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1
1936-, Kennedy R. S., Armstrong Laboratory (U.S.). Aircrew Training Research Division., Essex Corporation und United States. Dept. of the Air Force., Hrsg. Augmentation of the basic attributes test battery with tests of temporal acuity. Mesa, Ariz: Air Force Materiel Command, Armstrong Laboratory, Human Resources Directorate, Aircrew Training Research Division, 1997.
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Lorenzo, Valla. La donation de Constantin: (sur la Donation de Constantin, à lui faussement attribuée et mensongère). Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1993.
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Iohannes Hus: Dicta de tempore Magistro Iohanni Hus attributa II. Opera omnia XXVI B / Dubia 1. Brepols Publishers, 2012.
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Zachova, J. Iohannes Hus: Dicta de Tempore Magistro Iohanni Hus Attributa I. Opera Omnia Xxvi a / Dubia 1. Brepols Publishers, 2012.
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Jasien, Joan M., Bruce K. Shapiro und Alexander H. Hoon. Cerebral Palsy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0071.
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Cerebral palsy (CP) describes a group of disorders of movement/posture causing activity limitation that are attributed to nonprogressive disturbances in the immature brain that can change over time. The immature human brain undergoes organizational changes during intrauterine and postnatal life creating potential temporal periods of selective vulnerability to damage. Understanding the compensatory plasticity process after the brain injury may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of CP.
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Msuya, Elibariki E., Aida Cuthbert Isinika und Fred Mawunyo Dzanku. Agricultural Intensification Response to Agricultural Input Subsidies in Tanzania: A Spatial-Temporal and Gender Perspective, 2002–15. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799283.003.0006.
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In Tanzania, structural adjustment policies implemented during the 1980s removed all agricultural subsidies. However, declining productivity and production of maize and rice—the main food crops—forced the government to restore subsidies in 2003. This chapter examines the impact of the agricultural input subsidy programme, looking at farmers’ response to subsidized inorganic fertilizer and improved maize and rice seed—discerning gender and temporal impacts. Farmers in Iringa and Morogoro were highly responsive to the fertilizer and seed components of the input subsidy, and their response was sensitive to the magnitude of the subsidy. Farmers in Morogoro were less responsive to both technologies due to dominance of rice production. Adoption was lower for female-managed farms, with corresponding lower livelihood outcomes, attributed to lower resource endowment. It is therefore recommended that underperforming farmers, including female farm manages in lower wealth ranks, required initiative to improve their productivity and production.
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Coolen, A. C. C., A. Annibale und E. S. Roberts. Graphs on structured spaces. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198709893.003.0010.
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This chapter moves beyond viewing nodes as homogeneous dots set on a plane. To introduce more complicated underlying space, multiplex networks (which are defined with layers of interaction on the same underlying node set) and temporal (time-dependent) networks are discussed. It shown that despite the much more complicated underlying space, many of the techniques developed in earlier chapters can be applied. Heterogeneous nodes are introduced as an extension of the stochastic block model for community structure, then extended using methods developed in earlier chapters to more general (continuous) node attributes such as fitness. The chapter closes with a discussion of the intersections and similarities between the many alternative models for capturing topological features that have been presented in the book.
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Rosik, Piotr. Świat dostępności - metody i komponenty : przykłady analiz empirycznych przestrzeni Polski = The world of accessibility : methods and components : cases of emprical analyses in Poland's space. Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego, Polska Akademia Nauk, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/9788361590767.
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Accessibility has many facets. This study focuses on accessibility involving people’s travel, or to be more precise, on the ability to cover the distance from point A (origin) to point B (destination). Accessibility thus defined has its: (1) components (i.e. transport, land-use, individual and temporal components), (2) dimensions (i.e. travel origin and destination, distance decay, restrictions, barriers, mode of transport, extent of study area, socioeconomic and territorial cohesion, and dynamics) and (3) attributes (i.e. affordability, availability, nodal accessibility, and acceptability). The components, dimensions and attributes combine to form the world of accessibility. After having been a subject of academic writing for decades, that world has finally received its own comprehensive volume by Polish author. The book covers its topic in seven chapters. It begins with an introduction, which lays down the objectives and structure of the study and is followed by a chapter covering the definition of accessibility. Chapter 3 is devoted to the methodology of accessibility research. The fourth and longest chapter offers a review of the most important areas of the world of accessibility built around the four components and the dimensions of accessibility. Chapter 5 focuses on the attributes of accessibility, transport exclusion and access equality. Chapter 6 presents the basics of the authors’ own new model of four accessibility factors (network, spatial, travel and individual) developed in the form of a NeST box model. The volume ends with a review of the major threads and considerations of accessibility research in the immediate future, namely: (1) Big Data; (2) distance decay; (3) external spatial effects; (4) sensitivity, criticality and exposure; (5) development of new forms of transport; (6) affordability and equality; (7) long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic; (8) comparative analyses and evaluation using accessibility indices.
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Posner, Elliot. Financial Regulatory Cooperation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190864576.003.0003.
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This chapter explores the cross-border politics of derivatives regulation. It first shows that negotiations over implementing the agreed G20 principles vary across regulatory areas, with cooperation in derivatives regulation standing out along several dimensions: a greater reliance on US‒EU bilateralism, the duration and difficulty of managing conflicts, and the pervasiveness of misperception. Finding prominent explanations unsatisfactory, this study instead attributes the pattern of observed difference in large part to variance in the pre-crisis development of transnational institutions. Compared to banking, the relatively underdeveloped transnational institutions for the regulation of derivatives markets left public officials with few resources for managing coordination at a moment of rapid domestic regulatory reforms. This chapter’s explanation thus combines scholarly research on the temporal effects of transnational institutions with insights from inter-state approaches. It takes seriously the potential for international institutions over time to condition and structure politics—beyond their creators’ original intent.
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Dacome, Lucia. Prospero’s Tools. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736189.003.0002.
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Chapter 1 considers the circumstances underpinning Pope Benedict XIV’s patronage of anatomy and anatomical modelling in Bologna and antiquarian display in Rome. It situates the pope’s support of anatomy in the wider context of his religious pursuits as an assessor of sanctity who saw in anatomy a powerful tool for identifying signs of holy embodiment. In particular, the chapter explores Lambertini’s patronage of anatomical modelling and practice in light of the role he attributed to anatomical knowledge in his major work on canonization, his De servorum Dei beatificatione et canonizatione beatorum (1734–8). While doing so, it construes Lambertini’s support for anatomy and anatomical displays against the broader historical canvas of post-Tridentine concerns about the cult of saints and relics, the authority of the pope, and the pontiff’s claims to jurisdiction over both the temporal and the spiritual realms.
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Menon, Vinod. Arithmetic in the Child and Adult Brain. Herausgegeben von Roi Cohen Kadosh und Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.041.
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This review examines brain and cognitive processes involved in arithmetic. I take a distinctly developmental perspective because neither the cognitive nor the brain processes involved in arithmetic can be adequately understood outside the framework of how developmental processes unfold. I review four basic neurocognitive processes involved in arithmetic, highlighting (1) the role of core dorsal parietal and ventral temporal-occipital cortex systems that form basic building blocks from which number form and quantity representations are constructed in the brain; (2) procedural and working memory systems anchored in the basal ganglia and frontoparietal circuits, which create short-term representations that allow manipulation of multiple discrete quantities over several seconds; (3) episodic and semantic memory systems anchored in the medial and lateral temporal cortex that play an important role in long-term memory formation and generalization beyond individual problem attributes; and (4) prefrontal cortex control processes that guide allocation of attention resources and retrieval of facts from memory in the service of goal-directed problem solving. Next I examine arithmetic in the developing brain, first focusing on studies comparing arithmetic in children and adults, and then on studies examining development in children during critical stages of skill acquisition. I highlight neurodevelopmental models that go beyond parietal cortex regions involved in number processing, and demonstrate that brain systems and circuits in the developing child brain are clearly not the same as those seen in more mature adult brains sculpted by years of learning. The implications of these findings for a more comprehensive view of the neural basis of arithmetic in both children and adults are discussed.
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Jacob, Margaret C. The Secular Enlightenment. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161327.001.0001.
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This is a panoramic account of the radical ways that life began to change for ordinary people in the age of Locke, Voltaire, and Rousseau. In this book, familiar Enlightenment figures share places with voices that have remained largely unheard until now, from freethinkers and freemasons to French materialists, anticlerical Catholics, pantheists, pornographers, readers, and travelers. The book reveals how this newly secular outlook was not a wholesale rejection of Christianity but rather a new mental space in which to encounter the world on its own terms. It takes readers from London and Amsterdam to Berlin, Vienna, Turin, and Naples, drawing on rare archival materials to show how ideas central to the emergence of secular democracy touched all facets of daily life. Human frailties once attributed to sin were now viewed through the lens of the newly conceived social sciences. People entered churches not to pray but to admire the architecture, and spent their Sunday mornings reading a newspaper or even a risqué book. The secular-minded pursued their own temporal and commercial well-being without concern for the life hereafter, regarding their successes as the rewards for their actions, their failures as the result of blind economic forces.
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Clack, Timothy, und Marcus Brittain, Hrsg. Archaeologies of Cultural Contact. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199693948.001.0001.
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Abstract Archaeologies of Cultural Contact undertakes an exploration of cultural contact and cultural transfer, with a particular focus on the combination and modification of material and behavioural attributes under conditions of contact. From globalization and displacement to cultural legitimization and identity politics, the modern world is characterized by and articulated through dynamics of contact and transfer. The book recognizes that creolization, ethnogenesis, hybridity, and syncretism are analytical concepts and social processes not only of relevance to the postcolonial contexts of the twentieth century but to wide-ranging instances where contact is made between cultural groups. Indeed, in representing the re-working of pre-existing cultural elements, they were crucial and ever-present features of the human past. Characterized as passive, agentless, and unidirectional, this volume exposes and overcomes various limitations of competing models of cultural change. Ranging in their analytical frame, scale, and geographical and temporal location, the thirteen chapters in this volume demonstrate the diverse understandings that can be gained from explorations into the material remains of past contact. The volume permits insights not only into cultural change and difference but also the processes of appropriation, resistance, redefinition, and incorporation. Together, the contributions articulate the perspectives that concern practices in relations to people, places, and things and note how power dynamics mediate social interactions and sustain and constrain forms of cultural contact. This book will be of interest to researchers and students in archaeology and also those from cognate disciplines, particularly anthropology and history.
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Komlos, John, und Inas R. Kelly, Hrsg. The Oxford Handbook of Economics and Human Biology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199389292.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of Economics and Human Biology provides an extensive and insightful overview of how economic conditions affect human well-being and how human health influences economic outcomes. The book addresses both macro and micro factors, as well as their interaction, providing new understanding of complex relationships and developments in economic history and economic dynamics. Among the topics explored is how variation in height, whether over time, among different socioeconomic groups, or in different locations, is an important indicator of changes in economic growth and economic development, levels of economic inequality, and economic opportunities for individuals. The book covers a broad geographic range: Africa, Latin and North America, Asia, and Europe. Its temporal scope ranges from the late Iron Age to the present. Taking advantage of recent improvements in data collection and economic methods, the book also explores how humans’ biological conditions influence and are influenced by their economic circumstances, including poverty. Among the issues addressed are how height, body mass index (BMI), and obesity can affect and are affected by productivity, wages, and wealth. How family environment affects health and well-being is examined, as is the importance of both pre-birth and early-childhood conditions for subsequent economic outcomes. The volume shows that well-being is a salient aspect of economics, and the new toolkit of evidence from biological living standards enhances understanding of how industrialization, commercialization, income distribution, the organization of health care, social status, and the redistributive state affect such human attributes as physical stature, weight, and the obesity epidemic in historical and contemporary populations.
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Sarker, Sonita. Women Writing Race, Nation, and History. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192849960.001.0001.
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This book presents how Nation and Narrative are bound together through the figure of the “N/native” as it appears in the non-fictional writings of Cornelia Sorabji, Grazia Deledda, Zitkála-Šá, Virginia Woolf, Victoria Ocampo, and Gwendolyn Bennett. It addresses two questions: How did women writers in the early twentieth century tackle the entangled roots of political and cultural citizenship from which crises of belonging arise? How do their narrative negotiations of those crises inform modernist practice and modernity, then and now? The “N/native” moves between “born in” and “first in” in the context of the modern nation-state. In the dominant discourses of post-imperial as well as decolonizing nations, “Native” is relegated to Time (static or fetishized through nostalgia and romance). History is envisioned as active and contoured, associated with motion and progress, which the “native” inhabits and for whom citizenship is a political as well as a temporal attribute. The six authors’ identities as Native, settler, indigenous, immigrant, or native-citizen are formed from their gendered, racialized, and classed locations in their respective nations. Each author negotiates the intertwined strands of Time and History by mobilizing the “N/native” to reclaim citizenship (cultural-political belonging). This study reveals how their lineage, connections to land, experiences in learning (education), and their labor generate their narratives. The juxtaposition of the six writers keeps in focus the asymmetries in their responses to their times, and illustrates how relevant women’s/feminist production were then, and are in today’s versions of the same urgent debates about heightened nativisms and nationalisms.
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Greenblatt, Samuel H. John Hughlings Jackson. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780192897640.001.0001.
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John Hughlings Jackson (1835–1911) was a preeminent British neurologist in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He began to establish that standing in the 1860s, when he incorporated the evolutionary association psychology of Herbert Spencer into his early analyses of aphasia. Jackson also benefitted from his early connection with the National Hospital, Queen Square, London. His nuanced theory of cerebral localization was derived from (1) his clinical observations of (what Charcot later called) Jacksonian epilepsy, in combination with (2) his innovation to think about neurophysiological events at the cellular level, as well as from (3) David Ferrier’s primate localization data. The result was our modern conception of the seizure focus, which was crucial to the beginnings of modern ‘brain surgery’, especially at the hands of Victor Horsley. Jackson’s influence on the neurophysiology of Charles Sherrington is widely acknowledged but poorly defined. In the larger Victorian culture, Jackson was a friend of George Henry Lewes, who was George Eliot’s companion. Lewes attributed ‘sensibility’ to everything in the nervous system, thus maintaining a monist position on the mind-body relation, whereas Jackson maintained a form of psycho-physical parallelism that was actually dualist (‘Concomitance’). Throughout his life Jackson had an interest in insanity, which he viewed from the point of view of Spencerian evolution and dissolution. The latter was an important component of Freud’s psychoanalysis, which Freud took from Jackson. Late in his life Jackson defined the ‘uncinate group of fits’, which was his version of temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Wang, Bin. Intraseasonal Modulation of the Indian Summer Monsoon. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.616.
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The strongest Indian summer monsoon (ISM) on the planet features prolonged clustered spells of wet and dry conditions often lasting for two to three weeks, known as active and break monsoons. The active and break monsoons are attributed to a quasi-periodic intraseasonal oscillation (ISO), which is an extremely important form of the ISM variability bridging weather and climate variation. The ISO over India is part of the ISO in global tropics. The latter is one of the most important meteorological phenomena discovered during the 20th century (Madden & Julian, 1971, 1972). The extreme dry and wet events are regulated by the boreal summer ISO (BSISO). The BSISO over Indian monsoon region consists of northward propagating 30–60 day and westward propagating 10–20 day modes. The “clustering” of synoptic activity was separately modulated by both the 30–60 day and 10–20 day BSISO modes in approximately equal amounts. The clustering is particularly strong when the enhancement effect from both modes acts in concert. The northward propagation of BSISO is primarily originated from the easterly vertical shear (increasing easterly winds with height) of the monsoon flows, which by interacting with the BSISO convective system can generate boundary layer convergence to the north of the convective system that promotes its northward movement. The BSISO-ocean interaction through wind-evaporation feedback and cloud-radiation feedback can also contribute to the northward propagation of BSISO from the equator. The 10–20 day oscillation is primarily produced by convectively coupled Rossby waves modified by the monsoon mean flows. Using coupled general circulation models (GCMs) for ISO prediction is an important advance in subseasonal forecasts. The major modes of ISO over Indian monsoon region are potentially predictable up to 40–45 days as estimated by multiple GCM ensemble hindcast experiments. The current dynamical models’ prediction skills for the large initial amplitude cases are approximately 20–25 days, but the prediction of developing BSISO disturbance is much more difficult than the prediction of the mature BSISO disturbances. This article provides a synthesis of our current knowledge on the observed spatial and temporal structure of the ISO over India and the important physical processes through which the BSISO regulates the ISM active-break cycles and severe weather events. Our present capability and shortcomings in simulating and predicting the monsoon ISO and outstanding issues are also discussed.