some of their key concepts can be explained as symmetries. To obtain a computer executable version from the original model, several algorithms, based on bipartite symmetric graphs, must be applied for automatic equation generation, removing alias equations, computational causality assignment, equation sorting, discrete-event processing or index reduction. In this paper, an open source tool according to OOM paradigm and developed in MATLAB is introduced. It implements such algorithms adding an educational perspective about how they work, since the step by step results obtained after processing the model equations can be shown. The tool also allows to create models using its own OOM language and to simulate the final executable equation set. It was used by students in a modelling and simulation course of the Automatic Control and Industrial Electronics Engineering degree, showing a significant improvement in their understanding and learning of the abovementioned topics after their assessment.

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tahap awal atau penelitian tahun pertama “ Desain dan Implementasi Sistem Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Hibrida Sebagai Sumber Energi Alternatif yang Murah dan Andal untuk Suplai Beban Listrik Rumah Tangga Golongan Tarif R-1/TR 1300VA” yang dilakukan untuk merancang atau mendesain dan mengimplementasikan sebuah sistem Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Hibrida (PLTH) yang terdiri atas Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya(PLTS) yang terdiri atas (panel surya atau photovoltaic (PV), baterai), generator set (genset) dan juga dikombinasikan dengan daya listrik dari PLN sebagai upaya pengadaan sumber energi listrik alternatif yang murah dan andal pada pelanggan PLN tipe Rumah Tangga dengan tipe daya RT1/1300VA. Adapun sistem yang akan dibangun terdiri atas lima bagian utama: Pertama, Sumber energi PLTH yang akan membangkitkan energi listrik yang terdiri atas PLTS, Genset dan Sumber PLN. Kedua, sistem baterai sebagai media penyimpanan energi listrik. Ketiga, Power electronic Devices dalam hal ini Inverter yang akan mengubah tegangan DC dari sistem baterai ke tegangan AC / bus AC. Keempat, Automatic Transfer Switch/Automatic Main Failure (ATS/AMF) sebagai sistem kontroler yang akan mengatur pergiliran suplai energi dari PV dan baterai, PLN dan Genset. Kelima, sistem beban dalam hal ini beban rumah tangga pelanggan PLN Tipe daya R1/1300VA. Penelitian tahap awal ini difokuskan pada: Rancang bangun sistem kontroler ATS/AMF yang akan mengatur secara otomatis pergiliran suplai energi dari PV dan baterai, PLN dan genset yang menggunakan Circuit Breaker (CB), Magnetic Contactor (MC),relai, Timer. Desain sistem ATS/AMF dimulai dengan pengembangan Algoritma ATS/AMF, perakitan hardware ATS/AMF meliputi penentuan komponen MCB Schneider 6A, Timer Autonic AT86N, kontaktor Schneider LC1D09, Relay Omron MK3P-I, Relay Omron MK2P-I, Inverter TBE 300 Watt, Battery TOYO 12 Volt, Lampu Indikator, Voltmeter digital dan Saklar Push Button yang disesuiakan dengan daya 1300 Watt 6 dan terakhir adalah pengujian hardware ATS/AMF. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Algoritma ATS/AMF bekerja sesuai dengan algoritma yang telah dirancang baik secara simulasi maupun pengujian hardware. Sebagai contoh,ari salah satu hasil pengujian diperoleh:Ketika dari ketiga suplai (PLTS, PLN, Genset) tersedia energi listrik, maka yang menyuplai ke beban hanyalah energi listrik dari PLTS dibuktikan dengan Lampu Indikator yang aktif pada sisi PLTS, Voltmeter digital PLTS menunjukkan besaran tegangan 227 Volt dan lampu pijar yang menyala dalam hal ini sebagai simulasi beban.

This paper contains distributed sensor system design for temperature, air humidity, and light intensity monitoring in greenhouse based Arduino Uno board. System contains 2 sensor-actuator nodes, and 1 controller node connected to Ethernet network through Ethernet Shield board. Sensor-actuator node with DHT 11 sensor works for taking environment informations such as temperature, air humidity, and light intensity, runs actuation in the form of emulating LED lights; and communicates with controller node which will process data using serial wire as a communication tool between nodes. Monitoring datas and user control interface is provided by controller node which can be accessed online in web browser. The system ability for monitoring environment in greenhouse and online access of environmental data generates controllable and automatic monitoring and management of plants.

A highly reconfigurable open-loop analog baseband circuitry with programmable gain, bandwidth and filter order are proposed for integrated linear frequency modulated continuous wave (LFMCW) radar receivers in this paper. This analog baseband chain allocates noise, gain and channel selection specifications to different stages, for the sake of noise and linearity tradeoffs, by introducing a multi-stage open-loop cascaded amplifier/filter topology. The topology includes a course gain tuning pre-amplifier, a folded Gilbert variable gain amplifier (VGA) with a symmetrical dB-linear voltage generator and a 10-bit R-2R DAC for fine gain tuning, a level shifter, a programmable Gm-C low pass filter, a DC offset cancellation circuit, two fixed gain amplifiers with bandwidth extension and a novel buffer amplifier with active peaking for testing purposes. The noise figure is reduced with the help of a low noise pre-amplifier stage, while the linearity is enhanced with a power-efficient buffer and a novel high linearity Gm-C filter. Specifically, the Gm-C filter improves its linearity specification with no increase in power consumption, thanks to an alteration of the trans-conductor/capacitor connection style, instead of pursuing high linearity but power-hungry class-AB trans-conductors. In addition, the logarithmic bandwidth tuning technique is adopted for capacitor array size minimization. The linear-in-dB and DAC gain control topology facilitates the analog baseband gain tuning accuracy and stability, which also provides an efficient access to digital baseband automatic gain control. The analog baseband chip is fabricated using 130-nm SiGe BiCMOS technology. With a power consumption of 5.9~8.8 mW, the implemented circuit achieves a tunable gain range of −30~27 dB (DAC linear gain step guaranteed), a programmable −3 dB bandwidth of 18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25 MHz, a filter order of 3/6 and a gain resolution of better than 0.07 dB.

In the concrete dam construction, it is very necessary to strengthen the real-time monitoring and scientific management of concrete temperature control. This paper constructs the analysis and inverse analysis system of temperature stress simulation, which is based on various useful data collected in real time in the process of concrete construction. The system can produce automatically data file of temperature and stress calculation and then achieve the remote real-time simulation calculation of temperature stress by using high performance computing techniques, so the inverse analysis can be carried out based on a basis of monitoring data in the database; it fulfills the automatic feedback calculation according to the error requirement and generates the corresponding curve and chart after the automatic processing and analysis of corresponding results. The system realizes the automation and intellectualization of complex data analysis and preparation work in simulation process and complex data adjustment in the inverse analysis process, which can facilitate the real-time tracking simulation and feedback analysis of concrete temperature stress in construction process and enable you to discover problems timely, take measures timely, and adjust construction scheme and can well instruct you how to ensure project quality.

The recognition of herbs and spices among young generation is still low. Based on research in SMK 9 Bandung, showed that there are 47% of students that did not recognize herbs and spices. The method that can be used to overcome this problem is automatic digital sorting of herbs and spices using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm. In this study, there are 300 images of herbs and spices that will be classified into 3 categories. It’s ginseng, ginger and galangal. Data in each category is divided into two, training data and testing data with a ratio of 80%: 20%. CNN model used in classification of digital images of herbs and spices is a model with 2 convolutional layers, where the first convolutional layer has 10 filters and the second convolutional layer has 20 filters. Each filter has a kernel matrix with a size of 3x3. The filter size at the pooling layer is 3x3 and the number of neurons in the hidden layer is 10. The activation function at the convolutional layer and hidden layer is tanh, and the activation function at the output layer is softmax. In this model, the accuracy of training data is 0.9875 and the loss value is 0.0769. The accuracy of testing data is 0.85 and the loss value is 0.4773. Meanwhile, testing new data with 3 images for each category produces an accuracy of 88.89%. Keywords: image classification, herbs and spices, CNN.

This paper is aimed at the characterization and manufacturing of an SMA coaxial fed compact blade antenna with dual frequency characteristics for broadband applications on board of Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs). This antenna is linearly polarized, and it combines the benefits of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) and 5th Generation (5G) communications in one single element, covering both the 1.030–1.090 GHz and the 3.4–3.8 GHz bands thanks to a bent side and a ‘C’ shaped slot within the radiation element. Starting from the simulation outcomes on an ideal ground plane, the results are here extended to a bent ground plane and on two UAV commercial CAD models. Details of manufacturing of the antenna in both aluminium and FR-4 substrate materials are presented. The comparison between measurements and simulations is discussed in terms of return loss, bandwidth, gain, and radiation pattern. Results show an antenna with a low profile and a simple structure that can be employed in various wideband communication systems, suiting future UAV assisted 5G networks while being perfectly compliant with forthcoming ADS-B based Detect-And-Avoid (DAA) technologies in Unmanned Aerial Traffic Management (UTM).

Air flow measurements provide significant information required for understanding the characteristics of insect movement. This study proposes a four-channel low-noise readout integrated circuit (IC) in order to measure air flow (air velocity), which can be beneficial to insect biomimetic robot systems that have been studied recently. Instrumentation amplifiers (IAs) with low-noise characteristics in readout ICs are essential because the air flow of an insect’s movement, which is electrically converted using a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensor, generally produces a small signal. The fundamental architecture employed in the readout IC is a three op amp IA, and it accomplishes low-noise characteristics by chopping. Moreover, the readout IC has a four-channel input structure and implements an automatic offset calibration loop (AOCL) for input offset correction. The AOCL based on the binary search logic adjusts the output offset by controlling the input voltage bias generated by the R-2R digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The electrically converted air flow signal is amplified using a three op amp IA, which is passed through a low-pass filter (LPF) for ripple rejection that is generated by chopping, and converted to a digital code by a 12-bit successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Furthermore, the readout IC contains a low-dropout (LDO) regulator that enables the supply voltage to drive digital circuits, and a serial peripheral interface (SPI) for digital communication. The readout IC is designed with a 0.18 μm CMOS process and the current consumption is 1.886 mA at 3.3 V supply voltage. The IC has an active area of 6.78 mm2 and input-referred noise (IRN) characteristics of 95.4 nV/√Hz at 1 Hz.

Motorbikes are widely chosen by the public as a mode of transportation in modern times, one of which is the automatic scooter type motorcycle. Visually, the matic scooter type motorcycle components have a nice and attractive shape, but this shape does not necessarily guarantee its safety. Not a few of these components have failed (broken) as happened to the footrest. Footrest is a component of a motorcycle vehicle that functions as a footrest for motorcycle passengers. Every different type of motorbike, the footrest shape is also different. The purpose of this study is to design a footrest design and analyze it with the help of software to obtain a footrest design that has a high safety factor value. The design of the motorcycle footrest design produces 3 different designs. The three designs were analyzed using the Autodesk Inventor 2017 software stress by providing a static load of 20 Kg and 90 Kg. From the analysis, the minimum safety factor value obtained from each footrest design against a load of 20 kg in design 1 is 13.42, design 2 is 5.7, and design 3 is 7.93. While the minimum safety factor value generated from each footrest design against a load of 90 kg in design 1 is 2.98, design 2 is 1.27, and design 3 is 1.76. Based on the results of the safety factor analysis carried out, the three designs are safe enough to withstand loads of 20 Kg and 90 Kg. But design 1 is safer because the resulting value of the safety factor is higher than the three designs, which is 2.98 to withstand a load of 90 Kg.

Small house design, sometimes ignoring comfort factors such as air circulation and direct sunlight that can make humidity increase and higher temperature inside the house. Giving a controll system at the part of the house can make the air circulation better. In this paper, the prototype design of automatic roof canopy drive using a light sensor, rain sensor, and an ATMega16 microcontroller based temperature sensor is used to solve the problem. This prototype uses the programming language in BASCOM AVR software and PROTEUS software for circuit simulation. Light sensor in the form of LDR will detect changes in light intensity, that is when dark produces a voltage of 1.17V and logic 0 and when light produces a voltage of 4.30V and logic 1. Rain sensor is used to detect the presence of water in the event of rain, that is in conditions the rain produces a 1.83V voltage and logic 0, whereas in the absence of rain it produces a voltage of 4.70V and logic 1. The LM35 temperature sensor is used to detect temperature changes that occur, namely when temperatures less than 29ºC will logic 0 and when the temperature is over from 29ºC will logic 1. All conditions generated by the three sensors will be converted through the ADC so that it can provide logic input to the microcontroller to drive the servo motor to close or open the canopy roof.

<p class="judulabsIndo"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p class="abstrakindo"><em>Tidal bore</em> Bono merupakan fenomena yang unik dan hanya terdapat di beberapa negara. Keberadaan Bono bersifat merusak dan berpotensi menyebabkan abrasi di wilayah muara Sungai Kampar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gaya pembangkit Bono dan proses penjalarannya berdasarkan morfologi dasar serta sempadan Sungai Kampar. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode <em>purposive kuantitatif</em><em>.</em><em> </em>Pengukuran batimetri dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat <em>Echotrack CVM Teledyne Odom Hydrographic Single Beam </em>dari hulu hingga muara Sungai Kampar, sedangkan pengukuran pasang surut menggunakan alat <em>Tide Master Valeport Automatic Tide Gauge</em> yang dipasang di Pulau Mendol selama 30 piantan. Kedalaman Sungai Kampar bagian hulu berkisar 0,2-3 m, di sisi sebelah timur ke arah hilir mempunyai kedalaman yang bervariasi dengan kedalaman maksimal 12 meter. Di sisi sebelah selatan Pulau Muda mempunyai kedalaman 0,3–1,5 m. Hasil analisis pasang surut menunjukkan bahwa tipe pasut di muara kampar adalah campuran condong harian ganda dengan nilai F=0,43 dan <em>tidal range </em>harian maksimal 4,2 m. Fluktuasi pasang surut, <em>tidal range</em>, serta kedalaman sungai berpengaruh terhadap pembangkitan <em>tidal bore</em> Bono dan penjalarannya di sepanjang Sungai Kampar. Selain itu, hal tersebut juga dipengaruhi oleh kondisi morfologi dan topografi dasar perairan. Gelombang Bono paling tinggi terjadi pada saat malam hari di Pulau Muda pada kedalaman 1,7 m dengan ketinggian Bono 4,3 m dan berangsur menghilang hingga ke Tanjung Mentangor.</p><p><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong></p><p class="judulabsINgg"> </p><p class="abstrakingg"><em>Bono tidal bore is a unique phenomenon that only occured in some countries. The existence of Bono is destructive and potentially cause abrasion in the Kampar River estuary. The purpose of this study is to identify Bono force and propagation process based on basic morphology of Kampar riverside. The method used in this reasearch is purposive quantitative method. Bathymetry measurement were performed using Echotrack CVM Teledyne Odom Hydrographic Single Beam from the upstream to the mouth of Kampar River, whereas tidal measurement using Tide Master Valeport Automatic Tide Gauge mounted on Mendol Island for 30 days. Kampar River depth ranges from 0.2-3 m in the upstream, on the east side to downstream has a varies depth with a maximum depth of 12 meters. South side of Muda Island has depth ranges from 0.3-1.5 m. Tidal analysis showed that tidal type in the estuary kampar is mixed semidiurnal, with value of F = 0.43 and maximum daily tidal ranges 4.2 m. Tidal fluctuations, tidal range, and river's depth affect the generation of tidal bore Bono and it's propagation along the Kampar River. Furthermore, it's also influenced by morphology and topography of the riverbed. The highest wave of Bono occurrs in the night at Pulau Muda with 1.7 m depth, 4.3 m wave height, and gradually disappear in Tanjung Mentangor.</em></p><p class="abstrakingg"><em><strong> </strong></em><strong>Key words:</strong> admiralty, bathymetry, bono, spatial analysis, tide</p>

AbstrakMemelihara burung merupakan salah satu hobi masyarakat Indonesia. Kebutuhan gizi dan nutrisi berupa protein pada burung dapat diperoleh dari suatu makanan salah satu makanan burung kroto atau telur semut rangrang. Pada budidaya semut rangrang, suhu dan kelembaban dapat mempengaruhi semut rangrang dalam bertelur. Masalah yang dihadapi saat ini pada budidaya semut rangrang adalah peternak tidak dapat memperkirakan kondisi suhu dan kelembaban. Mereka hanya memperkirakan suhu dan kelembaban dengan merasakan panas di dalam ruangan. Adapun masalah lain yang dihadapi adalah adanya getaran dan bau kimia di sekitar toples tempat semut rangrang di budidaya yang dapat membuat semut stress dan dapat menurunkan hasil produksi kroto. Dari permasalahan ini dilakukan penelitian dengan membuatan model pengatur suhu, kelembaban, getaran dan bau kimia dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menggunakan mikrokontroler Arduino UNO, sensor DHT11, sensor SW-420 dan sensor MQ-02 pada ruang budidaya semut rangrang dengan menggunakan system pentransmisian MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport). Alat ini akan mempermudah budidaya untuk mengatur nilai suhu, kelembaban, getaran dan bau kimia di dalam ruang budidaya tersebut. Alat ini menggunakan mist maker sebagai alat penghasil uap dan buzzer sebagai alarm secara otomatis agar budidaya semut rangrang stabil dan menghasilkan produksi kroto yang berkualitas. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa jarak mempengaruhi kuat sinyal dan delay atau selisih waktu transmisi data yang mana pada jarak 5m sampai jarak 7m sinyal semakin melemah dan rata-rata selisih waktu transmisi data betambah sekitar 5.1 sec hingga 5.9 sec. Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa sistem pentrasmisian MQTT yang menggunakan ESP8266 memiliki rata-rata jumlah packet loss secara keseluruhan sebesar 35%.AbstractCaring of birds is one of society hobbies in Indonesia. Nutritional needs and nutrients in the form of proteins in birds can be obtained from food which is kroto bird food or weaver ant egg. In the weaver ant cultivation, temperature and humidity can affect the weaver ant in laying eggs. The problem of weaver ants cultivation is the farmer cannot predict the conditions of temperature and humidity. They only estimate the temperature and humidity by feeling heat in the room. The other problem faced is the presence of vibration and chemical odors around the jar where the weaver ants process of cultivation can make they stress and reduce the production of kroto. From this problem, research is carried out by making a models of temperature, humidity, vibration and chemical odors can be ultilized by using arduino uno microcontroller, DHT11 sensor, SW-420 sensor and MQ-02 sensor in the space of weaver ants cultivation by using the MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) transmission system. This tool will make the cultivation easier to regulate the value of temperature, humidity, vibration and chemical odors in the space of cultivation. This tool uses a mist maker as steam generator and buzzer as an automatic alarm so that the cultivation of the weaver ants is stable and produces quality of kroto production. The results of this study indicate that the distance affects the signal strength and delay or difference in data transmission time which at a distance of 5m to a distance of 7m the signal weakens and the average difference in data transmission time increases around 5.1 sec to 5.9 sec. The results of this study also indicate that the MQTT transmission system that uses ESP8266 has an average number of packet loss overall of 35%.

Sistem cadangan/backup catudaya mutlak diperlukan pada perangkat elektronika yang memerlukan energi listrik yang tidak terhenti. Cadangan catudaya digunakan untuk menggantikan sumber utama PLN. Pada penerapannya diperlukan sebuah perangkat pendukung berupa Automatic Transfer switch (ATS) untuk melakukan pensaklaran dari sumber utama ke cadangan catu daya atau sebaliknya. Pada paper ini, dibahas realisasi perangkat ATS berbasis mikrokontroler yang bekerja berdasarkan pembacaan arus dan tegangan. Sistem ini juga dilengkapi dengan komunikasi berbasis LAN untuk mengirim data monitoring. Setelah dilakukan pengujian, perangkat ATS dapat mengukur arus dan tegangan dengan rata-rata kesalahan 3,76% dan 0,21% pada pengukuran generator set dan sumber PLN. Pengujian lainnya, sistem relai dapat berfungsi untuk memindahkan sumber listrik dari sumber utama ke sumber cadangan atau sebaliknya.

Dalam kajian ini, teknik profil sentroid yang berdasarkan pendekatan berasaskan model digunakan bagi tugas pengecaman insan. Kaedah ini dilaksanakan secara mengekstrak ciri–ciri unik perwakilan isyarat gaya lenggang insan serta bukan insan secara automatik dan pasif berasaskan imej pegun. Untuk menilai kekuatan algoritma sarian teknik profil sentroid yang dihasilkan, Rangkaian Neural Buatan (RNB) digunakan sebagai pengelas. Keputusan yang diperolehi membuktikan ciri sarian profil sentroid sesuai digunakan sebagai perwakilan vektor ciri bagi pengelasan insan dengan kadar pengelasan RNB yang dicapai melebihi 98%. Kata kunci: Pengecaman insan; rangkaian neural tiruan; profil sentroid In this study, centroidal profile which is a model based approach is employed for human recognition task. This is done by extracting unique representation of gait features of the subject automatically and passively from static images of human or non human. To evaluate the effectiveness of the generated centroidal profile, Artificial Neural Network (RNB) is used as classifier. Results attained proven that the centroidal profile is appropriate as feature extraction to be used as feature vectors for human shape classification based on classification rate of RNB achieved specifically above 98%. Key words: Human recognition; artificial neural network (ANN); centroidal profile

In compilation techniques, the processes and stages carried out relate to translating source languages into target languages (object programs). Source languages are high-level programming languages that are easy to understand and easy to learn by humans, while target languages are low-level languages that are only understood by machines. In this study a compiler machine called Automatic LESSIMIC Analyzer is used which can be used to analyze, including lexical, syntactic, and semantic analysis. Compiler machines that are designed can also synthesize intermediate code, using assembler codes. The compiler engine will produce an analysis of the program code that the user enters in the form of an error message, if the program code is not in accordance with the grammar that applies generally in programming languages. In this research, the simple program code that is inputted is C ++ programming language, and successfully analyzes the lexical, semantic, syntactic, intermediate code generation and successfully detects errors from the program code entered with a success rate of 99%.

Abstrak Kantong semar (Nepenthes sp.) merupakan salah satu tumbuhan langka yang dilindungi. Eksploitasi yang berlebihan, serta alih fungsi hutan menjadi ancaman bagi kehidupan Nepenthes sp. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan variasi gen matK dari tumbuhan Nepenthes sp. di Gunung Mahawu (JTM) dan Gunung Soputan (JTS) di Sulawesi Utara dan membandingkannya dengan kerabat terdekat di GenBank, serta membuat pohon filogenetiknya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hanya terdapat satu perbedaan nukleotida sekuens gen matK antara Nepenthes sp. dari Gunung Mahawu dan Gunung Soputan. Selain itu, variasi juga ditunjukan pada Nepenthes sp. yang diperoleh dari basis data GenBank dengan adanya perbedaan 1-7 basa nukleotida dengan sampel penelitian ini. Hasil analisis menggunakan ABGD (Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery) menunjukkan bahwa variasi intraspesies untuk Nepenthes sp. berada dalam rentang 0,000 – 0,004. Apabila mempertimbangkan barcode gap tersebut sebagai pembatas spesies, maka diasumsikan bahwa JTM, JTS, N. fusca, N. pilosa, N. maxima, N. faizaliana, dan N. clipeata merupakan spesies yang sama. Hal ini ditunjang oleh rekonstruksi pohon filogenetik menggunakan gen matK.Kata Kunci: ABGD, barcode gap, gen matK, Nepenthes sp., pohon filogenetik, variasi sekuens. Abstract Tropical pitcher plant (Nepenthes sp.) is listed as one of the endangered and protected plants. Excessive exploitation and forest conversion threaten the life of this Nepenthes sp. This research was aimed to determine variation in matK gene of Nepenthes sp. obtained from Mount Mahawu (JTM) and Mount Soputan (JTS) North Sulawesi, and compare the matK sequences with their allied taxa in public domain data base. Analysis of matK gene showed that there was only one nucleotide difference of matK gene sequence between Mahawu and Soputan samples. There were 1-7 different nucleotides between those samples and their allied taxa. Analysis of barcode gap using ABGD (Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery) showed that the range of intraspecies variation of Nepenthes sp. was 0,000 – 0,004. Considering this barcode gap generated from ABGD as species delimination, it could be assumed that JTM, JTS, N. fusca, N. pilosa, N. maxima, N. faizaliana, dan N. clipeata were the same species. These results were also supported by the reconstruction of phylogenetic tree using matK gene.Keywords: ABGD, barcode gap, matK gene, Nepenthes sp., phylogeneteic tree, sequence variation.

CV. Faresti Prima which is a company engaged in machining, automatic part, dies, and jigs. Union Pipe Unit is part of the research because it has problems in the assignment that is still manual. Data collection is done on unit union pipe with average work per day. The problem is found in the union pipe unit with the manual assignment. Observations made on 4 people for cutting pipes, chamfering, stamping, and packing. Results of observations then performed data processing using Hungarian method, so that the optimum unit is generated per hour as much as 8.125. Furthermore, data processing was performed using PERT method with the result stated that the optimum working order was A-B-C-D-E with total processing time for 5,000 units for 16.5 hours. The last data processing using CPM method can be seen that the acceleration time as much as 8 hours from the initial time is 16.5 hours with the total crash cost of 4,000,000 IDR from the allocated fund of 4,225,000 IDR. From some data processing, it can be seen that there is an optimization in the assignment and network work. Therefore, in accordance with the existing theories and objectives of this research, namely to optimize the existing human resources for the work done equally and minimize the losses due to unemployed use of these methods can be used as a reference in the making of the schedule, so as to facilitate the course of the project to know the delay in every process.

When George Orwell encountered ideas of a technological utopia sixty-five years ago, he acted the grumpy middle-aged man Reading recently a batch of rather shallowly optimistic “progressive” books, I was struck by the automatic way in which people go on repeating certain phrases which were fashionable before 1914. Two great favourites are “the abolition of distance” and “the disappearance of frontiers”. I do not know how often I have met with the statements that “the aeroplane and the radio have abolished distance” and “all parts of the world are now interdependent” (1944). It is worth revisiting the old boy’s grumpiness, because the rhetoric he so niftily skewers continues in our own time. Facebook features “Peace on Facebook” and even claims that it can “decrease world conflict” through inter-cultural communication. Twitter has announced itself as “a triumph of humanity” (“A Cyber-House” 61). Queue George. In between Orwell and latter-day hoody cybertarians, a whole host of excitable public intellectuals announced the impending end of materiality through emergent media forms. Marshall McLuhan, Neil Postman, Daniel Bell, Ithiel de Sola Pool, George Gilder, Alvin Toffler—the list of 1960s futurists goes on and on. And this wasn’t just a matter of punditry: the OECD decreed the coming of the “information society” in 1975 and the European Union (EU) followed suit in 1979, while IBM merrily declared an “information age” in 1977. Bell theorized this technological utopia as post-ideological, because class would cease to matter (Mattelart). Polluting industries seemingly no longer represented the dynamic core of industrial capitalism; instead, market dynamism radiated from a networked, intellectual core of creative and informational activities. The new information and knowledge-based economies would rescue First World hegemony from an “insurgent world” that lurked within as well as beyond itself (Schiller). Orwell’s others and the Cold-War futurists propagated one of the most destructive myths shaping both public debate and scholarly studies of the media, culture, and communication. They convinced generations of analysts, activists, and arrivistes that the promises and problems of the media could be understood via metaphors of the environment, and that the media were weightless and virtual. The famous medium they wished us to see as the message —a substance as vital to our wellbeing as air, water, and soil—turned out to be no such thing. Today’s cybertarians inherit their anti-Marxist, anti-materialist positions, as a casual glance at any new media journal, culture-industry magazine, or bourgeois press outlet discloses. The media are undoubtedly important instruments of social cohesion and fragmentation, political power and dissent, democracy and demagoguery, and other fraught extensions of human consciousness. But talk of media systems as equivalent to physical ecosystems—fashionable among marketers and media scholars alike—is predicated on the notion that they are environmentally benign technologies. This has never been true, from the beginnings of print to today’s cloud-covered computing. Our new book Greening the Media focuses on the environmental impact of the media—the myriad ways that media technology consumes, despoils, and wastes natural resources. We introduce ideas, stories, and facts that have been marginal or absent from popular, academic, and professional histories of media technology. Throughout, ecological issues have been at the core of our work and we immodestly think the same should apply to media communications, and cultural studies more generally. We recognize that those fields have contributed valuable research and teaching that address environmental questions. For instance, there is an abundant literature on representations of the environment in cinema, how to communicate environmental messages successfully, and press coverage of climate change. That’s not enough. You may already know that media technologies contain toxic substances. You may have signed an on-line petition protesting the hazardous and oppressive conditions under which workers assemble cell phones and computers. But you may be startled, as we were, by the scale and pervasiveness of these environmental risks. They are present in and around every site where electronic and electric devices are manufactured, used, and thrown away, poisoning humans, animals, vegetation, soil, air and water. We are using the term “media” as a portmanteau word to cover a multitude of cultural and communications machines and processes—print, film, radio, television, information and communications technologies (ICT), and consumer electronics (CE). This is not only for analytical convenience, but because there is increasing overlap between the sectors. CE connect to ICT and vice versa; televisions resemble computers; books are read on telephones; newspapers are written through clouds; and so on. Cultural forms and gadgets that were once separate are now linked. The currently fashionable notion of convergence doesn’t quite capture the vastness of this integration, which includes any object with a circuit board, scores of accessories that plug into it, and a global nexus of labor and environmental inputs and effects that produce and flow from it. In 2007, a combination of ICT/CE and media production accounted for between 2 and 3 percent of all greenhouse gases emitted around the world (“Gartner Estimates,”; International Telecommunication Union; Malmodin et al.). Between twenty and fifty million tonnes of electronic waste (e-waste) are generated annually, much of it via discarded cell phones and computers, which affluent populations throw out regularly in order to buy replacements. (Presumably this fits the narcissism of small differences that distinguishes them from their own past.) E-waste is historically produced in the Global North—Australasia, Western Europe, Japan, and the US—and dumped in the Global South—Latin America, Africa, Eastern Europe, Southern and Southeast Asia, and China. It takes the form of a thousand different, often deadly, materials for each electrical and electronic gadget. This trend is changing as India and China generate their own media detritus (Robinson; Herat). Enclosed hard drives, backlit screens, cathode ray tubes, wiring, capacitors, and heavy metals pose few risks while these materials remain encased. But once discarded and dismantled, ICT/CE have the potential to expose workers and ecosystems to a morass of toxic components. Theoretically, “outmoded” parts could be reused or swapped for newer parts to refurbish devices. But items that are defined as waste undergo further destruction in order to collect remaining parts and valuable metals, such as gold, silver, copper, and rare-earth elements. This process causes serious health risks to bones, brains, stomachs, lungs, and other vital organs, in addition to birth defects and disrupted biological development in children. Medical catastrophes can result from lead, cadmium, mercury, other heavy metals, poisonous fumes emitted in search of precious metals, and such carcinogenic compounds as polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin, polyvinyl chloride, and flame retardants (Maxwell and Miller 13). The United States’ Environmental Protection Agency estimates that by 2007 US residents owned approximately three billion electronic devices, with an annual turnover rate of 400 million units, and well over half such purchases made by women. Overall CE ownership varied with age—adults under 45 typically boasted four gadgets; those over 65 made do with one. The Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) says US$145 billion was expended in the sector in 2006 in the US alone, up 13% on the previous year. The CEA refers joyously to a “consumer love affair with technology continuing at a healthy clip.” In the midst of a recession, 2009 saw $165 billion in sales, and households owned between fifteen and twenty-four gadgets on average. By 2010, US$233 billion was spent on electronic products, three-quarters of the population owned a computer, nearly half of all US adults owned an MP3 player, and 85% had a cell phone. By all measures, the amount of ICT/CE on the planet is staggering. As investigative science journalist, Elizabeth Grossman put it: “no industry pushes products into the global market on the scale that high-tech electronics does” (Maxwell and Miller 2). In 2007, “of the 2.25 million tons of TVs, cell phones and computer products ready for end-of-life management, 18% (414,000 tons) was collected for recycling and 82% (1.84 million tons) was disposed of, primarily in landfill” (Environmental Protection Agency 1). Twenty million computers fell obsolete across the US in 1998, and the rate was 130,000 a day by 2005. It has been estimated that the five hundred million personal computers discarded in the US between 1997 and 2007 contained 6.32 billion pounds of plastics, 1.58 billion pounds of lead, three million pounds of cadmium, 1.9 million pounds of chromium, and 632000 pounds of mercury (Environmental Protection Agency; Basel Action Network and Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition 6). The European Union is expected to generate upwards of twelve million tons annually by 2020 (Commission of the European Communities 17). While refrigerators and dangerous refrigerants account for the bulk of EU e-waste, about 44% of the most toxic e-waste measured in 2005 came from medium-to-small ICT/CE: computer monitors, TVs, printers, ink cartridges, telecommunications equipment, toys, tools, and anything with a circuit board (Commission of the European Communities 31-34). Understanding the enormity of the environmental problems caused by making, using, and disposing of media technologies should arrest our enthusiasm for them. But intellectual correctives to the “love affair” with technology, or technophilia, have come and gone without establishing much of a foothold against the breathtaking flood of gadgets and the propaganda that proclaims their awe-inspiring capabilities.[i] There is a peculiar enchantment with the seeming magic of wireless communication, touch-screen phones and tablets, flat-screen high-definition televisions, 3-D IMAX cinema, mobile computing, and so on—a totemic, quasi-sacred power that the historian of technology David Nye has named the technological sublime (Nye Technological Sublime 297).[ii] We demonstrate in our book why there is no place for the technological sublime in projects to green the media. But first we should explain why such symbolic power does not accrue to more mundane technologies; after all, for the time-strapped cook, a pressure cooker does truly magical things. Three important qualities endow ICT/CE with unique symbolic potency—virtuality, volume, and novelty. The technological sublime of media technology is reinforced by the “virtual nature of much of the industry’s content,” which “tends to obscure their responsibility for a vast proliferation of hardware, all with high levels of built-in obsolescence and decreasing levels of efficiency” (Boyce and Lewis 5). Planned obsolescence entered the lexicon as a new “ethics” for electrical engineering in the 1920s and ’30s, when marketers, eager to “habituate people to buying new products,” called for designs to become quickly obsolete “in efficiency, economy, style, or taste” (Grossman 7-8).[iii] This defines the short lifespan deliberately constructed for computer systems (drives, interfaces, operating systems, batteries, etc.) by making tiny improvements incompatible with existing hardware (Science and Technology Council of the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 33-50; Boyce and Lewis). With planned obsolescence leading to “dizzying new heights” of product replacement (Rogers 202), there is an overstated sense of the novelty and preeminence of “new” media—a “cult of the present” is particularly dazzled by the spread of electronic gadgets through globalization (Mattelart and Constantinou 22). References to the symbolic power of media technology can be found in hymnals across the internet and the halls of academe: technologies change us, the media will solve social problems or create new ones, ICTs transform work, monopoly ownership no longer matters, journalism is dead, social networking enables social revolution, and the media deliver a cleaner, post-industrial, capitalism. Here is a typical example from the twilight zone of the technological sublime (actually, the OECD): A major feature of the knowledge-based economy is the impact that ICTs have had on industrial structure, with a rapid growth of services and a relative decline of manufacturing. Services are typically less energy intensive and less polluting, so among those countries with a high and increasing share of services, we often see a declining energy intensity of production … with the emergence of the Knowledge Economy ending the old linear relationship between output and energy use (i.e. partially de-coupling growth and energy use) (Houghton 1) This statement mixes half-truths and nonsense. In reality, old-time, toxic manufacturing has moved to the Global South, where it is ascendant; pollution levels are rising worldwide; and energy consumption is accelerating in residential and institutional sectors, due almost entirely to ICT/CE usage, despite advances in energy conservation technology (a neat instance of the age-old Jevons Paradox). In our book we show how these are all outcomes of growth in ICT/CE, the foundation of the so-called knowledge-based economy. ICT/CE are misleadingly presented as having little or no material ecological impact. In the realm of everyday life, the sublime experience of electronic machinery conceals the physical work and material resources that go into them, while the technological sublime makes the idea that more-is-better palatable, axiomatic; even sexy. In this sense, the technological sublime relates to what Marx called “the Fetishism which attaches itself to the products of labour” once they are in the hands of the consumer, who lusts after them as if they were “independent beings” (77). There is a direct but unseen relationship between technology’s symbolic power and the scale of its environmental impact, which the economist Juliet Schor refers to as a “materiality paradox” —the greater the frenzy to buy goods for their transcendent or nonmaterial cultural meaning, the greater the use of material resources (40-41). We wrote Greening the Media knowing that a study of the media’s effect on the environment must work especially hard to break the enchantment that inflames popular and elite passions for media technologies. We understand that the mere mention of the political-economic arrangements that make shiny gadgets possible, or the environmental consequences of their appearance and disappearance, is bad medicine. It’s an unwelcome buzz kill—not a cool way to converse about cool stuff. But we didn’t write the book expecting to win many allies among high-tech enthusiasts and ICT/CE industry leaders. We do not dispute the importance of information and communication media in our lives and modern social systems. We are media people by profession and personal choice, and deeply immersed in the study and use of emerging media technologies. But we think it’s time for a balanced assessment with less hype and more practical understanding of the relationship of media technologies to the biosphere they inhabit. Media consumers, designers, producers, activists, researchers, and policy makers must find new and effective ways to move ICT/CE production and consumption toward ecologically sound practices. In the course of this project, we found in casual conversation, lecture halls, classroom discussions, and correspondence, consistent and increasing concern with the environmental impact of media technology, especially the deleterious effects of e-waste toxins on workers, air, water, and soil. We have learned that the grip of the technological sublime is not ironclad. Its instability provides a point of departure for investigating and criticizing the relationship between the media and the environment. The media are, and have been for a long time, intimate environmental participants. Media technologies are yesterday’s, today’s, and tomorrow’s news, but rarely in the way they should be. The prevailing myth is that the printing press, telegraph, phonograph, photograph, cinema, telephone, wireless radio, television, and internet changed the world without changing the Earth. In reality, each technology has emerged by despoiling ecosystems and exposing workers to harmful environments, a truth obscured by symbolic power and the power of moguls to set the terms by which such technologies are designed and deployed. Those who benefit from ideas of growth, progress, and convergence, who profit from high-tech innovation, monopoly, and state collusion—the military-industrial-entertainment-academic complex and multinational commandants of labor—have for too long ripped off the Earth and workers. As the current celebration of media technology inevitably winds down, perhaps it will become easier to comprehend that digital wonders come at the expense of employees and ecosystems. This will return us to Max Weber’s insistence that we understand technology in a mundane way as a “mode of processing material goods” (27). Further to understanding that ordinariness, we can turn to the pioneering conversation analyst Harvey Sacks, who noted three decades ago “the failures of technocratic dreams [:] that if only we introduced some fantastic new communication machine the world will be transformed.” Such fantasies derived from the very banality of these introductions—that every time they took place, one more “technical apparatus” was simply “being made at home with the rest of our world’ (548). Media studies can join in this repetitive banality. Or it can withdraw the welcome mat for media technologies that despoil the Earth and wreck the lives of those who make them. In our view, it’s time to green the media by greening media studies. 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Science and Technology Council of the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. The Digital Dilemma: Strategic Issues in Archiving and Accessing Digital Motion Picture Materials. Los Angeles: Academy Imprints, 2007. Weber, Max. “Remarks on Technology and Culture.” Trans. Beatrix Zumsteg and Thomas M. Kemple. Ed. Thomas M. Kemple. Theory, Culture [i] The global recession that began in 2007 has been the main reason for some declines in Global North energy consumption, slower turnover in gadget upgrades, and longer periods of consumer maintenance of electronic goods (Richtel). [ii] The emergence of the technological sublime has been attributed to the Western triumphs in the post-Second World War period, when technological power supposedly supplanted the power of nature to inspire fear and astonishment (Nye Technology Matters 28). Historian Mario Biagioli explains how the sublime permeates everyday life through technoscience: "If around 1950 the popular imaginary placed science close to the military and away from the home, today’s technoscience frames our everyday life at all levels, down to our notion of the self" (818). [iii] This compulsory repetition is seemingly undertaken each time as a novelty, governed by what German cultural critic Walter Benjamin called, in his awkward but occasionally illuminating prose, "the ever-always-the-same" of "mass-production" cloaked in "a hitherto unheard-of significance" (48).