Dissertationen zum Thema „Authenticity theory“

The assessment and protection of the authenticity of digital records and data are recognized as fundamental issues for the records’ current use as well as for their long-term preservation and dissemination. Over the past twenty years, the matter of how to define, determine, and guarantee the endurance of authenticity has been the subject of research in all evidence-based or memory-based disciplines, including archival science, digital humanities, and law. Despite the wealth of past and current research findings, recommendations, and tools, authenticity is still discussed as an urgent problem for records and data created and maintained in traditional digital technologies as well as in emerging ones, such as cloud technologies, and embedded or wearable technologies. This study investigates contemporary ideas about authenticity of records and data, and practices employed by records professionals. Based on the archival idea that record authenticity is assessed by establishing its identity and proving its integrity, this study identifies indicators for authenticity and categorizes them as either social or technical mechanisms. Using a mixed methods design, it measures how records professionals ensure, manage, and continuously assess record authenticity and to what extent their practices reflect the results of available research. A web-based survey reached records professionals worldwide through professional listservs, and semi-structured interviews gathered further qualitative data from a sample drawn from the survey respondents. The results show that the standard archival definition of authenticity is not uniformly accepted or implemented in practice, and terms such as authenticity, reliability, integrity, and provenance are often used interchangeably and with little precision. They also reveal that experience plays a major role, in that professionals who are not required to authenticate records in the course of their work tend to have more confidence in technical mechanisms that those who are. The study concludes that most records professionals ensure authenticity by relying on social mechanisms but have greater confidence in technical mechanisms to authenticate records and data. In other words, records professionals, traditionally the trusted agents of record control (trustees), have frequently become the trustors, placing their trust in technology of which they may have little understanding and even less control.
Arts, Faculty of
Library, Archival and Information Studies (SLAIS), School of
Graduate

Positive relationships are considered to be one of the most important protective factors in the development of the individual. Relational Competence Theory states that there are competen-cies that promote the establishment and maintenance of positive relationships. Danish family therapist and writer Jesper Juul defined relational competence as a loosely interconnected set of relational values and attitudes. The current study examines if relational values and attitudes can be used to predict relationship quality. A survey conducted with a small sample (N = 51) of parents of junior high school students in Central Switzerland was used to measure the predictor variables Respect for the Other’s Individuality, Authenticity, and Responsibility for the Rela-tionship, as well as two different measures of relationship quality. The variables were measured both for the relationships between parents and their children and romantic partner relationships. A regression analysis showed that the three predictors significantly predicted relationship quali-ty in both types of relationship. The effect sizes varied from medium to large. Even though these findings are not causal in their nature, they suggest that these three variables may be part of a wider set of relational values and attitudes that promote positive relational outcomes. One possible implication may be that individuals can improve their relationships by reconsidering their relational attitudes and values.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 166-171).
China's surging economy compels cities worldwide to employ an extreme form of reverse colonization. A race is in progress to build the world's largest Chinatown. St. Petersburg and Dubai's are under construction and London is talking about it. Las Vegas belatedly joins the competition. The city already boasts the fist planned Chinatown - although it's just a strip mall. Learning from the success of its Chinatown Plaza, I propose an instant "Worlds' largest Chinatown" in collaboration with the newly formed International Chinatown Development Corporation. Situated in the capital of theming, Chinatown Las Vegas offers something different. The Paris Hotel Casino doesn't come with Parisians, but Chinatown Las Vegas comes with the Chinese. How can Chinatown exploit its themed people to market its notorious otherness? The success of current architectural practices of them- ing rests on its ability to mask the banal with signifiers of the exotic. The effects of this "shock and awe" approach, however, are short lived. My project offers an alternative; I begin with the banal to not end there. Instead of designing every aspect of the new Chinatown, I will populate the site with ready-mades; "carpet theming" by copy-paste. Preserving all existing buildings on the site, multistory Platforms (parking structures) fill current parking lots. Chinatown Signage (Chinatown Plaza roof multiplied) blankets the site, pinned to the ground by Cores (infrastructure towers). With: 3 components 1 square mile 1 manual (25 examples) 20,000 Chinese an infrastructure for guerrilla programming is deployed. The architect fastens the parts as the themed population begins the occupation.
by James Shen.
M.Arch.

While theoretical models of transgender identity development exist, theoretical models of post-transition social identity development are limited, and theoretical models of transgender individuals transitioning in later life are absent. As such, the purpose of this study is to explore the experience of transgender individuals coming out later in life, often after decades of hiding. Their experiences give voice to the trans community to define self-fulfillment as a transgender person post-transition. Additionally, this study explores the obstacles transgender elders navigate in middle and later life.

Using a semi-structured interview guide with 42 transgender elders 55 years and older, respondents constructed chronological narratives of their lived experiences. The data was analyzed using Charmaz’ (2004) Constructionist Grounded Theory method. The findings from this study support Breakwell’s (1986) Identity Process Theory (IPT) and explain how the study participants coped with threatened identities (Breakwell, 1983).

Additionally, the findings explain how Breakwell’s theory of identity integration and Amiot et al.’s (2007) theory of discrete stages of change lead to integrated social identities. The model that emerged in the findings expands the scope of social identity integration. The model I propose, Reflexive Authenticity, expands by adding an additional stage. Therefore, increasing to five stages of social identity development and implement action/interaction strategies with conditions and consequences at each stage.

Qualitative analysis of interview narratives revealed two distinct participant categories: Compartmentalized Social Identity and Integrated Social Identity. The essential difference between the two groups was participation in transgender advocacy or activism to support and mobilize the transgender community. This study sheds new light on the post-transition phase and the role that reflexive authenticity plays in transgender individuals’ integrated social identity. The theoretical implications suggest that political activity and commitment to building social and political acceptance of the transgender community are important facilitators of developing an integrated social identity.

The transgender elders in this study described early coping mechanisms they used to protect threatened core identities, the obstacles and barriers they faced along the way, and their journeys toward living authentically. These findings have important implications for the development of future research, policies, and interventions that support transgender individuals.

While the reform of Catholic liturgy that followed the Second Vatican Council by no means rejected Latin as a language of liturgical celebration, the Latin Mass quickly became the province of traditionalist groups that refused to accept the revised Order of Mass and offered the pre-conciliar Tridentine Mass in defiance of the Roman Catholic hierarchy. Nevertheless, there have always been some Catholics who either obtained permission to celebrate the Tridentine Mass or found celebrations of the post-conciliar Mass in Latin that maintained certain practices associated with the pre-conciliar Mass. This dissertation focuses on this latter group of Latin Mass Catholics, who have remained within the bounds of the institutional church and who, since 2007, have had permission to celebrate the Tridentine Mass as an “extraordinary form” of the Mass of the Roman Rite.

In particular, this study seeks a better understanding of the motives of contemporary Latin Mass Catholics in America. Critics sometimes view attachment to the Latin Mass as an example of modern Catholicism’s still incomplete liberation from “dead ritual.” Supporters, on the other hand, often valorize the same attachment as a sign of resurgent interest in “the sacred” following Vatican II’s alleged desacralization of the liturgy. As an alternative to both of these positions, this study explains adherence to the Latin Mass as the embodiment of one particular approach to the formation of an “authentic” human subject of liturgical prayer. Personal sincerity and continuity with tradition are both essential to how Latin Mass Catholics evaluate authenticity in liturgical prayer and cultivate authenticity in their own selves. In practice, these modes of authentication are held together by an acquired habitus of “reverence.”

An ethnographic account of contemporary adherence to the Latin Mass fleshes out the particular practices associated with this inculcation of reverence. Fieldwork in four Latin Mass communities and interviews with Latin Mass adherents reveal the viability of this approach to liturgical formation. It is argued that the liturgical reform and adherence to the Latin Mass can provide complementary insights into the formation of an authentic human subject of liturgical prayer in the modern world.

Purpose: Authenticity and quality are important criteria in consumers’ selection of food hospitality services and are therefore essential characteristics in the development of a competitive marketing strategy and service delivery. This thesis examines the concepts of authenticity and quality at the ‘exchange intersection’ through an analysis of Greek ethnic restaurants’ constructions of authenticity and quality, and their consumers’ perceptual and experiential perspectives on these. Methodology: The research followed a Grounded Theory approach and used qualitative research methods, specifically in-depth interviews incorporating projective techniques to generate data from a cross-national sample of restaurateurs (n=19) and their consumers (n=23) in Greece and in the U.K. NVivo10 was utilised to facilitate the inductive and interpretive analysis. Findings: Restaurateurs’ constructed meanings of authenticity are shaped by their identities and experiences. A restaurant’s authenticity is structured upon the ethnicity of the staff, the menu, origin of the ingredients and wine, décor of the restaurant, music and entertainment as well as the methods of cooking. Similarly, consumers construct meanings of authenticity based on their identities. These constructions are either pragmatic iconicity, ancestral indexicality or innovative iconicity. Indexical authenticity is of greater salience for consumers of the same ethnic origin as the restaurant. Both restaurateurs and consumers perceive authenticity as a synonym for quality. Ethnic restaurants’ authenticity and quality meanings are transmitted via Word of Mouth (WOM) and electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM) between actors. Theoretical contribution: The thesis contributes to the literature on authenticity and quality by demonstrating how ethnic identities shape the salience of indexical and existential conceptualisations of authenticity. Consumers for example who share the same identity with the restaurant’s theme are stricter with their judgements about the authenticity and quality of these restaurants. Relationships between authenticity and quality conventions, which were previously underdeveloped in Quality Conventions xv theory (QCT), are explored. An integration of quality and authenticity is proposed via the identified additional authenticity convention category. More specifically, quality and authenticity integrated perceptions are outlined within the ethnic restaurants context for the first time. Drawing on Actor Network theory (ANT), the thesis discusses how these two meanings are transmitted in the communication network of restaurateurs and consumers via word of mouth or eWOM. ANT is enriched now with insights about the ethnic restaurants sector and also by adding quality and authenticity constructed meanings to the theory. Finally, according to the findings, within the communication network of consumers WOM is the most influential communication method for ethnic restaurants rather than eWOM and online feedback. Managerial insight: The findings indicate how effective promotional methods, authenticity and quality perceptions can help restaurateurs to better engage with their customers while also respecting their culinary culture. Ethnic-themed restaurants are informal but powerful ambassadors for a country’s culture. Certification or official authentication could help protect and promote these assets for cultural and financial benefits, and this is discussed.

This thesis examines the ideal of authenticity: why we might want or need such an ideal, what such an ideal would look like, and what mechanisms we would need to ensure the successful operation of such an ideal. The thesis has three main parts. The first part of the thesis aims at motivating the need to look to authenticity as a supplementary ideal to normative moral theory. I do this by drawing a distinction between ethics and morality and arguing that there are important aspects of our lives (such as our relations to ourselves) our beliefs and projects) about which normative moral theory fails to give us guidance and about which an ethical ideal, namely that of authenticity, can provide us with the requisite guidance. The second part of the thesis elucidates Nietzsche's view of authenticity as eternal return. I argue that eternal return consists in holding a particular attitude to one's life - one's past, present and future. I then demonstrate that what is fundamental to successfully living authentically in accordance with eternal return is a rigorous search for self-knowledge. In the third part of the thesis I argue that, in order to achieve the self-knowledge necessary to being a successful authentic agent, one must acquire it through a process of dialogue with other agents. I give a model of self-knowledge as a dialogic encounter that provides two important mechanisms whereby such self-knowledge can be gained.

The management consulting profession in the United States is one of the fastest growing and most profitable industries in the world. Despite the industry’s increasing popularity and growth, racial minorities remain disproportionately underrepresented in this industry.

This dissertation sought to shed light on the unique experiences of minorities in the management consulting industry by examining the experiences of Black management consultants and the relationships that exist between the centrality of race, authenticity at work, and the use of race-based impression management (RIM) strategies. This study also sought to contribute to theory by validating a conceptual model, which posits that the centrality of race moderates the relationship between RIM strategies and authenticity at work.

An online survey was developed using existing instruments designed to measure the centrality of race to one’s identity, authenticity at work, and the use of RIM strategies. Quantitative data were gathered from management consultants who identified as Black and were currently or previously employed at a large multinational management consulting firm with 100,000 or more employees. Usable data were collected from 201 participants, and structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.

This study found that the RIM strategy social recategorization was significantly related to the ability to be authentic at work, and regardless of whether the centrality of race to one’s identity was high or low, the relationship between social recategorization and participants’ ability to be authentic at work was negatively related. No significant relationship was found between RIM strategy of positive distinctiveness and the ability to be authentic at work, regardless of the degree of racial centrality. The conceptual model developed for this study could not be validated due to low levels of variance around the construct of racial centrality.

Findings from this study provide empirical insights into the experiences of Black management consultants and contribute to theory, practice, and research regarding the challenges associated with navigating cross-cultural interactions in the workplace.

Listening to music is one of the most common human activities. Yet, answering the question 'What is a musical work?' has kept many scholars busy. In this thesis, I present a novel account for the ontology of musical works: Musical Stage Theory. Traditional theories describe musical works as abstract entities, as Platonists claim, or as classes of performances, as in the Nominalist tradition. Musical Stage Theory, instead, argues that the work is the performance. Delineating this account will help me also in defending a contextualist interpretation of authenticity in musical performance. I propose this account as an alternative to mainstream and well accepted views on the nature of musical works with a specific intent: suggesting a way to analyse the identity of musical works which gives due relevance to musical practices and, at the same time, is grounded on a solid ontological basis. The original contribution brought by Musical Stage Theory is twofold: first, it gives promising prominence to the sonic/performative dimension which, in a sense, has remained as an afterthought in alternative theories. Second, it promotes an active collaboration between the disciplines of music and philosophy, supporting philosophical investigations with musicological considerations and case studies. In order to achieve this second goal, in the thesis I adopt a multivalent methodology. In addition to a more traditional philosophical approach, I support conceptual analysis with the results obtained from interviews conducted with musicians and theorists on their understanding of musical authenticity. After presenting the benefits of Musical Stage Theory against more traditional theories in the ontology of music, I apply its theoretical framework to actual musical phenomena and case studies, showing how Musical Stage Theory can change the way in which we approach the study and perception of music. I conclude with the proposal of a contextualist interpretation of the notion of authenticity in musical performance, justifying it on the basis of the nature of musical works as defended by Musical Stage Theory.

The study of gesture offers a promising extension of semiotic theory. Naomi Cumming (2001), Robert Hatten (2004), and David Lidov (2005), and others have laid the foundations for a critical examination of gestures in music. Their work is, however, married to notated scores of the Western art music tradition: a fact that Giles Hooper (2013) regards as an ironic circling back towards music conceived through implicit analytical-structuralist assumptions. In this thesis, I re-evaluate and develop current models of gesture into a theory of gestural transformation. I explore its practical applications as a tool for interpreting popular music by comparing two or more recorded performances of the same song to establish which alterations may transform perceptions of style, meaning, and authenticity. The small number of musicological studies that analyse recorded tracks are complicit in distorting the relative influence of particular musical features when defining musical meaning; these include analyses by David Brackett (2000) and Keir Keightley (2001). In confining discussion of the sonic artefact to readily definable aspects such as instrumentation, harmony and lyrics, these analyses oppose the common-sense view that musical meaning is contingent on the listener’s perceptual-imaginative interpretation of how a musical unit is performed. To explore an alternative analytical method, I focus on case studies drawn from the "Punk Goes ..." series of compilation albums, in which contemporary punk- rock artists re-record popular songs. These albums contain cover-versions by bands such as A Day To Remember, Woe, Is Me, and We Came As Romans, and demonstrate numerous approaches to creating a cover-version. This allows for a comprehensive application of the gestural transformation theory. The analyses within this thesis challenge assumptions that equate musical phrases with fixed nodes of musical meaning, suggesting instead that the interpreted manner of performance is more significant than syntactical concerns. In addition, the analyses investigate a new concept of play that exposes the problems with established musicological taxonomies and plays a significant part in the construction of stylistic, subcultural, and personal authenticities.

Att använda människor som varumärken är ett växande marknadsföringsfenomen som har fått benämningen human brand. I dag går det bland annat att hitta detta fenomen i musikbranschen där artister ses som varumärken för sin musik. Tidigare forskning visar att användning av human brand som marknadsföringsstrategi kan stärka relationen mellan konsumenter och kändisar. Att använda människor som varumärken är inte ett nytt koncept inom marknadsföring. Däremot menar forskning att begreppet human brand är relativt nytt och att det saknas kompletta ramverk och teorier inom området. Syftet med denna studie är att få en större förståelse för hur processen av varumärkesbyggande för ett human brand går till inom musikbranschen. Syftet är även att få förståelse för vilka komponenter som är viktiga, vilka aktörer som är delaktiga i processen samt vilka för- och nackdelar det finns med att använda human brand som marknadsföringsstrategi.  De valda teorierna för studien är stakeholder theory, attachment theory, brand authenticity, celebrity brand authenticity samt self-determinations theory. Studien utgår från en kvalitativ metod där semistrukturerade intervjuer med artister, marknadsförare och managers samt en fokusgrupp med konsumenter genomfördes. Resultatet visar att en av de största faktorerna till att artister lyckas med personal branding processen är genom tydliga mål och visioner av vad de vill åstadkomma. Utan detta är det svårt för marknadsförare och managers att utföra sitt jobb då det inte finns något att sträva mot. Planeringsfasen är även det en viktig faktor i processen att utveckla ett human brand. I denna fas ingår profilering och paketering, kontinuitet samt att skapa och upprätthålla en röd tråd i artisten karriär, detta för att uppfattas som äkta hos allmänheten. Studien visar att det är viktigt, både för artisten men även för konsumenter och fans att artisten är sann mot sig själv.  Resultatet visar att flera aktörer är viktiga för artisten och processen att bli ett human brand. Studien visar även på att det saknas en aktör som ser till artisten fysiska och psykiska hälsa, samt att det finns både för- och nackdelar med att använda human brand som marknadsföringsstrategi.
Using humans as brands is a growing marketing phenomena called human brand, that can be seen in the music industry where musicians have become their own brand for their music. Studies have shown that using human brands can result in a stronger relationship between the celebrity and consumers. Although using humans as brands is not a new concept in marketing, studies regarding human brands is a relatively new phenomenon that is still lacking a complete framework and theories. This study seeks to find a deeper understanding of how a musician becomes a human brand, which stakeholders are vital and what are the pros and cons of using the marketing tool human brand.  The chosen theories for the study are stakeholder theory, attachment theory, brand authenticity, celebrity brand authenticity and self-determinations theory. The selected method for the study is a qualitative research method with semi-structured interviews with musicians, marketers and managers and one focus grupp with consumers and fans. The result of the study shows that one of the biggest factors for succeeding as a musician is to have clear goals and visions of what they want to achieve. Without it, it is nearly impossible for marketers and managers to do their work. What is also found to be of great importance is the planning phase which involves profiling and packaging, continuity and maintaining a red thread through the musicians career and authenticity. The study shows that being true to oneself is an important aspect for the musician as well as to the consumers and fans.  Results show that there are numerous stakeholders that are vital for the process of becoming a human brand as a musician. The study also found a non existing stakeholder that the respondents would like to see in the future, that is an individual who only sees to the physical and psychological well-being of the musician. Furthermore the study showed that there are both pros and cons regarding using human brands as a marketing tool.

Thesis (M.A.)--East Carolina University, 2009.
Presented to the faculty of the Department of English. Advisor: Thomas Douglass. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed May 4, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

This paper examines and analyzes Hillary Clinton's Twitter account activity between July 1, 2016 and August 28, 2016 in an attempt to determine the perception of authenticity on social media and whether Hillary Clinton was effective in improving her image during the 2016 presidential election. This thesis questions whether Twitter is a reliable tool in determining authenticity.

In my thesis, I examine the discursive space of the detective fiction genre following Kasai Kiyoshi's periodization in his two-volume seminal work Tantei shosetsuron (The Theory of Detective Fiction, 1998). I investigate how Japanese detective fiction has developed in relation to Japan's modernization, industrialization, nationalism, and globalization, specifically in the 1920s-30s, the 1950s-60s, and from the 1990s to present. By historicizing the discursive formation of the genre in decisive moments in Japanese history, I examine how Japanese detective fiction delineated itself as a modern popular literature differentiating itself from serious literature (junbungaku) and also from other genres of popular fiction (taishu bungaku). My study exposes the socio-political, cultural and literary conditions that conditioned the emergence of the detective fiction genre as a problematic of Japanese society, stitching fantasy and desire for the formation of the national subject in the cultural domain. I investigate the dynamics through which Japanese detective fiction negotiates its particularity as a genre differentiating itself from the Western model and domestically from the conventional crime stories of the Edo and Meiji periods. Chapters One through Three of my study examine Japan's socio-cultural contexts after the Russo-Japanese war, specifically magazine culture and the rise of the detective fiction genre (Chapter I), the I-novel tradition and its relation to the genre (Chapter II), and representations of Tokyo as an urban center, focusing on Edogawa Ranpo's "Inju" (Beast in the Shadows, 1928) (Chapter III). Chapters Four through Six investigate the socio-cultural contexts after World War II, especially Japan's democratization in the 1950s-60s and the rearticulation of the genre through repeated debates about authenticities in Japanese detective fiction (Chapter IV), and the transition from tantei shosetsu (detective fiction) to suiri shosetsu (mystery) focusing on Yokomizo Seishi's Honjin satsujin jiken (The Honjin Murder Case, 1946) and Matsumoto Seicho's Ten to sen (Points and Lines, 1957) as representative works of the two trends (Chapter V), and finally the postmodern "return" to the prewar tradition in the 1990s (Chapter VI).

Contemporary attitudes in affluent Western societies are characterised by a growing emphasis on individual freedom. What, then, does this commitment to liberty entail for our openness to diversity; and ultimately for liberal democracy? Previous research on popular attitudes, for example by Ronald Inglehart, tends to assume that valuing freedom entails an encouragement of a plurality of life-styles. This thesis, by contrast, argues that there are several ideals of freedom in public opinion; ideals that may have opposing consequences for our permissiveness towards ways of life that differ from our own. The introductory essay in this book suggests that Isaiah Berlin’s theory of positive and negative freedom provides a fruitful analytical framework, which helps theorise and empirically nuance our picture of popular ideals of freedom. Essay I goes on to present a novel, psychological, interpretation of Berlin’s Two Concepts of Liberty. This essay also suggests that Berlin was critical not only of enlightened ideals of positive liberty, but also of romantic ones, which might be even more widespread today. Essay II then applies Berlin’s framework to contemporary survey data. Through confirmatory factor and regression analyses, this essay demonstrates that Berlin’s negative-positive distinction does in fact hold also in popular opinion; and that the two dimensions have rather different effects on moral and legal permissiveness. Essay III, finally, revisits a recent example of disrespect in the name of liberty: the Danish cartoon controversy. This essay develops the concept of ‘romantic liberalism’, thereby deepening our knowledge of romantic ideals of positive liberty, and their particularly disrespectful tendencies. Drawing on Isaiah Berlin, and his critique of positive liberty, the essays in this thesis together suggest that it is crucial for liberal democracy to recognise the existence of treacherous liberties: ideals that lead their supporters to ridicule, condemn, or even prohibit ways of life that differ from their own – all in the name of liberty.
The Impact of Religion

Every life tells a story. Film has proven to be a worthwhile medium in which individual lives can be told and thereby will be remembered. In recent years biographical documentaries telling significant life-stories, such as Amy (Asif Kapadia 2015), Kurt Cobain: Montage of Heck (Brett Morgen, 2015) and Senna (Asif Kapadia, 2010) have taken over our screens. While their narrative style often alludes to common compositions of the fictional biopic, their foundation on indexical sound and imagery makes them differ radically. In this thesis theoretical implications on how to approach and understand biographical documentary within the lager scope of biographical filmmaking are discussed. Subsequently the term biodoc is suggested. It implies a close relation to the biopic without compromising documentary film's autonomy compared to fiction film. Furthermore, this thesis sets out to move toward a theory of the biodoc. By putting together a catalog of key aspects and elements common for the biodoc and discussing them in close relation to contemporary examples of the genre, this thesis provides a first theorization of a diverse and growing phenomenon in contemporary film culture.

This dissertation aims to find further understanding of how people with special interest in a certain artist utilise music and the fact that they are fans in their everyday lives. I have opted to study two fans included in each group selected for this study: Kiss, Status Quo and Lasse Stefanz, one male and one female fan belonging to each respective group. I have worked according to grounded theory as a method, and through an analysis of their musical life stories, I have attempted to identify why they became fans and how them being fans has affected them in their lives. Four categories, fandom as: a marker of identity, socialisation, a form of self therapy and a pseudo religion and the core category authenticity usage show the results of the study. The categories show that to a large extent it all comes down to the musical identity of these people, i.e. the identity of being a fan, and their experiences of being fans. They have been socialised into a specific genre, which has meant increased interest in a specific artist. Family, media and friends have all played a part in this socialisation. The informants have developed cultural competence as concerns their idols, although they have also gained the subcultural capital resources required in order to come across as credible fans. Various kinds of experiences offer meaning and nourish the fans. Security and stability in everyday lives are also contributing factors to them being fans and the music offers them something that they are unable to acquire from elsewhere. They have established different strategies in order to be able to be fans, one of these being legitimacy. A vital part of this legitimacy consists in them viewing the bands as authentic, i.e. important.

Eva Kjellander är också affilierad med Linné-universitetet

Cette thèse s'intéresse à la relation sujet-objet - l'expérience d'apprentissage vécu par des étudiants universitaires dans le cadre du jeu sérieux Laboratorium of Epidemiology (LOE). Elle porte essentiellement sur la modélisation de phénomènes d'apprentissage - Appropriation et Authenticité - et se veut multidisciplinaire en rassemblant Psychologie de l'Education, Didactique des Mathématiques et Environnements Informatiques pour l'Apprentissage Humain. Le terrain d'expérimentation de cette thèse se place dans le cadre d'un module de Biostatistique dans lequel le jeu sérieux LOE a été implémenté de manière écologique et pérenne. La problématique de recherche porte sur les phénomènes d'appropriation et d'authenticité qui sont formalisés et illustrés, en s'appuyant sur la Théorie des Situations Didactiques (TSD) de Brousseau. Des traces d'activité, des interactions verbales et des entretiens directs ont été analysés au cours de trois années d'utilisation du jeu LOE. Ce travail a permis la construction de concepts tels que " l'appropriation de rôle " par des étudiants dans le contexte d'un jeu sérieux, " l'appropriation de problèmes " par les étudiants que ce soit à travers leurs interactions individuelles avec l'objet (le jeu) ou dans la recherche collaborative de solution aux problèmes, et enfin " la perception de l'authenticité " du jeu. Ainsi, cette thèse montre comment appropriation et authenticité découlent de l'interaction individu-objet. L'appropriation est un élément de l'expérience d'apprentissage à partir duquel l'individu fait sien un objet d'apprentissage dans un processus actif de développement transformationnel dans lequel l'individu reconstruit l'objet qu'il s'approprie à sa manière. Dans le modèle proposé, le processus s'établit par des catégories non nécessairement consécutives : accepter, tester, faire des choix, anticiper et maîtriser. La perception de l'authenticité d'un jeu sérieux par un individu est favorisée par des attributs de l'environnement informatique en raison de l'impact qu'ils produisent chez l'individu. L'authenticité d'un environnement informatique est définie comme un compromis entre trois dimensions élémentaires : réalisme, cohérence interne et pertinence didactique. Une meilleure compréhension de ces phénomènes à la base du processus d'apprentissage contribuera aux études futures sur la qualité de l'enseignement et sur la conception de nouveaux outils, en particulier ceux basés sur le jeu de rôle et l'immersion.

Kan ett värdskap som är kommersiellt även vara genuint välkomnande och kan man idag på allvar vinna fördelar på en konkurrensutsatt marknad utan att erbjuda ett genuint värdskap? Bakgrunden till detta arbete är det etableringsprojektet med titeln: "Värdskap och ledarskapsom berör – ett konkurrensmedel?" som finansierades av KK-stiftelsen (Stiftelsen för Kunskap och Kompetens) år 2010. Representanter från besöksnäringen på lokal, regional och nationell nivå möttes på två välrenommerade landsortshotell för att lägga grunden till ett större gemensamt forskningsprojekt. Inga ytterligare medel tilldelades dock projektet varför delar av det stora materialet från studien nu redovisas i denna c-uppsats. I projektet användes Teori U som både teoretisk utgångspunkt och processmetod. Syftet för uppsatsen handlar för det första om att undersöka metodens användbarhet i att främja branschens egen förståelse för vad ett gott värdskap är. För det andra handlar det om att undersöka hur man kan frigöra implicit kunskap och samskapa nya insikter om ett gott värdskap samt hur dessa i så fall kan kopplas till praktiken. I studien genomfördes två workshops, på två hotell med olika deltagare. Workshoparna, som filmades, varade ett dygn (från lunch till lunch). Ur det empiriska materialet utmejslades fem teman för ett värdskap som berör: ledarskap, passion, mod, självinsikt och grundläggandevärderingar. I bägge workshops talade man om att det i branschen behövs ett paradigmskifte från kunskapssamhälle till relationssamhälle. Deltagarna uttryckte att de upplever en avsaknad av kunskap om immateriella känslomässiga värden, om vad som sker i själva mötet. Resultatet pekar på att vi behöver undersöka vad som händer om vi utbildar i det som gör oss mer närvarande, autentiska och medvetna. Skulle det kunna vara ett sätt att skapa innovation i bemötande?
KK-stiftelsen Etableringsprojekt beviljat 2010 "Värdskap och ledarskap som berör- ett konkurrensmedel?"

The concept of health should not be viewed as one-dimensional, but rather a complex interplay between physical, psychological and social factors (WHO, 2014). The Swedish curriculum highlights that the school’s responsibility is to support pupils’ knowledge and promote health. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to consider pupils understanding of and attitudes towards health in the context of the subject Physical Education and Health (PEH) at school. Data was collected through the use of focus groups, questionnaires and epistolary dialog. The pupils’ ways of describing health were analysed through Zygmunt Bauman’s (2008) consuming theory and Thomas Ziehe’s (1986, 1999) concepts of cultural liberation, cultural expropriation, the performance principle and authenticity. The result shows that the pupils in the study had a good level of understanding about health. They described health as a complex concept in physical, psychological and social terms. This understanding of health affected the pupils in different ways. For example a feeling of pleasure was described by pupils who appeared well-grounded and spontaneous, while those who experienced pressure in their daily life expressed feelings of higher expectations regarding their own health practices. PEH teachers need to consider not only knowledge content of the subject area, but also variations of self-image among the pupils in their class, and the impact this can have on the way pupils un-derstand the health messages being taught in the classroom.

This dissertation aims to find further understanding of how people with special interest in a certain artist utilise music and the fact that they are fans in their everyday lives. I have opted to study two fans included in each group selected for this study: Kiss, Status Quo and Lasse Stefanz, one male and one female fan belonging to each respective group. I have worked according to grounded theory as a method, and through an analysis of their musical life stories, I have attempted to identify why they became fans and how them being fans has affected them in their lives. Four categories, fandom as: a marker of identity, socialisation, a form of self therapy and a pseudo religion and the core category authenticity usage show the results of the study. The categories show that to a large extent it all comes down to the musical identity of these people, i.e. the identity of being a fan, and their experiences of being fans. They have been socialised into a specific genre, which has meant increased interest in a specific artist. Family, media and friends have all played a part in this socialisation. The informants have developed cultural competence as concerns their idols, although they have also gained the subcultural capital resources required in order to come across as credible fans. Various kinds of experiences offer meaning and nourish the fans. Security and stability in everyday lives are also contributing factors to them being fans and the music offers them something that they are unable to acquire from elsewhere. They have established different strategies in order to be able to be fans, one of these being legitimacy. A vital part of this legitimacy consists in them viewing the bands as authentic, i.e. important.

I conducted a qualitative study, interviewing thirty-three workers from the baby-boomer generation, with an objective of examining the intersection of aging and economic restructuring for boomer professionals. Participants’ careers had been impacted by the restructured economy at a point after they reached the age of forty. I applied an identity theory framework that emphasized meanings associated with growing older in the workforce, changes in the economy, self-meanings, and behavior in the restructured workplace. My focus also included process and questions of structure and agency. I used grounded theory methods to provide theory that explains the experience of transitioning from an existing work role as a downsized worker seeking a new job, entering selfemployment, or pursuing a reinvention of one’s career. I examine the transition process, the effects of structure, the formation and maintenance of identity in the transition role, and the factors that impact transition outcomes. I propose a theoretical argument that provides a comprehensive framework for the transition process. I establish transition as a relatively new and legitimate role for today’s worker, identify hegemonic structure as being particularly influential in the development of transition role identities, conceptualize personal resources—specifically self-esteem, selfefficacy, and authenticity—as key aspects of maintaining identity during transition, and investigate worker attributes that relate to transition outcomes. I assess career outcomes in terms of how successfully the transition role is negotiated and identify characteristics that comprise successful and unsuccessful transitions. I then discuss the implications of unabated economic restructuring for boomer professionals and, more broadly, for the future of the U.S. economy.

The use of the social media platform Instagram has increased the fastest and has given the opportunity for the phenomenon of influencer marketing to grow in the fashion industry. The increase of influencer marketing has led marketers to understand that a change of focus is needed. Much of the previous research done in the field has focused on what distinguishes or does not distinguish effective use of influencer marketing for a company. Therefore, it is interesting to study the actual role of influencers in a fashion company’s brand communication and this by studying the fashion companies’ choice of influencers and the way consumers perceive the role of influencers in a fashion company. To operationalize the study, a semiotic analysis has been applied where images have been analyzed to answer the purpose of the study from a business perspective. The results from this are the basis for the design of a qualitative method which is then followed up by a quantitative method for answering the purpose from a consumer perspective. The data was collected through the themes formulated with the support of previous research and theories. These were consumption, the consumer’s approach to influencers and belonging to a group and identity. Within the framework of these themes, the study’s findings showed that influencer marketing is beneficial to use for a company in some areas and in others not. The semiotic analysis showed with certain deficits in the match that the companies choose influencers based on the respondents’ preferences and wishes.
Användningen av det sociala mediet Instagram är den plattform som idag ökar snabbast och har gett möjlighet för fenomenet influencer marketing att växa fram främst inom modebranschen. Ökningen av influencer marketing har lett marknadsförare till att förstå att det behövs ett fokusskifte. Mycket av den tidigare forskning som gjorts inom området har fokuserat på vad som utmärker eller inte utmärker effektiv användning av influencer marketing för ett företag. Därför är det intressant att studera den faktiska rollen av influencers i ett modeföretags varumärkeskommunikation och detta genom att studera modeföretags val av influencers och på vilket sätt konsumenter uppfattar rollen av influencers i ett modeföretag. För att operationalisera studien har en semiotisk analys tillämpats där bilder analyserats för att besvara studiens syfte utifrån ett företagsperspektiv. Resultaten från denna ligger som grund för utformningen av en kvalitativ metod som sedan följs upp av en kvantitativ metod för att besvara syftet utifrån ett konsumentperspektiv. Datan samlades in genom de teman som formulerats med stöd av tidigare forskning och teorier. Dessa var konsumtion, konsumentens förhållningssätt till influencers samt grupptillhörighet och identitet. Inom ramen för dessa teman visade studiens resultat att influencer marketing är gynnsamt att använda för ett företag i vissa avseenden och i andra inte. Bildanalysen visade med vissa brister i matchningen att företagen väljer influencers utifrån respondenternas preferenser och önskemål.

I conducted a qualitative study, interviewing thirty-three workers from the baby-boomer generation, with an objective of examining the intersection of aging and economic restructuring for boomer professionals. Participants’ careers had been impacted by the restructured economy at a point after they reached the age of forty. I applied an identity theory framework that emphasized meanings associated with growing older in the workforce, changes in the economy, self-meanings, and behavior in the restructured workplace. My focus also included process and questions of structure and agency. I used grounded theory methods to provide theory that explains the experience of transitioning from an existing work role as a downsized worker seeking a new job, entering selfemployment, or pursuing a reinvention of one’s career. I examine the transition process, the effects of structure, the formation and maintenance of identity in the transition role, and the factors that impact transition outcomes. I propose a theoretical argument that provides a comprehensive framework for the transition process. I establish transition as a relatively new and legitimate role for today’s worker, identify hegemonic structure as being particularly influential in the development of transition role identities, conceptualize personal resources—specifically self-esteem, selfefficacy, and authenticity—as key aspects of maintaining identity during transition, and investigate worker attributes that relate to transition outcomes. I assess career outcomes in terms of how successfully the transition role is negotiated and identify characteristics that comprise successful and unsuccessful transitions. I then discuss the implications of unabated economic restructuring for boomer professionals and, more broadly, for the future of the U.S. economy.

There are approximately 1300 completely or partially preserved medieval churches in Sweden. Many of these have remains of kalkmåleri (mural paintings at least partially created in lime) from the 12th throughout the 17th century. This dissertation discusses the enactments that formed the revival of this kalkmåleri between 1850 and 1980, with a focus on restoration and conservation. The decorative and monumental paintings that were created at the same time are also discussed. The study is divided into two sections: one concentrates on the mural paintings and the networks that made their (re-)enactment possible, and the second is a case study that examines kalkmåleri in four medieval churches; Vendel and Ed north of Stockholm, and Floda and Vadsbro south of Stockholm. To come close to the paintings, an eclectic methodology with analysis of written and depicted sources, interviews, and studies in situ of the paintings through mapping and analysis of taken samples was designed. The objectives were to investigate the formation of kalkmåleri as phenomena, significant concepts, and conservation practices throughout time and space. Theoretical inspiration was taken from Actor-Network-Theory, critical discourse analysis, and speculative realism. Throughout the study the kalkmåleri is thus seen to have agency. The weave of enactments stemming from different professions and thought collectives that formed the paintings was made visible by following the actors. Some of these enactments were analyzed: i.e. the aesthetic shaping of the room, as religious and iconographic images, historical documents, art, style, technical, or hybrid objects. The latter refers to conservation that did not entirely rely on science, humanist scholarship, craftsmanship, or artistic creativity. Thus conservation is seen as a hybrid activity. Three periods of conservation principles were explored: stylistic restoration, original conservation, and precautionary conservation, which were related to what was perceived as the authentic original. Furthermore some Swedish "traditions" are discussed: that no institute for technical studies of art was formed, the use of "Curman’s principles", restricted retouching from the 1960s onward, and the use of gomma pane for cleaning. Finally appendices are included containing terminology, an index of conservators, and a DVD with mapping, chemical analysis, and photographs.

Forskningsfinansiärer: FoU-medel: Riksantikvarieämbetet, Brandförsäkringsverkets stiftelse för bebyggelsehistorisk forskning, Elna Bengtsssons fond och Tyréns stiftelse.

Ett läsår på Columbia University kunde genomföras med stöd av Fulbright Commission. Erik & Lily Philipsons minnesfond och Axelson Johnsons stiftelse.

Si les risques corporels sont inhérents à la pratique du rugby, ils justifient les nombreuses craintes des enseignants d’éducation physique et sportive, et ce d’autant plus que les statistiques font état d’une blessure grave (fracture – entorse) toutes les cinquante neuf minutes lors de la pratique fédérale (50% des blessures se produisent lors de la situation de jeu la plus fréquente en rugby : le plaquage). La problématique de l’enseignement du rugby en milieu scolaire consiste donc à présenter des situations de référence en prise directe avec les invariants culturels de l’activité et conjuguant un haut niveau de dangerosité – source d’élévation du niveau de civilité des élèves, et des conditions de sécurité optimales. C’est au travers d’un modèle d’enseignement socio-culturel, reposant sur des techniques corporelles spécifiques que nous pensons répondre à cette problématique. L’enseignant dispose de cinq étapes d’analyse de l’APS au service de la transposition didactique (passage de l’objet culturel à l’objet d’enseignement) : analyse culturelle (histoire et évolution socio-culturelle), analyse réglementaire (règles du jeu, fonction et évolution), analyse éducative (potentiel éducatif du rugby), analyse tactico-technique et stratégique (systématique du jeu) et analyse technique (enjeux des gestes sportifs : performance, sécurité, valeurs). Les techniques corporelles sportives scolaires se différencient des techniques corporelles sportives fédérales par le niveau de civilité exigé (la nature de l’agressivité tolérée correspond à la combativité). Les techniques corporelles du rugby scolaire développent ainsi des valeurs telles que le respect, la solidarité et la responsabilité
Physical risk is inherent to the practice of rugby and justifies the very real fear of sport and physical education teachers, a fear which is further justified by the statistics. Every fifty-nine minutes in games at a federal level there is a serious injury (for example fractures and sprains). Fifty percent of these injuries happen during the most frequent phase of a rugby game: the tackle. The challenge for teaching rugby in a school environment is therefore to create educational situations which combine the cultural elements of the activity with the high danger level, thus elevating students’ civil awareness, in the safest possible conditions. It is through a socio-cultural teaching model, based on specific physical techniques, that we will reply to this question.A sport and physical education teacher has five steps of a teaching sequence in order to transfer the content to be taught. The five steps of this transferral of content (moving away from an object of cultural significance to an object of teaching significance) include: a cultural analysis (history and socio-cultural evolution), an analysis of the rules (their function and how they have evolved over time), an educational analysis (the educational potential of rugby), a systematic analysis of the game of rugby (techniques, tactics and strategies) and a technical analysis (the importance of sportsmanship : performance, safety, values).The physical sporting techniques used within a school environment can be differentiated from the physical sporting techniques used at a federal level by the level of civility required (the level and nature of aggressiveness tolerated is relative to the level of competitiveness demonstrated). In this way the physical techniques used in school rugby allow the development of values such as respect, solidarity and responsibility

The overall aim of this dissertation is to discuss the scope as well as the limits of sociological theory. This project is undertaken with the help of Søren Kierkegaard and his unique interpretation of human existence. Taking as its point of departure the existential reality of the single individual (den Enkelte), this study also addresses the fundamental question posed by Georg Simmel, “How is society possible?” It is argued that an answer to this question needs to take into account the existential concepts of choice, authenticity, subjectivity, anxiety, faith, and responsibility.  The strategy – and the implicit method – of this study is to start out from the single individual and gradually move towards society, culture and history. After addressing some theories of everyday life, such as social phenomenology and dramaturgical theory, the investigation moves on to the central sociological problem of how to construct a synthetic theory of the relation between man and society. The final theory to be discussed is the social theory of Jean-Paul Sartre, which can be seen as a reformulation and modification of the Kierkegaardian perspective, now set in dialectical relation to society and history. The main argument of the thesis is that the message that can be found in Kierkegaard’s writings represents both a reminder and a challenge to every sociological project which seeks to achieve a synthesis between individual existence and social reality. Sociological theories can neither account for the existence of the single individual in an exhaustive manner, nor fully integrate this existence into some social system. It is impossible to reduce the existence of individuals to some socially and culturally given lifeworld, because authentic faith and infinite passion constitute an inner experience that is largely hidden from the sociologist observer. A sociological incompleteness theorem is proposed, which states that sociological theories are simply incapable of dealing with certain aspects of human existence. These aspects are, from an ontological point of view, unsettled and not social in nature. This theorem can also be expressed so that there exists a blind spot in every sociological theory that tries to account systematically for the single individual. By focussing attention on the existential tension between choice and inner experience, the sociologist can however push the limits for what can be accomplished with the help of sociological theory.

Uporednom analizom elemenata psihodrame i socidrame s jedne i filmske metodologije reditelja Želimira Žilnika sa druge strane, u ovom radu ukazano je na funkcionalnu korelaciju poreĊenih disciplina. Evidentna srodnost psihodrame i sociodrame sa metodologijom rada na filmu upućuje na mogućnost njihove metodološke interakcije, ĉime se ujedno i proširuje polje paradigmatskih okvira u metodološkoj praksi filmskog stvaralaštva. Strukturu rada čini osam poglavlja. U teorijskom delu dat je pregled ključnih načela i metodoloških koncepata psihodrame i sociodrame, zatim su razmatrane metodološke osnove specifiĉnog filmskog podţanra dokudrame. U prvom delu istraţivanja analiziran je autentični filmski jezik Želimira Žilnika najizrazitijeg predstavnika dokudramskog pravca kod nas, a potom su u drugom delu izvedeni zaključci o dominantnim korelativnim elementima poređenih metodologija. Ključno zapažanje koje proističe iz sprovedene komparacije ukazuje na evidentno postojanje psihodramskih i sociodramskih elemenata u specifiĉnoj metodologiji Želimira Žilnika kao dominantnih odrednica pomoću kojih autor na impresivan naĉin koristi fleksibilni potencijal dokudrame u balansu između dokumentarne i igrane forme. Specifiĉnost ovakve autorske orijentacije je da kroz kreiranje imaginarne filmske priĉe principom dramske rekonstrukcije stvarnosti ističe ono što u realnom svetu ima za podlogu indeksiĉnu proverljivost. Potvrđujući hipotezu o funkcionalnoj primenljivosti naučnih saznanja u umetniĉkom procesu, konkretno na primeru paralelizma socijalne psihologije i filma, rezultati ovog istraţivanja otvaraju mogućnost formiranja polazne osnove za dalja istraţivanja u oblasti filmologije, naroĉito u domenu dokudrame, a mogu imati pedagoške implikacije u radu sa studentima, mladim autorima, kao i sa svima koji žele da prošire svoju metodologiju primenom ovakvog specifiĉnog - interdisciplinarnog pristupa.

 

African American Studies
Ph.D.
Since the emergence of RastafarI communities within 1930's Jamaica following the coronation of Ras Tafari Makonnen as Haile Selassie I, Negus (king) of Ethiopia, RastafarI continuously articulate his divinity within their discourse. While the specific nomenclature for and significance of Haile Selassie I may vary in accordance to time and affiliation, it is unquestionable that Selassie I remains central to the RastafarI way of life for more than 70 years. What scholars and thinkers on RastafarI question, and very fervently so during the past 10 years, is the authenticity of the divinity of Selassie I within RastafarI thought. The few scholars who attempt to solve what for them is the "problem of authenticity," claim, through christological and apologistic approaches, that RastafarI need to reconsider the possibility of his status, as it is conjecture and blasphemy. Adhering to African epistemological assumptions that everything in existence comprises the whole of existence, we rely on an African symbolic approach to examine RastafarI conceptualizations of Selassie I within pre-coronation, coronation and post-coronation RastafarI writings. Given that the material reality seemingly degenerates the collective body and consciousness in accordance with the cycles of time as expressed within the most ancient of Kemetic cosmologies, our aim is to suggest that Haile Selassie I emerges as a ba, the soul template, of Asar, a force manifesting as the human ability and potential to exist within the material realm in accordance with the unseen realm of existence. We conclude, unlike previous academic thinkers who examine RastafarI thought, that RastafarI thinking about Haile Selassie I is therefore an authentic perspective, one that undoubtedly occurs in accordance with the structure and origin of the universe and the cyclical journey of Africana reclamation of a primordial consciousness.
Temple University--Theses

L'authenticite, concept philosophique, adopte et realise par certains pays africains sub-sahariens (tchad, togo, zaire) marque un tournant decisif de l'ideologie africaine de contestation et de revendication. Cependant, il y a eu divorce entre la theorie et la pratique. En effet, face a la disconvenance culturelle des structures et institutions existantes en afrique, l'ideologie de l'authenticite n'a pas debouche sur un modele theorique et pratique consequent, susceptible de generer un "homo authentiens africanus" et un developpent endogene harmonieux. Au-dela de cette approche irrationnelle de l'identite africaine, nous proposons une nouvelle vision de l'authenticite africaine. Il s'agit d'une explication et d'une maitrise de la disconvenance culturelle de la societe africaine, basee sur l'action a mener les plans economique et ideologique
The authenticity, philosophical concept, adopted and carried out by some africain sub-saharian coutries (chad, togo, zaire) is a decisive step in the african ideology of protest and clain. However there had been divorce between theory and application. In effect, given the cultural inadequation of african current structures and institutions, the african authenticity ideology did not lead to an effective theorical and pratical model, capable of giving birth to an "homo authentiens africanus" and a haronious endogenous developement. Beyoud that irrational approoch of the african identity, we suggest a new way of thinking and experiencing the african authenticity. That is an explanation and mastership of the cultural inedequation of african society based upon work to be fulfilled in economic and ideological fields

Theories of self-regulation address the continuous process in which individuals compare their behavior to salient goals or standards. Two well-known theories of self-regulation, self-discrepancy theory (SDT) and regulatory focus theory (RFT), each make distinctions regarding the types of standards and goals in reference to which individuals self-regulate. Authenticity--the idea of being one's true self--has the potential to influence the kinds of goals or standards that individuals come to possess and may have implications for understanding the outcomes of self-regulatory processes. This research links the construct of authenticity with SDT and RFT, emphasizing how individual differences in authenticity could influence the motivational and affective consequences of self-regulation predicted within each theory. Individual differences in authenticity were expected to influence the nature of the goals and standards that individuals hold, as well as the acute and chronic affective consequences of discrepancies between the actual self and the ideal and ought self-guides respectively. Specifically, individual differences in authenticity were expected to predict magnitude of actual:ideal and actual:ought self-discrepancy as well as the intensity of distress that individuals report (acutely as well as chronically) in association with self-discrepancies. More importantly, self-discrepancies were expected to be less prevalent among individuals high in authenticity, but more distressing among high-authenticity individuals than among individuals with lower levels of authenticity. The results of this research suggest that individual differences in authentic behavior do have a direct influence on both acute and chronic affect. Authenticity was found to interact with self-discrepancies in predicting chronic affect. Authenticity has a unique role in the process of self-regulation, distinct from the contributions of SDT and RFT.

Dissertation

In zwischenmenschlichen Interaktionen sind die Wahrnehmung und das Verstehen von sozialen Äußerungen, zu denen Gesichtsausdrücke, Körpersprache und Lautgebung gehören, unentbehrlich. Die Fähigkeit den mentalen Zustand anderer Personen identifizieren zu können, auch als soziale Kognition bekannt, ist notwendig um das Verhalten anderer verstehen und interpretieren zu können. Diese Identifikation des mentalen Zustandes durch die Kombination von Reizinformation und eigener Erfahrung ist als "Theory of Mind" (ToM) bekannt. ToM ist die Fähigkeit anderen Personen bestimmte mentale Zustände (Wünsche, Glauben, Absichten und Emotionen) zuzuschreiben. Emotionale Ausdrücke stellen dabei besonders wichtige Reize in sozialen Interaktionen dar, wobei sich diese Arbeit spezifisch auf vokale emotionale Ausdrücke beschränkt. Das Erkennen von Emotionen in der Stimme geschieht durch nicht-verbale Komponenten, die bei der Lautproduktion entstehen und u.a. als Intonation oder Prosodie bekannt sind. Allerdings wird die Erkennung von emotionaler Prosodie stark von anderen Faktoren beeinflusst, so wie Kontext oder Kultur des Sprechers und Zuhörers.  Um die Interaktion zwischen emotionalem Ausdruck und Kontext weiter aufzuklären, habe ich die Erkennung von Ausdrücken in der Stimme in Zusammenhang mit der Authentizität untersucht. Der Unterschied zwischen authentischen und gespielten emotionalen Ausdrücken bietet eine ideale Grundlage für die Erforschung dieser Interaktion. Beide Stimulus-Arten unterscheiden sich im Kontext der Produktion durch die unterschiedliche Intention des jeweiligen Sprechers. Die in diesem Projekt verwendeten authentischen Tonaufnahmen stammen aus Radiointerviews und waren intern initiiert, während die gespielten Tonaufnahmen von Schauspielern produziert wurden, die den Text, den Kontext der Aufnahme und die jeweilige Emotion zugewiesen bekamen, und daher extern initiiert waren. Meine Erwartung war, dass die Erkennung der Authentizität durch eine ToM Verarbeitung geschehen würde, da die unterschiedlichen Tonaufnahmen durch einen Unterschied im mentalen Zustand des Sprechers charakterisiert sind.  Ich wollte feststellen, ob die Erkennung der emotionalen Ausdrücke und die damit einhergehende Gehirnaktivierung von der Authentizität des Stimulus Materials beeinflusst werden. Experimentell sollten Individuen, die in einem Magnetresonanztomographen lagen, entweder die Authentizität oder die Emotion (Wut, Angst, Freude, Trauer) der Tonaufnahmen identifizieren. Authentizität hatte einen deutlichen Einfluss auf die Erkennung von Emotionen, wobei Wut bei gespielten Aufnahmen besser erkannt wurde, Trauer hingegen bei authentischen. Im Gehirn wurde dabei das ToM Netzwerk für die explizite Bewertung der Authentizität rekrutiert. Zusätzlich wiesen die Versuchspersonen bei authentischen Aufnahmen, anders als bei gespielten, eine erhöhte Aktivierung im medialen prefrontalen Cortex auf. Dies weist auf die Notwendigkeit von ToM bei der Erkennung von Authentizität, den gleichzeitigen Einfluss auf die Wahrnehmung von emotionalen Ausdrücken, und die erhöhte Rekrutierung kognitiver Ressourcen für authentische Ausdrücke hin. Um die Eigenschaften des Effekts von Authentizität zu verdeutlichen, habe ich diesen Befund auf universelle und kultur-spezifische Einflüsse in drei unterschiedlichen Ländern geprüft. Individuen aus Deutschland, Rumänien und Indonesien wurden in einem ähnlichen Experiment, aber nur auf Verhalten, getestet. Obwohl Teilnehmer aus den unterschiedlichen Ländern die Authentizität der Aufnahmen nur schwer erkennen konnten, war der Authentizitätseffekt auf die Emotionserkennung für alle Kulturen sehr ähnlich. Die wichtigsten Unterschiede kamen durch Neigungen für bestimmte Emotionen zustande. Die deutschen Versuchspersonen waren bei den gespielten wie auch bei den authentischen Aufnahmen eher dazu geneigt Wut zu wählen, während Versuchspersonen aus Rumänien und Indonesien sich bei den authentischen Emotionen, im Gegenteil zu den Deutschen, vermehrt für Trauer entschieden. Dies weist auf eine komplexe Interaktion universeller und kultur-spezifischer Effekte bei der Authentizitäts- und Emotionserkennung hin. Für weitere Aufklärung des Authentizitäteffektes konzentrierte ich mich schließlich auf die proximalen Ursachen des Verhaltens und der Verarbeitung im Gehirn. Zunächst habe ich untersucht, ob der Authentizitätseffekt durch vorheriges Wissen beeinflusst werden kann, indem den Teilnehmern in Zwei-Dritteln der Versuche durch Hinweisung mitgeteilt wurde, ob die vorgespielten Aufnahmen authentisch oder gespielt waren. Diese Aussage war entweder richtig (kongruent) oder falsch (nicht-kongruent). Ganz ohne Hinweise verursachten gespielte Reize eine erhöhte Aktivierung im primären auditorischen Cortex und in Arealen, die wichtig für die Verarbeitung von Prosodie sind. Der Effekt im medialen prefrontalen Cortex war hingegen nicht mehr zu erkennen. Obwohl die Erkennung der emotionalen Ausdrücke durch die gegebenen Hinweise („gespielt“ oder „echt“) nicht beeinflusst wurden, hatten die Hinweise einen klaren Einfluss auf die Gehirnaktivierung. Die allgemeine Interaktion von Hinweis und Authentizität des Reizes verursachten eine erhöhte Aktivierung im superioren temporalen Sulcus und im anterioren Cingulum. Wenn auf den Hinweis eines authentischen Ausdruckes eine gespielte Aufnahme folgte, erhöhte sich die Aktivierung im temporoparietalen Cortex, was auf eine Komponente der ToM Fähigkeit, der gesteigerten Perspektivenübernahme, hindeutet. Unklar blieb, wie Authentizität akustisch wahrgenommen wird. Die Kontur der Grundfrequenz weist  eine größere Variabilität bei gespielten als bei authentischen Aufnahmen auf. Durch eine Analyse des Effektes der Kontur-Variabilität wollte ich feststellen, ob dieser Faktor einen Einfluss auf die Erkennung der emotionalen Ausdrücke und auf die Gehirnaktivierung hat. Aufnahmen mit niedriger Kontur-Variabilität wurden bevorzugt als Trauer oder authentisch kategorisiert, während die Aktivierung im Gehirn durch eine höhere Kontur-Variabilität im primären auditorischen Cortex aufgabenunabhängig erhöht wurde. Hinzu kam, dass die Kontur und die Aufgabe der Versuchsperson (Emotionserkennung versus Authentizitätserkennung) im medialen prefrontalen Cortex interagierten. Eine erhöhte Aktivierung fand bei der Emotionserkennung statt, wenn die Kontur-Variabilität niedrig war, während bei der Authentizitätserkennung eine erhöhte Aktivierung festgestellt wurde, wenn die Variabilität der Kontur hoch war. Der Authentizitätseffekt im Verhalten und in der Gehirnaktivierung scheint also durch Kontur-Variabilität beeinflusst zu sein, ist aber stark aufgabenbedingt in Arealen, die für soziale Kognition wichtig sind. Die Verhaltens- und Aktivierungsdaten zeigen, dass Authentizität ein wichtiger Faktor bei der Emotionserkennung ist, das auch Auswirkungen auf Studien hat, die gespielte emotionale Ausdrücke benutzen. Die Effekte zur Gehirnaktivierung des ToM Netzwerkes suggerieren, dass die Erkennung von Intention einen Einfluss auf die Wertung von emotionalen Ausdrücken in der Stimme hat. Der Einfluss der Authentizität des Stimulus kann gleichzeitig aufgabenabhängig, beispielsweise in Teilen des ToM Netzwerkes, und Stimulus-angetrieben, im primären auditorischen Cortex, sein. Weiterhin können Kontextinformationen die Gehirnaktivierung, die durch Authentizität moduliert wird, zusätzlich beeinflussen. Wenn diese Ergebnisse gemeinsam mit den Unterschieden zwischen den getesteten Kulturen betrachtet werden, wird deutlich, dass der Einfluss der Intention des Sprechers auf die Erkennung von Emotionen auf einer komplexen Interaktion von universellen und kultur-spezifischen Effekten beruht.

碩士
國立東華大學
企業管理學系
99
This research based on staged authenticity, and took the dramaturgy theory prospective as the conceptual structure of staged authenticity simultaneously. This research proposed that in current service industry, molding front stage physical environment’s atmosphere has become one of the necessary conditions of restaurant management. When customers saw the back stage which was not decorated, it may change the restaurant’s image of customers. This study aimed to understand how antecedents of staged authenticity influencing staged authenticity. The antecedents of staged authenticity include back invisibility, back perception, customer participation, and product knowledge. Further this study tried to verify whether staged authenticity influencing customer value, customer satisfaction, and repurchase intension. The questionnaires were distributed to the chain restaurant’s branch stores at Taipei city. Owning to this study concerned with actual restaurant’s environment, thus, to avoid the respondents’ ambiguous memory, we send out questionnaires in the chain restaurant’s branch stores. A total of 562 questionnaires were distributed. After eliminating the questionnaires with missing data and those filled out by supervisors, this study obtained 424 valid questionnaires. Through data analysis, the empirical results like the following: 1. Back visibility has significantly negative effect on staged authenticity. 2. Back perception has significantly positive effect on staged authenticity. 3. Customer participation has significantly positive effect on staged authenticity. 4. Product knowledge has significantly positive effect on staged authenticity. 5. Back perception shows no negative effect on staged authenticity, but it has significantly positive effect on staged authenticity. 6. Staged authenticity has significantly positive effect on customer value. 7. Customer value has significantly positive effect on customer satisfaction. 8. Customer satisfaction has significantly positive effect on repurchase intension.

This study is based upon the idea that foreign language (FL) classrooms exist apart from their target language communities. While historically, this has been a geographic truth, divides between FL learners and native speakers may also reflect symbolic social distance. Given the symbolic, if not geographic, isolation of the FL classroom from the real world, this study presumes that a challenge inherent to the endeavor of FL education is that the authentic, real-world language and culture under study are, by definition, not naturally present in the FL classroom. This study considers how this challenge, referred to as the challenge of authenticity, is managed in one FL classroom. Seven eighth-grade students and their teacher comprise Classroom 204, a beginning Spanish FL classroom at a private school in the southwest U.S. This qualitative case study uses classroom observations, audio-recordings, classroom artifacts, and participant interviews as data to consider not only how authenticity is imported, imagined, and conjured by participants in Classroom 204, but how authenticity is assigned value therein. Data is analyzed largely with discourse analysis of transcripts of classroom talk about (and classroom talk that constituted) various facets of authenticity, value, and the real world. Ecology theory serves as a broad theoretical lens through which to understand (and accept) the complexity inherent to the social phenomena being researched. Benedict Anderson's (1991) theory of imagined communities is adopted to understand the boundaries that delineate the inside of the FL classroom from the outside, and Bourdieu's (1992) notion of symbolic capital is used to understand the ways by which authenticity becomes valuable (and, conversely, how that which is valuable becomes authentic). Findings suggest that, while participants are largely oriented to real-world manifestations of Spanish language and culture, authenticity is not most present in Classroom 204 in the form of stuff imported from elsewhere. Rather, authenticity emerges out of the highly local, socially-immediate interactions and value systems unique to Classroom 204. Suggestions for both pedagogy and future research focus on approaches that acknowledge and capitalize on the power of local authenticity in the FL classroom, as cultivated by local social actors.
text

Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2007. Graduate Programme in Political Science.
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 365-380). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR32059

This thesis employed qualitative methods including grounded theory to assess how successful ecopreneurs communicate to maintain and sustain their triple bottom line organizations. The analysis of transcribed interviews from 13 exemplars in North America revealed five groups of common attributes that form an overarching theme of authentic identity. This finding confirms the Communication Theory of Identity and furthers it because it is through authentic identity that successful ecopreneurs manage to narrow identity gaps across the four layers of identity: they continuously strive for alignment with themselves, in relationships, among and across stakeholder groups, and in their daily execution. Understanding ecopreneurs and their practices, distilling recommendations, and adding to the scarce body of academic literature on ecopreneurship, are critical because ecopreneurship, in light of the alarming economic and environmental outlook, is establishing itself as a considerable area of business activity and influence for social change and a sustainable future.

碩士
國立東華大學
企業管理學系
100
Service industry is now becoming a main industry which covers everyone and every industry from individual to big company, even to the government and non-for-profit organization. By looking at the successful cases of B&;B, it is identified that the ultimate goal of service provider is planning properly the process so that the valuable experience is created for the customer. Different experiences are a trend to attract customer, also, customers will be interested to the reality of the experiences out of the initial curiosity and the sense of freshness. Gilmore and Pine (2008) considered that every product and service appeal to five types of realities which include originality, nature, unique, reference, and influence. Therefore, B&;B will improve their product and process of service by preparing specific theme or facilities and unique ways of interactions with customers. The service industry in Taiwan is mature. Many services need to be involved by customers so that the product will be created. Therefore, this study is conducted by looking at the performances of staffs, facilities, customers’ participations through theater theory. By understanding the causes and consequences of the reality of the activity and experience, the relation between customer satisfaction and loyalty will be revealed so that the improving suggestions to B&;B could be gathered. The outcomes of the study are as followed: 1.The elements provided as part of the service have positive impact on the sense of the reality. 2.Customers’ participations have positive impact on the sense of the reality. 3.The sense of reality has positive impact on the value of the experience. 4.The value of the experience has positive impact on the customers’ satisfactions and customers’ loyalty. 5.The customers’ satisfactions will influence the customers’loyalty.

The mini-dissertation explains how systems theory provided a healing context for me in my training as a clinical psychologist over two years. The emergence of my authentic voice is narrated in an autoethnography (five act drama) about what happened. The main theoretical bases for the dissertation are – constructivism to understand the learning and teaching I experienced; learning as a collaborative endeavour and the emergence of my authentic voice with help from more skilled others. Systems theory informs the entire study at every theoretical level. Bowen’s family therapy theory is significant for the differentiation of the self and his I-position is equated with the emergence of an authentic voice. Myth, epic narratives, the hero’s journey amplify my interpretation of the differentiation of self. The raw data for the qualitative research were observations, interviews, creative writing, photocollage, a collection of readings, songs and dialogues. The themes emerging from the autoethnography were about obstructions because of the authoritarian nature of my upbringing, life and work. These themes lessened in force in clinical training until my authentic voice emerged in relation to self and as a clinical psychologist. A recommendation from the dissertation is that autoethnography provides a good vehicle for reflection and intense interior scrutiny needed to become a practising clinical psychologist; the autoethnographical exercise could be used by training clinical psychologists more extensively on their journey to maturity.
Psychology
M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

How authors and scholars have approached leadership studies – in terms of their thinking, defining and studying – has changed remarkably over time. According to literature, this is predominantly due to greater optimism about the field and greater methodological diversity being employed to better understand complex, embedded phenomena. As a result, there has been a significant rise in the use of qualitative research approaches to the study of leadership. Numerous definitions, classifications, explanations and theories about leadership, exist in the contemporary literature. However, despite the vast array of literature, the challenge of failing leadership persists. Challenges, such as the speed of technological advancements, social, and economic change are ever-present, while the impact of COVID-19 is, as yet, uncertain. Despite these challenges, can companies compete successfully in the marketplaces they operate in while also remaining ethical and engaged with the challenges of the broader business and social environment? To answer this question, this study has undertaken qualitative research on the bouquet of trait, situational and value-based leadership theory, in order to re-assess both established and developing theories. The predominant aim is to describe, explain and analyse available literature in an attempt to ascertain academic guidance on how it might be possible to enable leaders and society to mitigate leadership challenges by proposing a conceptual framework that could support leadership theory and, in so doing, take an academic stance in providing better answers or guidance to the failures currently being experienced. Several authors have noted that leadership makes a difference with resulting impacts on many which implies that to make the world a better place, leadership has two contradictory elements; good and bad. These elements are reflected in today’s connected world where the media, either showers praise on leaders or writes articles deriding their incompetence and abuse of their roles at all levels The proposed conceptual framework of this study endeavours to enable society and leaders, practically and at an individual level, to evaluate leadership issues and link leadership frameworks to their everyday lives and, in so doing, aid in mitigating the challenges being faced.
Business Management
D.B.L.

The topic of social memory has been discussed for almost 20 years in the international field, but it hasn't been reflected in the Czech environment yet. This master thesis tries to introduce the topic of social memory theory to the Czech theological audience. It concentrates on the critique of the "criteria approach" in the historical Jesus research from the social memory theorist, esp. Chris Keith. It also tries to find roots of this way of thinking either among theorist of social memory like its "father" late Maurice Halbwachs and our contemporary Jan Assmann, or among New Testament scholars like Birger Gerhardsson and Werner Kelber who challenged the development model of the gospel tradition presented by Rudolf Bultmann. The critique of Bultmann is the basis of Keith's critique of the "criteria approach". This thesis presents Keith's concepts of "Jesus-memory approach" and "New historiography" and presents critiques of it both from the international scholars and its own. This thesis is a contribution to the field of hermeneutics and the development of methodology.

This thesis is not structured as a conventional empirical study (theoretical background, method, results, discussion), but instead consists of an iterative series of attempts at making sense of same-race prejudice – hopefully systematically homing in on a richer and more acute understanding of the phenomenon. The chapters are grouped together in pairs or triplets – each grouping addressing different but related perspectives on the problem. Chapters 1 and 2 are contextual, setting the scene historically and conceptually. Chapters 3, 4 and 5 introduce three different perspectives on using phenomenology as a means of approaching the issue of same-race prejudice. Chapters 6 and 7 are dedicated to looking at the themes of same-race prejudice, a critical interrogation of the themes from the interview discussions, the literature and how same-race prejudice is experienced, played out and sustained. Chapter 8 links back to Chapter 1 by casting another look at sensitivity and responsiveness to same-race prejudice by organisations whose work is supposedly on prejudice eradication. The chapter further links with both Chapters 3 and 4 by calling upon a phenomenological understanding to humanity as what can bring a liveable change to humanity regarding same-race prejudice. Chapter 9 serves as a summary of all the chapters, what each individually and collectively hoped to achieve, and the general findings and statements about same-race prejudice from the chapters’ theoretical discussions, research interviews, and critical interrogation of both the mundane and theoretical understanding.
Psychology
D. Phil. (Psychology)